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Wang Y, Hu T, Li M, Yin X, Song L. Overexpression of the NbZFP1 encoding a C3HC4-type zinc finger protein enhances antiviral activity of Nicotiana benthamiana. Gene 2024; 908:148290. [PMID: 38367853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Viral diseases are crucial determinants affecting tobacco cultivation, leading to a substantial annual decrease in production. Previous studies have demonstrated the regulatory function of the C3HC4 family of plant zinc finger proteins in combating bacterial diseases. However, it remains to be clarified whether this protein family also plays a role in regulating resistance against plant viruses. In this study, the successful cloning of the zinc finger protein coding gene NbZFP1 from Nicotiana benthamiana has been achieved. The full-length coding sequence of NbZFP1 is 576 bp. Further examination and analysis of this gene revealed its functional properties. The induction of NbZFP1 transcription in N. benthamiana has been observed in response to TMV, CMV, and PVY. Transgenic N. benthamiana plants over-expressing NbZFP1 demonstrated a notable augmentation in the production of chlorophyll a (P < 0.05). Moreover, NbZFP1-overexpressing tobacco exhibited significant resistance to TMV, CMV, and PVY, as evidenced by a decrease in virus copies (P < 0.05). In addition, the defense enzymes activities of PAL, POD, and CAT experienced a significant increase (P < 0.05). The up-regulated expression of genes of NbPAL, NbNPR1 and NbPR-1a, which play a crucial role in SA mediated defense, indicated that the NbZFP1 holds promise in enhancing the virus resistance of tobacco plant. Importantly, the results demonstrate that NbZFP1 can be considered as a viable candidate gene for the cultivation of crops with enhanced virus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Karst Region Plant Resources Utilization & Breeding(Guizhou), Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Minxue Li
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Shuicheng District, Liupanshui City 553040, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaodan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Karst Region Plant Resources Utilization & Breeding(Guizhou), Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Li Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Guizhou Key Lab of Agro-Bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
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2
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Qin Z, Yan C, Yang K, Wang Q, Wang Z, Gou C, Feng H, Jin Q, Dai X, Maitikadir Z, Hao H, Wang L. Genome-wide identification of walnut (Juglans regia) PME gene family members and expression analysis during infection with Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis pathogens. Genomics 2024; 116:110860. [PMID: 38776985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Walnuts exhibit a higher resistance to diseases, though they are not completely immune. This study focuses on the Pectin methylesterase (PME) gene family to investigate whether it is involved in disease resistance in walnuts. These 21 genes are distributed across 12 chromosomes, with four pairs demonstrating homology. Variations in conserved motifs and gene structures suggest diverse functions within the gene family. Phylogenetic and collinear gene pairs of the PME family indicate that the gene family has evolved in a relatively stable way. The cis-acting elements and gene ontology enrichment of these genes, underscores their potential role in bolstering walnuts' defense mechanisms. Transcriptomic analyses were conducted under conditions of Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis infestation and verified by RT-qPCR. The results showed that certain JrPME family genes were activated in response, leading to the hypothesis that some members may confer resistance to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Chengcai Yan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Qinpeng Wang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Changqing Gou
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Hongzu Feng
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Qiming Jin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Xianxing Dai
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Zulihumar Maitikadir
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Haiting Hao
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
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3
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van Butselaar T, Silva S, Lapin D, Bañales I, Tonn S, van Schie C, Van den Ackerveken G. The Role of Salicylic Acid in the Expression of RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 23 and Other Immunity-Related Genes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO10230413KC. [PMID: 38684315 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0413-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in plant immunity by activating responses that arrest pathogen ingress. SA accumulation also penalizes growth, a phenomenon visible in mutants that hyperaccumulate SA, resulting in strong growth inhibition. An important question, therefore, is why healthy plants produce basal levels of this hormone when defense responses are not activated. Here, we show that basal SA levels in unchallenged plants are needed for the expression of a number of immunity-related genes and receptors, such as RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 23 (RLP23). This was shown by depleting basal SA levels in transgenic Arabidopsis lines through the overexpression of the SA-inactivating hydroxylases DOWNY MILDEW-RESISTANT 6 (DMR6) or DMR6-LIKE OXYGENASE 1. RNAseq analysis revealed that the expression of a subset of immune receptor and signaling genes is strongly reduced in the absence of SA. The biological relevance of this was shown for RLP23: In SA-depleted and SA-insensitive plants, responses to the RLP23 ligand, the microbial pattern nlp24, were strongly reduced, whereas responses to flg22 remained unchanged. We hypothesize that low basal SA levels are needed for the expression of a subset of immune system components that enable early pathogen detection and activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen van Butselaar
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Savani Silva
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iñigo Bañales
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Tonn
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Cao P, Shi H, Zhang S, Chen J, Wang R, Liu P, Zhu Y, An Y, Zhang M. A robust high-throughput functional screening assay for plant pathogen effectors using the TMV-GFP vector. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38647454 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Uncovering the function of phytopathogen effectors is crucial for understanding mechanisms of pathogen pathogenicity and for improving our ability to protect plants from diseases. An increasing number of effectors have been predicted in various plant pathogens. Functional characterization of these effectors has become a major focus in the study of plant-pathogen interactions. In this study, we designed a novel screening system that combines the TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)-GFP vector and Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. This system enables the rapid identification of effectors that interfere with plant immunity. The biological function of these effectors can be easily evaluated by observing the GFP fluorescence signal using a UV lamp within just a few days. To evaluate the TMV-GFP system, we initially tested it with well-described virulence and avirulence type III effectors from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. After proving the accuracy and efficiency of the TMV-GFP system, we successfully screened a novel virulence effector, RipS1, using this approach. Furthermore, using the TMV-GFP system, we reproduced consistent results with previously known cytoplasmic effectors from a diverse array of pathogens. Additionally, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the TMV-GFP system in identifying apoplastic effectors. The easy operation, time-saving nature, broad effectiveness, and low technical requirements of the TMV-GFP system make it a promising approach for high-throughput screening of effectors with immune interference activity from various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haotian Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Yuyan An
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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5
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Wang H, Chen Q, Feng W. The Emerging Role of 2OGDs as Candidate Targets for Engineering Crops with Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1129. [PMID: 38674537 PMCID: PMC11054871 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by pathogens result in a marked decrease in crop yield and quality annually, greatly threatening food production and security worldwide. The creation and cultivation of disease-resistant cultivars is one of the most effective strategies to control plant diseases. Broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) is highly preferred by breeders because it confers plant resistance to diverse pathogen species or to multiple races or strains of one species. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed the roles of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases (2OGDs) as essential regulators of plant disease resistance. Indeed, 2OGDs catalyze a large number of oxidative reactions, participating in the plant-specialized metabolism or biosynthesis of the major phytohormones and various secondary metabolites. Moreover, several 2OGD genes are characterized as negative regulators of plant defense responses, and the disruption of these genes via genome editing tools leads to enhanced BSR against pathogens in crops. Here, the recent advances in the isolation and identification of defense-related 2OGD genes in plants and their exploitation in crop improvement are comprehensively reviewed. Also, the strategies for the utilization of 2OGD genes as targets for engineering BSR crops are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China;
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China;
| | - Wanzhen Feng
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China;
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6
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Ali J, Tonğa A, Islam T, Mir S, Mukarram M, Konôpková AS, Chen R. Defense strategies and associated phytohormonal regulation in Brassica plants in response to chewing and sap-sucking insects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1376917. [PMID: 38645389 PMCID: PMC11026728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1376917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved distinct defense strategies in response to a diverse range of chewing and sucking insect herbivory. While chewing insect herbivores, exemplified by caterpillars and beetles, cause visible tissue damage and induce jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense responses, sucking insects, such as aphids and whiteflies, delicately tap into the phloem sap and elicit salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses. This review aims to highlight the specificity of defense strategies in Brassica plants and associated underlying molecular mechanisms when challenged by herbivorous insects from different feeding guilds (i.e., chewing and sucking insects). To establish such an understanding in Brassica plants, the typical defense responses were categorized into physical, chemical, and metabolic adjustments. Further, the impact of contrasting feeding patterns on Brassica is discussed in context to unique biochemical and molecular modus operandi that governs the resistance against chewing and sucking insect pests. Grasping these interactions is crucial to developing innovative and targeted pest management approaches to ensure ecosystem sustainability and Brassica productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Ali
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Tonğa
- Entomology Department, Diyarbakır Plant Protection Research Institute, Diyarbakir, Türkiye
| | - Tarikul Islam
- Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Sajad Mir
- Entomology Section, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Mukarram
- Food and Plant Biology Group, Department of Plant Biology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Alena Sliacka Konôpková
- Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Rizhao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Zheng X, Li Y, Liu Y. Plant Immunity against Tobamoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:530. [PMID: 38675873 PMCID: PMC11054417 DOI: 10.3390/v16040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobamoviruses are a group of plant viruses that pose a significant threat to agricultural crops worldwide. In this review, we focus on plant immunity against tobamoviruses, including pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the RNA-targeting pathway, phytohormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy. Further, we highlight the genetic resources for resistance against tobamoviruses in plant breeding and discuss future directions on plant protection against tobamoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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Berlanga DJ, Molina A, Torres MÁ. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 controls broad spectrum disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana through diverse mechanisms of immune activation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1374194. [PMID: 38576784 PMCID: PMC10993396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1374194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana Mitogen-activated protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 (MKP1) negatively balances production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) through uncharacterized mechanisms. Accordingly, ROS production is enhanced in mkp1 mutant after MAMP treatment. Moreover, mkp1 plants show a constitutive activation of immune responses and enhanced disease resistance to pathogens with distinct colonization styles, like the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2 and the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM. The molecular basis of this ROS production and broad-spectrum disease resistance controlled by MKP1 have not been determined. Here, we show that the enhanced ROS production in mkp1 is not due to a direct interaction of MKP1 with the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, nor is it the result of the catalytic activity of MKP1 on RBHOD phosphorylation sites targeted by BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) protein, a positive regulator of RBOHD-dependent ROS production. The analysis of bik1 mkp1 double mutant phenotypes suggested that MKP1 and BIK1 targets are different. Additionally, we showed that phosphorylation residues stabilizing MKP1 are essential for its functionality in immunity. To further decipher the molecular basis of disease resistance responses controlled by MKP1, we generated combinatory lines of mkp1-1 with plants impaired in defensive pathways required for disease resistance to pathogen: cyp79B2 cyp79B3 double mutant defective in synthesis of tryptophan-derived metabolites, NahG transgenic plant that does not accumulate salicylic acid, aba1-6 mutant impaired in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, and abi1 abi2 hab1 triple mutant impaired in proteins described as ROS sensors and that is hypersensitive to ABA. The analysis of these lines revealed that the enhanced resistance displayed by mkp1-1 is altered in distinct mutant combinations: mkp1-1 cyp79B2 cyp79B3 fully blocked mkp1-1 resistance to P. cucumerina, whereas mkp1-1 NahG displays partial susceptibility to H. arabidopsidis, and mkp1-1 NahG, mkp1-1 aba1-6 and mkp1-1 cyp79B2 cyp79B3 showed compromised resistance to P. syringae. These results suggest that MKP1 is a component of immune responses that does not directly interact with RBOHD but rather regulates the status of distinct defensive pathways required for disease resistance to pathogens with different lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence for Plant Environment Interactions (CEPEI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence for Plant Environment Interactions (CEPEI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence for Plant Environment Interactions (CEPEI), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Zhao YW, Li WK, Wang CK, Sun Q, Wang WY, Huang XY, Xiang Y, Hu DG. MdPRX34L, a class III peroxidase gene, activates the immune response in apple to the fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. PLANTA 2024; 259:86. [PMID: 38453695 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION MdPRX34L enhanced resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea by increasing salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) content as well as the expression of related defense genes. The class III peroxidase (PRX) multigene family is involved in complex biological processes. However, the molecular mechanism of PRXs in the pathogen defense of plants against Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea) remains unclear. Here, we cloned the PRX gene MdPRX34L, which was identified as a positive regulator of the defense response to B. dothidea, from the apple cultivar 'Royal Gala.' Overexpression of MdPRX34L in apple calli decreased sensitivity to salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid(ABA). Subsequently, overexpression of MdPRX34L in apple calli increased resistance to B. dothidea infection. In addition, SA contents and the expression levels of genes related to SA synthesis and signaling in apple calli overexpressing MdPRX34L were higher than those in the control after inoculation, suggesting that MdPRX34L enhances resistance to B. dothidea via the SA pathway. Interestingly, infections in apple calli by B. dothidea caused an increase in endogenous levels of ABA followed by induction of ABA-related genes expression. These findings suggest a potential mechanism by which MdPRX34L enhances plant-pathogen defense against B. dothidea by regulating the SA and ABA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhao
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wan-Kun Li
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Quan Sun
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Yan Wang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Huang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Fan J, Xian B, Huang X, Yu Q, Zhang M, Zhang C, Jia R, Chen S, He Y, Li Q. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Sweet Orange ( Citrus sinensis) GATA Family Reveals a Role for CsGATA12 as a Regulator of Citrus Bacterial Canker Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2924. [PMID: 38474170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a severe bacterial infection caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), which continues to adversely impact citrus production worldwide. Members of the GATA family are important regulators of plant development and regulate plant responses to particular stressors. This report aimed to systematically elucidate the Citrus sinensis genome to identify and annotate genes that encode GATAs and evaluate the functional importance of these CsGATAs as regulators of CBC resistance. In total, 24 CsGATAs were identified and classified into four subfamilies. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, collinear relationships, gene structures, and conserved domains for each of these GATA family members were also evaluated. It was observed that Xcc infection induced some CsGATAs, among which CsGATA12 was chosen for further functional validation. CsGATA12 was found to be localized in the nucleus and was differentially upregulated in the CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive Kumquat and Wanjincheng citrus varieties. When transiently overexpressed, CsGATA12 significantly reduced CBC resistance with a corresponding increase in abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and antioxidant enzyme levels. These alterations were consistent with lower levels of salicylic acid, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the bacteria-induced CsGATA12 gene silencing yielded the opposite phenotypic outcomes. This investigation highlights the important role of CsGATA12 in regulating CBC resistance, underscoring its potential utility as a target for breeding citrus varieties with superior phytopathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ruirui Jia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
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11
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Zhu F, Cao MY, Zhang QP, Mohan R, Schar J, Mitchell M, Chen H, Liu F, Wang D, Fu ZQ. Join the green team: Inducers of plant immunity in the plant disease sustainable control toolbox. J Adv Res 2024; 57:15-42. [PMID: 37142184 PMCID: PMC10918366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten global food security by causing detrimental crop diseases that generate tremendous quality and yield losses worldwide. Chemical pesticides have undoubtedly reduced crop damage; however, in addition to increasing the cost of agricultural production, the extensive use of chemical pesticides comes with environmental and social costs. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously develop sustainable disease prevention and control strategies to promote the transition from traditional chemical control to modern green technologies. Plants possess sophisticated and efficient defense mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens naturally. Immune induction technology based on plant immunity inducers can prime plant defense mechanisms and greatly decrease the occurrence and severity of plant diseases. Reducing the use of agrochemicals is an effective way to minimize environmental pollution and promote agricultural safety. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this workis to offer valuable insights into the current understanding and future research perspectives of plant immunity inducers and their uses in plant disease control, ecological and environmental protection, and sustainable development of agriculture. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this work, we have introduced the concepts of sustainable and environment-friendly concepts of green disease prevention and control technologies based on plant immunity inducers. This article comprehensively summarizes these recent advances, emphasizes the importance of sustainable disease prevention and control technologies for food security, and highlights the diverse functions of plant immunity inducers-mediated disease resistance. The challenges encountered in the potential applications of plant immunity inducers and future research orientation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Meng-Yao Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qi-Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | - Jacob Schar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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12
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Wang J, Eulgem T. Growth deficiency and enhanced basal immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of EDM2, EDM3 and IBM2 are genetically interlinked. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291705. [PMID: 38329997 PMCID: PMC10852260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutants of the Arabidopsis thaliana genes, EDM2 (Enhanced Downy Mildew 2), EDM3 (Enhanced Downy Mildew 3) and IBM2 (Increase in Bonsai Methylation 2) are known to show defects in a diverse set of defense and developmental processes. For example, they jointly exhibit enhanced levels of basal defense and stunted growth. Here we show that these two phenotypes are functionally connected by their dependency on the salicylic acid biosynthesis gene SID2 and the basal defense regulatory gene PAD4. Stunted growth of edm2, edm3 and ibm2 plants is a consequence of up-regulated basal defense. Constitutively enhanced activity of reactive oxygen species-generating peroxidases, we observed in these mutants, appears also to contribute to both, their enhanced basal defense and their growth retardation phenotypes. Furthermore, we found the histone H3 demethylase gene IBM1, a direct regulatory target of EDM2, EDM3 and IBM2, to be at least partially required for the basal defense and growth-related effects observed in these mutants. We recently reported that EDM2, EDM3 and IBM2 coordinate basal immunity with the timing of the floral transition by gradually reducing the extent of this defense mechanism prior to flowering. Together with these observations, data presented here show that at least some of the diverse phenotypic effects in edm2, edm3 and ibm2 mutants are genetically interlinked and functionally connected. Our new results show that repression of basal immunity by EDM2, EDM3 and IBM2 limits negative impact on growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Eulgem
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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13
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Kim Y, Jeon Y, Jang G, Kim BG, Yoon Y. A novel Escherichia coli cell-based bioreporter for quantification of salicylic acid in cosmetics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:148. [PMID: 38240881 PMCID: PMC10799119 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factor-based bioreporters have been extensively studied for monitoring and detecting environmental toxicants. In Escherichia coli, the multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) induces transcription upon binding to salicylic acid (SA). We generated SA-specific E. coli cell-based bioreporters utilizing the operator region of the mar operon and MarR as components of the reporter and sensing domains, respectively. Although bioreporters based on endogenous MarR and wild-type E. coli cells responded to SA, their sensitivity and selectivity were insufficient for practical sample monitoring. To improve these parameters, we genetically engineered host strains for optimal MarR expression, which enhanced the sensitivity of the biosensor to micromolar quantities of SA with increased selectivity. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the biosensor could quantify SA in environmental samples. For validation, the SA concentration in artificially contaminated SA-containing cosmetic samples was determined using the developed biosensor. Reliability assessment by comparing the concentrations determined using LC-MS/MS revealed > 90% accuracy of the bioreporters. Although bioreporters are not considered standard tools for environmental monitoring, bacterial cell-based bioreporters may serve as alternative tools owing to their affordability and simplicity. The SA biosensor developed in this study can potentially be a valuable tool for monitoring SA in environmental systems. KEY POINTS: • SA-responsive bioreporter is generated by employing mar operon system in E. coli • SA specificity and selectivity were enhanced by genetic/biochemical engineering • The novel bioreporter would be valuable for SA monitoring in environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhong Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangwon Jeon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Geupil Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdae Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Király L, Zechmann B, Albert R, Bacsó R, Schwarczinger I, Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Gullner G, Hafez YM, Künstler A. Enhanced Resistance to Viruses in Nicotiana edwardsonii 'Columbia' Is Dependent on Salicylic Acid, Correlates with High Glutathione Levels, and Extends to Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria and Abiotic Stress. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:36-50. [PMID: 37750816 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0106-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier research showed that an interspecific tobacco hybrid (Nicotiana edwardsonii 'Columbia' [NEC]) displays elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced resistance to localized necrotic symptoms (hypersensitive response [HR]) caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), as compared with another interspecific hybrid (Nicotiana edwardsonii [NE]) derived from the same parents. In the present study, we investigated whether symptomatic resistance in NEC is indeed associated with the inhibition of TMV and TNV and whether SA plays a role in this process. We demonstrated that enhanced viral resistance in NEC is manifested as both milder local necrotic (HR) symptoms and reduced levels of TMV and TNV. The presence of an adequate amount of SA contributes to the enhanced defense response of NEC to TMV and TNV, as the absence of SA resulted in seriously impaired viral resistance. Elevated levels of subcellular tripeptide glutathione (GSH) in NEC plants in response to viral infection suggest that in addition to SA, GSH may also contribute to the elevated viral resistance of NEC. Furthermore, we found that NEC displays an enhanced resistance not only to viral pathogens but also to bacterial infections and abiotic oxidative stress induced by paraquat treatments. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Király
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place, no. 97046, Waco, TX 76798, U.S.A
| | - Réka Albert
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, H-6800, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bacsó
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yaser Mohamed Hafez
- EPCRS Excellence Center & Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - András Künstler
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Zhang S, Huang A, Lv X, Zhang J, Zhang M, Chen Y, Yang L, Wang H, Guo D, Luo X, Ren M, Dong P. Anti-Oomycete Effect and Mechanism of Salicylic Acid on Phytophthora infestans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20613-20624. [PMID: 38100671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic oomycetes infect a wide variety of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans, and cause massive economic losses in global agriculture, aquaculture, and human health. Salicylic acid (SA), an endogenous phytohormone, is regarded as an inducer of plant immunity. Here, the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans was used as a model system to uncover the inhibitory mechanisms of SA on pathogenic oomycetes. In this research, SA significantly inhibited the mycelial growth, sporulation, sporangium germination, and virulence of P. infestans. Inhibition was closely related to enhanced autophagy, suppression of translation initiation, and ribosomal biogenesis in P. infestans, as shown by multiomics analysis (transcriptomics, proteomics, and phosphorylated proteomics). Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining and Western blotting analysis showed that SA promoted autophagy in P. infestans by probably targeting the TOR signaling pathway. These observations suggest that SA has the potential to control late blight caused by P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Airong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jiaomei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Meiquan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Liting Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hanyan Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongmei Guo
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiumei Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijng 100700, China
| | - Pan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing 400716, China
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16
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Qu D, Yan F, Zhang Y, Huang L. A 4D Proteome Investigation of the Potential Mechanisms of SA in Triggering Resistance in Kiwifruit to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17448. [PMID: 38139278 PMCID: PMC10744097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit bacterial cankers caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) are a serious threat to the kiwifruit industry. Salicylic acid (SA) regulates plant defense responses and was previously found to enhance kiwifruit's resistance to Psa. However, the underlying mechanisms of this process remain unclear. In this study, we used 4D proteomics to investigate how SA enhances kiwifruit's resistance to Psa and found that both SA treatment and Psa infection induced dramatic changes in the proteomic pattern of kiwifruit. Psa infection triggered the activation of numerous resistance events, including the MAPK cascade, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and hormone signaling transduction. In most cases, the differential expression of a number of genes involved in the SA signaling pathway played a significant role in kiwifruit's responses to Psa. Moreover, SA treatment upregulated numerous resistance-related proteins, which functioned in defense responses to Psa, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the MAPK cascade, and the upregulation of pathogenesis-related proteins. We also found that SA treatment could facilitate timely defense responses to Psa infection and enhance the activation of defense responses that were downregulated in kiwifruit during infection with Psa. Thus, our research deciphered the potential mechanisms of SA in promoting Psa resistance in kiwifruit and can provide a basis for the use of SA to enhance kiwifruit resistance and effectively control the occurrence of kiwifruit bacterial cankers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
- Shaanxi Provincial Bioresource Key Laboratory, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Fei Yan
- Shaanxi Provincial Bioresource Key Laboratory, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Bioresource Key Laboratory, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Lili Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
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17
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He S, Huang K, Li B, Lu G, Wang A. Functional Analysis of a Salicylate Hydroxylase in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1169. [PMID: 38132770 PMCID: PMC10744347 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid plays a crucial role during plant defense to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Some bacteria and a few fungi can produce salicylate hydroxylase to degrade SA to suppress plant defense and increase their virulence. But there has been no single salicylate hydroxylase in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum identified until now. In this study, we found that SS1G_02963 (SsShy1), among several predicted salicylate hydroxylases in S. sclerotiorum, was induced approximately 17.6-fold during infection, suggesting its potential role in virulence. SsShy1 could catalyze the conversion of SA to catechol when heterologous expression in E. coli. Moreover, overexpression of SsShy1 in Arabidopsis thaliana decreased the SA concentration and the resistance to S. sclerotiorum, confirming that SsShy1 is a salicylate hydroxylase. Deletion mutants of SsShy1 (∆Ssshy1) showed slower growth, less sclerotia production, more sensitivity to exogenous SA, and lower virulence to Brassica napus. The complemented strain with a functional SsShy1 gene recovered the wild-type phenotype. These results indicate that SsShy1 plays an important role in growth and sclerotia production of S. sclerotiorum, as well as the ability to metabolize SA affects the virulence of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfei He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.H.); (K.H.); (B.L.); (G.L.)
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.H.); (K.H.); (B.L.); (G.L.)
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Baoge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.H.); (K.H.); (B.L.); (G.L.)
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.H.); (K.H.); (B.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Airong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.H.); (K.H.); (B.L.); (G.L.)
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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18
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Yang Y, Li Y, Guang Y, Lin J, Zhou Y, Yu T, Ding F, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhou Y, Dang F. Red light induces salicylic acid accumulation by activating CaHY5 to enhance pepper resistance against Phytophthora capsici. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad213. [PMID: 38046851 PMCID: PMC10689078 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is frequently challenged by various pathogens, among which Phytophthora capsici is the most devastating to pepper production. Red light signal acts as a positive induction of plant resistance against multiple pathogens. However, little is known about how the red light signal affects pepper resistance to P. capsici infection (PCI). Here, we report that red light regulates salicylic acid (SA) accumulation by activating elongated hypocotyl5 (CaHY5), a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, thereby decreasing pepper susceptibility to PCI. Exogenous SA treatment reduced pepper susceptibility to PCI, while silencing of CaPHYB (a red light photoreceptor) increased its susceptibility. PCI significantly induced CaHY5 expression, and silencing of CaHY5 reduced SA accumulation, accompanied by decreases in the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 3 (CaPAL3), CaPAL7, pathogenesis-related 1 (CaPR1), and CaPR1L, which finally resulted in higher susceptibility of pepper to PCI. Moreover, CaHY5 was found to activate the expression of CaPAL3 and CaPAL7, which are essential for SA biosynthesis, by directly binding to their promoters. Further analysis revealed that exogenous SA treatment could restore the resistance of CaHY5-silenced pepper plants to PCI. Collectively, this study reveals a critical mechanism through which red light induces SA accumulation by regulating CaHY5-mediated CaPAL3 and CaPAL7 expression, leading to enhanced resistance to PCI. Moreover, red light-induced CaHY5 regulates pepper resistance to PCI, which may have implications for PCI control in protected vegetable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yu Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yelan Guang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jinhui Lin
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural science, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Fei Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fengfeng Dang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi 716000, China
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Incarbone M, Bradamante G, Pruckner F, Wegscheider T, Rozhon W, Nguyen V, Gutzat R, Mérai Z, Lendl T, MacFarlane S, Nodine M, Scheid OM. Salicylic acid and RNA interference mediate antiviral immunity of plant stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302069120. [PMID: 37824524 PMCID: PMC10589665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302069120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are essential for the development and organ regeneration of multicellular organisms, so their infection by pathogenic viruses must be prevented. Accordingly, mammalian stem cells are highly resistant to viral infection due to dedicated antiviral pathways including RNA interference (RNAi). In plants, a small group of stem cells harbored within the shoot apical meristem generate all postembryonic above-ground tissues, including the germline cells. Many viruses do not proliferate in these cells, yet the molecular bases of this exclusion remain only partially understood. Here, we show that a plant-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, after activation by the plant hormone salicylic acid, amplifies antiviral RNAi in infected tissues. This provides stem cells with RNA-based virus sequence information, which prevents virus proliferation. Furthermore, we find RNAi to be necessary for stem cell exclusion of several unrelated RNA viruses, despite their ability to efficiently suppress RNAi in the rest of the plant. This work elucidates a molecular pathway of great biological and economic relevance and lays the foundations for our future understanding of the unique systems underlying stem cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Incarbone
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bradamante
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Florian Pruckner
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Tobias Wegscheider
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology, and Landscape Development, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg06406, Germany
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Ruben Gutzat
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Mérai
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Lendl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, ScotlandDD25DA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Nodine
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen6700 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
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20
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Liang B, Bai Y, Zang C, Pei X, Xie J, Lin Y, Liu X, Ahsan T, Liang C. Overexpression of the First Peanut-Susceptible Gene, AhS5H1 or AhS5H2, Enhanced Susceptibility to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14210. [PMID: 37762513 PMCID: PMC10531710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) serves as a pivotal plant hormone involved in regulating plant defense mechanisms against biotic stresses, but the extent of its biological significance in relation to peanut resistance is currently lacking. This study elucidated the involvement of salicylic acid (SA) in conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance in peanuts through the experimental approach of inoculating SA-treated leaves. In several other plants, the salicylate hydroxylase genes are the typical susceptible genes (S genes). Here, we characterized two SA hydroxylase genes (AhS5H1 and AhS5H2) as the first S genes in peanut. Recombinant AhS5H proteins catalyzed SA in vitro, and showed SA 5-ydroxylase (S5H) activity. Overexpression of AhS5H1 or AhS5H2 decreased SA content and increased 2,5-DHBA levels in Arabidopsis, suggesting that both enzymes had a similar role in planta. Moreover, overexpression of each AhS5H gene increased susceptibility to Pst DC3000. Analysis of the transcript levels of defense-related genes indicated that the expression of AhS5H genes, AhNPR1 and AhPR10 was simultaneously induced by chitin. Overexpression of each AhS5H in Arabidopsis abolished the induction of AtPR1 or AtPR2 upon chitin treatment. Eventually, AhS5H2 expression levels were highly correlated with SA content in different tissues of peanut. Hence, the expression of AhS5H1 and AhS5H2 was tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
| | - Yuanjun Bai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
- Institute of Rice Research, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110101, China
| | - Chaoqun Zang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
| | - Xue Pei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
| | - Jinhui Xie
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
| | - Ying Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
| | - Taswar Ahsan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
| | - Chunhao Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China; (B.L.)
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21
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Liu F, Li B, Liu C, Liu Y, Liu X, Lu M. Oviposition by Plagiodera versicolora on Salix matsudana cv. 'Zhuliu' alters the leaf transcriptome and impairs larval performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226641. [PMID: 37538058 PMCID: PMC10394651 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Insect egg deposition can induce plant defenses against their larvae. Previous studies have primarily focused on herbaceous plant defenses; however, little is known about how the Salicaceae respond to insect egg deposition and defend themselves against herbivores. By combining plant defense gene studies and bioassays, we investigated the effect of the coleoptera Plagiodera versicolora egg deposition on willow (Salix matsudana cv. 'Zhuliu') and examined the interactions at the plant resistance and transcriptome levels. RNA-seq data were utilized to analyze changes in the leaf transcriptome with and without oviposition, and also the changes in the leaf transcriptome of feeding-damaged leaves with and without prior oviposition. P. versicolora oviposition on willow leaves resulted in altered expression levels of transcripts associated with plant stress and metabolic responses. Compared with leaves with no oviposition, leaves with egg deposition showed a slight increase in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phytohormone signaling genes after larval feeding. The RNA-seq analysis revealed alterations in willow transcripts in response to leaf beetle infestations. Bioassays indicated that oviposition by P. versicolora on willows reduced subsequent larvae performance, suggesting that prior oviposition by P. versicolora could increase willows' resistance to larvae. This study advances our knowledge of how oviposition by coleoptera insects induces changes in the resistance of leaves to herbivory in the Salicaceae family.
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22
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Nishikawa M, Katsu K, Koinuma H, Hashimoto M, Neriya Y, Matsuyama J, Yamamoto T, Suzuki M, Matsumoto O, Matsui H, Nakagami H, Maejima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. Interaction of EXA1 and eIF4E Family Members Facilitates Potexvirus Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Virol 2023; 97:e0022123. [PMID: 37199623 PMCID: PMC10308960 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00221-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses depend on a number of host factors for successful infection. Deficiency of critical host factors confers recessively inherited viral resistance in plants. For example, loss of Essential for poteXvirus Accumulation 1 (EXA1) in Arabidopsis thaliana confers resistance to potexviruses. However, the molecular mechanism of how EXA1 assists potexvirus infection remains largely unknown. Previous studies reported that the salicylic acid (SA) pathway is upregulated in exa1 mutants, and EXA1 modulates hypersensitive response-related cell death during EDS1-dependent effector-triggered immunity. Here, we show that exa1-mediated viral resistance is mostly independent of SA and EDS1 pathways. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis EXA1 interacts with three members of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) family, eIF4E1, eIFiso4E, and novel cap-binding protein (nCBP), through the eIF4E-binding motif (4EBM). Expression of EXA1 in exa1 mutants restored infection by the potexvirus Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV), but EXA1 with mutations in 4EBM only partially restored infection. In virus inoculation experiments using Arabidopsis knockout mutants, EXA1 promoted PlAMV infection in concert with nCBP, but the functions of eIFiso4E and nCBP in promoting PlAMV infection were redundant. By contrast, the promotion of PlAMV infection by eIF4E1 was, at least partially, EXA1 independent. Taken together, our results imply that the interaction of EXA1-eIF4E family members is essential for efficient PlAMV multiplication, although specific roles of three eIF4E family members in PlAMV infection differ. IMPORTANCE The genus Potexvirus comprises a group of plant RNA viruses, including viruses that cause serious damage to agricultural crops. We previously showed that loss of Essential for poteXvirus Accumulation 1 (EXA1) in Arabidopsis thaliana confers resistance to potexviruses. EXA1 may thus play a critical role in the success of potexvirus infection; hence, elucidation of its mechanism of action is crucial for understanding the infection process of potexviruses and for effective viral control. Previous studies reported that loss of EXA1 enhances plant immune responses, but our results indicate that this is not the primary mechanism of exa1-mediated viral resistance. Here, we show that Arabidopsis EXA1 assists infection by the potexvirus Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV) by interacting with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family. Our results imply that EXA1 contributes to PlAMV multiplication by regulating translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Katsu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Neriya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juri Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oki Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kensaku Maejima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Wang P, Zhou J, Sun W, Li H, Rehman S, Xu C, Li D, Zhuge Q. Poplar CCR4-associated factor PtCAF1I is necessary for poplar development and defense response. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125090. [PMID: 37247707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Poplar is one of the most widely used tree species in afforestation projects. CCR4 associated factor 1 (CAF1) is a major member of CCR4-NOT and plays an important role in eukaryotic mRNA deadenylation. However, its role in poplar remains unclear. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the PtCAF1I gene was cloned from the poplar by screening the highly expressed PtCAF1I gene in the identified PtCAF1 gene family by poplar sterilization. PtCAF1I was localized in the nucleus. Through sequence alignment, it was found that the PtCAF1I sequence contains three motifs and is highly similar to the CAF1 protein sequence of other species. In the quantitative expression analysis of tissues, the expression of PtCAF1I in different tissues of Populus trichocarpa, 'Nanlin895', and Shanxinyang was not much different. In addition, the analysis of the expression of the PtCAF1I gene under different stress treatments showed that PtCAF1I responded to abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), NaCl, PEG6000, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cold stress to different degrees. To study the potential biological functions of PtCAF1I, 6 transgenic lines were obtained through transformation using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection system. The transcriptome sequencing results showed that DEGs were mainly concentrated in pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbon metabolism, and carotenoid biosynthesis. Compared with WT poplar, the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, total sugar, and flavonoids, and the cell wall thickness of PtCAF1I overexpression poplars were significantly higher. Under Septotinia populiperda treatment, transgenic poplars clearly exhibited certain disease resistance. Meanwhile, upregulation of the expression of JA and SA pathway-related genes also contributed to improving the disease tolerance of transgenic poplar. In conclusion, our results suggest that PtCAF1I plays an important role in the growth and development of poplars and their resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 211153, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Hongyan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shamsur Rehman
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Resource Utilization, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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24
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Zhang H, Wang F, Song W, Yang Z, Li L, Ma Q, Tan X, Wei Z, Li Y, Li J, Yan F, Chen J, Sun Z. Different viral effectors suppress hormone-mediated antiviral immunity of rice coordinated by OsNPR1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3011. [PMID: 37230965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are plant hormones that typically act antagonistically in dicotyledonous plants and SA and JA signaling is often manipulated by pathogens. However, in monocotyledonous plants, the detailed SA-JA interplay in response to pathogen invasion remains elusive. Here, we show that different types of viral pathogen can disrupt synergistic antiviral immunity mediated by SA and JA via OsNPR1 in the monocot rice. The P2 protein of rice stripe virus, a negative-stranded RNA virus in the genus Tenuivirus, promotes OsNPR1 degradation by enhancing the association of OsNPR1 and OsCUL3a. OsNPR1 activates JA signaling by disrupting the OsJAZ-OsMYC complex and boosting the transcriptional activation activity of OsMYC2 to cooperatively modulate rice antiviral immunity. Unrelated viral proteins from different rice viruses also interfere with the OsNPR1-mediated SA-JA interplay to facilitate viral pathogenicity, suggesting that this may be a more general strategy in monocot plants. Overall, our findings highlight that distinct viral proteins convergently obstruct JA-SA crosstalk to facilitate viral infection in monocot rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fengmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Weiqi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zihang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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25
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Ouyang X, Chen J, Sun Z, Wang R, Wu X, Li B, Song C, Liu P, Zhang M. Ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAW is not essential for induction of plant defense in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1201444. [PMID: 37293211 PMCID: PMC10244751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1201444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most destructive bacterial phytopathogens, Ralstonia solanacearum causes substantial annual yield losses of many important crops. Deciphering the functional mechanisms of type III effectors, the crucial factors mediating R. solanacearum-plant interactions, will provide a valuable basis for protecting crop plants from R. solanacearum. Recently, the NEL (novel E3 ligase) effector RipAW was found to induce cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana in a E3 ligase activity-dependent manner. Here, we further deciphered the role of the E3 ligase activity in RipAW-triggered plant immunity. We found that RipAWC177A, the E3 ligase mutant of RipAW, could not induce cell death but retained the ability of triggering plant immunity in N. benthamiana, indicating that the E3 ligase activity is not essential for RipAW-triggered immunity. By generating truncated mutants of RipAW, we further showed that the N-terminus, NEL domain and C-terminus are all required but not sufficient for RipAW-induced cell death. Furthermore, all truncated mutants of RipAW triggered ETI immune responses in N. benthamiana, confirming that the E3 ligase activity is not essential for RipAW-triggered plant immunity. Finally, we demonstrated that RipAW- and RipAWC177A-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana requires SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of skp1), but not EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility), NRG1 (N requirement gene 1), NRC (NLR required for cell death) proteins or SA (salicylic acid) pathway. Our findings provide a typical case in which the effector-induced cell death can be uncoupled with immune responses, shedding new light on effector-triggered plant immunity. Our data also provide clues for further in-depth study of mechanism underlying RipAW-induced plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congfeng Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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26
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Gureeva MV, Gureev AP. Molecular Mechanisms Determining the Role of Bacteria from the Genus Azospirillum in Plant Adaptation to Damaging Environmental Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119122. [PMID: 37298073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural plants are continuously exposed to environmental stressors, which can lead to a significant reduction in yield and even the death of plants. One of the ways to mitigate stress impacts is the inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including bacteria from the genus Azospirillum, into the rhizosphere of plants. Different representatives of this genus have different sensitivities or resistances to osmotic stress, pesticides, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and perchlorate and also have the ability to mitigate the consequences of such stresses for plants. Bacteria from the genus Azospirillum contribute to the bioremediation of polluted soils and induce systemic resistance and have a positive effect on plants under stress by synthesizing siderophores and polysaccharides and modulating the levels of phytohormones, osmolytes, and volatile organic compounds in plants, as well as altering the efficiency of photosynthesis and the antioxidant defense system. In this review, we focus on molecular genetic features that provide bacterial resistance to various stress factors as well as on Azospirillum-related pathways for increasing plant resistance to unfavorable anthropogenic and natural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Gureeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Artem P Gureev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
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27
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Yasuda M, Fujita M, Soudthedlath K, Kusajima M, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Narita F, Asami T, Maruyama-Nakashita A, Nakashita H. Characterization of Disease Resistance Induced by a Pyrazolecarboxylic Acid Derivative in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109037. [PMID: 37240381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a potent innate immunity system in plants that is induced through the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signaling pathway. Here, we characterized 3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (CMPA) as an effective SAR inducer in Arabidopsis. The soil drench application of CMPA enhanced a broad range of disease resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and fungal pathogens Colletotrichum higginsianum and Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis, whereas CMPA did not show antibacterial activity. Foliar spraying with CMPA induced the expression of SA-responsible genes such as PR1, PR2 and PR5. The effects of CMPA on resistance against the bacterial pathogen and the expression of PR genes were observed in the SA biosynthesis mutant, however, while they were not observed in the SA-receptor-deficient npr1 mutant. Thus, these findings indicate that CMPA induces SAR by triggering the downstream signaling of SA biosynthesis in the SA-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yasuda
- Plant Acquired Immunity Research Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Moeka Fujita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Khamsalath Soudthedlath
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kusajima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Futo Narita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakashita
- Plant Acquired Immunity Research Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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Brambilla A, Lenk M, Ghirardo A, Eccleston L, Knappe C, Weber B, Lange B, Imani J, Schäffner AR, Schnitzler JP, Vlot AC. Pipecolic acid synthesis is required for systemic acquired resistance and plant-to-plant-induced immunity in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3033-3046. [PMID: 36905226 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Defense responses in plants are based on complex biochemical processes. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) helps to fight infections by (hemi-)biotrophic pathogens. One important signaling molecule in SAR is pipecolic acid (Pip), accumulation of which is dependent on the aminotransferase ALD1 in Arabidopsis. While exogenous Pip primes defense responses in the monocotyledonous cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare), it is currently unclear if endogenous Pip plays a role in disease resistance in monocots. Here, we generated barley ald1 mutants using CRISPR/Cas9, and assessed their capacity to mount SAR. Endogenous Pip levels were reduced after infection of the ald1 mutant, and this altered systemic defense against the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Furthermore, Hvald1 plants did not emit nonanal, one of the key volatile compounds that are normally emitted by barley plants after the activation of SAR. This resulted in the inability of neighboring plants to perceive and/or respond to airborne cues and prepare for an upcoming infection, although HvALD1 was not required in the receiver plants to mediate the response. Our results highlight the crucial role of endogenous HvALD1 and Pip for SAR, and associate Pip, in particular together with nonanal, with plant-to-plant defense propagation in the monocot crop barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Brambilla
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Lenk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Eccleston
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jafargholi Imani
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Bayreuth, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, Chair of Crop Plant Genetics, Kulmbach, Germany
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29
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Soybean Mosaic Virus 6K1 Interactors Screening and GmPR4 and GmBI1 Function Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065304. [PMID: 36982379 PMCID: PMC10049162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Host proteins are essential during virus infection, and viral factors must target numerous host factors to complete their infectious cycle. The mature 6K1 protein of potyviruses is required for viral replication in plants. However, the interaction between 6K1 and host factors is poorly understood. The present study aims to identify the host interacting proteins of 6K1. Here, the 6K1 of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) was used as the bait to screen a soybean cDNA library to gain insights about the interaction between 6K1 and host proteins. One hundred and twenty-seven 6K1 interactors were preliminarily identified, and they were classified into six groups, including defense-related, transport-related, metabolism-related, DNA binding, unknown, and membrane-related proteins. Then, thirty-nine proteins were cloned and merged into a prey vector to verify the interaction with 6K1, and thirty-three of these proteins were confirmed to interact with 6K1 by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay. Of the thirty-three proteins, soybean pathogenesis-related protein 4 (GmPR4) and Bax inhibitor 1 (GmBI1) were chosen for further study. Their interactions with 6K1 were also confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay. Subcellular localization showed that GmPR4 was localized to the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and GmBI1 was located in the ER. Moreover, both GmPR4 and GmBI1 were induced by SMV infection, ethylene and ER stress. The transient overexpression of GmPR4 and GmBI1 reduced SMV accumulation in tobacco, suggesting their involvement in the resistance to SMV. These results would contribute to exploring the mode of action of 6K1 in viral replication and improve our knowledge of the role of PR4 and BI1 in SMV response.
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Kim TJ, Lim GH. Salicylic Acid and Mobile Regulators of Systemic Immunity in Plants: Transport and Metabolism. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1013. [PMID: 36903874 PMCID: PMC10005269 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs when primary infected leaves produce several SAR-inducing chemical or mobile signals that are transported to uninfected distal parts via apoplastic or symplastic compartments and activate systemic immunity. The transport route of many chemicals associated with SAR is unknown. Recently, it was demonstrated that pathogen-infected cells preferentially transport salicylic acid (SA) through the apoplasts to uninfected areas. The pH gradient and deprotonation of SA may lead to apoplastic accumulation of SA before it accumulates in the cytosol following pathogen infection. Additionally, SA mobility over a long distance is essential for SAR, and transpiration controls the partitioning of SA into apoplasts and cuticles. On the other hand, glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and azelaic acid (AzA) travel via the plasmodesmata (PD) channel in the symplastic route. In this review, we discuss the role of SA as a mobile signal and the regulation of SA transport in SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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31
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Shao Y, Lin F, Wang Y, Cheng P, Lou W, Wang Z, Liu Z, Chen D, Guo W, Lan Y, Du L, Zhou Y, Zhou T, Shen W. Molecular Hydrogen Confers Resistance to Rice Stripe Virus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0441722. [PMID: 36840556 PMCID: PMC10100981 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04417-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although molecular hydrogen (H2) has potential therapeutic effects in animals, whether or how this gas functions in plant disease resistance has not yet been elucidated. Here, after rice stripe virus (RSV) infection, H2 production was pronouncedly stimulated in Zhendao 88, a resistant rice variety, compared to that in a susceptible variety (Wuyujing No.3). External H2 supply remarkably reduced the disease symptoms and RSV coat protein (CP) levels, especially in Wuyujing No.3. The above responses were abolished by the pharmacological inhibition of H2 production. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing a hydrogenase gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii also improved plant resistance. In the presence of H2, the transcription levels of salicylic acid (SA) synthetic genes were stimulated, and the activity of SA glucosyltransferases was suppressed, thus facilitating SA accumulation. Genetic evidence revealed that two SA synthetic mutants of Arabidopsis (sid2-2 and pad4) were more susceptible to RSV than the wild type (WT). The treatments with H2 failed to improve the resistance to RSV in two SA synthetic mutants. The above results indicated that H2 enhances rice resistance to RSV infection possibly through the SA-dependent pathway. This study might open a new window for applying the H2-based approach to improve plant disease resistance. IMPORTANCE Although molecular hydrogen has potential therapeutic effects in animals, whether or how this gas functions in plant disease resistance has not yet been elucidated. RSV was considered the most devastating plant virus in rice, since it could cause severe losses in field production. This disease was thus selected as a classical model to explore the interrelationship between molecular hydrogen and plant pathogen resistance. In this study, we discovered that both exogenous and endogenous H2 could enhance plant resistance against Rice stripe virus infection by regulating salicylic acid signaling. Compared with some frequently used agrochemicals, H2 is almost nontoxic. We hope that the findings presented here will serve as an opportunity for the scientific community to push hydrogen-based agriculture forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yueqiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Lou
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongyue Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Lan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Linlin Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Liu N, Wang Y, Li K, Li C, Liu B, Zhao L, Zhang X, Qu F, Gao L, Xia T, Wang P. Transcriptional Analysis of Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis) in Response to Salicylic Acid Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2377-2389. [PMID: 36695193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone and signal required for establishing resistance to diverse pathogens and plant diseases. The abundant polyphenols in tea plants also defend plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. However, whether exogenous SA would increase the resistance of tea plants to adversity and the relationship between SA and polyphenols are still poorly understood. Here, we carried out SA treatment on tea seedlings and performed transcriptome sequencing. SA treatment inhibited the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolic pathways but promoted the lignin metabolic pathways. The increased accumulation of lignin in tea leaves after treating with SA indicated that lignin might coordinate SA, enhance, and improve plant defense and disease resistance. Simultaneously, an SA-inducible flavonoid glucosyltransferase (CsUGT0554) specifically involved in 7-OH site glycosylation was characterized in vitro. These results provided valuable information about the effects of SA on tea seedlings and the molecular basis for SA-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Caiyun Li
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Qingdao Laoshan Tea Association, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Fengfeng Qu
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Peiqiang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
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Contribution of a WRKY Transcription Factor, ShWRKY81, to Powdery Mildew Resistance in Wild Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032583. [PMID: 36768909 PMCID: PMC9917159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato powdery mildew, caused by Oidium neolycopersici, is a destructive fungal disease that damages almost all of the aerial parts of tomato, causing devastating losses in tomato production worldwide. WRKY transcription factors are key regulators of plant immunity, but the roles of ShWRKYs in wild tomato Solanum habrochaites LA1777 against O. neolycopersici still remain to be uncovered. Here, we show that ShWRKY81 is an important WRKY transcription factor from wild tomato Solanum habrochaites LA1777, contributing to plant resistance against O. neolycopersici. ShWRKY81 was isolated and identified to positively modulate tomato resistance against On-Lz. The transient overexpression of the ShWRKY81-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana cells revealed that ShWRKY81 was localized in the nucleus. ShWRKY81 responded differentially to abiotic and biotic stimuli, with ShWRKY81 mRNA accumulation in LA1777 seedlings upon On-Lz infection. The virus-induced gene silencing of ShWRKY81 led to host susceptibility to On-Lz in LA1777, and a loss of H2O2 formation and hypersensitive response (HR) induction. Furthermore, the transcripts of ShWRKY81 were induced by salicylic acid (SA), and ShWRKY81-silenced LA1777 seedlings displayed decreased levels of the defense hormone SA and SA-dependent PRs gene expression upon On-Lz infection. Together, these results demonstrate that ShWRKY81 acts as a positive player in tomato powdery mildew resistance.
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Schulze S, Yu L, Hua C, Zhang L, Kolb D, Weber H, Ehinger A, Saile SC, Stahl M, Franz-Wachtel M, Li L, El Kasmi F, Nürnberger T, Cevik V, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 guards BAK1-BIR3 homeostasis and mediates convergence of pattern- and effector-induced immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1717-1731.e6. [PMID: 36446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK3, a co-receptor of leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mediates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Genetic inactivation of BAK1 or BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinases (BIRs) causes cell death, but the direct mechanisms leading to such deregulation remains unclear. Here, we found that the TIR-NBS-LRR protein CONSTITUTIVE SHADE AVOIDANCE 1 (CSA1) physically interacts with BIR3, but not with BAK1. CSA1 mediates cell death in bak1-4 and bak1-4 bir3-2 mutants via components of effector-triggered immunity-(ETI) pathways. Effector HopB1-mediated perturbation of BAK1 also results in CSA1-dependent cell death. Likewise, microbial pattern pg23-induced cell death, but not PTI responses, requires CSA1. Thus, we show that CSA1 guards BIR3 BAK1 homeostasis and integrates pattern- and effector-mediated cell death pathways downstream of BAK1. De-repression of CSA1 in the absence of intact BAK1 and BIR3 triggers ETI cell death. This suggests that PTI and ETI pathways are activated downstream of BAK1 for efficient plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Schulze
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Yu
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Payá C, Minguillón S, Hernández M, Miguel SM, Campos L, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM, López-Gresa MP, Lisón P. SlS5H silencing reveals specific pathogen-triggered salicylic acid metabolism in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:549. [PMID: 36443652 PMCID: PMC9706870 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) is a major plant hormone that mediates the defence pathway against pathogens. SA accumulates in highly variable amounts depending on the plant-pathogen system, and several enzyme activities participate in the restoration of its levels. Gentisic acid (GA) is the product of the 5-hydroxylation of SA, which is catalysed by S5H, an enzyme activity regarded as a major player in SA homeostasis. GA accumulates at high levels in tomato plants infected by Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd), and to a lesser extend upon Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 pv. tomato (Pst) infection. RESULTS We have studied the induction of tomato SlS5H gene by different pathogens, and its expression correlates with the accumulation of GA. Transient over-expression of SlS5H in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that SA is processed by SlS5H in vivo. SlS5H-silenced tomato plants were generated, displaying a smaller size and early senescence, together with hypersusceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, these transgenic lines exhibited an increased defence response and resistance to both CEVd and Pst infections. Alternative SA processing appears to occur for each specific pathogenic interaction to cope with SA levels. In SlS5H-silenced plants infected with CEVd, glycosylated SA was the most discriminant metabolite found. Instead, in Pst-infected transgenic plants, SA appeared to be rerouted to other phenolics such as feruloyldopamine, feruloylquinic acid, feruloylgalactarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate. CONCLUSION Using SlS5H-silenced plants as a tool to unbalance SA levels, we have studied the re-routing of SA upon CEVd and Pst infections and found that, despite the common origin and role for SA in plant pathogenesis, there appear to be different pathogen-specific, alternate homeostasis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Payá
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - S. Minguillón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Hernández
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - S. M. Miguel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - L. Campos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - I. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - J. M. Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. P. López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - P. Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
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Hemati A, Alikhani HA, Babaei M, Ajdanian L, Asgari Lajayer B, van Hullebusch ED. Effects of foliar application of humic acid extracts and indole acetic acid on important growth indices of canola (Brassica napus L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:20033. [PMID: 36414656 PMCID: PMC9681778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vermicompost (VC) is a rich source of HA that improves plant growth and yield indices such as fresh and dry weights, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll index value. In this study, the effect of foliar application of HA extracted from different types of VC enriched with bacteria and/or fertilizers, commercial HA (CHA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) on the growth characteristics of canola (Brassica napus) in greenhouse conditions were compared. According to the results, the foliar application of HA extracted from VC had complete superiority over CHA and IAA in most traits except for the leaf number. Furthermore, the highest level of foliar application of HA (600 mg L-1) enriched with Azotobacter chroococcum (21Az) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (Ps 59) (HA-AS) generated the highest height, diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll index value. Also, the highest stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate were observed with the application of 600 mg L-1 HA extracted from VC enriched with nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus (HA-NSP) compared to the other treatments. Besides, dry and fresh weights and seed yield under HA-NSP and HA-AS treatments were at their highest rate. Among the extracted HAs, the one extracted from the nitrogen enriched VC had the lowest efficiency. Based on the present study, the HA extracted from VC enriched with Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and NSP is recommended to increase canola growth and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Hemati
- grid.412831.d0000 0001 1172 3536Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran ,CEO of Qizil Topraq Sahand Company, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Alikhani
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Soil Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Babaei
- grid.411301.60000 0001 0666 1211Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ladan Ajdanian
- grid.411301.60000 0001 0666 1211Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- grid.412831.d0000 0001 1172 3536Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Eric D. van Hullebusch
- grid.9489.c0000 0001 0675 8101Université Paris Cité, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Yu X, Cui X, Wu C, Shi S, Yan S. Salicylic acid inhibits gibberellin signaling through receptor interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1759-1771. [PMID: 36199245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that plants activate defense responses at the cost of growth. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellin (GA) promote defense response and growth, respectively. Here we show that SA inhibits GA signaling to repress plant growth. We found that the SA receptor NPR1 interacts with the GA receptor GID1. Further biochemical studies revealed that NPR1 functions as an adaptor of ubiquitin E3 ligase to promote the polyubiquitination and degradation of GID1, which enhances the stability of DELLA proteins, the negative regulators of GA signaling. Genetic analysis suggested that NPR1, GID1, and DELLA proteins are all required for the SA-mediated growth inhibition. Collectively, our study not only uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism of growth-defense trade-off but also reveals the interaction of hormone receptors as a new mode of hormonal crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen 518000, China; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen 518000, China; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chong Wu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen 518000, China; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shixi Shi
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen 518000, China; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shunping Yan
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen 518000, China; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Toyota M, Betsuyaku S. In vivo Imaging Enables Understanding of Seamless Plant Defense Responses to Wounding and Pathogen Attack. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1391-1404. [PMID: 36165346 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to varied biotic stresses, including sequential or simultaneous attack by insects and pathogens. To overcome these complex stresses, plants must perceive each of the stresses, then integrate and relay the information throughout the plant body and eventually activate local and systemic resistance responses. Previous molecular genetic studies identified jasmonic acid and salicylic acid as key plant hormones of wound and immune responses. These hormones, combined with their antagonistic interaction, play critical roles in the initiation and regulation of defense responses against insects and pathogens. Aside from molecular and genetic information, the latest in vivo imaging technology has revealed that plant defense responses are regulated spatially and temporally. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of local and systemic defense responses against wounding and diseases with a focus on past and recent advances in imaging technologies. We discuss how imaging-based multiparametric analysis has improved our understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of dynamic plant stress responses. We also emphasize the importance of compiling the knowledge generated from individual studies on plant wounding and immune responses for a more seamless understanding of plant defense responses in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE), Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284 Japan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194 Japan
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Kalachova T, Škrabálková E, Pateyron S, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Djafi N, Collin S, Sekereš J, Burketová L, Potocký M, Pejchar P, Ruelland E. DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE 5 participates in flagellin-induced signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1978-1996. [PMID: 35900211 PMCID: PMC9614507 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin perception is a keystone of pattern-triggered immunity in plants. The recognition of this protein by a plasma membrane (PM) receptor complex is the beginning of a signaling cascade that includes protein phosphorylation and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In both Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings and suspension cells, we found that treatment with flg22, a peptide corresponding to the most conserved domain of bacterial flagellin, caused a rapid and transient decrease in the level of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4,5-bisphosphate along with a parallel increase in phosphatidic acid (PA). In suspension cells, inhibitors of either phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipases C (PLC) or diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) inhibited flg22-triggered PA production and the oxidative burst. In response to flg22, receptor-like kinase-deficient fls2, bak1, and bik1 mutants (FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated kinase 1, and BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1, respectively) produced less PA than wild-type (WT) plants, whereas this response did not differ in NADPH oxidase-deficient rbohD (RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D) plants. Among the DGK-deficient lines tested, the dgk5.1 mutant produced less PA and less ROS after flg22 treatment compared with WT seedlings. In response to flg22, dgk5.1 plants showed lower callose accumulation and impaired resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrcC-. Transcriptomics revealed that the basal expression of defense-related genes was altered in dgk5.1 seedlings compared with the WT. A GFP-DGK5 fusion protein localized to the PM, where RBOHD and PLC2 (proteins involved in plant immunity) are also located. The role of DGK5 and its enzymatic activity in flagellin signaling and fine-tuning of early immune responses in plant-microbe interactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Kalachova
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Škrabálková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Pateyron
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Nabila Djafi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Collin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang L, Calabria J, Chen HW, Somssich M. The Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum strain 5176 pathosystem: an overview. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6052-6067. [PMID: 35709954 PMCID: PMC9578349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne fungal pathogen of several major food crops. Research on understanding the molecular details of fungal infection and the plant's defense mechanisms against this pathogen has long focused mainly on the tomato-infecting F. oxysporum strains and their specific host plant. However, in recent years, the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum strain 5176 (Fo5176) pathosystem has additionally been established to study this plant-pathogen interaction with all the molecular biology, genetic, and genomic tools available for the A. thaliana model system. Work on this system has since produced several new insights, especially with regards to the role of phytohormones involved in the plant's defense response, and the receptor proteins and peptide ligands involved in pathogen detection. Furthermore, work with the pathogenic strain Fo5176 and the related endophytic strain Fo47 has demonstrated the suitability of this system for comparative studies of the plant's specific responses to general microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In this review, we highlight the advantages of this specific pathosystem, summarize the advances made in studying the molecular details of this plant-fungus interaction, and point out open questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jacob Calabria
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hsiang-Wen Chen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Acidovorax citrulli Effector AopV Suppresses Plant Immunity and Interacts with Aromatic Dehydratase ADT6 in Watermelon. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911719. [PMID: 36233021 PMCID: PMC9570411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) is a disease of cucurbit plants caused by Acidovorax citrulli. Although A. citrulli has great destructive potential, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of A. citrulli are not clear, particularly with regard to its type III secreted effectors. In this study, we characterized the type III secreted effector protein, AopV, from A. citrulli strain Aac5. We show that AopV significantly inhibits reactive oxygen species and the expression of PTI marker genes, and helps the growth of Pseudomonas syringae D36E in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, we found that the aromatic dehydratase ADT6 from watermelon was a target of AopV. AopV interacts with ADT6 in vivo and in vitro. Subcellular localization indicated ADT6 and AopV were co-located at the cell membrane. Together, our results reveal that AopV suppresses plant immunity and targets ADT6 in the cell membrane. These findings provide an new characterization of the molecular interaction of A. citrulli effector protein AopV with host cells.
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42
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Cooper B. The Detriment of Salicylic Acid to the Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola Proteome. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:814-824. [PMID: 35612310 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0104-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA), a natural product, is the major hormonal regulator of the plant immune system. SA also has antibacterial activity that is not completely elucidated. To gain a better understanding of this, Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola, a bacterial pathogen of beans, was exposed to sub-inhibitory amounts of SA and was then examined using quantitative mass spectrometry. Among the 2,185 proteins quantified, there were pronounced increases in p-hydroxybenzoic acid efflux pumps and multidrug efflux pumps. By contrast there were significant decreases in porin proteins, high-osmolarity response proteins, and protein components of the type VI secretion system. In addition, there were alterations in enzymes likely affecting the production of alginate, which is needed for infection. Furthermore, there was a decrease in an enzyme needed to detoxify methylglyoxal. Assays confirmed a reduction in alginate production and an increase in cellular methylglyoxal concentrations after SA treatment. Culture assays demonstrated that SA altered bacterial growth curves more so than other hydroxylated benzoic acid isomers. These data reveal that SA is antibiotic and that P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola significantly alters its proteome in response to SA in vitro. Similar alterations to the bacterial proteome occur in beans during an immune reaction when SA increases at the site of infection. Thus, in beans, SA likely deters bacterial infection by adversely altering the bacterial proteome. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A
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Zhao J, Sun Y, Li X, Li Y. CYSTEINE-RICH RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5 (CRK5) and CRK22 regulate the response to Verticillium dahliae toxins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:714-731. [PMID: 35674361 PMCID: PMC9434262 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) play critical roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms of CRKs in plant defense responses remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that two CRKs, CRK5 and CRK22, are involved in regulating defense responses to Verticillium dahliae toxins (Vd-toxins) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Biochemical and genetic analyses showed that CRK5 and CRK22 may act upstream of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 (MPK3) and MPK6 to regulate the salicylic acid (SA)-signaling pathway in response to Vd-toxins. In addition, MPK3 and MPK6 interact with the transcription factor WRKY70 to modulate defense responses to Vd-toxins. WRKY70 directly binds the promoter domains of the SA-signaling-related transcription factor genes TGACG SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC BINDING PROTEIN (TGA2) and TGA6 to regulate their expression in response to Vd-toxins. Thus, our study reveals a mechanism by which CRK5 and CRK22 regulate SA signaling through the MPK3/6-WRKY70-TGA2/6 pathway in response to Vd-toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Silva-Sanzana C, Zavala D, Moraga F, Herrera-Vásquez A, Blanco-Herrera F. Oligogalacturonides Enhance Resistance against Aphids through Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Activation of Salicylic Acid Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179753. [PMID: 36077150 PMCID: PMC9456349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable capacity of the generalist aphid Myzus persicae to resist most classes of pesticides, along with the environmental and human health risks associated with these agrochemicals, has necessitated the development of safer and greener solutions to control this agricultural pest. Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are pectin-derived molecules that can be isolated from fruit industry waste. OGs have been shown to efficiently stimulate plant defenses against pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea. However, whether OGs confer resistance against phytophagous insects such as aphids remains unknown. Here, we treated Arabidopsis plants with OGs and recorded their effects on the feeding performance and population of M. persicae aphids. We also identified the defense mechanism triggered by OGs in plants through the analysis of gene expression and histological approaches. We found that OG treatments increased their resistance to M. persicae infestation by reducing the offspring number and feeding performance. Furthermore, this enhanced resistance was related to a substantial accumulation of callose and reactive oxygen species and activation of the salicylic acid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Silva-Sanzana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Moraga
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-26618319
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Zhang X, Khadka P, Puchalski P, Leehan JD, Rossi FR, Okumoto S, Pilot G, Danna CH. MAMP-elicited changes in amino acid transport activity contribute to restricting bacterial growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2315-2331. [PMID: 35579373 PMCID: PMC9342991 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants live under the constant challenge of microbes that probe the environment in search of potential hosts. Plant cells perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from incoming microbes and activate defense responses that suppress attempted infections. Despite the substantial progress made in understanding MAMP-triggered signaling pathways, the downstream mechanisms that suppress bacterial growth and disease remain poorly understood. Here, we uncover how MAMP perception in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) elicits dynamic changes in extracellular concentrations of free L-amino acids (AA). Within the first 3 h of MAMP perception, a fast and transient inhibition of AA uptake produces a transient increase in extracellular AA concentrations. Within 4 and 12 h of MAMP perception, a sustained enhanced uptake activity decreases the extracellular concentrations of AA. Gene expression analysis showed that salicylic acid-mediated signaling contributes to inducing the expression of AA/H+ symporters responsible for the MAMP-induced enhanced uptake. A screening of loss-of-function mutants identified the AA/H+ symporter lysin/histidine transporter-1 as an important contributor to MAMP-induced enhanced uptake of AA. Infection assays in lht1-1 seedlings revealed that high concentrations of extracellular AA promote bacterial growth in the absence of induced defense elicitation but contribute to suppressing bacterial growth upon MAMP perception. Overall, the data presented in this study reveal a mechanistic connection between MAMP-induced plant defense and suppression of bacterial growth through the modulation of AA transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Pramod Khadka
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Patryk Puchalski
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Joss D Leehan
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Franco R Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Chascomús, Buenos Aires 7130, Argentina
| | | | - Guillaume Pilot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Liu S, Lenoir CJG, Amaro TMMM, Rodriguez PA, Huitema E, Bos JIB. Virulence strategies of an insect herbivore and oomycete plant pathogen converge on host E3 SUMO ligase SIZ1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1599-1614. [PMID: 35491752 PMCID: PMC9545238 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens and pests secrete proteins (effectors) to interfere with plant immunity through modification of host target functions and disruption of immune signalling networks. The extent of convergence between pathogen and herbivorous insect virulence strategies is largely unexplored. We found that effectors from the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici, and the major aphid pest, Myzus persicae target the host immune regulator SIZ1, an E3 SUMO ligase. We used transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana as well as Arabidopsis mutants to further characterize biological role of effector-SIZ1 interactions in planta. We show that the oomycete and aphid effector, which both contribute to virulence, feature different activities towards SIZ1. While M. persicae effector Mp64 increases SIZ1 protein levels in transient assays, P. capsici effector CRN83_152 enhances SIZ1-E3 SUMO ligase activity in vivo. SIZ1 contributes to host susceptibility to aphids and an oomycete pathogen. Knockout of SIZ1 in Arabidopsis decreased susceptibility to aphids, independent of SNC1, PAD4 and EDS1. Similarly SIZ1 knockdown in N. benthamiana led to reduced P. capsici infection. Our results suggest convergence of distinct pathogen and pest virulence strategies on an E3 SUMO ligase to enhance host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Camille J. G. Lenoir
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Tiago M. M. M. Amaro
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | | | - Edgar Huitema
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Jorunn I. B. Bos
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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Zhao L, Su P, Hou B, Wu H, Fan Y, Li W, Zhao J, Ge W, Xu S, Wu S, Ma X, Li A, Bai G, Wang H, Kong L. The Black Necrotic Lesion Enhanced Fusarium graminearum Resistance in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926621. [PMID: 35845685 PMCID: PMC9280303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight, mainly incited by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating wheat disease worldwide. Diverse Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistant sources have been reported, but the resistance mechanisms of these sources remain to be investigated. FHB-resistant wheat germplasm often shows black necrotic lesions (BNLs) around the infection sites. To determine the relationship between BNL and FHB resistance, leaf tissue of a resistant wheat cultivar Sumai 3 was inoculated with four different F. graminearum isolates. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the inoculated samples suggested that the phytohormone signaling, phenolamine, and flavonoid metabolic pathways played important roles in BNL formation that restricted F. graminearum extension. Exogenous application of flavonoid metabolites on wheat detached leaves revealed the possible contribution of flavonoids to BNL formation. Exogenous treatment of either salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on wheat spikes significantly reduced the FHB severity. However, exogenous MeJA treatment prevented the BNL formation on the detached leaves of FHB-resistant wheat Sumai 3. SA signaling pathway influenced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst to enhance BNL formation to reduce FHB severity. Three key genes in SA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway, TaICS1, TaNPR1, and TaNPR3, positively regulated FHB resistance in wheat. A complex temporal interaction that contributed to wheat FHB resistance was detected between the SA and JA signaling pathways. Knowledge of BNLs extends our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of FHB resistance in wheat and will benefit the genetic improvement of wheat FHB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Peisen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Bingqian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Jinxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wenyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Shoushen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Shiwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Anfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Guihua Bai
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, USDA, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Lingrang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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Cai Z, Guo H, Shen S, Yu Q, Wang J, Zhu E, Zhang P, Song L, Zhang Y, Zhang K. Generation of the salicylic acid deficient Arabidopsis via a synthetic salicylic acid hydroxylase expression cassette. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:89. [PMID: 35765077 PMCID: PMC9238041 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the plant hormones, which plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in plant growth, disease resistance, and leaf senescence. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SA 3-hydroxylase (S3H) and 5-hydroxylase (S5H) are key enzymes which maintain SA homeostasis by catalyzing SA to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 2,5-DHBA, respectively. RESULTS SA deficient transgenic Arabidopsis lines were generated by introducing two binary vectors S5Hpro::EGFP-S3H and 35Spro::EGFP-S3H respectively, in which the expression of S3H is under the control of the S5H promoter or CaMV 35S promoter. Compared with the constitutive expression of S3H gene under the control of 35S promoter, the S3H gene under the native S5H promoter is activated by endogenous SA and results in a dynamic control of SA catabolism in a feedback mode. The SA accumulation, growth, leaf senescence, and pathogen resistance of the S5Hpro::GFP-S3H transgenic plants were investigated in parallel with NahG transgenic plants. The SA levels in the S5Hpro::EGFP-S3H transgenic plants were similar to or slightly lower than those of NahG transgenic Arabidopsis and resulted in SA deficient phenotypes. The low-SA trait of the S5Hpro::EGFP-S3H transgenic lines was inherited stably in the later generations. CONCLUSIONS Compared with NahG transgenic lines producing by-product catechol, S5Hpro::EGFP-S3H transgenic lines reduce SA levels by converting SA to a native product 2,3-DHBA for catabolism. Together, we provide new SA-deficient germplasms for the investigations of SA signaling in plant development, leaf senescence, and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijing Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilu Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Engao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Ortega-Cuadros M, De Souza TL, Berruyer R, Aligon S, Pelletier S, Renou JP, Arias T, Campion C, Guillemette T, Verdier J, Grappin P. Seed Transmission of Pathogens: Non-Canonical Immune Response in Arabidopsis Germinating Seeds Compared to Early Seedlings against the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassicicola. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131708. [PMID: 35807659 PMCID: PMC9269218 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of seed-borne pathogens by the germinating seed is responsible for major crop diseases. The immune responses of the seed facing biotic invaders are poorly documented so far. The Arabidopsis thaliana/Alternaria brassicicola patho-system was used to describe at the transcription level the responses of germinating seeds and young seedling stages to infection by the necrotrophic fungus. RNA-seq analyses of healthy versus inoculated seeds at 3 days after sowing (DAS), stage of radicle emergence, and at 6 and 10 DAS, two stages of seedling establishment, identified thousands of differentially expressed genes by Alternaria infection. Response to hypoxia, ethylene and indole pathways were found to be induced by Alternaria in the germinating seeds. However, surprisingly, the defense responses, namely the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, the response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and programmed cell death, were found to be strongly induced only during the latter post-germination stages. We propose that this non-canonical immune response in early germinating seeds compared to early seedling establishment was potentially due to the seed-to-seedling transition phase. Phenotypic analyses of about 14 mutants altered in the main defense pathways illustrated these specific defense responses. The unexpected germination deficiency and insensitivity to Alternaria in the glucosinolate deficient mutants allow hypothesis of a trade-off between seed germination, necrosis induction and Alternaria transmission to the seedling. The imbalance of the SA and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways to the detriment of the JA also illustrated a non-canonical immune response at the first stages of the seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailen Ortega-Cuadros
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, University City Campus, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 N°53-108, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Tiago Lodi De Souza
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Romain Berruyer
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Tatiana Arias
- Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Downtown Sarasota Campus, 1534 Mound Street, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA;
| | - Claire Campion
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Jérome Verdier
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Philippe Grappin
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-249-180-483
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Sun Y, Yang H, Li J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Response Mechanism of Frl-Mediated Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) Infection in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137078. [PMID: 35806084 PMCID: PMC9267026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) is an extremely destructive soil-borne disease. To date, studies have shown that only plants with tomato mosaic virus (TMV) resistance exhibit similar resistance to tomato Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) and have identified a single relevant gene, Frl, in Peruvian tomato. Due to the relative lack of research on FCRR disease-resistance genes in China and elsewhere, transcriptome data for FORL-resistant (cv. ‘19912’) and FORL-susceptible (cv. ‘Moneymaker’) tomato cultivars were analysed for the first time in this study. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in Moneymaker than in 19912, and 189 DEGs in the ‘plant–pathogen interaction’ pathway were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. MAPK and WRKY genes were enriched in major metabolic pathways related to plant disease resistance; thus, we focused on these two gene families. In the early stage of tomato infection, the content of JA and SA increased, but the change in JA was more obvious. Fourteen genes were selected for confirmation of their differential expression levels by qRT-PCR. This study provides a series of novel disease resistance resources for tomato breeding and genetic resources for screening and cloning FORL resistance genes.
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