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von der Gathen P, Kivi R, Wohltmann I, Salawitch RJ, Rex M. Climate change favours large seasonal loss of Arctic ozone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3886. [PMID: 34162857 PMCID: PMC8222337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical loss of Arctic ozone due to anthropogenic halogens is driven by temperature, with more loss occurring during cold winters favourable for formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). We show that a positive, statistically significant rise in the local maxima of PSC formation potential (PFPLM) for cold winters is apparent in meteorological data collected over the past half century. Output from numerous General Circulation Models (GCMs) also exhibits positive trends in PFPLM over 1950 to 2100, with highest values occurring at end of century, for simulations driven by a large rise in the radiative forcing of climate from greenhouse gases (GHGs). We combine projections of stratospheric halogen loading and humidity with GCM-based forecasts of temperature to suggest that conditions favourable for large, seasonal loss of Arctic column O3 could persist or even worsen until the end of this century, if future abundances of GHGs continue to steeply rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von der Gathen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Ingo Wohltmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Markus Rex
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Potsdam, Germany
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Amberkar U, Khandeparker R, Parab P. Nitrate Reductase Gene Expression in Idiomarina Strain cos21 Obtained from Oxygen Minimum Zone of Arabian Sea. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:63-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Verdes M, Paniagua M. Relative stabilities of HCl•H2SO4•HNO3 aggregates in polar stratospheric clouds. J Mol Model 2015; 21:78. [PMID: 25758341 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strong acids such as HCl (C), HNO3 (N) and H2SO4 (S) acquire relevance in Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) and aerosols in which nucleation processes occur. Ab initio quantum chemical studies of aggregates were performed for these strong acids. Structures were calculated using DFT methods with the B3LYP hybrid functional and aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. As an initial constraint, an H2SO4 moiety was placed in all candidate structures. A total of 11 optimized structures was found: a global minimum (CSN-a) plus ten local minima on the Potential Energy Surface (PES). The global minimum aggregate gave four hydrogen bonds, yielding a hexagonal ring in its structure. HNO3 acts as proton donor in all clusters; nevertheless, using trans-H2SO4 as the proton donor yielded the most stable structures, whereas HCl acts mainly as a proton donor/acceptor. Real harmonic frequencies, IR spectra, and inter-monomeric parameters were obtained. CSN-a symmetric stretching modes were shifted to 2805.56 cm(-1) and 3520.00 cm(-1) for H-Cl modes, while O-H modes shifted to 3256.87 cm(-1) and 3362.47 cm(-1). On the other hand, relative stabilities improved for 5 of the 11 aggregates when the temperature decreased from 298 K to 210 K, 195 K and 188 K. The aggregate CSN-f remained unstable only at 210 K. Moreover, the relative Gibbs free energy, ΔG(0-298K) was -9.26 kcalmol(-1) with respect to CSN-a; relative reaction Gibbs free energy [Δ(ΔG)] values ranged from 0.0 at 298 K, to -6.9 kcalmol(-1) at 188 K. It seems that CSN aggregates remain slightly more stable than CNS aggregates with a HNO3 moiety when the temperature decreases from 298 to 188 K. Five structures remained relatively stable under both study conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Verdes
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, C-14, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain,
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Dam B, Dam S, Blom J, Liesack W. Genome analysis coupled with physiological studies reveals a diverse nitrogen metabolism in Methylocystis sp. strain SC2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74767. [PMID: 24130670 PMCID: PMC3794950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylocystis sp. strain SC2 can adapt to a wide range of methane concentrations. This is due to the presence of two isozymes of particulate methane monooxygenase exhibiting different methane oxidation kinetics. To gain insight into the underlying genetic information, its genome was sequenced and found to comprise a 3.77 Mb chromosome and two large plasmids. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report important features of the strain SC2 genome. Its sequence is compared with those of seven other methanotroph genomes, comprising members of the Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. While the pan-genome of all eight methanotroph genomes totals 19,358 CDS, only 154 CDS are shared. The number of core genes increased with phylogenetic relatedness: 328 CDS for proteobacterial methanotrophs and 1,853 CDS for the three alphaproteobacterial Methylocystaceae members, Methylocystis sp. strain SC2 and strain Rockwell, and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. The comparative study was coupled with physiological experiments to verify that strain SC2 has diverse nitrogen metabolism capabilities. In correspondence to a full complement of 34 genes involved in N2 fixation, strain SC2 was found to grow with atmospheric N2 as the sole nitrogen source, preferably at low oxygen concentrations. Denitrification-mediated accumulation of 0.7 nmol (30)N2/hr/mg dry weight of cells under anoxic conditions was detected by tracer analysis. N2 production is related to the activities of plasmid-borne nitric oxide and nitrous oxide reductases. CONCLUSIONS/PERSPECTIVES Presence of a complete denitrification pathway in strain SC2, including the plasmid-encoded nosRZDFYX operon, is unique among known methanotrophs. However, the exact ecophysiological role of this pathway still needs to be elucidated. Detoxification of toxic nitrogen compounds and energy conservation under oxygen-limiting conditions are among the possible roles. Relevant features that may stimulate further research are, for example, absence of CRISPR/Cas systems in strain SC2, high number of iron acquisition systems in strain OB3b, and large number of transposases in strain Rockwell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomba Dam
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Somasri Dam
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Werner Liesack
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Ruiz-González C, Galí M, Sintes E, Herndl GJ, Gasol JM, Simó R. Sunlight effects on the Osmotrophic uptake of DMSP-sulfur and leucine by polar phytoplankton. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45545. [PMID: 23029084 PMCID: PMC3446903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though the uptake and assimilation of organic compounds by phytoplankton has been long recognized, very little is still known about its potential ecological role in natural marine communities and whether it varies depending on the light regimes the algae experience. We combined measurements of size-fractionated assimilation of trace additions of 3H-leucine and 35S-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) with microautoradiography to assess the extent and relevance of osmoheterotrophy in summer phytoplankton assemblages from Arctic and Antarctic waters, and the role of solar radiation on it was further investigated by exposing samples to different radiation spectra. Significant assimilation of both substrates occurred in the size fraction containing most phytoplankton (>5 µm), sunlight exposure generally increasing 35S-DMSP-sulfur assimilation and decreasing 3H-leucine assimilation. Microautoradiography revealed that the capacity to take up both organic substrates seemed widespread among different polar algal phyla, particularly in pennate and centric diatoms, and photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Image analysis of the microautoradiograms showed for the first time interspecific variability in the uptakes of 35S-DMSP and 3H-leucine by phytoplankton depending on the solar spectrum. Overall, these results suggest that the role of polar phytoplankton in the utilization of labile dissolved organic matter may be significant under certain conditions and further confirm the relevance of solar radiation in regulating heterotrophy in the pelagic ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ruiz-González
- Department of Marine Biology, Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kuttippurath J, Kleinböhl A, Sinnhuber M, Bremer H, Küllmann H, Notholt J, Godin-Beekmann S, Tripathi O, Nikulin G. Arctic ozone depletion in 2002-2003 measured by ASUR and comparison with POAM observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Kleinböhl
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Miriam Sinnhuber
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- IMK, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Holger Bremer
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Harry Küllmann
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Justus Notholt
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | | | - Omprakash Tripathi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Grigory Nikulin
- Rossby Centre; Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; Norrköping Sweden
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Ryuda N, Hashimoto T, Ueno D, Inoue K, Someya T. Visualization and direct counting of individual denitrifying bacterial cells in soil by nirK-targeted direct in situ PCR. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:74-80. [PMID: 21487206 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of denitrifying bacteria in soil has been determined primarily by the conventional most probable number (MPN) method. We have developed a single-cell identification technique that is culture-independent, direct in situ PCR, to enumerate denitrifying bacteria in soils. The specificity of this method was evaluated with six species of denitrifying bacteria using nirK as the target gene; Escherichia coli was used as a negative control. Almost all (97.3%-100%) of the nirK-type denitrifying bacteria (Agromonas oligotrophica, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter denitrificans, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and Pseudomonas chlororaphis) were detected by direct in situ PCR, whereas no E. coli cells and only a few cells (2.4%) of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were detected. Numbers of denitrifying bacteria in upland and paddy soil samples quantified by this method were 3.3 × 10(8) to 2.6 × 10(9) cells g(-1) dry soil. These values are approximately 1,000 to 300,000 times higher than those estimated by the MPN method. These results suggest that direct in situ PCR is a better tool for quantifying denitrifying bacteria in soil than the conventional MPN method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ryuda
- Division of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840–8502, Japan
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Vogel B, Feck T, Grooß JU. Impact of stratospheric water vapor enhancements caused by CH4and H2O increase on polar ozone loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Sedo G, Doran JL, Leopold KR. Partial Proton Transfer in the Nitric Acid Trihydrate Complex. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:11301-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9063033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galen Sedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Jamie L. Doran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Kenneth R. Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Effect of pH and temperature on denitrification gene expression and activity in Pseudomonas mandelii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3903-11. [PMID: 19376915 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00080-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas mandelii liquid cultures were studied to determine the effect of pH and temperature on denitrification gene expression, which was quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Denitrification was measured by the accumulation of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) in the headspace in the presence of acetylene. Levels of gene expression of nirS and cnorB at pH 5 were 539-fold and 6,190-fold lower, respectively, than the levels of gene expression for cells grown at pH 6, 7, and 8 between 4 h and 8 h. Cumulative denitrification levels were 28 micromol, 63 micromol, and 22 micromol at pH 6, 7, and 8, respectively, at 8 h, whereas negligible denitrification was measured at pH 5. P. mandelii cells grown at 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C exhibited 9-fold and 94-fold increases in levels of cnorB expression between 0 h and 2 h, respectively, and an average 17-fold increase in levels of nirS gene expression. In contrast, induction of cnorB and nirS gene expression for P. mandelii cells grown at 10 degrees C did not occur in the first 4 h. Levels of cumulative denitrification at 10 h were 6.6 micromol for P. mandelii cells grown at 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C and 30 micromol for cells grown at 30 degrees C. Overall, levels of cnorB and nirS expression were relatively insensitive to pH values over the range of pH 6 to 8 but were substantially reduced at pH 5, whereas gene expression was sensitive to temperature, with induction and time to achieve maximum gene expression delayed as the temperature decreased from 30 degrees C. Low pH and temperature negatively affected denitrification activity.
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Akiyoshi H, Zhou LB, Yamashita Y, Sakamoto K, Yoshiki M, Nagashima T, Takahashi M, Kurokawa J, Takigawa M, Imamura T. A CCM simulation of the breakup of the Antarctic polar vortex in the years 1980–2004 under the CCMVal scenarios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Knopf DA, Lopez MD. Homogeneous ice freezing temperatures and ice nucleation rates of aqueous ammonium sulfate and aqueous levoglucosan particles for relevant atmospheric conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8056-68. [DOI: 10.1039/b903750k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Nitric oxide reductase gene expression and nitrous oxide production in nitrate-grown Pseudomonas mandelii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6876-9. [PMID: 18820058 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01533-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure cultures of Pseudomonas mandelii were incubated with or without nitrate, which acts as a substrate and an electron acceptor for denitrification. Nitric oxide reductase (cnorB) gene expression was measured using a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and nitrous oxide emissions were measured by gas chromatography. P. mandelii cells in either the presence or absence of nitrate demonstrated an increase in cnorB gene expression during the first 3 h of growth. The level of expression of cnorB in nitrate-amended cells remained high (average, 2.06 x 10(8) transcripts/microg of RNA), while in untreated cells it decreased to an average of 3.63 x 10(6) transcripts/microg of RNA from 4 to 6 h. Nitrous oxide accumulation in the headspace was detected at 2 h, and cumulative emissions continued to increase over a 24-h period to 101 mumol in nitrate-amended cells. P. mandelii cnorB gene expression was not detected under aerobic conditions. These results demonstrate that P. mandelii cnorB gene expression was induced 203-fold at 4 h when nitrate was present in the medium. Accumulations of N(2)O indicated that the cNorB enzyme was synthesized and active.
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Formicki G, Stawarz R, Lukac N, Putała A, Kuczkowska A. Combined effects of cadmium and ultraviolet radiation on mortality and mineral content in common frog (Rana temporaria) larvae. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:1174-1183. [PMID: 18584433 DOI: 10.1080/10934520802171717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of UV with Cd(2 +) exposure on the mortality and mineral content of common frog larvae was investigated. Tadpoles were raised in increasing concentrations of Cd(2 +) (0-2000 microg x L(-1)). Additionally the larvae were exposed to biologically effective doses of UV-A (0.24 kJ x m(- 2)) and UV-B (2.71 kJ x m(- 2)). Parallel groups were grown in the same ionic concentrations in the absence of UV. In the second experiment larvae were exposed to sublethal doses of Cd(2 +) (1000 microg x L(-1)) for 3 days. Then the larvae were submitted to 4 weeks of recovery in clean water. Cd, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K contents and Na/K ratio were measured. In tadpoles exposed exclusively to Cd(2 +) the 96 h LC50 = 3155 microg x L(-1). By contrast in tadpoles exposed to Cd(2 +) and UV for 96 hours the LC50 = 710 microg x L(-1). More cadmium was accumulated in UV-exposed tadpoles. On the other hand tadpoles exposed to UV radiation removed cadmium more efficiently than non-irradiated larvae. Cu, Na, and K were positively correlated with Cd content while Mg was negatively correlated with Cd. Animals exposed to combined stressors had lower Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, Zn contents, lower Na/K ratio and higher Cu and K contents than animals exposed exclusively to cadmium. Our studies indicate that cadmium ions combined with UV significantly increase mortality of common frog tadpoles. This may be related to higher cadmium uptake, disturbances in the content of essential metals and ionic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Formicki
- Department of Zoology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Biology, Krakow, Poland.
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Hatch CD, Gough RV, Toon OB, Tolbert MA. Heterogeneous Nucleation of Nitric Acid Trihydrate on Clay Minerals: Relevance to Type Ia Polar Stratospheric Clouds. J Phys Chem B 2007; 112:612-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075828n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D. Hatch
- CIRES and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, and LASP and PAOS, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Raina V. Gough
- CIRES and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, and LASP and PAOS, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Owen B. Toon
- CIRES and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, and LASP and PAOS, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Margaret A. Tolbert
- CIRES and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, and LASP and PAOS, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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Pehkonen S, Marushkevich K, Khriachtchev L, Räsänen M, Grigorenko BL, Nemukhin AV. Photochemical Synthesis of H2O2 from the H2O···O(3P) van der Waals Complex: Experimental Observations in Solid Krypton and Theoretical Modeling. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11444-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075233s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pehkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I.Virtasen aukio 1), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya Marushkevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I.Virtasen aukio 1), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid Khriachtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I.Virtasen aukio 1), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation
| | - Markku Räsänen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I.Virtasen aukio 1), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation
| | - Bella L. Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I.Virtasen aukio 1), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I.Virtasen aukio 1), Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation
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Cooper PD, Moore MH, Hudson RL. Infrared Detection of HO2 and HO3 Radicals in Water Ice. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:7985-8. [PMID: 16805481 DOI: 10.1021/jp062765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy has been used to detect HO(2) and HO(3) radicals in H(2)O + O(2) ice mixtures irradiated with 0.8 MeV protons. In these experiments, HO(2) was formed by the addition of an H atom to O(2) and HO(3) was formed by a similar addition of H to O(3). The band positions observed for HO(2) and HO(3) in H(2)O-ice are 1142 and 1259 cm(-1), respectively, and these assignments were confirmed with (18)O(2). HO(2) and HO(3) were also observed in irradiated H(2)O + O(3) ice mixtures, as well as in irradiated H(2)O(2) ice. The astronomical relevance of these laboratory measurements is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Cooper
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Astrochemistry Branch, Code 691, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Huthwelker
- Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Sameshima-Saito R, Chiba K, Minamisawa K. Correlation of Denitrifying Capability with the Existence of nap, nir, nor and nos Genes in Diverse Strains of Soybean Bradyrhizobia. Microbes Environ 2006. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.21.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaori Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
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Atmosphärische Aerosole: Zusammensetzung, Transformation, Klima- und Gesundheitseffekte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pöschl U. Atmospheric Aerosols: Composition, Transformation, Climate and Health Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7520-40. [PMID: 16302183 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols are of central importance for atmospheric chemistry and physics, the biosphere, climate, and public health. The airborne solid and liquid particles in the nanometer to micrometer size range influence the energy balance of the Earth, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric circulation, and the abundance of greenhouse and reactive trace gases. Moreover, they play important roles in the reproduction of biological organisms and can cause or enhance diseases. The primary parameters that determine the environmental and health effects of aerosol particles are their concentration, size, structure, and chemical composition. These parameters, however, are spatially and temporally highly variable. The quantification and identification of biological particles and carbonaceous components of fine particulate matter in the air (organic compounds and black or elemental carbon, respectively) represent demanding analytical challenges. This Review outlines the current state of knowledge, major open questions, and research perspectives on the properties and interactions of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Hydrochemistry, 81377 München, Germany.
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Van de Pas-Schoonen KT, Schalk-Otte S, Haaijer S, Schmid M, Op den Camp H, Strous M, Gijs Kuenen J, Jetten MSM. Complete conversion of nitrate into dinitrogen gas in co-cultures of denitrifying bacteria. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:205-9. [PMID: 15667308 DOI: 10.1042/bst0330205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past 10 years many molecular aspects of microbial nitrate reduction have been elucidated, but the ecophysiology of this process is hardly understood. In this contribution, our efforts to study the complex microbial communities and interactions involved in the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen gas are summarized. The initial work concentrated on emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide during incomplete denitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis. As more research methods became available, the fitness of A. faecalis could be tested in mixed cultures with other denitrifying bacteria, most notably with the nitrate-reducing bacterium Pseudomonas G9. Finally, the advancement of molecular diagnostic tools made it possible to survey complex microbial communities using specific primer sets for/and antibodies raised against the various NO(x) reductases. Given the enormous complexity of substrates and environmental conditions, it is evident that mixed cultures rather than single species are responsible for denitrification in man-made and natural ecosystems. However, it is surprising that even for the breakdown of a single compound, such as acetate, mixed cultures are responsible, and that the consecutive denitrification steps are commonly performed by mutualistic co-operating species. Our observations also indicate that we seldom know the identity of the major key players in the nitrogen cycle of these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Van de Pas-Schoonen
- Department of Microbiology, RU Nijmegen NL, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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24
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Abstract
The ability to respire nitrate when oxygen is limited has been described in taxonomically diverse microorganisms including members of the α-, β-, γ- and ε-proteobacteria, high and low GC Gram-positive bacteria and even Archaea. Respiratory nitrate reduction is the first step of the denitrification pathway, which is important since it is the main biological process responsible for the return of fixed nitrogen to the atmosphere, thus completing the nitrogen cycle. During the last decade, considerable knowledge has been accumulated on the biochemistry and genetics of the nitrate reductases. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress in molecular approaches for studying the ecology of the nitrate-reducing community in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Philippot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique--UMR 1229 Microbiologie et Géochimie des Sols, 17 rue Sully, BV 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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25
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Mann GW. Large nitric acid trihydrate particles and denitrification caused by mountain waves in the Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Manney GL. The remarkable 2003–2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Pyle JA, Braesicke P, Zeng G. Dynamical variability in the modelling of chemistry–climate interactions. Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:27-39; discussion 125-51, 519-24. [PMID: 16161776 DOI: 10.1039/b417947c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have used a version of the Met Office's climate model, into which we have introduced schemes for atmospheric chemistry, to study chemistry-dynamics-climate interactions. We have considered the variability of the stratospheric polar vortex, whose behaviour influences stratospheric ozone loss and will affect ozone recovery. In particular, we analyse the dynamical control of high latitude ozone in a model version which includes an assimilation of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), demonstrating the stability of the linear relation between vortex strength and high latitude ozone. We discuss the effect of interactive model ozone on polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) area/volume and winter-spring stratospheric ozone loss in the northern hemisphere. In general we find larger polar ozone losses calculated in those model integrations in which modelled ozone is used interactively in the radiation scheme, even though we underestimate the slope of the ozone loss per PSC volume relation derived from observations. We have also looked at the influence of changing stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange on the tropospheric oxidizing capacity and, in particular, have considered the variability of tropospheric composition under different climate regimes (El Niño/La Niña, etc.). Focusing on the UT/LS, we show the response of ozone to El Niño in two different model set-ups (tropospheric/ stratospheric). In the stratospheric model set-up we find a distinct signal in the lower tropical stratosphere, which shows an anti-correlation between the Niño 3 index and the ozone column amount. In contrast ozone generally increases in the upper troposphere of the tropospheric model set-up after an El Niño. Understanding future trends in stratospheric ozone and tropospheric oxidizing capacity requires an understanding of natural variability, which we explore here.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pyle
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, NCAS/ACMSU, University of Cambridge, UK
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28
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Maron PA, Richaume A, Potier P, Lata JC, Lensi R. Immunological method for direct assessment of the functionality of a denitrifying strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens in soil. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 58:13-21. [PMID: 15177899 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work describes an immunological method for detection and quantification in complex environments of the dissimilative nitrate reductase (NRA) responsible for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, which plays an important role in ecosystem functioning. The alpha-catalytic subunit of the enzyme was purified from the denitrifying strain Pseudomonas fluorescens YT101 and used for the production of polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies were used to detect and quantify the NRA by a chemifluorescence technique on Western blots after separation of total proteins from pure cultures and soil samples. The specificity, detection threshold and reproducibility of the proposed method were evaluated. A soil experiment showed that our method can be applied to complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-A Maron
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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29
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Friedl-Vallon F, Maucher G, Seefeldner M, Trieschmann O, Kleinert A, Lengel A, Keim C, Oelhaf H, Fischer H. Design and characterization of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS-B2). APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:3335-3355. [PMID: 15181817 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.003335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MIPAS-B2 is a balloon-borne limb-emission sounder for atmospheric research. The heart of the instrument is a Fourier spectrometer that covers the mid-infrared spectral range (4-14 microns) and operates at cryogenic temperatures. Essential for this application is the sophisticated line-of-sight stabilization system, which is based on an inertial navigation system and is supplemented with an additional star reference system. The major scientific benefit of the instrument is the simultaneous detection of complete trace gas families in the stratosphere without restrictions concerning the time of day and viewing directions. The specifications, the design considerations, the actual realization of the instrument, and the results of characterization measurements that have been performed are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Friedl-Vallon
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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30
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Cohen RC, Murphy JG. Photochemistry of NO2 in Earth's Stratosphere: Constraints from Observations. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4985-98. [PMID: 14664640 DOI: 10.1021/cr020647x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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31
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Steil B, Brühl C, Manzini E, Crutzen PJ, Lelieveld J, Rasch PJ, Roeckner E, Krüger K. A new interactive chemistry-climate model: 1. Present-day climatology and interannual variability of the middle atmosphere using the model and 9 years of HALOE/UARS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Steil
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Brühl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - E. Manzini
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology; Hamburg Germany
| | | | - J. Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - P. J. Rasch
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Roeckner
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology; Hamburg Germany
| | - K. Krüger
- Free University of Berlin; Berlin Germany
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32
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Häder DP, Kumar HD, Smith RC, Worrest RC. Aquatic ecosystems: effects of solar ultraviolet radiation and interactions with other climatic change factors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:39-50. [PMID: 12659538 DOI: 10.1039/b211160h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are a key component of the Earth's biosphere. A large number of studies document substantial impact of solar UV radiation on individual species, yet considerable uncertainty remains with respect to assessing impacts on ecosystems. Several studies indicate that the impact of increased UV radiation appears relatively low when considering overall ecosystem response, while, in contrast, effects on individual species show considerable responses. Ecosystem response to climate variability incorporates both synergistic and antagonistic processes with respect to UV-related effects, significantly complicating understanding and prediction at the ecosystem level. The impact of climate variability on UV-related effects often becomes manifest via indirect effects such as reduction in sea ice, changes in water column bio-optical characteristics, changes in cloud cover and shifts in oceanographic biogeochemical provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donat-Peter Häder
- Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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33
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Considine DB. N2O and NOyobservations in the 1999/2000 Arctic polar vortex: Implications for transport processes in a CTM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Voigt C. In situ mountain-wave polar stratospheric cloud measurements: Implications for nitric acid trihydrate formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Millard GA, Lee AM, Pyle JA. A model study of the connection between polar and midlatitude ozone loss in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Millard
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - A. M. Lee
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - J. A. Pyle
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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36
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Davies S, Chipperfield MP, Carslaw KS, Sinnhuber BM, Anderson JG, Stimpfle RM, Wilmouth DM, Fahey DW, Popp PJ, Richard EC, von der Gathen P, Jost H, Webster CR. Modeling the effect of denitrification on Arctic ozone depletion during winter 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Davies
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | | | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | - B.-M. Sinnhuber
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - R. M. Stimpfle
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. M. Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. W. Fahey
- Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
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37
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Herman RL, Drdla K, Spackman JR, Hurst DF, Popp PJ, Webster CR, Romashkin PA, Elkins JW, Weinstock EM, Gandrud BW, Toon GC, Schoeberl MR, Jost H, Atlas EL, Bui TP. Hydration, dehydration, and the total hydrogen budget of the 1999/2000 winter Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Herman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - J. R. Spackman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. F. Hurst
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. A. Romashkin
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. M. Weinstock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. W. Gandrud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Sonoma California USA
| | - E. L. Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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38
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Drdla K, Schoeberl MR. Microphysical modeling of the 1999-2000 Arctic winter 2. Chlorine activation and ozone depletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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39
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Drdla K, Schoeberl MR, Browell EV. Microphysical modeling of the 1999-2000 Arctic winter: 1. Polar stratospheric clouds, denitrification, and dehydration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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40
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Kleinböhl A, Bremer H, von König M, Küllmann H, Künzi KF, Goede APH, Browell EV, Grant WB, Toon GC, Blumenstock T, Galle B, Sinnhuber BM, Davies S. Vortexwide denitrification of the Arctic polar stratosphere in winter 1999/2000 determined by remote observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kleinböhl
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Holger Bremer
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Miriam von König
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Harry Küllmann
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Klaus F. Künzi
- Space Research Organization of the Netherlands; Utrecht Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Blumenstock
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; University of Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Bo Galle
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
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41
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Abstract
Denitrification, the reduction of nitrate or nitrite to nitrous oxide or dinitrogen, is the major mechanism by which fixed nitrogen returns to the atmosphere from soil and water. Although the denitrifying ability has been found in microorganisms belonging to numerous groups of bacteria and Archaea, the genes encoding the denitrifying reductases have been studied in only few species. Recent investigations have led to the identification of new classes of denitrifying reductases, indicating a more complex genetic basis of this process than previously recognized. The increasing number of genome sequencing projects has opened a new way to study the genetics of the denitrifying process in bacteria and Archaea. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on denitrifying genes and compared their genetic organizations by using new sequences resulting from the analysis of finished and unfinished microbial genomes with a special attention paid to the clustering of genes encoding different classes of reductases. In addition, some evolutionary relationships between the structural genes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Philippot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-UMR 111 Géosols-Microbiologie des Sols-17, rue Sully-B.V. 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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42
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Santee ML, Tabazadeh A, Manney GL, Fromm MD, Bevilacqua RM, Waters JW, Jensen EJ. A Lagrangian approach to studying Arctic polar stratospheric clouds using UARS MLS HNO3and POAM II aerosol extinction measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Santee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - G. L. Manney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
- Department of Natural Resources Management; New Mexico Highlands University; Las Vegas New Mexico USA
| | - M. D. Fromm
- Computational Physics, Inc.; Fairfax Virginia USA
| | | | - J. W. Waters
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. J. Jensen
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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43
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Tabazadeh A, Drdla K, Schoeberl MR, Hamill P, Toon OB. Arctic "ozone hole" in a cold volcanic stratosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:2609-12. [PMID: 11854461 PMCID: PMC122395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052518199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical depth records indicate that volcanic aerosols from major eruptions often produce clouds that have greater surface area than typical Arctic polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). A trajectory cloud-chemistry model is used to study how volcanic aerosols could affect springtime Arctic ozone loss processes, such as chlorine activation and denitrification, in a cold winter within the current range of natural variability. Several studies indicate that severe denitrification can increase Arctic ozone loss by up to 30%. We show large PSC particles that cause denitrification in a nonvolcanic stratosphere cannot efficiently form in a volcanic environment. However, volcanic aerosols, when present at low altitudes, where Arctic PSCs cannot form, can extend the vertical range of chemical ozone loss in the lower stratosphere. Chemical processing on volcanic aerosols over a 10-km altitude range could increase the current levels of springtime column ozone loss by up to 70% independent of denitrification. Climate models predict that the lower stratosphere is cooling as a result of greenhouse gas built-up in the troposphere. The magnitude of column ozone loss calculated here for the 1999--2000 Arctic winter, in an assumed volcanic state, is similar to that projected for a colder future nonvolcanic stratosphere in the 2010 decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Earth Science Division, MS: 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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44
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Li Q, Robert Huber J. The photodissociation of ClNO2 in argon and water clusters studied at 235 nm by the REMPI-TOF method. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)00120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Wetzel G. NOypartitioning and budget and its correlation with N2O in the Arctic vortex and in summer midlatitudes in 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Koike M. Redistribution of reactive nitrogen in the Arctic lower stratosphere in the 1999/2000 winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Esler JG. A method for estimating the extent of denitrification of arctic polar vortex air from tracer-tracer scatter plots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Mann GW. Polar vortex concentricity as a controlling factor in Arctic denitrification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Northway MJ. An analysis of large HNO3-containing particles sampled in the Arctic stratosphere during the winter of 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Carslaw KS. A vortex-scale simulation of the growth and sedimentation of large nitric acid hydrate particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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