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Lupski JR. Biology in balance: human diploid genome integrity, gene dosage, and genomic medicine. Trends Genet 2022; 38:554-571. [PMID: 35450748 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The path to completion of the functional annotation of the haploid human genome reference build, exploration of the clan genomics hypothesis, understanding human gene and genome functional biology, and gene genome and organismal evolution, is in reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lupski
- Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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2
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Banerjee R, Rai A, Iyer SM, Narwal S, Tare M. Animal models in the study of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: A historical perspective. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:27-37. [PMID: 35229999 PMCID: PMC8879627 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are two of the most prevalent and disabling neurodegenerative diseases globally. Both are proteinopathic conditions and while occasionally inherited, are largely sporadic in nature. Although the advances in our understanding of the two have been significant, they are far from complete and neither diagnosis nor the current practices in treatment and rehabilitation is adequately helpful. Animal models have historically found application as testing beds for novel therapeutics and continue to be valuable aids in pharmacological research. This review chronicles the development of those models in the context of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and highlights the shifting paradigms in studying two human-specific conditions in non-human organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Banerjee
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Arushi Rai
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Shreyas M. Iyer
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Sonia Narwal
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Meghana Tare
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
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3
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Lupski JR, Liu P, Stankiewicz P, Carvalho CMB, Posey JE. Clinical genomics and contextualizing genome variation in the diagnostic laboratory. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:995-1002. [PMID: 32954863 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1826312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human genome contains the instructions for the development and biological homeostasis of the human organism and the genetic transmission of traits. Genome variation in human populations is the basis of evolution; individual or personal genomes vary tremendously, making each of us truly unique. AREAS COVERED Assaying this individual variation using genomic technologies has many applications in clinical medicine, from elucidating the biology of disease to designing strategies to ameliorate perturbations from homeostasis. Detecting pathogenic rare variation in a genome may provide a molecular diagnosis that can be informative for patient management and family healthcare. EXPERT OPINION Despite the increasing clinical use of unbiased genomic testing, including chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) with array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) or SNP arrays, clinical exome sequencing (cES), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), to survey genome-wide for molecular aberrations, clinical acumen paired with an understanding of the limitations of each testing type will be needed to achieve molecular diagnoses. Potential opportunities for improving case solved rates, functionally annotating the majority of genes in the human genome, and further understanding genetic contributions to disease will empower clinical genomics and the precision medicine initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pawel Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia M B Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Zeiss CJ. Utility of spontaneous animal models of Alzheimer’s disease in preclinical efficacy studies. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:273-286. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Golde TE. Harnessing Immunoproteostasis to Treat Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuron 2019; 101:1003-1015. [PMID: 30897353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoproteostasis is a term used to reflect interactions between the immune system and the proteinopathies that are presumptive "triggers" of many neurodegenerative disorders. The study of immunoproteostasis is bolstered by several observations. Mutations or rare variants in genes expressed in microglial cells, known to regulate immune functions, or both can cause, or alter risk for, various neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, genetic association studies identify numerous loci harboring genes that encode proteins of known immune function that alter risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Further, preclinical studies reveal beneficial effects and liabilities of manipulating immune pathways in various neurodegenerative disease models. Although there are concerns that manipulation of the immune system may cause more harm than good, there is considerable interest in developing immune modulatory therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, I highlight the promise and challenges of harnessing immunoproteostasis to treat neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- McKnight Brain Institute, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA.
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6
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Lupski JR. 2018 Victor A. McKusick Leadership Award: Molecular Mechanisms for Genomic and Chromosomal Rearrangements. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:391-406. [PMID: 30849326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Kun-Rodrigues C, Orme T, Carmona S, Hernandez DG, Ross OA, Eicher JD, Shepherd C, Parkkinen L, Darwent L, Heckman MG, Scholz SW, Troncoso JC, Pletnikova O, Dawson T, Rosenthal L, Ansorge O, Clarimon J, Lleo A, Morenas-Rodriguez E, Clark L, Honig LS, Marder K, Lemstra A, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop P, Londos E, Zetterberg H, Barber I, Braae A, Brown K, Morgan K, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Lashley T, Holton J, Compta Y, Van Deerlin V, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Lesage S, Galasko D, Masliah E, Santana I, Pastor P, Diez-Fairen M, Aguilar M, Tienari PJ, Myllykangas L, Oinas M, Revesz T, Lees A, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Ferman TJ, Escott-Price V, Graff-Radford N, Cairns NJ, Morris JC, Pickering-Brown S, Mann D, Halliday GM, Hardy J, Trojanowski JQ, Dickson DW, Singleton A, Stone DJ, Guerreiro R, Bras J. A comprehensive screening of copy number variability in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 75:223.e1-223.e10. [PMID: 30448004 PMCID: PMC6541211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetic variability in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is now indisputable; however, data regarding copy number variation (CNV) in this disease has been lacking. Here, we used whole-genome genotyping of 1454 DLB cases and 1525 controls to assess copy number variability. We used 2 algorithms to confidently detect CNVs, performed a case-control association analysis, screened for candidate CNVs previously associated with DLB-related diseases, and performed a candidate gene approach to fully explore the data. We identified 5 CNV regions with a significant genome-wide association to DLB; 2 of these were only present in cases and absent from publicly available databases: one of the regions overlapped LAPTM4B, a known lysosomal protein, whereas the other overlapped the NME1 locus and SPAG9. We also identified DLB cases presenting rare CNVs in genes previously associated with DLB or related neurodegenerative diseases, such as SNCA, APP, and MAPT. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting genome-wide CNVs in a large DLB cohort. These results provide preliminary evidence for the contribution of CNVs in DLB risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Kun-Rodrigues
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tatiana Orme
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at UCL, London, UK
| | - Susana Carmona
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at UCL, London, UK
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John D Eicher
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Shepherd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Parkinsons Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee Darwent
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at UCL, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ted Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Parkinsons Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleo
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodriguez
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorraine Clark
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Marder
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Afina Lemstra
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisabet Londos
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Institution of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London UK, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Molndal, Sweden
| | - Imelda Barber
- Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anne Braae
- Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kristelle Brown
- Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janice Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Queen Square Brain Bank, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Queen Square Brain Bank, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Clinical Neuroscience Institute (ICN), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vivianna Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne Lesage
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universites, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle epiniere, Paris, France
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Service, University of Coimbra Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pau Pastor
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, and Fundacio de Docencia I Recerca Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Neurdegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, and Fundacio de Docencia I Recerca Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Neurdegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Aguilar
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, and Fundacio de Docencia I Recerca Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Neurdegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Myllykangas
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Oinas
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Queen Square Brain Bank, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrew Lees
- Queen Square Brain Bank, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Brad F Boeve
- Neurology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Tanis J Ferman
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Nigel J Cairns
- Knight Alzheimers Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Knight Alzheimers Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stuart Pickering-Brown
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Mann
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David J Stone
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at UCL, London, UK; Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at UCL, London, UK; Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Kametani F, Hasegawa M. Reconsideration of Amyloid Hypothesis and Tau Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:25. [PMID: 29440986 PMCID: PMC5797629 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The so-called amyloid hypothesis, that the accumulation and deposition of oligomeric or fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been the mainstream concept underlying AD research for over 20 years. However, all attempts to develop Aβ-targeting drugs to treat AD have ended in failure. Here, we review recent findings indicating that the main factor underlying the development and progression of AD is tau, not Aβ, and we describe the deficiencies of the amyloid hypothesis that have supported the emergence of this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Kametani
- Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Hardy J. The discovery of Alzheimer-causing mutations in the APP gene and the formulation of the "amyloid cascade hypothesis". FEBS J 2017; 284:1040-1044. [PMID: 28054745 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cloning of APP and genetic analysis of families with Alzheimer's disease were both reported in 1987 and much present work on the disease is based upon the foundations laid at that time. Progress was not smooth, however, and many errors were made. In this memoir, I lay out both the progress and the errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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10
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Su MT, Kuan LC, Chou YY, Tan SY, Kuo TC, Kuo PL. Partial trisomy of chromosome 21 without the Down syndrome phenotype. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:492-5. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Tsz Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Long-Ching Kuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kuo General Hospital; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yin Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kuo General Hospital; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
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11
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Tremblay-Belzile S, Lepage É, Zampini É, Brisson N. Short-range inversions: rethinking organelle genome stability: template switching events during DNA replication destabilize organelle genomes. Bioessays 2015. [PMID: 26222836 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the organelles of plants and mammals, recent evidence suggests that genomic instability stems in large part from template switching events taking place during DNA replication. Although more than one mechanism may be responsible for this, some similarities exist between the different proposed models. These can be separated into two main categories, depending on whether they involve a single-strand-switching or a reciprocal-strand-switching event. Single-strand-switching events lead to intermediates containing Y junctions, whereas reciprocal-strand-switching creates Holliday junctions. Common features in all the described models include replication stress, fork stalling and the presence of inverted repeats, but no single element appears to be required in all cases. We review the field, and examine the ideas that several mechanisms may take place in any given genome, and that the presence of palindromes or inverted repeats in certain regions may favor specific rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tremblay-Belzile
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universit, é, de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Étienne Lepage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universit, é, de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Zampini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universit, é, de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Normand Brisson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universit, é, de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Lupski JR. Structural variation mutagenesis of the human genome: Impact on disease and evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:419-36. [PMID: 25892534 PMCID: PMC4609214 DOI: 10.1002/em.21943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Watson-Crick base-pair changes, or single-nucleotide variants (SNV), have long been known as a source of mutations. However, the extent to which DNA structural variation, including duplication and deletion copy number variants (CNV) and copy number neutral inversions and translocations, contribute to human genome variation and disease has been appreciated only recently. Moreover, the potential complexity of structural variants (SV) was not envisioned; thus, the frequency of complex genomic rearrangements and how such events form remained a mystery. The concept of genomic disorders, diseases due to genomic rearrangements and not sequence-based changes for which genomic architecture incite genomic instability, delineated a new category of conditions distinct from chromosomal syndromes and single-gene Mendelian diseases. Nevertheless, it is the mechanistic understanding of CNV/SV formation that has promoted further understanding of human biology and disease and provided insights into human genome and gene evolution. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:419-436, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza Room 604B, Houston, Texas
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13
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Bushman DM, Kaeser GE, Siddoway B, Westra JW, Rivera RR, Rehen SK, Yung YC, Chun J. Genomic mosaicism with increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene copy number in single neurons from sporadic Alzheimer's disease brains. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25650802 PMCID: PMC4337608 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that individual neurons of the brain can display somatic genomic mosaicism of unknown function. In this study, we report altered genomic mosaicism in single, sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons characterized by increases in DNA content and amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene copy number. AD cortical nuclei displayed large variability with average DNA content increases of ∼8% over non-diseased controls that were unrelated to trisomy 21. Two independent single-cell copy number analyses identified amplifications at the APP locus. The use of single-cell qPCR identified up to 12 copies of APP in sampled neurons. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes targeting APP, combined with super-resolution microscopy detected primarily single fluorescent signals of variable intensity that paralleled single-cell qPCR analyses. These data identify somatic genomic changes in single neurons, affecting known and unknown loci, which are increased in sporadic AD, and further indicate functionality for genomic mosaicism in the CNS. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05116.001 The instructions for living cells are contained in certain stretches of DNA, called genes, and these instructions have been largely considered to be invariant, such that every cell in the body has the same DNA. However, research has revealed that many neurons in the human brain can contain different amounts of DNA compared to other cells. When cells with varied DNA are present in the same person, it is referred to as mosaicism. The effects of this mosaicism are unknown, although by altering the instructions in brain cells, it is suspected to influence both the normal and diseased brain. The brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease often contain deposits of proteins called amyloids. The precursor of the protein that makes up most of these deposits is produced from a gene called the amyloid precursor protein gene, or APP. Having an extra copy of the APP gene can cause rare ‘familial’ Alzheimer's disease, wherein the APP duplication can be passed on genetically and is present in all the cells of a patient's body. By contrast, ‘sporadic’ Alzheimer's disease, which constitutes around 95% of cases, does not show any difference in the number of APP genes found in tissue samples, including whole brain. The early studies that discovered this were conducted before an appreciation of brain mosaicism, and thus single neurons were not investigated. This raises the possibility that the number of APP genes may be mosaically increased, which would not be detected by examining non-brain or bulk brain tissue. Bushman, Kaeser et al. used five different types of experiments to examine the DNA content of single neurons and investigate whether mosaicism could explain the discrepancy in the results of the previous studies. The neurons from people with Alzheimer's disease contained more DNA—on average, hundreds of millions of DNA base pairs more—and more copies of the APP gene, with some neurons containing up to 12 copies. Bushman, Kaeser et al.'s findings present evidence of a way that mosaicism can affect how the brain works by altering the number of gene copies, and how this impacts the most common form of Alzheimer's disease. Many questions arise from the work, including when does mosaicism arise, and what promotes its formation? How does this relate to age? What parts of the genome are changed, what genes are affected, and how do these changes alter neuronal function? Furthermore, Bushman, Kaeser et al.'s work suggests that mosaicism may also play a role in other brain diseases, and could also provide new insights into the normal, complex functions of the brain. In the future, this knowledge could help to identify new treatments for brain diseases; for example, by identifying new molecular targets for therapy hidden in the extra DNA or by understanding how to alter mosaicism. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05116.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Bushman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Gwendolyn E Kaeser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Benjamin Siddoway
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jurgen W Westra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Richard R Rivera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Stevens K Rehen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yun C Yung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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Thompson SBN. A NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST BATTERY FOR IDENTIFYING DEMENTIA IN PEOPLE WITH DOWN'S SYNDROME. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/bjdd.1994.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Cossec JC, Lavaur J, Berman DE, Rivals I, Hoischen A, Stora S, Ripoll C, Mircher C, Grattau Y, Olivomarin JC, de Chaumont F, Lecourtois M, Antonarakis SE, Veltman JA, Delabar JM, Duyckaerts C, Di Paolo G, Potier MC. Trisomy for synaptojanin1 in Down syndrome is functionally linked to the enlargement of early endosomes. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3156-72. [PMID: 22511594 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enlarged early endosomes have been observed in neurons and fibroblasts in Down syndrome (DS). These endosome abnormalities have been implicated in the early development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in these subjects. Here, we show the presence of enlarged endosomes in blood mononuclear cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from individuals with DS using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Genotype-phenotype correlations in LCLs carrying partial trisomies 21 revealed that triplication of a 2.56 Mb locus in 21q22.11 is associated with the endosomal abnormalities. This locus contains the gene encoding the phosphoinositide phosphatase synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1), a key regulator of the signalling phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate that has been shown to regulate clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We found that SYNJ1 transcripts are increased in LCLs from individuals with DS and that overexpression of SYNJ1 in a neuroblastoma cell line as well as in transgenic mice leads to enlarged endosomes. Moreover, the proportion of enlarged endosomes in fibroblasts from an individual with DS was reduced after silencing SYNJ1 expression with RNA interference. In LCLs carrying amyloid precursor protein (APP) microduplications causing autosomal dominant early-onset AD, enlarged endosomes were absent, suggesting that APP overexpression alone is not involved in the modification of early endosomes in this cell type. These findings provide new insights into the contribution of SYNJ1 overexpression to the endosomal changes observed in DS and suggest an attractive new target for rescuing endocytic dysfunction and lipid metabolism in DS and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack-Christophe Cossec
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, CNRS UMR7225, UPMC, INSERM UMRS975, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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16
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Boone PM, Wiszniewski W, Lupski JR. Genomic medicine and neurological disease. Hum Genet 2011; 130:103-21. [PMID: 21594611 PMCID: PMC3133694 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
"Genomic medicine" refers to the diagnosis, optimized management, and treatment of disease--as well as screening, counseling, and disease gene identification--in the context of information provided by an individual patient's personal genome. Genomic medicine, to some extent synonymous with "personalized medicine," has been made possible by recent advances in genome technologies. Genomic medicine represents a new approach to health care and disease management that attempts to optimize the care of a patient based upon information gleaned from his or her personal genome sequence. In this review, we describe recent progress in genomic medicine as it relates to neurological disease. Many neurological disorders either segregate as Mendelian phenotypes or occur sporadically in association with a new mutation in a single gene. Heritability also contributes to other neurological conditions that appear to exhibit more complex genetics. In addition to discussing current knowledge in this field, we offer suggestions for maximizing the utility of genomic information in clinical practice as the field of genomic medicine unfolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Boone
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Fingert JH, Robin AL, Stone JL, Roos BR, Davis LK, Scheetz TE, Bennett SR, Wassink TH, Kwon YH, Alward WLM, Mullins RF, Sheffield VC, Stone EM. Copy number variations on chromosome 12q14 in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2482-94. [PMID: 21447600 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report identification of a novel genetic locus (GLC1P) for normal tension glaucoma (NTG) on chromosome 12q14 using linkage studies of an African-American pedigree (maximum non-parametric linkage score = 19.7, max LOD score = 2.7). Subsequent comparative genomic hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments identified a 780 kbp duplication within the GLC1P locus that is co-inherited with NTG in the pedigree. Real-time PCR studies showed that the genes within this duplication [TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1), XPOT, RASSF3 and GNS] are all expressed in the human retina. Cohorts of 478 glaucoma patients (including 152 NTG patients), 100 normal control subjects and 400 age-related macular degeneration patients were subsequently tested for copy number variation in GLC1P. Overlapping duplications were detected in 2 (1.3%) of the 152 NTG subjects, one of which had a strong family history of glaucoma. These duplications defined a 300 kbp critical region of GLC1P that spans two genes (TBK1 and XPOT). Microarray expression experiments and northern blot analysis using RNA obtained from human skin fibroblast cells showed that duplication of chromosome 12q14 results in increased TBK1 and GNS transcription. Finally, immunohistochemistry studies showed that TBK1 is expressed in the ganglion cells, nerve fiber layer and microvasculature of the human retina. Together, these data link the duplication of genes on chromosome 12q14 with familial NTG and suggest that an extra copy of the encompassed TBK1 gene is likely responsible for these cases of glaucoma. However, animal studies will be necessary to rule out a role for the other duplicated or neighboring genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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19
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Hardy J. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease. ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009; 129:29-31. [PMID: 2220322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1990.tb02601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hardy
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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20
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Abstract
The development of microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) methods represents a critical new advance in molecular cytogenetics. This new technology has driven a technical convergence between molecular diagnostics and clinical cytogenetics, questioned our naïve understanding of the complexity of the human genome, revolutionized the practice of medical genetics, challenged conventional wisdom related to the genetic bases of multifactorial and sporadic conditions, and is poised to impact all areas of medicine. The use of contemporary molecular cytogenetic techniques in research and diagnostics has resulted in the identification of many new syndromes, expanded our knowledge about the phenotypic spectrum of recognizable syndromes, elucidated the genomic bases of well-established clinical conditions, and refined our view about the molecular mechanisms of some chromosomal aberrations. Newer methodologies are being developed, which will likely lead to a new understanding of the genome and its relationship to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem A Bejjani
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, LLC, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most significant of the age-related diseases of the brain. The incidence of Alzheimer's at age 80 is twenty-fold that at age 60 years. In one study the incidence at age 80 surpassed that of stroke. Three major advances have occurred in regard to Alzheimer's disease: (1) clinical diagnosis has markedly improved and now approaches 90% accuracy; (2) understanding of the biology of Alzheimer's has increased with delineation of specific fibrous protein abnormalities and identification of the amyloid precursor gene and the gene linked to familial Alzheimer's, both genes being located on chromosome 21; and (3) there have been advances in the correlation of specific nerve cell involvement and neurotransmitter changes with physiological (position emission tomography), behavioural and neuropsychological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Katzman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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22
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Wischik CM, Harrington CR, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Novak M, Edwards PC, McArthur FK. Molecular characterization and measurement of Alzheimer's disease pathology: implications for genetic and environmental aetiology. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 169:268-93; discussion 293-302. [PMID: 1490426 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514306.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological changes seen in Alzheimer's disease represent an interaction between the ageing process in which normal intellectual function is retained, and changes which are specifically associated with severe cognitive deterioration. Molecular analysis of these changes has tended to emphasize the distinction between neurofibrillary pathology, which is intracellular and highly correlated with cognitive deterioration, and the changes associated with the deposition of extracellular amyloid, which appears to be widespread in normal ageing. Extracellular amyloid deposits consist of fibrils composed of a short 42 amino acid peptide (beta/A4) derived by abnormal proteolysis from a much larger precursor molecule (APP). The recent demonstration of a mutation associated with APP in rare cases with familial dementia, neurofibrillary pathology in the hippocampus and atypical cortical Lewy body pathology raises the possibility that abnormal processing of APP could be linked directly with neurofibrillary pathology. Neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques are sites of dense accumulation of pathological paired helical filaments (PHFs) which are composed in part of an antigenically modified form of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The average brain tissue content of PHFs measured biochemically does not increase in the course of normal ageing but increases 10-fold relative to age-matched controls in patients with Alzheimer's disease. There is also a substantial (three-fold) disease-related decline in normal soluble tau protein relative to age-matched controls. This intracellular redistribution of a protein essential for microtubule stability in cortico-cortical association circuits may play an important part in the molecular pathogenesis of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. The role of abnormal proteolysis of APP in this process remains to be elucidated. Immunohistochemical studies on renal dialysis cases have failed to detect evidence of neurofibrillary pathology related to aluminium accumulation in brain tissue. Nevertheless it needs to be seen whether more sensitive biochemical assays of neurofibrillary pathology can demonstrate evidence of an association with aluminium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wischik
- University of Cambridge Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, UK
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23
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Wisniewski HM, Wrzolek M. Pathogenesis of amyloid formation in Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome and scrapie. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 135:224-38. [PMID: 2970373 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513613.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Paired helical filaments (PHF) are abnormal fibrous structures found in human nerve cells and their processes. Ultrastructural studies of the proto-filaments that make up the PHF revealed that the individual proto-filaments have a different substructure from normal neurofilaments or any other known fibrous profiles. Studies using immunological and biochemical methods suggested that abnormally phosphorylated tau, ubiquitin and neurofilament peptides are part of the PHF. Deposits of amyloid fibres in Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) are found in meningeal and brain vessels, choroid plexus and neuritic plaques. In 1984 Glenner and Wong reported the sequence of a beta-protein isolated from cerebrovascular amyloid. We used the amino acid sequence of the cerebrovascular amyloid protein to synthesize oligonucleotide probes specific for the gene encoding this amyloid protein. Screening of a human brain cDNA library allowed us to isolate a clone which encodes the amyloid peptide. In situ hybridization studies and Southern blot analysis of a DNA sample isolated from a human-mouse hybrid cell line indicated that the corresponding genomic sequences of this cDNA clone are located on human chromosome 21. Using immunochemical and histochemical methods, we have identified the cells associated with the formation of the amyloid fibres. With immunochemical and biochemical methods we and others also showed that the protein constituting amyloid in AD/SDAT is different from amyloid in unconventional slow virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Wisniewski
- New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island 10314
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24
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Abstract
On the 100th anniversary of Alzheimer's lecture describing the clinicopathological entity which bears his eponym, this article reviews the major areas of progress in our understanding of the disease and outlines the many gaps still remaining. The progress toward effective mechanistic therapy is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hardy
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Porter Neuroscience Building, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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25
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Rovelet-Lecrux A, Hannequin D, Raux G, Le Meur N, Laquerrière A, Vital A, Dumanchin C, Feuillette S, Brice A, Vercelletto M, Dubas F, Frebourg T, Campion D. APP locus duplication causes autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Nat Genet 2005; 38:24-6. [PMID: 16369530 DOI: 10.1038/ng1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 815] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report duplication of the APP locus on chromosome 21 in five families with autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease (ADEOAD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Among these families, the duplicated segments had a minimal size ranging from 0.58 to 6.37 Mb. Brains from individuals with APP duplication showed abundant parenchymal and vascular deposits of amyloid-beta peptides. Duplication of the APP locus, resulting in accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides, causes ADEOAD with CAA.
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26
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Cork LC. Neuropathology of Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. SUPPLEMENT 2005; 7:282-6. [PMID: 2149963 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320370756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Down syndrome (DS) over 40 years of age, prematurely and consistently develop neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), intracytoplasmic inclusions of highly insoluble straight or paired helical 12-16 nm filaments, and senile plaques (SP) composed of abnormal neurites surrounding a core of beta amyloid. These two lesions occur in distributions similar to those seen in Alzheimer disease (AD). SP and NFT are detected also in some younger individuals with DS (10-30+ years) when immunocytochemical and/or silver staining techniques are used. Retrospective and prospective attempts to relate neuropathological lesions and clinical dementia in DS have produced conflicting results. Clinical evidence of dementia and large numbers of SP and NFT were not always concordant. The predictable and consistent appearance of the AD-like neuropathologic changes in DS provides an unusual opportunity to examine the sequential development of SP and NFT. By combining morphological, immunocytochemical, and morphometric techniques with molecular biological approaches, the evolution of the structural and chemical changes in DS and AD can be examined and their relationship to clinical deficits can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Cork
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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27
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Barbiero L, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Alberici A, Russo C, Schettini G, Pagano SF, Parati EA, Mazzoli F, Nicosia F, Signorini S, Feudatari E, Binetti G. BACE-2 is overexpressed in Down's syndrome. Exp Neurol 2003; 182:335-45. [PMID: 12895444 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Brain deposition of the amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) is a frequent complication of Down's syndrome (DS) patients. Abeta peptide is generated by endoproteolytic processing of Abeta precursor protein by gamma and beta secretases. Recently a transmembrane aspartyl protease, BACE, has been identified as the beta-secretase, and its homologous BACE-2 has also been described. BACE-2 gene resides on chromosome 21 in the obligate DS region. It cleaves Abeta precursor protein at its beta site and more efficiently at a different site within Abeta. In the present study we characterized the BACE-2 gene and protein expression in the DS patients and healthy control. We analyzed, by using a nonradioactive ribonuclease protection assay, the levels of BACE-2 mRNA expression in primary skin fibroblasts. The analysis revealed a 2.6-fold increase in BACE-2 mRNA levels in the DS group compared to the levels observed in the control group. Western blot analysis revealed no difference between DS and control in BACE-2 protein levels in the intracellular compartment. In the medium conditioned by fibroblast, we revealed an evident secretion of BACE-2 protein, represented by two different molecular weights, remarkably increased in DS fibroblasts. BACE-2 overexpression was also confirmed in the DS fetal brains and human neural embryonic DS stem cells in which conditioned media BACE-2 was secreted. These data highlight the importance of the extracellular compartment where BACE-2 overexpression could play a role in plaque formation in DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barbiero
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Memory Clinic, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio-FbF, Brescia, Italy
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28
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Nijjar RK, Murphy C. Olfactory impairment increases as a function of age in persons with Down syndrome. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23:65-73. [PMID: 11755021 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathology similar to that found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has consistently been observed in older individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and this neuropathology is particularly prevalent in areas involved in olfaction. The present study investigated the effects of age on the expression of olfactory impairment in Down syndrome to address the hypothesis that older adults with DS show greater deficits in olfactory function compared with younger persons with DS and compared with age and IQ matched control groups. Between group differences showed that persons with DS had significant deficits in olfactory functioning compared to the two control groups. Further, within the DS group, older adults performed more poorly than the young adults or children. Results support the hypothesis that in a group of persons at risk for AD because of DS, olfactory impairment is greater in older individuals, suggesting progressive impairment over time. Deficits in olfactory function may be useful in signalling incipient dementia in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani K Nijjar
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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29
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Altmann P, Cunningham J, Dhanesha U, Ballard M, Thompson J, Marsh F. Disturbance of cerebral function in people exposed to drinking water contaminated with aluminium sulphate: retrospective study of the Camelford water incident. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 319:807-11. [PMID: 10496822 PMCID: PMC314205 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7213.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish whether people exposed to drinking water contaminated with 20 tonnes of aluminium sulphate in the Camelford area of Cornwall in the south west of England in July 1988 had suffered organic brain damage as opposed to psychological trauma only. DESIGN Retrospective study of affected people. PARTICIPANTS 55 affected people and 15 siblings nearest in age to one of the group but who had not been exposed to the contaminated water were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Various clinical and psychological tests to determine medical condition and anxiety levels in affected people. Assessment of premorbid IQ (pFSIQ) with the national adult reading test, a computerised battery of psychomotor testing, and measurement of the difference in latencies between the flash and pattern visual evoked potentials in all participants. RESULTS The mean (SE) pFSIQ was above average at 114.4 (1.1). The most sensitive of the psychomotor tests for organic brain disease was the symbol digit coding (SDC) test (normal score 100, abnormal <85). PARTICIPANTS performed less well on this test (54.5 (6.0)) than expected from their pFSIQ (P<0.0001) and a little less poorly on the averaged less discriminating tests within the battery (86.1 (2.5), P<0.0001). In a comparison with the 15 sibling pairs (affected people's age 41.0 (3.3) years v sibling age of 42.7 (3.1) years (P=0.36) the exposed people had similar pFSIQ (114.7 (2.1)) to their siblings (116.3 (2.1), (P=0.59) but performed badly on the symbol digit coding test (51.8 (16.6)) v (87.5 (4.9) for siblings, P=0.03). The flash-pattern differences in exposed people were greater than in 42 unrelated control subjects of similar age (27.33 (1.64) ms v 18. 57 (1.47) ms, P=0.0002). The 15 unexposed siblings had significantly better flash-pattern differences than their affected siblings (13.4 (2.4) ms v 29.6 (2.9) ms, P=0.0002). No effect of anxiety could be shown on these measurements from the analysis of the anxiety scores of exposed people. CONCLUSION People who were exposed to the contaminated water at Camelford suffered considerable damage to cerebral function, which was not related to anxiety. Follow up studies would be required to determine the longer term prognosis for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Altmann
- Oxford Kidney Unit, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ.
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30
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Abstract
Several molecular and clinical similarities have been detected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). The most remarkable feature is abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brains of both individuals affected with AD and aging DS patients followed by dementia. In addition, AD patients exhibit dermatoglyphic patterns similar to those in DS, and late maternal age is a risk factor in both diseases. AD and DS could be related genetically because AD families exhibit a higher rate of DS cases and vice versa. Although numerous discoveries have been made in the elucidation of the etiopathogenic factors in AD and DS, little progress has been achieved in understanding the origin of the common features of the two diseases. This article reviews clinical and molecular similarities in DS and AD and also chromosome 21 studies in both diseases. A new hypothesis explaining the association between AD and DS is suggested, and this hypothesis is based on the poorly understood molecular phenomenon of aberrant meiotic recombination. Aberration in meiotic recombination has been consistently detected in chromosomal diseases including trisomy 21 and sex chromosomes. There are no studies dedicated to meiotic recombination in genetic diseases; however, evidence for disturbed recombination has been documented in several neurological diseases such as Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome. Interestingly, the rate of trisomic XXY children born to mothers transmitting fragile X mutation is higher than expected. This finding suggests that AD could be associated with DS in a similar way to which fragile X syndrome is related to trisomy of sex chromosomes. Based on analogy with fragile X syndrome, it can be predicted that AD should demonstrate aberrant meiotic recombination in chromosome 21, most likely in the region D21S1/S11-D21S16 which is linked to early onset familial AD. Based on the same rationale, different patterns of meiotic recombination in the nondisjunct chromosome 21 within DS patients grouped according to the concomitant disease are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Division, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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31
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Kisilevsky R, Fraser PE. A beta amyloidogenesis: unique, or variation on a systemic theme? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 32:361-404. [PMID: 9383610 DOI: 10.3109/10409239709082674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century amyloid was considered to be an interesting, unique, but inconsequential pathologic entity that rarely caused significant clinical problems. We now recognize that amyloid is not one entity. In vivo it is a uniform organization of a disease, or process, specific protein co-deposited with a set of common structural components. Amyloid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting millions of patients. These range from Alzheimer's disease, adult-onset diabetes, consequences of prolonged renal dialysis, to the historically recognized systemic forms associated with inflammation and plasma cell disturbances. Strong evidence is emerging that even when deposited in local organ sites significant physiologic effects may ensue. With emphasis on A beta amyloid, we review the present definition, classification, and general in vivo pathogenetic events believed to be involved in the deposition of amyloids. This encompasses the need for an adequate amyloid precursor protein pool, whether precursor proteolysis is required prior to deposition, amyloidogenic amino acid sequences, fibrillogenic nucleating particles, and an in vivo microenvironment conducive to fibrillogenesis. The latter includes several components that seem to be part of all amyloids. The role these common components may play in amyloid accumulation, why amyloids tend to be associated with basement membranes, and how one may use these findings for anti-amyloid therapeutic strategies is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kisilevsky
- Department of Pathology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario Canada
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32
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Owen MJ. The molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease. MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF HUMAN DISEASES SERIES 1998; 4:92-109. [PMID: 9439745 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0709-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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33
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Quality and efficiency of basic research in molecular biology: a bibliometric analysis of thirteen excellent research institutes. RESEARCH POLICY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-7333(94)00814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Margaglione M, Garofano R, Cirillo F, Ruocco A, Grandone E, Vecchione G, Milan G, Di Minno G, De Blasi A, Postiglione A. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in patients with non-familial Alzheimer's disease. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1995; 7:49-54. [PMID: 7599248 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome 21 contains genes whose altered expression has long been associated with Down's syndrome and whose altered structure with some cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The gene for the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD-1), a key enzyme in the metabolism of oxygen free radicals, is located on the distal portion of chromosome 21. Due to the triplication of the SOD-1 gene, patients with Down's syndrome have an almost 50% increase in their SOD activity. On the other hand, almost 25% of the patients with Down's syndrome over 40 years of age develop progressive dementia, with clinical symptoms of AD. Therefore, we decided to evaluate whether abnormalities in the production of free radicals could be detected in blood cells from AD patients, and whether they correlated with molecular variations in the Cu/Zn SOD-1 gene. Superoxide anion production was evaluated spectrophotometrically in suspensions of monocytes from 9 sporadic AD patients, and from 9 aged-matched apparently normal controls. After stimulation with increasing concentrations of n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or Ca ionophore A23187, monocyte free radical generation was quantitatively and qualitatively normal. Furthermore, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of leukocyte DNA digested with a variety of enzymes, gave comparable results in patients and controls. Our data support the possibility that in addition to the generation of free radicals, other directions should be explored to elucidate the mechanisms of dementia in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Margaglione
- I.R.R.C.S. Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S. Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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35
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Abstract
Two groups of subjects, 14 young (ages 20 to 31 years) and 14 adults (ages 32 to 54 years), both groups with Down Syndrome, were examined on a matching and naming olfactory task. On the former, subjects were required to recognize among four a previously sniffed odour, while on the latter they had to label an odour by choosing among four alternatives provided by the examiner. Analysis indicated that the adults with Down Syndrome scored worse than the young group on both tasks and that the impairment of the two groups was more pronounced on the matching task. On considering the similarity between the neurodegenerative brain pathology exhibited by Alzheimer patients and Down subjects and a recent observation that the former show pathological changes also in the olfactory epithelium (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles), these two olfactory tasks could represent a useful noninvasive diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Zucco
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Italia
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37
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Liberski PP. Subacute spongiform encephalopathies--the transmissible brain amyloidoses: a comparison with the non-transmissible brain amyloidoses of Alzheimer type. J Comp Pathol 1993; 109:103-27. [PMID: 8245229 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P P Liberski
- Electron Microscopic Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Medical Academy, Lodz, Poland
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38
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Tsuang MT, Faraone SV. Neuropsychiatric genetics: A new specialty section of the american journal of medical genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320480102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Whitehouse PJ, Landreth G, Younkin S. Molecular biology of Alzheimer's disease. MOLECULAR GENETIC MEDICINE 1993; 3:95-137. [PMID: 8220165 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-462003-2.50008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Whitehouse
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44106
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40
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Tomasetto C, Rockel N, Mattei MG, Fujita R, Rio MC. The gene encoding the human spasmolytic protein (SML1/hSP) is in 21q 22.3, physically linked to the homologous breast cancer marker gene BCEI/pS2. Genomics 1992; 13:1328-30. [PMID: 1505966 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human spasmolytic protein, SML1/hSP, an inhibitor of spasmolytic activity and gastric acid secretion in the pig, has been shown to exhibit homology to the pS2 protein, an estrogen-dependent breast cancer marker. Moreover, SML1/hSP and pS2 are expressed at the same localization in the normal stomach and during healing of the gastrointestinal tract. Here we report the chromosomal localization, obtained by in situ hybridization, of the hSP gene (SML1) to chromosome 21 at 21q22.3. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we found SML1 to be within 230 kb of the BCEI/pS2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tomasetto
- LGME/CNRS, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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41
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Abstract
With the last two decades, the importance of genetic factors in the aetiology of major mental illness has been firmly re-established and psychiatric research has now firmly embraced the era of molecular genetics. Despite a number of false starts in the study of schizophrenia and affective disorder, there have been successes in unmasking some of the aetiological secrets of Alzheimer's disease. We will give an overview of the rationale behind these studies and the major findings to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C O'Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
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42
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LeBlanc AC, Chen HY, Autilio-Gambetti L, Gambetti P. Differential APP gene expression in rat cerebral cortex, meninges, and primary astroglial, microglial and neuronal cultures. FEBS Lett 1991; 292:171-8. [PMID: 1959603 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80861-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene expression was investigated in primary cultures of astrocytes, neurons and microglia from neonatal rat cerebral cortex as well as in meninges, and young and adult cerebral cortex tissues in order to define the possible contribution of individual CNS cell types in beta AP deposition. Meninges and neurons contained higher levels of total APP mRNA than glial cells and APP695 mRNA was abundant in neurons while glial cells and meninges contained higher levels of KPI-containing mRNAs. These results demonstrate cell-specific transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of APP gene expression in CNS cell types. In addition, the steady-state level of APPs in each cell type did not reflect mRNA levels indicating translational or post-translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C LeBlanc
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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44
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Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology has the ability to delineate the causes of several neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic linkage studies have been used successfully to localize gene defects and it is likely that in the near future the exact loci will be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Tanzi
- Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Younkin
- Division of Neuropathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Jacobson
- Medical Service, New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York
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47
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Pomponi M, Giacobini E, Brufani M. Present state and future development of the therapy of Alzheimer disease. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1990; 2:125-53. [PMID: 2095855 DOI: 10.1007/bf03323906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pomponi
- Department of Chemistry and P. Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kyle
- Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota
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49
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Richards SJ, Waters JJ, Rogers DC, Martel FL, Sparkman DR, White CL, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Dunnett SB. Hippocampal grafts derived from embryonic trisomy 16 mice exhibit amyloid (A4) and neurofibrillary pathology. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 82:215-23. [PMID: 2149769 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Richards
- MRC Molecular Genetics Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England, UK
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50
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Beyreuther K, Masters CL. Nomenclature of amyloid A4 proteins and their precursors in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Neurobiol Aging 1990; 11:66-8. [PMID: 1970128 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(90)90067-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Beyreuther
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, FRG
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