1
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Kaur G, Ren R, Hammel M, Horton JR, Yang J, Cao Y, He C, Lan F, Lan X, Blobel GA, Blumenthal RM, Zhang X, Cheng X. Allosteric autoregulation of DNA binding via a DNA-mimicking protein domain: a biophysical study of ZNF410-DNA interaction using small angle X-ray scattering. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:1674-1686. [PMID: 36660822 PMCID: PMC9976917 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ZNF410 is a highly-conserved transcription factor, remarkable in that it recognizes a 15-base pair DNA element but has just a single responsive target gene in mammalian erythroid cells. ZNF410 includes a tandem array of five zinc-fingers (ZFs), surrounded by uncharacterized N- and C-terminal regions. Unexpectedly, full-length ZNF410 has reduced DNA binding affinity, compared to that of the isolated DNA binding ZF array, both in vitro and in cells. AlphaFold predicts a partially-folded N-terminal subdomain that includes a 30-residue long helix, preceded by a hairpin loop rich in acidic (aspartate/glutamate) and serine/threonine residues. This hairpin loop is predicted by AlphaFold to lie against the DNA binding interface of the ZF array. In solution, ZNF410 is a monomer and binds to DNA with 1:1 stoichiometry. Surprisingly, the single best-fit model for the experimental small angle X-ray scattering profile, in the absence of DNA, is the original AlphaFold model with the N-terminal long-helix and the hairpin loop occupying the ZF DNA binding surface. For DNA binding, the hairpin loop presumably must be displaced. After combining biophysical, biochemical, bioinformatic and artificial intelligence-based AlphaFold analyses, we suggest that the hairpin loop mimics the structure and electrostatics of DNA, and provides an additional mechanism, supplementary to sequence specificity, of regulating ZNF410 DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundeep Kaur
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ren Ren
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John R Horton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjiang Lan
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Division of Hematology, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- Division of Hematology, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert M Blumenthal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Program in Bioinformatics, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Jas GS, Childs EW, Middaugh CR, Kuczera K. Observing reorientation dynamics with Time-Resolved fluorescence and molecular dynamics in varying periodic boundary conditions. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10614-10628. [PMID: 34308794 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1947894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a combined study of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics simulation to investigate periodic boundary conditions' and water models' influence on the orientation dynamics and translational and rotational diffusion of peptides in solution. We have characterized the effects of solvent box size and water model choice on the dynamics of two peptide systems, NATA and WK5. Computationally, translational, and rotational diffusion and internal fluctuations are investigated through all-atom molecular dynamics simulation with two water models and different box sizes. These results are compared with time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay (FAD) measurements. The associated time constant and orientation dynamics from FAD measurement along the 1Lb axis provided baseline data to validate molecular dynamics simulation. The modeling results show that diffusion rates vary roughly in inverse proportion to water model viscosity, as one would expect. Corrections for finite box size are significant for translational diffusion and insignificant for rotational diffusion. This study also finds that internal dynamics described by autocorrelation functions and kinetic network models are relatively insensitive to both box size and water model properties. Our observation suggests that different peptide properties respond differently to a change in simulation conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouri S Jas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ed W Childs
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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3
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Bolik-Coulon N, Ferrage F. Explicit models of motions to analyze NMR relaxation data in proteins. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:125102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0095910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a tool of choice to characterize molecular motions. In biological macromolecules, pico- to nano-second motions, in particular, can be probed by nuclear spin relaxation rates which depend on the time fluctuations of the orientations of spin interaction frames. For the past 40 years, relaxation rates have been successfully analyzed using the Model Free (MF) approach which makes no assumption on the nature of motions and reports on the effective amplitude and time-scale of the motions. However, obtaining a mechanistic picture of motions from this type of analysis is difficult at best, unless complemented with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In spite of their limited accuracy, such simulations can be used to obtain the information necessary to build explicit models of motions designed to analyze NMR relaxation data. Here, we present how to build such models, suited in particular to describe motions of methyl-bearing protein side-chains and compare them with the MF approach. We show on synthetic data that explicit models of motions are more robust in the presence of rotamer jumps which dominate the relaxation in methyl groups of protein side-chains. We expect this work to motivate the use of explicit models of motion to analyze MD and NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Ferrage
- Departement de chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure Departement de Chimie, France
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4
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Neuhaus D. Zinc finger structure determination by NMR: Why zinc fingers can be a handful. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 130-131:62-105. [PMID: 36113918 PMCID: PMC7614390 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc fingers can be loosely defined as protein domains containing one or more tetrahedrally-co-ordinated zinc ions whose role is to stabilise the structure rather than to be involved in enzymatic chemistry; such zinc ions are often referred to as "structural zincs". Although structural zincs can occur in proteins of any size, they assume particular significance for very small protein domains, where they are often essential for maintaining a folded state. Such small structures, that sometimes have only marginal stability, can present particular difficulties in terms of sample preparation, handling and structure determination, and early on they gained a reputation for being resistant to crystallisation. As a result, NMR has played a more prominent role in structural studies of zinc finger proteins than it has for many other types of proteins. This review will present an overview of the particular issues that arise for structure determination of zinc fingers by NMR, and ways in which these may be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Neuhaus
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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5
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Anderson JS, Hernández G, LeMaster DM. Molecular Dynamics-Assisted Optimization of Protein NMR Relaxation Analysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2091-2104. [PMID: 35245056 PMCID: PMC9009080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
NMR relaxation analysis
of the mobile residues in globular proteins
is sensitive to the form of the experimentally fitted internal autocorrelation
function, which is used to represent that motion. Different order
parameter representations can precisely fit the same set of 15N R1, R2,
and heteronuclear NOE measurements while yielding significantly divergent
predictions of the underlying autocorrelation functions, indicating
the insufficiency of these experimental relaxation data for assessing
which order parameter representation provides the most physically
realistic predictions. Molecular dynamics simulations offer an unparalleled
capability for discriminating among different order parameter representations
to assess which representation can most accurately model a wide range
of physically realistic autocorrelation functions. Six currently utilized
AMBER and CHARMM force fields were applied to calculate autocorrelation
functions for the backbone H–N bond vectors of ubiquitin as
an operational test set. An optimized time constant-constrained triexponential
(TCCT) representation was shown to markedly outperform the widely
used (Sf2,τs,S2) extended
Lipari–Szabo representation and the more closely related (Sf2,SH2, SN2) Larmor frequency-selective representation.
Optimization of the TCCT representation at both 600 and 900 MHz 1H converged to the same parameterization. The higher magnetic
field yielded systematically larger deviations in the back-prediction
of the autocorrelation functions for the mobile amides, indicating
little added benefit from multiple field measurements in analyzing
amides that lack slower (∼ms) exchange line-broadening effects.
Experimental 15N relaxation data efficiently distinguished
among the different force fields with regard to their prediction of
ubiquitin backbone conformational dynamics in the ps–ns time
frame. While the earlier AMBER 99SB and CHARMM27 force fields underestimate
the scale of backbone dynamics, which occur in this time frame, AMBER
14SB provided the most consistent predictions for the well-averaged
highly mobile C-terminal residues of ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, United States
| | - Griselda Hernández
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - David M LeMaster
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201, United States
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Boisvert O, Létourneau D, Delattre P, Tremblay C, Jolibois É, Montagne M, Lavigne P. Zinc Fingers 10 and 11 of Miz-1 undergo conformational exchange to achieve specific DNA binding. Structure 2021; 30:623-636.e5. [PMID: 34963061 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Miz-1 (ZBTB17) is a poly-zinc finger BTB/POZ transcription factor with 12 consecutive C2H2 zinc fingers (ZFs) that binds transcriptional start sites (TSSs) to regulate the expression of genes involved in cell development and proliferation. As of now, it is not known which of the 12 consecutive ZFs are responsible for the recognition of the 24 base pair consensus sequence found at these TSSs. Evidence suggests ZFs 7-12 plays this role. We provide validation for this and describe the structural and dynamical characterization of unprecedented conformational exchange in the linker between ZFs 10 and 11. This conformational exchange uncouples ZFs 7-10 from 11 and 12 and promotes a scanning-recognition mechanism through which the two segments cooperate to bind two sub-sites at both ends of the consensus. We further show that this can result in the coiling of TSSs as part of Miz-1's mechanism of transcriptional transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boisvert
- Département de biochimie et de génomique fonctionnelle, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and PROTÉO, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12 Avenue N, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Danny Létourneau
- Département de biochimie et de génomique fonctionnelle, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and PROTÉO, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12 Avenue N, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Patrick Delattre
- Département de biochimie et de génomique fonctionnelle, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and PROTÉO, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12 Avenue N, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Cynthia Tremblay
- Département de biochimie et de génomique fonctionnelle, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and PROTÉO, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12 Avenue N, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Émilie Jolibois
- Département de biochimie et de génomique fonctionnelle, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and PROTÉO, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12 Avenue N, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Martin Montagne
- Département de biochimie et de génomique fonctionnelle, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and PROTÉO, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12 Avenue N, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Département de biochimie et de génomique fonctionnelle, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and PROTÉO, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12 Avenue N, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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7
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Ban D, Rice CT, McCoy MA. Quantification of natural abundance NMR data differentiates the solution behavior of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. MAbs 2021; 13:1978132. [PMID: 34612804 PMCID: PMC8496538 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1978132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are an important class of molecules for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. They include low molecular weight peptides, highly engineered protein scaffolds and monoclonal antibodies. During their discovery and development, assessments of the biophysical attributes is critical to understanding the solution behavior of therapeutic proteins and for de-risking liabilities. Thus, methods that can quantify, characterize, and provide a basis to inform risks and drive the selection of more optimal antibody and alternative scaffolds are needed. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a technique that provides a means to probe antibody and antibody-like molecules in solution, at atomic resolution, under any formulated conditions. Here, all samples were profiled at natural abundance requiring no isotope enrichment. We present a numerical approach that quantitates two-dimensional methyl spectra. The approach was tested with a reference dataset that contained different types of antibody and antibody-like molecules. This dataset was processed through a procedure we call a Random Sampling of NMR Peaks for Covariance Analysis. This analysis revealed that the first two components were well correlated with the hydrodynamic radius of the molecules included in the reference set. Higher-order principal components were also linked to dynamic features between different tethered antibody-like molecules and contributed to decisions around candidate selection. The reference set provides a basis to characterize molecules with unknown solution behavior and is sensitive to the behavior of a molecule formulated under different conditions. The approach is independent of protein design, scaffold, formulation and provides a facile method to quantify solution behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ban
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Cory T Rice
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mark A McCoy
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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8
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Nishikawa T, Wojciak JM, Dyson HJ, Wright PE. RNA Binding by the KTS Splice Variants of Wilms' Tumor Suppressor Protein WT1. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3889-3901. [PMID: 32955251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumor suppressor protein WT1 regulates the expression of multiple genes through binding of the Cys2-His2 zinc finger domain to promoter sites. WT1 has also been proposed to be involved in post-transcriptional regulation, by binding to RNA using the same set of zinc fingers. WT1 has two major splice variants, where the Lys-Thr-Ser (KTS) tripeptide is inserted into the linker between the third and fourth zinc fingers. To obtain insights into the mechanism by which the different WT1 splice variants recognize both DNA and RNA, we have determined the solution structure of the WT1 (-KTS) zinc finger domain in complex with a 29mer stem-loop RNA. Zinc fingers 1-3 bind in a widened major groove favored by the presence of a bulge nucleotide in the double-stranded helical stem. Fingers 2 and 3 make specific contacts with the nucleobases in a conserved AUGG sequence in the helical stem. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift mapping and relaxation analysis show that fingers 1-3 of the two splice variants (-KTS and +KTS) of WT1 form similar complexes with RNA. Finger 4 of the -KTS isoform interacts weakly with the RNA loop, an interaction that is abrogated in the +KTS isoform, and both isoforms bind with similar affinity to the RNA. In contrast, finger 4 is required for high-affinity binding to DNA and insertion of KTS into the linker of fingers 3 and 4 abrogates DNA binding. While finger 1 is required for RNA binding, it is dispensable for binding to consensus DNA sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadateru Nishikawa
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jonathan M Wojciak
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - H Jane Dyson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter E Wright
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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9
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Anderson JS, Hernández G, LeMaster DM. 13C NMR Relaxation Analysis of Protein GB3 for the Assessment of Side Chain Dynamics Predictions by Current AMBER and CHARMM Force Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2896-2913. [PMID: 32268062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular simulations with seven current AMBER- and CHARMM-based force fields yield markedly differing internal bond vector autocorrelation function predictions for many of the 223 methine and methylene H-C bonds of the 56-residue protein GB3. To enable quantification of accuracy, 13C R1, R2, and heteronuclear NOE relaxation rates have been determined for the methine and stereochemically assigned methylene Cα and Cβ positions. With only three experimental relaxation values for each bond vector, central to this analysis is the accuracy with which MD-derived autocorrelation curves can be represented by a 3-parameter equation which, in turn, maps onto the NMR relaxation values. In contrast to the more widely used extended Lipari-Szabo order parameter representation, 95% of these MD-derived internal autocorrelation curves for GB3 can be fitted to within 1.0% rmsd over the time frame from 30 ps to 4 ns by a biexponential Larmor frequency-selective representation (LF-S2). Applying the LF-S2 representation to the experimental relaxation rates and uncertainties serves to determine the boundary range for the autocorrelation function of each bond vector consistent with the experimental data. Not surprisingly, all seven force fields predict the autocorrelation functions for the more motionally restricted 1Hα-13Cα and 1Hβ-13Cβ bond vectors with reasonable accuracy. However, for the 1Hβ-13Cβ bond vectors exhibiting aggregate order parameter S2 values less than 0.85, only 1% of the MD-derived predictions lie with 1 σ of the experimentally determined autocorrelation functions and only 7% within 2 σ. On the other hand, substantial residue type-specific improvements in predictive performance were observed among the recent AMBER force fields. This analysis indicates considerable potential for the use of 13C relaxation measurements in guiding the optimization of the side chain dynamics characteristics of protein molecular simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, United States
| | - Griselda Hernández
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - David M LeMaster
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201, United States
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10
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Pantoja-Uceda D, Oroz J, Fernández C, de Alba E, Giraldo R, Laurents DV. Conformational Priming of RepA-WH1 for Functional Amyloid Conversion Detected by NMR Spectroscopy. Structure 2020; 28:336-347.e4. [PMID: 31918960 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How proteins with a stable globular fold acquire the amyloid state is still largely unknown. RepA, a versatile plasmidic DNA binding protein from Pseudomonas savastanoi, is functional as a transcriptional repressor or as an initiator or inhibitor of DNA replication, the latter via assembly of an amyloidogenic oligomer. Its N-terminal domain (WH1) is responsible for discrimination between these functional abilities by undergoing insufficiently understood structural changes. RepA-WH1 is a stable dimer whose conformational dynamics had not been explored. Here, we have studied it through NMR {1H}-15N relaxation and H/D exchange kinetics measurements. The N- and the C-terminal α-helices, and the internal amyloidogenic loop, are partially unfolded in solution. S4-indigo, a small inhibitor of RepA-WH1 amyloidogenesis, binds to and tethers the N-terminal α-helix to a β-hairpin that is involved in dimerization, thus providing evidence for a priming role of fraying ends and dimerization switches in the amyloidogenesis of folded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pantoja-Uceda
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/ Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Javier Oroz
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/ Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eva de Alba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Rafael Giraldo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/ Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain.
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11
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Xie M, Yu L, Bruschweiler-Li L, Xiang X, Hansen AL, Brüschweiler R. Functional protein dynamics on uncharted time scales detected by nanoparticle-assisted NMR spin relaxation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax5560. [PMID: 31453342 PMCID: PMC6693908 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein function depends critically on intrinsic internal dynamics, which is manifested in distinct ways, such as loop motions that regulate protein recognition and catalysis. Under physiological conditions, dynamic processes occur on a wide range of time scales from subpicoseconds to seconds. Commonly used NMR spin relaxation in solution provides valuable information on very fast and slow motions but is insensitive to the intermediate nanosecond to microsecond range that exceeds the protein tumbling correlation time. Presently, very little is known about the nature and functional role of these motions. It is demonstrated here how transverse spin relaxation becomes exquisitely sensitive to these motions at atomic resolution when studying proteins in the presence of nanoparticles. Application of this novel cross-disciplinary approach reveals large-scale dynamics of loops involved in functionally critical protein-protein interactions and protein-calcium ion recognition that were previously unobservable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouzhe Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lei Bruschweiler-Li
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xinyao Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alexandar L. Hansen
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rafael Brüschweiler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Stetz MA, Caro JA, Kotaru S, Yao X, Marques BS, Valentine KG, Wand AJ. Characterization of Internal Protein Dynamics and Conformational Entropy by NMR Relaxation. Methods Enzymol 2018; 615:237-284. [PMID: 30638531 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the fast timescale motion of methyl-bearing side chains may play an important role in mediating protein activity. These motions have been shown to encapsulate the residual conformational entropy of the folded state that can potentially contribute to the energetics of protein function. Here, we provide an overview of how to characterize these motions using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin relaxation methods. The strengths and limitations of several techniques are highlighted in order to assist with experimental design. Particular emphasis is placed on the practical aspects of sample preparation, data collection, data fitting, and statistical analysis. Additionally, discussion of the recently refined "entropy meter" is presented and its use in converting NMR observables to conformational entropy is illustrated. Taken together, these methods should yield new insights into the complex interplay between structure and dynamics in protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Stetz
- Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - José A Caro
- Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sravya Kotaru
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xuejun Yao
- Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bryan S Marques
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen G Valentine
- Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - A Joshua Wand
- Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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13
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Linke M, Köfinger J, Hummer G. Fully Anisotropic Rotational Diffusion Tensor from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5630-5639. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Linke
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Köfinger
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Hoffmann F, Xue M, Schäfer LV, Mulder FAA. Narrowing the gap between experimental and computational determination of methyl group dynamics in proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24577-24590. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A synergistic analysis of methyl NMR relaxation data and MD simulations identifies ways to improve studies of protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Hoffmann
- Theoretical Chemistry
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- D-44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Mengjun Xue
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Lars V. Schäfer
- Theoretical Chemistry
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- D-44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Frans A. A. Mulder
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- University of Aarhus
- DK-8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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15
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Salvi N, Abyzov A, Blackledge M. Atomic resolution conformational dynamics of intrinsically disordered proteins from NMR spin relaxation. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 102-103:43-60. [PMID: 29157493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful experimental approaches for investigating the conformational behaviour of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDPs represent a significant fraction of all proteomes, and, despite their importance for understanding fundamental biological processes, the molecular basis of their activity still remains largely unknown. The functional mechanisms exploited by IDPs in their interactions with other biomolecules are defined by their intrinsic dynamic modes and associated timescales, justifying the considerable interest over recent years in the development of technologies adapted to measure and describe this behaviour. NMR spin relaxation delivers information-rich, site-specific data reporting on conformational fluctuations occurring throughout the molecule. Here we review recent progress in the use of 15N relaxation to identify local backbone dynamics and long-range chain-like motions in unfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Salvi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Anton Abyzov
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France.
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16
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Niklasson M, Otten R, Ahlner A, Andresen C, Schlagnitweit J, Petzold K, Lundström P. Comprehensive analysis of NMR data using advanced line shape fitting. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2017; 69:93-99. [PMID: 29043470 PMCID: PMC5662661 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-017-0141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is uniquely suited for atomic resolution studies of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites, since detailed information on structure and dynamics are encoded in positions and line shapes of peaks in NMR spectra. Unfortunately, accurate determination of these parameters is often complicated and time consuming, in part due to the need for different software at the various analysis steps and for validating the results. Here, we present an integrated, cross-platform and open-source software that is significantly more versatile than the typical line shape fitting application. The software is a completely redesigned version of PINT ( https://pint-nmr.github.io/PINT/ ). It features a graphical user interface and includes functionality for peak picking, editing of peak lists and line shape fitting. In addition, the obtained peak intensities can be used directly to extract, for instance, relaxation rates, heteronuclear NOE values and exchange parameters. In contrast to most available software the entire process from spectral visualization to preparation of publication-ready figures is done solely using PINT and often within minutes, thereby, increasing productivity for users of all experience levels. Unique to the software are also the outstanding tools for evaluating the quality of the fitting results and extensive, but easy-to-use, customization of the fitting protocol and graphical output. In this communication, we describe the features of the new version of PINT and benchmark its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Niklasson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Renee Otten
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Alexandra Ahlner
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Andresen
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Judith Schlagnitweit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Petzold
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Lundström
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.
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17
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Ikeya T, Ban D, Lee D, Ito Y, Kato K, Griesinger C. Solution NMR views of dynamical ordering of biomacromolecules. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:287-306. [PMID: 28847507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the mechanisms related to the 'dynamical ordering' of macromolecules and biological systems, it is crucial to monitor, in detail, molecular interactions and their dynamics across multiple timescales. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an ideal tool that can investigate biophysical events at the atomic level, in near-physiological buffer solutions, or even inside cells. SCOPE OF REVIEW In the past several decades, progress in solution NMR has significantly contributed to the elucidation of three-dimensional structures, the understanding of conformational motions, and the underlying thermodynamic and kinetic properties of biomacromolecules. This review discusses recent methodological development of NMR, their applications and some of the remaining challenges. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Although a major drawback of NMR is its difficulty in studying the dynamical ordering of larger biomolecular systems, current technologies have achieved considerable success in the structural analysis of substantially large proteins and biomolecular complexes over 1MDa and have characterised a wide range of timescales across which biomolecular motion exists. While NMR is well suited to obtain local structure information in detail, it contributes valuable and unique information within hybrid approaches that combine complementary methodologies, including solution scattering and microscopic techniques. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE For living systems, the dynamic assembly and disassembly of macromolecular complexes is of utmost importance for cellular homeostasis and, if dysregulated, implied in human disease. It is thus instructive for the advancement of the study of the dynamical ordering to discuss the potential possibilities of solution NMR spectroscopy and its applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Biophysical Exploration of Dynamical Ordering of Biomolecular Systems" edited by Dr. Koichi Kato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Ikeya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0373, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - David Ban
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Donghan Lee
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yutaka Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0373, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori 3-1, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
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18
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Kranick JC, Chadalavada DM, Sahu D, Showalter SA. Engineering double-stranded RNA binding activity into the Drosha double-stranded RNA binding domain results in a loss of microRNA processing function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182445. [PMID: 28792523 PMCID: PMC5549741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical processing of miRNA begins in the nucleus with the Microprocessor complex, which is minimally composed of the RNase III enzyme Drosha and two copies of its cofactor protein DGCR8. In structural analogy to most RNase III enzymes, Drosha possesses a modular domain with the double-stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD) fold. Unlike the dsRBDs found in most members of the RNase III family, the Drosha-dsRBD does not display double-stranded RNA binding activity; perhaps related to this, the Drosha-dsRBD amino acid sequence does not conform well to the canonical patterns expected for a dsRBD. In this article, we investigate the impact on miRNA processing of engineering double-stranded RNA binding activity into Drosha's non-canonical dsRBD. Our findings corroborate previous studies that have demonstrated the Drosha-dsRBD is necessary for miRNA processing and suggest that the amino acid composition in the second α-helix of the domain is critical to support its evolved function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Kranick
- Department of Chemistry, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Durga M. Chadalavada
- Department of Chemistry, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Debashish Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Showalter
- Department of Chemistry, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Chen PC, Hologne M, Walker O. Computing the Rotational Diffusion of Biomolecules via Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Quaternion Orientations. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1812-1823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Po-chia Chen
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maggy Hologne
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Walker
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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20
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Bédard M, Roy V, Montagne M, Lavigne P. Structural Insights into c-Myc-interacting Zinc Finger Protein-1 (Miz-1) Delineate Domains Required for DNA Scanning and Sequence-specific Binding. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:3323-3340. [PMID: 28035002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Myc-interacting zinc finger protein-1 (Miz-1) is a poly-Cys2His2 zinc finger (ZF) transcriptional regulator of many cell cycle genes. A Miz-1 DNA sequence consensus has recently been identified and has also unveiled Miz-1 functions in other cellular processes, underscoring its importance in the cell. Miz-1 contains 13 ZFs, but it is unknown why Miz-1 has so many ZFs and whether they recognize and bind DNA sequences in a typical fashion. Here, we used NMR to deduce the role of Miz-1 ZFs 1-4 in detecting the Miz-1 consensus sequence and preventing nonspecific DNA binding. In the construct containing the first 4 ZFs, we observed that ZFs 3 and 4 form an unusual compact and stable structure that restricts their motions. Disruption of this compact structure by an electrostatically mismatched A86K mutation profoundly affected the DNA binding properties of the WT construct. On the one hand, Miz1-4WT was found to bind the Miz-1 DNA consensus sequence weakly and through ZFs 1-3 only. On the other hand, the four ZFs in the structurally destabilized Miz1-4A86K mutant bound to the DNA consensus with a 30-fold increase in affinity (100 nm). The formation of such a thermodynamically stable but nonspecific complex is expected to slow down the rate of DNA scanning by Miz-1 during the search for its consensus sequence. Interestingly, we found that the motif stabilizing the compact structure between ZFs 3 and 4 is conserved and enriched in other long poly-ZF proteins. As discussed in detail, our findings support a general role of compact inter-ZF structures in minimizing the formation of off-target DNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Bédard
- Département de Biochimie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada; Regroupement Stratégique sur la Fonction, la Structure, et l'Ingénierie des Protéines (PROTEO), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP), McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Vincent Roy
- Département de Biochimie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada; Regroupement Stratégique sur la Fonction, la Structure, et l'Ingénierie des Protéines (PROTEO), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP), McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Martin Montagne
- Département de Biochimie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada; Regroupement Stratégique sur la Fonction, la Structure, et l'Ingénierie des Protéines (PROTEO), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP), McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Département de Biochimie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada; Regroupement Stratégique sur la Fonction, la Structure, et l'Ingénierie des Protéines (PROTEO), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP), McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada.
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21
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Jaremko M, Jaremko Ł, Villinger S, Schmidt CD, Griesinger C, Becker S, Zweckstetter M. Hochauflösende NMR-spektroskopische Bestimmung der dynamischen Struktur von Membranproteinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Jaremko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE); Von-Siebold-Straße 3a 37075 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Saskia Villinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Christian D. Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Becker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE); Von-Siebold-Straße 3a 37075 Göttingen Deutschland
- Abteilung Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen; Universität Göttingen; Waldweg 33 37073 Göttingen Deutschland
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22
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Jaremko M, Jaremko Ł, Villinger S, Schmidt CD, Griesinger C, Becker S, Zweckstetter M. High-Resolution NMR Determination of the Dynamic Structure of Membrane Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10518-21. [PMID: 27461260 PMCID: PMC5216445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
15N spin‐relaxation rates are demonstrated to provide critical information about the long‐range structure and internal motions of membrane proteins. Combined with an improved calculation method, the relaxation‐rate‐derived structure of the 283‐residue human voltage‐dependent anion channel revealed an anisotropically shaped barrel with a rigidly attached N‐terminal helix. Our study thus establishes an NMR spectroscopic approach to determine the structure and dynamics of mammalian membrane proteins at high accuracy and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Jaremko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Strasse 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Villinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian D Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Strasse 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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23
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Esadze A, Chen C, Zandarashvili L, Roy S, Pettitt BM, Iwahara J. Changes in conformational dynamics of basic side chains upon protein-DNA association. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6961-70. [PMID: 27288446 PMCID: PMC5001603 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic side chains play major roles in recognition of nucleic acids by proteins. However, dynamic properties of these positively charged side chains are not well understood. In this work, we studied changes in conformational dynamics of basic side chains upon protein–DNA association for the zinc-finger protein Egr-1. By nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we characterized the dynamics of all side-chain cationic groups in the free protein and in the complex with target DNA. Our NMR order parameters indicate that the arginine guanidino groups interacting with DNA bases are strongly immobilized, forming rigid interfaces. Despite the strong short-range electrostatic interactions, the majority of the basic side chains interacting with the DNA phosphates exhibited high mobility, forming dynamic interfaces. In particular, the lysine side-chain amino groups exhibited only small changes in the order parameters upon DNA-binding. We found a similar trend in the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the free Egr-1 and the Egr-1–DNA complex. Using the MD trajectories, we also analyzed side-chain conformational entropy. The interfacial arginine side chains exhibited substantial entropic loss upon binding to DNA, whereas the interfacial lysine side chains showed relatively small changes in conformational entropy. These data illustrate different dynamic characteristics of the interfacial arginine and lysine side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Esadze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1068, USA
| | - Chuanying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1068, USA
| | - Levani Zandarashvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1068, USA
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1068, USA
| | - B Montgometry Pettitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1068, USA
| | - Junji Iwahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1068, USA
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24
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Palmer AG. A dynamic look backward and forward. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 266:73-80. [PMID: 26899226 PMCID: PMC4856014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The 2015 Gunther Laukien Prize recognized solution NMR studies of protein dynamics and thermodynamics. This Perspective surveys aspects of the development and application of NMR spin relaxation for investigations of protein flexibility and function over multiple time scales in solution. Methods highlighted include analysis of overall rotational diffusion, theoretical descriptions of R1ρ relaxation, and molecular dynamics simulations to interpret NMR spin relaxation. Applications are illustrated for the zinc-finger domain Xfin-31, the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D9k and calmodulin, and the bZip transcription factor of GCN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
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25
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Nooren IM, Folkers GE, Kaptein R, Sauer RT, Boelens R. Structure and dynamics of the tetrameric mnt repressor and a model for its DNA complex. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 17 Suppl 1:113-22. [PMID: 22607414 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2000.10506611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The tetrameric Mnt repressor of bacteriophage P22 consists of two dimeric DNA-binding domains and a tetramerization domain. The NOE and chemical shift data demonstrate that the structures of the domains in the wild-type repressor protein are similar to those of the separate domains, the three-dimensional structures of which have been determined previously. (15)N relaxation measurements show that the linker that connects the anti-parallel four-helix bundle with the two β-sheet DNA-binding dimers is highly flexible. No evidence was found for interactions between the distinct modules. The (15)N relaxation properties of the two domains differ substantially, confirming their structural independence. A model in which one two-stranded coiled coil of the four-helix bundle is attached to one N-terminal dimer is most consistent with the biochemical data and (15)N relaxation data. For the Mnt-DNA complex this geometry fits with a model in which the two β-sheet DNA-binding domains are bound at two successive major grooves of the Mnt operator and the tetramerization domain is packed between these two DNA-bound dimers. In such a model the two-fold symmetry axis of the four-helix bundle coincides with that of the operator sequence and the two bound dimers. Bending of the Mnt operator of approximately 30° upon binding of the tetramer, as measured by gel-shift assays, is in agreement with this model of the Mnt-DNA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Nooren
- a Department of NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 , CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
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26
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Abiko LA, Vitale PM, Favaro DC, Hauk P, Li DW, Yuan J, Bruschweiler-Li L, Salinas RK, Brüschweiler R. Model for the allosteric regulation of the Na+/Ca2+exchanger NCX. Proteins 2016; 84:580-90. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Layara Akemi Abiko
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Phelipe M. Vitale
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Denize C. Favaro
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Pricila Hauk
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Lei Bruschweiler-Li
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Roberto K. Salinas
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Rafael Brüschweiler
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
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27
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Abstract
The single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein RPA binds to and protects ssDNA while simultaneously recruiting numerous replication and repair proteins essential for genome integrity. In this issue of Structure, Brosey et al. (2015) show that the flexibility and interactions of the modular domains of RPA are altered by ssDNA binding and suggest that these changes in configurational freedom are important for the many functions of RPA.
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28
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Gill ML, Byrd RA, Palmer AG. Dynamics of GCN4 facilitate DNA interaction: a model-free analysis of an intrinsically disordered region. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5839-49. [PMID: 26661739 PMCID: PMC4894059 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06197k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are known to play important roles in regulatory and signaling pathways. A critical aspect of these functions is the ability of IDP/IDRs to form highly specific complexes with target molecules. However, elucidation of the contributions of conformational dynamics to function has been limited by challenges associated with structural heterogeneity of IDP/IDRs. Using NMR spin relaxation parameters ((15)N R1, (15)N R2, and {(1)H}-(15)N heteronuclear NOE) collected at four static magnetic fields ranging from 14.1 to 21.1 T, we have analyzed the backbone dynamics of the basic leucine-zipper (bZip) domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor GCN4, whose DNA binding domain is intrinsically disordered in the absence of DNA substrate. We demonstrate that the extended model-free analysis can be applied to proteins with IDRs such as apo GCN4 and that these results significantly extend previous NMR studies of GCN4 dynamics performed using a single static magnetic field of 11.74 T [Bracken, et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1999, 285, 2133-2146] and correlate well with molecular dynamics simulations [Robustelli, et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2013, 9, 5190-5200]. In contrast to the earlier work, data at multiple static fields allows the time scales of internal dynamics of GCN4 to be reliably quantified. Large amplitude dynamic fluctuations in the DNA-binding region have correlation times (τs ≈ 1.4-2.5 ns) consistent with a two-step mechanism in which partially ordered bZip conformations of GCN4 form initial encounter complexes with DNA and then rapidly rearrange to the high affinity state with fully formed basic region recognition helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Gill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - R Andrew Byrd
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Arthur G Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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29
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Castañeda CA, Chaturvedi A, Camara CM, Curtis JE, Krueger S, Fushman D. Linkage-specific conformational ensembles of non-canonical polyubiquitin chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5771-88. [PMID: 26422168 PMCID: PMC4758893 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04601g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyubiquitination is a critical protein post-translational modification involved in a variety of processes in eukaryotic cells. The molecular basis for selective recognition of the polyubiquitin signals by cellular receptors is determined by the conformations polyubiquitin chains adopt; this has been demonstrated for K48- and K63-linked chains. Recent studies of the so-called non-canonical chains (linked via K6, K11, K27, K29, or K33) suggest they play important regulatory roles in growth, development, and immune system pathways, but biophysical studies are needed to elucidate the physical/structural basis of their interactions with receptors. A first step towards this goal is characterization of the conformations these chains adopt in solution. We assembled diubiquitins (Ub2) comprised of every lysine linkage. Using solution NMR measurements, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and in silico ensemble generation, we determined population-weighted conformational ensembles that shed light on the structure and dynamics of the non-canonical polyubiquitin chains. We found that polyubiquitin is conformationally heterogeneous, and each chain type exhibits unique conformational ensembles. For example, K6-Ub2 and K11-Ub2 (at physiological salt concentration) are in dynamic equilibrium between at least two conformers, where one exhibits a unique Ub/Ub interface, distinct from that observed in K48-Ub2 but similar to crystal structures of these chains. Conformers for K29-Ub2 and K33-Ub2 resemble recent crystal structures in the ligand-bound state. Remarkably, a number of diubiquitins adopt conformers similar to K48-Ub2 or K63-Ub2, suggesting potential overlap of biological function among different lysine linkages. These studies highlight the potential power of determining function from elucidation of conformational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Castañeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Apurva Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Christina M Camara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Joseph E Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8562, USA
| | - Susan Krueger
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8562, USA
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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30
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Mompeán M, Romano V, Pantoja-Uceda D, Stuani C, Baralle FE, Buratti E, Laurents DV. The TDP-43 N-terminal domain structure at high resolution. FEBS J 2016; 283:1242-60. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Romano
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Trieste Italy
| | | | - Cristiana Stuani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Trieste Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Trieste Italy
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31
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Ortega G, Diercks T, Millet O. Halophilic Protein Adaptation Results from Synergistic Residue-Ion Interactions in the Folded and Unfolded States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1597-607. [PMID: 26628359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic organisms thrive in environments with extreme salt concentrations and have adapted by allowing molar quantities of cosolutes, mainly KCl, to accumulate in their cytoplasm. To cope with this high intracellular salinity, halophilic organisms modified the chemical composition of their proteins to enrich their surface with acidic and short polar side chains, while lysines and bulky hydrophobic residues got depleted. We have emulated the evolutionary process of haloadaptation with natural and designed halophilic polypeptides and applied novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodology to study the different mechanisms contributing to protein haloadaptation at a per residue level. Our analysis of an extensive set of NMR observables, determined over several proteins, allowed us to disentangle the synergistic contributions of protein haloadaptation: cation exclusion and electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged residues destabilize the denatured state ensemble while cumulative weak cation-protein interactions stabilize the folded conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ortega
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, Ed. 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, Ed. 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Oscar Millet
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, Ed. 800, 48160 Derio, Spain.
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32
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Chan AH, Yi SW, Terwilliger AL, Maresso AW, Jung ME, Clubb RT. Structure of the Bacillus anthracis Sortase A Enzyme Bound to Its Sorting Signal: A FLEXIBLE AMINO-TERMINAL APPENDAGE MODULATES SUBSTRATE ACCESS. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25461-74. [PMID: 26324714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endospore forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes lethal anthrax disease in humans and animals. The ability of this pathogen to replicate within macrophages is dependent upon the display of bacterial surface proteins attached to the cell wall by the B. anthracis Sortase A ((Ba)SrtA) enzyme. Previously, we discovered that the class A (Ba)SrtA sortase contains a unique N-terminal appendage that wraps around the body of the protein to contact the active site of the enzyme. To gain insight into its function, we determined the NMR structure of (Ba)SrtA bound to a LPXTG sorting signal analog. The structure, combined with dynamics, kinetics, and whole cell protein display data suggest that the N terminus modulates substrate access to the enzyme. We propose that it may increase the efficiency of protein display by reducing the unproductive hydrolytic cleavage of enzyme-protein covalent intermediates that form during the cell wall anchoring reaction. Notably, a key active site loop (β7/β8 loop) undergoes a disordered to ordered transition upon binding the sorting signal, potentially facilitating recognition of lipid II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert H Chan
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Sung Wook Yi
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Austen L Terwilliger
- the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anthony W Maresso
- the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Robert T Clubb
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
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33
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Balancing between affinity and speed in target DNA search by zinc-finger proteins via modulation of dynamic conformational ensemble. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5142-9. [PMID: 26324943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507726112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although engineering of transcription factors and DNA-modifying enzymes has drawn substantial attention for artificial gene regulation and genome editing, most efforts focus on affinity and specificity of the DNA-binding proteins, typically overlooking the kinetic properties of these proteins. However, a simplistic pursuit of high affinity can lead to kinetically deficient proteins that spend too much time at nonspecific sites before reaching their targets on DNA. We demonstrate that structural dynamic knowledge of the DNA-scanning process allows for kinetically and thermodynamically balanced engineering of DNA-binding proteins. Our current study of the zinc-finger protein Egr-1 (also known as Zif268) and its nuclease derivatives reveals kinetic and thermodynamic roles of the dynamic conformational equilibrium between two modes during the DNA-scanning process: one mode suitable for search and the other for recognition. By mutagenesis, we were able to shift this equilibrium, as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Using fluorescence and biochemical assays as well as computational simulations, we analyzed how the shifts of the conformational equilibrium influence binding affinity, target search kinetics, and efficiency in displacing other proteins from the target sites. A shift toward the recognition mode caused an increase in affinity for DNA and a decrease in search efficiency. In contrast, a shift toward the search mode caused a decrease in affinity and an increase in search efficiency. This accelerated site-specific DNA cleavage by the zinc-finger nuclease, without enhancing off-target cleavage. Our study shows that appropriate modulation of the dynamic conformational ensemble can greatly improve zinc-finger technology, which has used Egr-1 (Zif268) as a major scaffold for engineering.
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34
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Liu L, Wade RC, Heermann DW. A multiscale approach to simulating the conformational properties of unbound multi-C₂H₂ zinc finger proteins. Proteins 2015; 83:1604-15. [PMID: 26062035 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The conformational properties of unbound multi-Cys2 His2 (mC2H2) zinc finger proteins, in which zinc finger domains are connected by flexible linkers, are studied by a multiscale approach. Three methods on different length scales are utilized. First, atomic detail molecular dynamics simulations of one zinc finger and its adjacent flexible linker confirmed that the zinc finger is more rigid than the flexible linker. Second, the end-to-end distance distributions of mC2H2 zinc finger proteins are computed using an efficient atomistic pivoting algorithm, which only takes excluded volume interactions into consideration. The end-to-end distance distribution gradually changes its profile, from left-tailed to right-tailed, as the number of zinc fingers increases. This is explained by using a worm-like chain model. For proteins of a few zinc fingers, an effective bending constraint favors an extended conformation. Only for proteins containing more than nine zinc fingers, is a somewhat compacted conformation preferred. Third, a mesoscale model is modified to study both the local and the global conformational properties of multi-C2H2 zinc finger proteins. Simulations of the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), an important mC2H2 zinc finger protein for genome spatial organization, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Institute for Theoretical Physics Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter W Heermann
- Institute for Theoretical Physics Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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35
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Miletti T, Di Trani J, Jr Levros LC, Mittermaier A. Conformational plasticity surrounding the active site of NADH oxidase from Thermus thermophilus. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1114-28. [PMID: 25970557 PMCID: PMC4500311 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological applications of enzymes can involve the use of these molecules under nonphysiological conditions. Thus, it is of interest to understand how environmental variables affect protein structure and dynamics and how this ultimately modulates enzyme function. NADH oxidase (NOX) from Thermus thermophilus exemplifies how enzyme activity can be tuned by reaction conditions, such as temperature, cofactor substitution, and the addition of cosolutes. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of reduced NAD(P)H to NAD(P)(+) with the concurrent reduction of O2 to H2O2, with relevance to biosensing applications. It is thermophilic, with an optimum temperature of approximately 65°C and sevenfold lower activity at 25°C. Moderate concentrations (≈1M) of urea and other chaotropes increase NOX activity by up to a factor of 2.5 at room temperature. Furthermore, it is a flavoprotein that accepts either FMN or the much larger FAD as cofactor. We have used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration and (15)N spin relaxation experiments together with isothermal titration calorimetry to study how NOX structure and dynamics are affected by changes in temperature, the addition of urea and the substitution of the FMN cofactor with FAD. The majority of signals from NOX are quite insensitive to changes in temperature, cosolute addition, and cofactor substitution. However, a small cluster of residues surrounding the active site shows significant changes. These residues are implicated in coupling changes in the solution conditions of the enzyme to changes in catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Miletti
- Department of Chemistry, McGill UniversityMontreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8
| | - Justin Di Trani
- Department of Chemistry, McGill UniversityMontreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8
| | - Louis-Charles Jr Levros
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, H3C 3P8
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36
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Feng S, Ollivier JF, Swain PS, Soyer OS. BioJazz: in silico evolution of cellular networks with unbounded complexity using rule-based modeling. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e123. [PMID: 26101250 PMCID: PMC4627059 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biologists aim to decipher the structure and dynamics of signaling and regulatory networks underpinning cellular responses; synthetic biologists can use this insight to alter existing networks or engineer de novo ones. Both tasks will benefit from an understanding of which structural and dynamic features of networks can emerge from evolutionary processes, through which intermediary steps these arise, and whether they embody general design principles. As natural evolution at the level of network dynamics is difficult to study, in silico evolution of network models can provide important insights. However, current tools used for in silico evolution of network dynamics are limited to ad hoc computer simulations and models. Here we introduce BioJazz, an extendable, user-friendly tool for simulating the evolution of dynamic biochemical networks. Unlike previous tools for in silico evolution, BioJazz allows for the evolution of cellular networks with unbounded complexity by combining rule-based modeling with an encoding of networks that is akin to a genome. We show that BioJazz can be used to implement biologically realistic selective pressures and allows exploration of the space of network architectures and dynamics that implement prescribed physiological functions. BioJazz is provided as an open-source tool to facilitate its further development and use. Source code and user manuals are available at: http://oss-lab.github.io/biojazz and http://osslab.lifesci.warwick.ac.uk/BioJazz.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Feng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter S Swain
- SynthSys, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Orkun S Soyer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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37
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Anosova I, Melnik S, Tripsianes K, Kateb F, Grummt I, Sattler M. A novel RNA binding surface of the TAM domain of TIP5/BAZ2A mediates epigenetic regulation of rRNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5208-20. [PMID: 25916849 PMCID: PMC4446428 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin remodeling complex NoRC, comprising the subunits SNF2h and TIP5/BAZ2A, mediates heterochromatin formation at major clusters of repetitive elements, including rRNA genes, centromeres and telomeres. Association with chromatin requires the interaction of the TAM (TIP5/ARBP/MBD) domain of TIP5 with noncoding RNA, which targets NoRC to specific genomic loci. Here, we show that the NMR structure of the TAM domain of TIP5 resembles the fold of the MBD domain, found in methyl-CpG binding proteins. However, the TAM domain exhibits an extended MBD fold with unique C-terminal extensions that constitute a novel surface for RNA binding. Mutation of critical amino acids within this surface abolishes RNA binding in vitro and in vivo. Our results explain the distinct binding specificities of TAM and MBD domains to RNA and methylated DNA, respectively, and reveal structural features for the interaction of NoRC with non-coding RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Anosova
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Svitlana Melnik
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Tripsianes
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Fatiha Kateb
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Ingrid Grummt
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching D-85747, Germany
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38
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Sjodt M, Macdonald R, Spirig T, Chan AH, Dickson CF, Fabian M, Olson JS, Gell DA, Clubb RT. The PRE-Derived NMR Model of the 38.8-kDa Tri-Domain IsdH Protein from Staphylococcus aureus Suggests That It Adaptively Recognizes Human Hemoglobin. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:1107-1129. [PMID: 25687963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a medically important bacterial pathogen that, during infections, acquires iron from human hemoglobin (Hb). It uses two closely related iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) proteins to capture and extract the oxidized form of heme (hemin) from Hb, IsdH and IsdB. Both receptors rapidly extract hemin using a conserved tri-domain unit consisting of two NEAT (near iron transporter) domains connected by a helical linker domain. To gain insight into the mechanism of extraction, we used NMR to investigate the structure and dynamics of the 38.8-kDa tri-domain IsdH protein (IsdH(N2N3), A326-D660 with a Y642A mutation that prevents hemin binding). The structure was modeled using long-range paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) distance restraints, dihedral angle, small-angle X-ray scattering, residual dipolar coupling and inter-domain NOE nuclear Overhauser effect data. The receptor adopts an extended conformation wherein the linker and N3 domains pack against each other via a hydrophobic interface. In contrast, the N2 domain contacts the linker domain via a hydrophilic interface and, based on NMR relaxation data, undergoes inter-domain motions enabling it to reorient with respect to the body of the protein. Ensemble calculations were used to estimate the range of N2 domain positions compatible with the PRE data. A comparison of the Hb-free and Hb-bound forms reveals that Hb binding alters the positioning of the N2 domain. We propose that binding occurs through a combination of conformational selection and induced-fit mechanisms that may promote hemin release from Hb by altering the position of its F helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Sjodt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles-Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ramsay Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles-Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas Spirig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Albert H Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles-Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Claire F Dickson
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Marian Fabian
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - John S Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - David A Gell
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Robert T Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles-Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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39
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Berry RE, Muthu D, Yang F, Walker FA. NMR studies of the dynamics of high-spin nitrophorins: comparative studies of NP4 and NP2 at close to physiological pH. Biochemistry 2015; 54:221-39. [PMID: 25486224 PMCID: PMC4303294 DOI: 10.1021/bi501305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
β-barrel nitrophorin (NP) heme proteins are found in
the saliva of the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus, which synthesizes and stores nitric oxide (NO) in the salivary
glands. NO is bound to iron of the NPs and is released by dilution
and an increase in pH when the insect spits its saliva into the tissues
of a victim, to aid in obtaining a blood meal. In the adult insect,
there are four nitrophorins, NP1–NP4, which have sequence similarities
in two pairs, NP1 and NP4 (90% identical) and NP2 and NP3 (80% identical).
The available crystal structures of NP4 have been used to propose
that pH-dependent changes in the conformation of two loops between
adjacent β-strands at the front opening of the protein, the
A–B and G–H loops, determine the rate of NO release.
At pH 7.3, NP4 releases NO 17 times faster than NP2 does. In this
work, the aqua complexes of NP4 and NP2 have been investigated by
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation measurements to probe
the pico- to nanosecond and micro- to millisecond time scale motions
at two pH values, 6.5 and 7.3. It is found that NP4-OH2 is fairly rigid and only residues in the loop regions show dynamics
at pH 6.5; at pH 7.3, much more dynamics of the loops and most of
the β-strands are observed while the α-helices remain
fairly rigid. In comparison, NP2-OH2 shows much less dynamics,
albeit somewhat more than that of the previously reported NP2-NO complex
[Muthu, D., Berry, R. E., Zhang, H., and Walker, F. A. (2013) Biochemistry 52, 7910–7925]. The reasons for this
major difference between NP4 and NP2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
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40
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Gill ML, Palmer AG. Local isotropic diffusion approximation for coupled internal and overall molecular motions in NMR spin relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11120-8. [PMID: 25167331 PMCID: PMC4174990 DOI: 10.1021/jp506580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates that NMR spin relaxation rate constants for molecules interconverting between states with different diffusion tensors can be modeled theoretically by combining orientational correlation functions for exchanging spherical molecules with locally isotropic approximations for the diffusion anisotropic tensors. The resulting expressions are validated by comparison with correlation functions obtained by Monte Carlo simulations and are accurate for moderate degrees of diffusion anisotropy typically encountered in investigations of globular proteins. The results are complementary to an elegant, but more complex, formalism that is accurate for all degrees of diffusion anisotropy [Ryabov, Y.; Clore, G. M.; Schwieters, C. D. J. Chem. Phys. 2012, 136, 034108].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Gill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University , 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
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41
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Esteban-Martín S, Fenwick RB, Ådén J, Cossins B, Bertoncini CW, Guallar V, Wolf-Watz M, Salvatella X. Correlated inter-domain motions in adenylate kinase. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003721. [PMID: 25078441 PMCID: PMC4117416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlated inter-domain motions in proteins can mediate fundamental biochemical processes such as signal transduction and allostery. Here we characterize at structural level the inter-domain coupling in a multidomain enzyme, Adenylate Kinase (AK), using computational methods that exploit the shape information encoded in residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) measured under steric alignment by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We find experimental evidence for a multi-state equilibrium distribution along the opening/closing pathway of Adenylate Kinase, previously proposed from computational work, in which inter-domain interactions disfavour states where only the AMP binding domain is closed. In summary, we provide a robust experimental technique for study of allosteric regulation in AK and other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Esteban-Martín
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center - BSC, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SEM); (XS)
| | - Robert Bryn Fenwick
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine – IRB Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jörgen Ådén
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Cossins
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center - BSC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos W. Bertoncini
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine – IRB Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center - BSC, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats - ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magnus Wolf-Watz
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xavier Salvatella
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine – IRB Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats - ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SEM); (XS)
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42
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Göbl C, Madl T, Simon B, Sattler M. NMR approaches for structural analysis of multidomain proteins and complexes in solution. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 80:26-63. [PMID: 24924266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a key method for studying the structure and dynamics of (large) multidomain proteins and complexes in solution. It plays a unique role in integrated structural biology approaches as especially information about conformational dynamics can be readily obtained at residue resolution. Here, we review NMR techniques for such studies focusing on state-of-the-art tools and practical aspects. An efficient approach for determining the quaternary structure of multidomain complexes starts from the structures of individual domains or subunits. The arrangement of the domains/subunits within the complex is then defined based on NMR measurements that provide information about the domain interfaces combined with (long-range) distance and orientational restraints. Aspects discussed include sample preparation, specific isotope labeling and spin labeling; determination of binding interfaces and domain/subunit arrangements from chemical shift perturbations (CSP), nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), isotope editing/filtering, cross-saturation, and differential line broadening; and based on paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PRE) using covalent and soluble spin labels. Finally, the utility of complementary methods such as small-angle X-ray or neutron scattering (SAXS, SANS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or fluorescence spectroscopy techniques is discussed. The applications of NMR techniques are illustrated with studies of challenging (high molecular weight) protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Göbl
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Madl
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Bernd Simon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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43
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Ragona L, Pagano K, Tomaselli S, Favretto F, Ceccon A, Zanzoni S, D'Onofrio M, Assfalg M, Molinari H. The role of dynamics in modulating ligand exchange in intracellular lipid binding proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1268-78. [PMID: 24768771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are essential for many biological processes and crucial in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Intracellular lipid-binding proteins (iLBPs) provide mobile hydrophobic binding sites that allow hydrophobic or amphipathic lipid molecules to penetrate into and across aqueous layers. Thus iLBPs mediate the lipid transport within the cell and participate to a spectrum of tissue-specific pathways involved in lipid homeostasis. Structural studies have shown that iLBPs' binding sites are inaccessible from the bulk, implying that substrate binding should involve a conformational change able to produce a ligand entry portal. Many studies have been reported in the last two decades on iLBPs indicating that their dynamics play a pivotal role in regulating ligand binding and targeted release. The ensemble of reported data has not been reviewed until today. This review is thus intended to summarize and possibly generalize the results up to now described, providing a picture which could help to identify the missing notions necessary to improve our understanding of the role of dynamics in iLBPs' molecular recognition. Such notions would clarify the chemistry of lipid binding to iLBPs and set the basis for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ragona
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Pagano
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Tomaselli
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Favretto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Ceccon
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mariapina D'Onofrio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Assfalg
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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44
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Piazza F. Nonlinear excitations match correlated motions unveiled by NMR in proteins: a new perspective on allosteric cross-talk. Phys Biol 2014; 11:036003. [PMID: 24732881 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/11/3/036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we propose a novel theoretical framework for interpreting long-range dynamical correlations unveiled in proteins through NMR measurements. The theoretical rationale relies on the hypothesis that correlated motions in proteins may be reconstructed as large-scale, collective modes sustained by long-lived nonlinear vibrations known as discrete breathers (DB) localized at key, hot-spot sites. DBs are spatially localized modes, whose nonlinear nature hinders resonant coupling with the normal modes, thus conferring them long lifetimes as compared to normal modes. DBs have been predicted to exist in proteins, localized at few hot-spot residues typically within the stiffest portions of the structure. We compute DB modes analytically in the framework of the nonlinear network model, showing that the displacement patterns of many DBs localized at key sites match to a remarkable extent the experimentally uncovered correlation blueprint. The computed dispersion relations prove that it is physically possible for some of these DBs to be excited out of thermal fluctuations at room temperature. Based on our calculations, we speculate that transient energy redistribution among the vibrational modes in a protein might favor the emergence of DB-like bursts of long-lived energy at hot-spot sites with lifetimes in the ns range, able to sustain critical, function-encoding correlated motions. More generally, our calculations provide a novel quantitative tool to predict fold-spanning dynamical pathways of correlated residues that may be central to allosteric cross-talk in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piazza
- Université d'Orléans, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, Rue C Sadron, F-45071, Orléans, France
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45
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Berlin K, Longhini A, Dayie TK, Fushman D. Deriving quantitative dynamics information for proteins and RNAs using ROTDIF with a graphical user interface. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 57:333-352. [PMID: 24170368 PMCID: PMC3939081 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate rigorous analysis of molecular motions in proteins, DNA, and RNA, we present a new version of ROTDIF, a program for determining the overall rotational diffusion tensor from single- or multiple-field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation data. We introduce four major features that expand the program's versatility and usability. The first feature is the ability to analyze, separately or together, (13)C and/or (15)N relaxation data collected at a single or multiple fields. A significant improvement in the accuracy compared to direct analysis of R2/R1 ratios, especially critical for analysis of (13)C relaxation data, is achieved by subtracting high-frequency contributions to relaxation rates. The second new feature is an improved method for computing the rotational diffusion tensor in the presence of biased errors, such as large conformational exchange contributions, that significantly enhances the accuracy of the computation. The third new feature is the integration of the domain alignment and docking module for relaxation-based structure determination of multi-domain systems. Finally, to improve accessibility to all the program features, we introduced a graphical user interface that simplifies and speeds up the analysis of the data. Written in Java, the new ROTDIF can run on virtually any computer platform. In addition, the new ROTDIF achieves an order of magnitude speedup over the previous version by implementing a more efficient deterministic minimization algorithm. We not only demonstrate the improvement in accuracy and speed of the new algorithm for synthetic and experimental (13)C and (15)N relaxation data for several proteins and nucleic acids, but also show that careful analysis required especially for characterizing RNA dynamics allowed us to uncover subtle conformational changes in RNA as a function of temperature that were opaque to previous analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Berlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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46
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Muthu D, Berry RE, Zhang H, Walker FA. NMR studies of the dynamics of nitrophorin 2 bound to nitric oxide. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7910-25. [PMID: 24116947 PMCID: PMC3947638 DOI: 10.1021/bi4010396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Rhodnius nitrophorins are β-barrel proteins of the lipocalin fold with a heme protruding from the open end of the barrel. They are found in the saliva of the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus, which synthesizes and stores nitric oxide (NO) in the salivary glands, where NO is bound to iron. NO is released by dilution and an increase in pH when the insect spits its saliva into the tissues of a victim, to aid in obtaining a blood meal. In the adult insect, there are four nitrophorins, NP1-NP4. At pH 7.3, NP4 releases NO 17 times faster than NP2 does, as measured by stopped-flow kinetics. A number of crystal structures of the least abundant protein, NP4, are available. These structures have been used to propose that two loops between adjacent β-strands at the front opening of the protein, the A-B and G-H loops, determine the rate of NO release. To learn how the protein loops contribute to the release of NO for each of the nitrophorins, the dynamics of these proteins are being studied in our laboratory. In this work, the NP2-NO complex has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements to probe the picosecond-to-nanosecond and microsecond-to-millisecond time scale motions at three pH values, 5.0, 6.5, and 7.3. It is found that at pH 5.0 and 6.5, the NP2-NO complex is rigid and only a few residues in the loop regions show dynamics, while at pH 7.3, somewhat more dynamics, particularly of the A-B loop, are observed. Comparison to other lipocalins shows that all are relatively rigid, and that the dynamics of lipocalins in general are much more subtle than those of mainly α-helical proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekaran Muthu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041
| | - Robert E. Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041
| | - F. Ann Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041
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47
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Bernard D, Bédard M, Bilodeau J, Lavigne P. Structural and dynamical characterization of the Miz-1 zinc fingers 5-8 by solution-state NMR. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 57:103-116. [PMID: 23975355 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Myc-interacting zinc finger protein-1 (Miz-1) is a BTB/POZ transcription factor that activates the transcription of cytostatic genes, such as p15(INK4B) or p21(CIP1). The C-terminus of Miz-1 contains 13 consensus C2H2 zinc finger domains (ZF). ZFs 1-4 have been shown to interact with SMAD3/4, while the remaining ZFs are expected to bind the promoters of target genes. We have noted unusual features in ZF 5 and the linker between ZFs 5 and 6. Indeed, a glutamate is found instead of the conserved basic residue two positions before the second zinc-coordinating histidine on the ZF 5 helix, and the linker sequence is DTDKE in place of the classical TGEKP sequence. In a canonical ββα fold, such unusual primary structure elements should cause severe electrostatic repulsions. In this context, we have characterized the structure and the dynamics of a Miz-1 construct comprising ZFs 5-8 (Miz 5-8) by solution-state NMR. Whilst ZFs 5, 7 and 8 were shown to adopt the classical ββα fold for C2H2 ZFs, the number of long-range NOEs was insufficient to define a classical fold for ZF 6. We show by using (15)N-relaxation dispersion experiments that this lack of NOEs is due to the presence of extensive motions on the μs-ms timescale. Since this negatively charged region would have to be located near the phosphodiester backbone in a DNA complex, we propose that in addition to promoting conformational searches, it could serve as a hinge region to keep ZFs 1-4 away from DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernard
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
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48
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Frueh DP, Goodrich AC, Mishra SH, Nichols SR. NMR methods for structural studies of large monomeric and multimeric proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:734-9. [PMID: 23850141 PMCID: PMC3805735 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NMR structural studies of large monomeric and multimeric proteins face distinct challenges. In large monomeric proteins, the common occurrence of frequency degeneracies between residues impedes unambiguous assignment of NMR signals. To overcome this barrier, nonuniform sampling (NUS) is used to measure spectra with optimal resolution within reasonable time, new correlation maps resolve previous impasses in assignment strategies, and novel selective methyl labeling schemes provide additional structural probes without cluttering NMR spectra. These advances push the limits of NMR studies of large monomeric proteins. Large multimeric and multidomain proteins are studied by NMR when individual components can also be studied by NMR and have known structures. The structural properties of large assemblies are obtained by identifying binding surfaces, by orienting domains, and employing limited distance constraints. Segmental labeling and the combination of NMR with other methods have helped popularize NMR studies of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique P Frueh
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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49
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Measuring dynamic and kinetic information in the previously inaccessible supra-τ(c) window of nanoseconds to microseconds by solution NMR spectroscopy. Molecules 2013; 18:11904-37. [PMID: 24077173 PMCID: PMC6270068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181011904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool that has enabled experimentalists to characterize molecular dynamics and kinetics spanning a wide range of time-scales from picoseconds to days. This review focuses on addressing the previously inaccessible supra-tc window (defined as τ(c) < supra-τ(c) < 40 μs; in which tc is the overall tumbling time of a molecule) from the perspective of local inter-nuclear vector dynamics extracted from residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and from the perspective of conformational exchange captured by relaxation dispersion measurements (RD). The goal of the first section is to present a detailed analysis of how to extract protein dynamics encoded in RDCs and how to relate this information to protein functionality within the previously inaccessible supra-τ(c) window. In the second section, the current state of the art for RD is analyzed, as well as the considerable progress toward pushing the sensitivity of RD further into the supra-τ(c) scale by up to a factor of two (motion up to 25 μs). From the data obtained with these techniques and methodology, the importance of the supra-τ(c) scale for protein function and molecular recognition is becoming increasingly clearer as the connection between motion on the supra-τ(c) scale and protein functionality from the experimental side is further strengthened with results from molecular dynamics simulations.
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50
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Chen K, Tjandra N. Determining interdomain structure and dynamics of a retroviral capsid protein in the presence of oligomerization: implication for structural transition in capsid assembly. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5365-71. [PMID: 23906107 DOI: 10.1021/bi400592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capsid (CA) proteins from all retroviruses, including HIV-1, are structurally homologous dual-domain helical proteins. They form a capsid lattice composed of unitary symmetric CA hexamers. X-ray crystallography has shown that within each hexamer a monomeric CA adopts a single conformation, where most helices are parallel to the symmetry axis. In solution, large differences in averaged NMR spin relaxation rates for the two domains were observed, suggesting they are dynamically independent. One relevant question for the capsid assembly remains: whether the interdomain conformer within a hexamer unit needs to be induced or pre-exists within the conformational space of a monomeric CA. The latter seems more consistent with the relaxation data. However, possible CA protein oligomerization and the structure of each domain will affect relaxation measurements and data interpretation. This study, using CA proteins from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) as an example, demonstrates a linear extrapolation approach to obtain backbone (15)N spin relaxation time ratios T1/T2 for a monomeric EIAV-CA in the presence of oligomerization equilibrium. The interdomain motion turns out to be limited. The large difference in the domain averaged <T1/T2> for a CA monomer is a consequence of the orthogonal distributions of helices in the two domains. The new monomeric interdomain conformation in solution is significantly different from that in CA hexamer. Therefore, if capsid assembly follows a nucleation-propagation process, the interdomain conformational change might be a key step during the nucleation, as the configuration in hexagonal assembly is never formed by diffusion of its two domains in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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