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Abstract
The part played by sex hormones in the genesis and pathology of mental disorders is still the subject of striking differences of opinion among psychiatrists.
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Béziers P, Ducrest AL, Simon C, Roulin A. Circulating testosterone and feather-gene expression of receptors and metabolic enzymes in relation to melanin-based colouration in the barn owl. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 250:36-45. [PMID: 28457648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of how and why secondary sexual characters are associated with sex hormones is important to understand their signalling function. Such a link can occur if i) testosterone participates in the elaboration of sex-traits, ii) the display of an ornament triggers behavioural response in conspecifics that induce a rise in testosterone, or iii) genes implicated in the elaboration of a sex-trait pleiotropically regulate testosterone physiology. To evaluate the origin of the co-variation between melanism and testosterone, we measured this hormone and the expression of enzymes involved in its metabolism in feathers of barn owl (Tyto alba) nestlings at the time of melanogenesis and in adults outside the period of melanogenesis. Male nestlings displaying smaller black feather spots had higher levels of circulating testosterone, potentially suggesting that testosterone could block the production of eumelanin pigments, or that genes involved in the production of small spots pleiotropically regulate testosterone production. In contrast, the enzyme 5α-reductase, that metabolizes testosterone to DHT, was more expressed in feathers of reddish-brown than light-reddish nestlings. This is consistent with the hypothesis that testosterone might be involved in the expression of reddish-brown pheomelanic pigments. In breeding adults, male barn owls displaying smaller black spots had higher levels of circulating testosterone, whereas in females the opposite result was detected during the rearing period, but not during incubation. The observed sex- and age-specific co-variations between black spottiness and testosterone in nestling and adult barn owls may not result from testosterone-dependent melanogenesis, but from melanogenic genes pleiotropically regulating testosterone, or from colour-specific life history strategies that influence testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Béziers
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anne-Lyse Ducrest
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Chang TS, Lin JJ. Inhibitory effect of danazol on melanogenesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1959-65. [PMID: 21191761 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, more than 200 generic drugs were screened to verify their applicability as a skin-lightening agent using mouse B16 melanoma cells. Of the numerous agents, danazol was found to inhibit melanogenesis in B16 cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 9.3 μM. In addition, danazol reduced cellular tyrosinase activity in B16 cells but did not directly inhibit the murine tyrosinase activity in the cell-free system. Western blotting analysis confirmed that danazol downregulated the levels of tyrosinase protein in B16 cells, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that danazol did not downregulate the levels of tyrosinase mRNA in the cells. These results indicate that danazol inhibits melanogenesis in B16 cells via reducing the tyrosinase activity by post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700, Taiwan.
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A method for gender determination in newborn dark pigmented mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2009; 38:35-8. [PMID: 19112448 DOI: 10.1038/laban0109-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In many studies using mice, investigators must determine pups' gender at a very early postnatal stage. The gender of mouse pups is typically assessed by measuring the anogenital distance, which is greater in males than in females. This method, however, has proven to be difficult and not completely reliable. The authors describe a quick, easy and reliable method to establish the gender of pigmented mice. In male mice, a pigment spot on the scrotum is visible to the naked eye from the first day of life onwards, whereas female pups lack visible pigmentation in the anogenital region. In lightly pigmented or albino mice, the pigmentation is not obvious or not at all visible. The authors show that identifying this pigment spot is a more accurate and efficient method of determining pup gender compared with measurement of the anogenital distance. This 'spot on' method would therefore be a useful adjunct to conventional methods for determining the gender of pigmented neonatal mice.
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Auerbach AB. Gender spotting and chimeric mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2009; 38:109. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0409-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dorfman RI, Hamilton JB. URINARY EXCRETION OF ANDROGENIC SUBSTANCES AFTER INTRAMUSCULAR AND ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE TO HUMANS. J Clin Invest 2006; 18:67-71. [PMID: 16694646 PMCID: PMC434852 DOI: 10.1172/jci101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R I Dorfman
- Adolescence Study Unit, the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, and the Department of Anatomy, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
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Oliveira IOD, Almeida Junior HLD. Conhecimentos atuais sobre a biologia dos melanócitos no folículo piloso humano. An Bras Dermatol 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962003000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Os processos de crescimento e pigmentação do cabelo não são completamente conhecidos. Da mesma forma, o papel que os melanócitos foliculares desempenham nesses processos ainda não foi esclarecido. A identificação do destino dos melanócitos foliculares ao final da fase de crescimento do folículo piloso e a localização do reservatório dessas células, que voltam a povoar a porção inferior do novo folículo ao final da fase telógena do ciclo de crescimento do cabelo, constituem objeto de estudo. Investigações têm sido realizadas visando identificar se os melanócitos são responsáveis por algum sinal molecular de comunicação envolvido com as mudanças observadas na estrutura do folículo piloso durante o ciclo do cabelo. Alguns fatores têm sido descritos como participantes dos processos essenciais para a biologia dos melanócitos. A importância da proteína antiapoptótica, Bcl-2, para a manutenção dos melanócitos já foi demonstrada. A via SCF/kit foi mencionada como um mecanismo primário para a regulação dos processos de proliferação e diferenciação dos melanócitos. Por outro lado, o mecanismo de ação dos androgênios sobre as células do folículo piloso tem sido objeto de muitos estudos que tentam explicar como esses hormônios participam da regulação dos processos de crescimento e pigmentação do cabelo. Portanto, o objetivo dessa revisão é apresentar os atuais conhecimentos envolvendo a biologia dos melanócitos foliculares.
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Tadokoro T, Rouzaud F, Itami S, Hearing VJ, Yoshikawa K. The inhibitory effect of androgen and sex-hormone-binding globulin on the intracellular cAMP level and tyrosinase activity of normal human melanocytes. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 2003; 16:190-7. [PMID: 12753385 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of androgens on human melanocytes has not been well clarified. We studied the effects of androgens on normal human melanocytes in the presence or absence of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which complexes with those hormones. Immunohistochemically, testosterone and SHBG co-localized on the cell membrane. Androgens such as testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and methyltrienolone (R1881, a potent synthetic androgen), reduced intracellular cAMP levels after treatment with SHBG, but hydrocortisone had no effect. We also found that testosterone and R1881 slightly suppressed tyrosinase activity in melanocytes when treated with SHBG, although they had no effect on the expression of tyrosinase at the transcriptional or translational level, as measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and by Western blot analysis, respectively. Our results suggest that androgens may modulate tyrosinase activity at the posttranslational level through the cell membrane signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketsugu Tadokoro
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA.
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Tadokoro T, Itami S, Hosokawa K, Terashi H, Takayasu S. Human genital melanocytes as androgen target cells. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 109:513-7. [PMID: 9326383 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12336630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As some parts of human skin - such as genital and areolar skin - become pigmented after puberty, melanocytes in these regions are thought to be sex hormone target cells. We immunohistochemically localized androgen receptors in the nuclei of cultured human genital melanocytes by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. When these cells were incubated with [1,2-3H]-testosterone, the major metabolite in the medium was dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-reduction predominated over 17beta-oxidation. Androgen receptor and type I 5alpha-reductase mRNAs could be detected in genital melanocytes by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The tyrosinase activity was stimulated by the addition of androgen. This stimulation was antagonized by cyproterone acetate, whereas tyrosinase mRNA expression was not affected by androgen. These results indicate that human genital melanocytes are androgen target cells, and that androgen plays a role for pigmentation in the specific regional skin after puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tadokoro
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University, Japan
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Glimcher ME, Flynn EA, Szabo G. Ultrastructure of normals and castrates and the effects of testosterone and ultraviolet (UVL-B) irradiation on scrotal skin of rats. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1979; 207:249-68. [PMID: 448324 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402070209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the testosterone dependent epidermal melanocyte system of the scrotal skin of normals and castrates, with and without testosterone replacement therapy, and UVL-B (280-315 nm) radiation in black Long Evans rats is reported. UVL-B increases melanocyte activity, melanosome forming apparatus, (size of Golgi zone and RER, and quantity of cytoplasmic vesicles, dendrites, and stages of melanosomes) in normals and in castrates. Testosterone replacement therapy to castrates is not a prerequisite for stimulation by UVL-B, but it enhances the effects of UVL-B without restoring normalcy as melanosome packaging into complexes predominates. After UVL-B stimulation of normals or castrates, melanocyte dendrites are observed more often. Melanocyte dendrites of skin of castrated rats are observed less often than in normals, but with testosterone replacement therapy, the dendrites become more numerous. Melanosomes donated to keratinocytes are mostly located as singles in normals and as complexes in castrates. After UVL-B, castration, or testosterone replacement therapy, the melanosomes are packaged in keratinocytes in complexes larger than in normals. In the epidermis of long term castrates (9-109 days), non-specific clear cells are observed and Langerhans cells containing melanosomes; we did not observe them in normals. Melanocytes of castrates have a reduced melanosome forming apparatus. The dermis of castrates contains many dermal melanocytes in the superficial dermis with melanosomes in several stages of formation. These cells are not apparent in normals at this location in the dermis. Testosterone replacement therapy and/or UVL-B administered to castrates does not restore the epidermal melanocyte system nor the dermis to precastration ultrastructural appearance; castration has a permanent altering effect as melanosomes are packaged into complexes.
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Glimcher MD, Wilson MJ, Szabo G. Testosterone and UVL-B stimulation of epidermal melanocytes in rat scrotal skin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1979; 193:43-53. [PMID: 760595 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091930104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of UVL-B and/or testosterone replacemnt therapy are compared in normal and castrated rats in order to determine whether testosterone is required for UVL-B (290-315 nm) stimulation of melanogenesis in the testosterone-dependent epidermal melanocyte system of the scrotal skin of black Long Evans rats. Testosterone is not a prerequisite for UVL-B stimulation of melanocytes as in both castrates and normal animals the melanocytes respond to UVL-B by increases in size, length and number of dendrites (dendriticness), and tyrosinase activity (intensity of Dopa reaction). Addition of testosterone to castrates does enhance the effects of UVL-B. However, UVL-B with or without testosterone cannot maintain normal melanogenesis in rats irradiated immediately after castration nor can it restore normal melanogenesis following long term castration. Bth the amount of UVL nergy/exposure and the number of exposures are important variables in stimulation of the epidermal melanocytes. Administration of a dose of UVL-B to castrates in a single exposure is ineffective, while the same overall dose spread over several exposures increases the size and dendriticness of melanocytes. Testosterone and UVL-B act synergistically in affecting melanogenesis although neither singly nor in combination are they able to fully restore normal melanogenesis.
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Wilson MJ, Spaziani E. Testosterone regulation of pigmentation in scrotal epidermis of the rat. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 140:451-8. [PMID: 4199584 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Amoroso EC, Ebling FJ. Allergic and endocrine dermatoses in the dog and cat. II. Hormones and skin. J Small Anim Pract 1966; 7:755-75. [PMID: 5980983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Ebling
- Department of Zoology, University of Sheffield
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BISCHITZ PG, SNELL RS. The Effect of Testosterone on the Melanocytes and Melanin in the Skin of the Intact and Orchidectomised Male Guinea-Pig11From the Department of Anatomy, King's College, University of London, England. J Invest Dermatol 1959; 33:299-306. [PMID: 13800957 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1959.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Labby DH, Imbrie J, Fitzpatrick TB. Part IV: Basic Considerations of the Psoralens: Studies of Liver Function in Subjects Receiving Methoxsalen11From the Divisions of Metabolism and Dermatology, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oregon. J Invest Dermatol 1959. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1959.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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GARN SM, SELBY S, CRAWFORD MR. Skin reflectance studies in children and adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1956; 14:101-17. [PMID: 13339968 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330140123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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HAMILTON JB, MONTAGNA W. The sebaceous glands of the hamster. I. Morphological effects of androgens on integumentary structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1950; 86:191-233. [PMID: 15410670 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1000860203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Montagna W, Kenyon P, Hamilton JB. Mitotic activity in the epidermis of the rabbit stimulated with local applications of testosterone propionate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1949; 110:379-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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KEPLER EJ, SPRAGUE RG. The pathologic physiology of adrenal cortical tumors and Cushing's syndrome. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1948; 2:345-389. [PMID: 18100264 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9892-7.50016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Finkel MP. The relation of sex hormones to pigmentation and to testis descent in the opossum and ground squirrel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1945. [DOI: 10.1002/aja.1000760105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wenner R. Androgenes Hormon und weiblicher Organismus Tierexperimentelle und klinische Studie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1942. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01703852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Silberman D, Radman H, Abarbanel A. The use of testosterone propionate in the treatment of the menopausal patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(40)90832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dorfman RI, Cook J, Hamilton JB. CONVERSION BY THE HUMAN OF THE TESTIS HORMONE, TESTOSTERONE, INTO THE URINARY ANDROGEN, ANDROSTERONE. J Biol Chem 1939. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)73580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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