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Halassa MM, Frank MJ, Garety P, Ongur D, Airan RD, Sanacora G, Dzirasa K, Suresh S, Fitzpatrick SM, Rothman DL. Developing algorithmic psychiatry via multi-level spanning computational models. Cell Rep Med 2025; 6:102094. [PMID: 40300598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/01/2025]
Abstract
Modern psychiatry faces challenges in translating neurobiological insights into treatments for severe illnesses. The mid-20th century witnessed the rise of molecular mechanisms as pathophysiological and treatment models, with recent holistic proposals keeping this focus unaltered. In this perspective, we explore how psychiatry can utilize systems neuroscience to develop a vertically integrated understanding of brain function to inform treatment. Using schizophrenia as a case study, we discuss scale-related challenges faced by researchers studying molecules, circuits, networks, and cognition and clinicians operating within existing frameworks. We emphasize computation as a bridging language, with algorithmic models like hierarchical predictive processing offering explanatory potential for targeted interventions. Developing such models will not only facilitate new interventions but also optimize combining existing treatments by predicting their multi-level effects. We conclude with the prognosis that the future is bright, but that continued investment in research closely driven by clinical realities will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Halassa
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael J Frank
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Philippa Garety
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raag D Airan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kafui Dzirasa
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sahil Suresh
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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2
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Li Z, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang H, Li Y, Li X. A New Multi-Mode, High Pressure Portable Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation System. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2025; 72:1078-1084. [PMID: 39453805 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2024.3486748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation method for brain disorders. Commonly-used TUS systems in research include custom-built and commercial devices. Custom-built devices typically consist of traditional function generator, power amplifier, and ultrasound transducer. Due to cumbersome wiring and absence of dedicated control software, the operation of these devices is inconvenient. Commercial devices often have limited waveform modes and cannot perform ultrasound modulation with complex waveforms. These limitations limit the application of TUS technology by ordinary users. Therefore, we propose a portable TUS system with multiple modes and high acoustic pressure. METHODS The proposed portable TUS system utilizes a high-power multi-mode stimulator, and an ultrasound transducer with impedance matching module to achieve multiple modes and high acoustic pressure ultrasound neuromodulation. RESULTS The stimulator can output four types of waveforms: continuous pulse continuous stimulus (CPCS), intermittent pulse continuous stimulus (IPCS), continuous pulse intermittent stimulus (CPIS), and intermittent pulse intermittent stimulus (IPIS). When using a same transducer, it generates a peak negative pressure that is nearly identical to one produced by a commercial device. And compared to commercial transducer, the peak negative pressure of our transducer is significantly higher, reaching a maximum of 0.95 MPa. CONCLUSION In-vitro experiments were conducted using rat hippocampal brain slices. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the TUS system for neural stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE It offers a design method of a portable multi-mode, high pressure TUS system, which is used for complex neural modulation research.
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Li Z, Wang H, Zhang X, Lu C, Yu S, Yu B, Li Y, Zeng K, Li X. Cross-species characterization of transcranial ultrasound propagation. Brain Stimul 2025; 18:164-172. [PMID: 39809411 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2025.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) has shown promising prospects as a non-invasive neuromodulation technique for both animals and humans. However, ultrasonic propagation characteristics within the brain differ significantly from those in free space. There is currently a lack of comprehensive studies on the effects of skull thickness on focal point position, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and acoustic intensity. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the transcranial acoustic field characteristics of 500 kHz focused ultrasound, with a focus on the impact of skull thickness. METHODS The study combined finite element simulations to evaluate the effects of skull thickness on 500 kHz focused ultrasound with experimental investigations across multiple species (mouse, rat, pig, and human). RESULTS The simulation and experimental results indicate that the skull changes focal length (-4.4-4.7 mm) and axial focal region (-7.93-7.59 mm), and the skull causes significant attenuation of acoustic intensity, which increases with skull thickness. The attenuation rate of human skulls is greater than 80 %. We found that the skull thickness has little effect on focal point position (<0.9 mm) and focal region (<1.44 mm) in lateral and vertical directions. CONCLUSION Skull thickness has great influence on focal length, axial focal region and acoustic intensity, but has little effect on focal point position and focal region in lateral and vertical directions. And improving axial spatial resolution is a potential method to reduce changes of axial focal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- The School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Hanwen Wang
- The School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- The School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Henan International Key Laboratory for Noninvasive Neuromodulation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Shouyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection of Ministry of Education (In Cultivation), Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Henan International Key Laboratory for Noninvasive Neuromodulation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yingwei Li
- The School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Ke Zeng
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Pazhou Lab (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510335, China; The School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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4
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Shi J, Tan C, Ge X, Qin Z, Xiong H. Recent advances in stimuli-responsive controlled release systems for neuromodulation. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5769-5786. [PMID: 38804184 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00720d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation aims to modulate the signaling activity of neurons or neural networks by the precise delivery of electrical stimuli or chemical agents and is crucial for understanding brain function and treating brain disorders. Conventional approaches, such as direct physical stimulation through electrical or acoustic methods, confront challenges stemming from their invasive nature, dependency on wired power sources, and unstable therapeutic outcomes. The emergence of stimulus-responsive delivery systems harbors the potential to revolutionize neuromodulation strategies through the precise and controlled release of neurochemicals in a specific brain region. This review comprehensively examines the biological barriers controlled release systems may encounter in vivo and the recent advances and applications of these systems in neuromodulation. We elucidate the intricate interplay between the molecular structure of delivery systems and response mechanisms to furnish insights for material selection and design. Additionally, the review contemplates the prospects and challenges associated with these systems in neuromodulation. The overarching objective is to propel the application of neuromodulation technology in analyzing brain functions, treating brain disorders, and providing insightful perspectives for exploiting new systems for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Ge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Hejian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Abdoullateef BMT, El-Din Al-Mofty S, Azzazy HME. Nanoencapsulation of general anaesthetics. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:1361-1373. [PMID: 38419874 PMCID: PMC10898439 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01012k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
General anaesthetics are routinely used to sedate patients during prolonged surgeries and administered via intravenous injection and/or inhalation. All anaesthetics have short half-lives, hence the need for their continuous administration. This causes several side effects such as pain, vomiting, nausea, bradycardia, and on rare occasions death post-administration. Several clinical trials studied the synergetic effect of a combination of anaesthetic drugs to reduce the drug load. Another solution is to encapsulate anaesthetics in nanoparticles to reduce their dose and side effects as well as achieve their sustained release manner. Different types of nanoparticles were developed as carriers of intravenous and intrathecal anaesthetics generating platforms which facilitate drug transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanocarriers encapsulating common anaesthetic drugs such as propofol, etomidate, and ketamine were developed and characterized in terms of size, stability, onset and duration of loss of right reflex, and tolerance to pain in small animal models. The review discusses the types of nanocarriers used to reduce the side effects of the anaesthetic drugs while prolonging the sedation time. More rigorous studies are still required to evaluate the nanocarrier formulations regarding their ability to deliver anaesthetic drugs across the BBB, safety, and finally applicability in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma M T Abdoullateef
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo, AUC Avenue, SSE # 1184, P.O. Box 74 Cairo 11835 Egypt +20 226152559
| | - Saif El-Din Al-Mofty
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo, AUC Avenue, SSE # 1184, P.O. Box 74 Cairo 11835 Egypt +20 226152559
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo, AUC Avenue, SSE # 1184, P.O. Box 74 Cairo 11835 Egypt +20 226152559
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Albert Einstein Str. 9 Jena 07745 Germany
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6
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Mukherjee A, Halassa MM. The Associative Thalamus: A Switchboard for Cortical Operations and a Promising Target for Schizophrenia. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:132-147. [PMID: 38279699 PMCID: PMC10822032 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that profoundly perturbs cognitive processing. Despite the success in treating many of its symptoms, the field lacks effective methods to measure and address its impact on reasoning, inference, and decision making. Prefrontal cortical abnormalities have been well documented in schizophrenia, but additional dysfunction in the interactions between the prefrontal cortex and thalamus have recently been described. This dysfunction may be interpreted in light of parallel advances in neural circuit research based on nonhuman animals, which show critical thalamic roles in maintaining and switching prefrontal activity patterns in various cognitive tasks. Here, we review this basic literature and connect it to emerging innovations in clinical research. We highlight the value of focusing on associative thalamic structures not only to better understand the very nature of cognitive processing but also to leverage these circuits for diagnostic and therapeutic development in schizophrenia. We suggest that the time is right for building close bridges between basic thalamic research and its clinical translation, particularly in the domain of cognition and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Mukherjee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael M Halassa
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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7
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Singh A, Jiménez-Gambín S, Konofagou EE. An all-ultrasound cranial imaging method to establish the relationship between cranial FUS incidence angle and transcranial attenuation in non-human primates in 3D. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1488. [PMID: 38233480 PMCID: PMC10794232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a non-invasive and non-ionizing technique which deploys ultrasound waves to induce bio-effects. When paired with acoustically active particles such as microbubbles (MBs), it can open the blood brain barrier (BBB) to facilitate drug delivery otherwise inhibited due to the presence of BBB. One of the parameters that affects the FUS beam propagation is the beam incidence angle on the skull. Prior work by our group has shown that, as incidence angles deviate from 90°, FUS focal pressures attenuate and result in a smaller BBB opening volume. The incidence angles calculated in our prior studies were in 2D and used skull information from CT. The study presented herein develops methods to calculate incidence angle in 3D in non-human primate (NHP) skull fragments using harmonic ultrasound imaging without using ionizing radiation. Our results show that ultrasound harmonic imaging is capable of accurately depicting features such as sutures and eye-sockets of the skull. Furthermore, we were able to reproduce previously reported relationships between the incidence angle and FUS beam attenuation. We also show feasibility of performing ultrasound harmonic imaging in in-vivo non-human primates. The all-ultrasound method presented herein combined with our neuronavigation system stands to increase more widespread adoption of FUS and render it accessible by eliminating the need for CT cranial mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Purohit MP, Roy KS, Xiang Y, Yu BJ, Azadian MM, Muwanga G, Hart AR, Taoube AK, Lopez DG, Airan RD. Acoustomechanically activatable liposomes for ultrasonic drug uncaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563690. [PMID: 37961368 PMCID: PMC10634775 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-activatable drug-loaded nanocarriers enable noninvasive and spatiotemporally-precise on-demand drug delivery throughout the body. However, most systems for ultrasonic drug uncaging utilize cavitation or heating as the drug release mechanism and often incorporate relatively exotic excipients into the formulation that together limit the drug-loading potential, stability, and clinical translatability and applicability of these systems. Here we describe an alternate strategy for the design of such systems in which the acoustic impedance and osmolarity of the internal liquid phase of a drug-loaded particle is tuned to maximize ultrasound-induced drug release. No gas phase, cavitation, or medium heating is necessary for the drug release mechanism. Instead, a non-cavitation-based mechanical response to ultrasound mediates the drug release. Importantly, this strategy can be implemented with relatively common pharmaceutical excipients, as we demonstrate here by implementing this mechanism with the inclusion of a few percent sucrose into the internal buffer of a liposome. Further, the ultrasound protocols sufficient for in vivo drug uncaging with this system are achievable with current clinical therapeutic ultrasound systems and with intensities that are within FDA and society guidelines for safe transcranial ultrasound application. Finally, this current implementation of this mechanism should be versatile and effective for the loading and uncaging of any therapeutic that may be loaded into a liposome, as we demonstrate for four different drugs in vitro, and two in vivo. These acoustomechanically activatable liposomes formulated with common pharmaceutical excipients promise a system with high clinical translational potential for ultrasonic drug uncaging of myriad drugs of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanchan Sinha Roy
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Brenda J. Yu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Matine M. Azadian
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Gabriella Muwanga
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Alex R. Hart
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Ali K. Taoube
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Diego Gomez Lopez
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Raag D. Airan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
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9
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Ding J, Su B, Chen Z, Xiao Z, Wu C, Wei D, Sun J, Luo F, Yin H, Fan H. Wireless-Powering Deep Brain Stimulation Platform Based on 1D-Structured Magnetoelectric Nanochains Applied in Antiepilepsy Treatment. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15796-15809. [PMID: 37530448 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a top priority for pharmacoresistant epilepsy treatment, while less-invasive wireless DBS is an urgent priority but challenging. Herein, we developed a conceptual wireless DBS platform to realize local electric stimulation via 1D-structured magnetoelectric Fe3O4@BaTiO3 nanochains (FBC). The FBC was facilely synthesized via magnetic-assisted interface coassembly, possessing a higher electrical output by inducing larger local strain from the anisotropic structure and strain coherence. Subsequently, wireless magnetoelectric neuromodulation in vitro was synergistically achieved by voltage-gated ion channels and to a lesser extent, the mechanosensitive ion channels. Furthermore, FBC less-invasively injected into the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) obviously inhibited acute and continuous seizures under magnetic loading, exhibiting excellent therapeutic effects in suppressing both high voltage electroencephalogram signals propagation and behavioral seizure stage and neuroprotection of the hippocampus mediated via the Papez circuit similar to conventional wired-in DBS. This work establishes an advanced antiepilepsy strategy and provides a perspective for other neurological disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Borui Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhanwen Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Luo
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Huabing Yin
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
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10
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Ting SG, Lea-Banks H, Hynynen K. Physical Characterization to Improve Scalability and Potential of Anesthetic-Loaded Nanodroplets. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2077. [PMID: 37631291 PMCID: PMC10457791 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-loaded perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (NDs) can be activated non-invasively by focused ultrasound (FUS) and allow for precise drug-delivery. Anesthetic-loaded NDs and transcranial FUS have previously achieved targeted neuromodulation. To assess the clinical potential of anesthetic-loaded NDs, in depth physical characterization and investigation of storage strategies and triggered-activation is necessary. Pentobarbital-loaded decafluorobutane nanodroplets (PBNDs) with a Definity-derived lipid shell (237 nm; 4.08 × 109 particles/mL) were fabricated and assessed. Change in droplet stability, concentration, and drug-release efficacy were tested for PBNDs frozen at -80 °C over 4 weeks. PBND diameter and the polydispersity index of thawed droplets remained consistent up to 14 days frozen. Cryo-TEM images revealed NDs begin to lose circularity at 7 days, and by 14 days, perfluorocarbon dissolution and lipid fragmentation occurred. The level of acoustic response and drug release decreases through prolonged storage. PBNDs showed no hemolytic activity at clinically relevant concentrations and conditions. At increasing sonication pressures, liquid PBNDs vaporized into gas microbubbles, and acoustic activity at the second harmonic frequency (2 f0) peaked at lower pressures than the subharmonic frequency (1/2 f0). Definity-based PBNDs have been thoroughly characterized, cryo-TEM has been shown to be suitable to image the internal structure of volatile NDs, and PBNDs can be reliably stored at -80 °C for future use up to 7 days without significant degradation, loss of acoustic response, or reduction in ultrasound-triggered drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siulam Ginni Ting
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Harriet Lea-Banks
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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11
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Honari A, Sirsi SR. The Evolution and Recent Trends in Acoustic Targeting of Encapsulated Drugs to Solid Tumors: Strategies beyond Sonoporation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1705. [PMID: 37376152 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in ultrasound-mediated drug delivery and the remarkable success observed in pre-clinical studies, no delivery platform utilizing ultrasound contrast agents has yet received FDA approval. The sonoporation effect was a game-changing discovery with a promising future in clinical settings. Various clinical trials are underway to assess sonoporation's efficacy in treating solid tumors; however, there are disagreements on its applicability to the broader population due to long-term safety issues. In this review, we first discuss how acoustic targeting of drugs gained importance in cancer pharmaceutics. Then, we discuss ultrasound-targeting strategies that have been less explored yet hold a promising future. We aim to shed light on recent innovations in ultrasound-based drug delivery including newer designs of ultrasound-sensitive particles specifically tailored for pharmaceutical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Honari
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Johnson School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Shashank R Sirsi
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Johnson School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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12
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Pruitt DT, Duong-Nguyen YN, Meyers EC, Epperson JD, Wright JM, Hudson RA, Wigginton JG, Rennaker II RL, Hays SA, Kilgard MP. Usage of RePlay as a Take-Home System to Support High-Repetition Motor Rehabilitation After Neurological Injury. Games Health J 2023; 12:73-85. [PMID: 36318505 PMCID: PMC9894604 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2022.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of chronic motor disability. While physical rehabilitation can promote functional recovery, several barriers prevent patients from receiving optimal rehabilitative care. Easy access to at-home rehabilitative tools could increase patients' ability to participate in rehabilitative exercises, which may lead to improved outcomes. Toward achieving this goal, we developed RePlay: a novel system that facilitates unsupervised rehabilitative exercises at home. RePlay leverages available consumer technology to provide a simple tool that allows users to perform common rehabilitative exercises in a gameplay environment. RePlay collects quantitative time series force and movement data from handheld devices, which provide therapists the ability to quantify gains and individualize rehabilitative regimens. RePlay was developed in C# using Visual Studio. In this feasibility study, we assessed whether participants with neurological injury are capable of using the RePlay system in both a supervised in-office setting and an unsupervised at-home setting, and we assessed their adherence to the unsupervised at-home rehabilitation assignment. All participants were assigned a set of 18 games and exercises to play each day. Participants produced on average 698 ± 36 discrete movements during the initial 1 hour in-office visit. A subset of participants who used the system at home produced 1593 ± 197 discrete movements per day. Participants demonstrated a high degree of engagement while using the system at home, typically completing nearly double the number of assigned exercises per day. These findings indicate that the open-source RePlay system may be a feasible tool to facilitate access to rehabilitative exercises and potentially improve overall patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Pruitt
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Y.-Nhy Duong-Nguyen
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Eric C. Meyers
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph D. Epperson
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Joel M. Wright
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Rachael A. Hudson
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Jane G. Wigginton
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L. Rennaker II
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Seth A. Hays
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Michael P. Kilgard
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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13
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Central Nervous System Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8984-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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14
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Guo J, Lo WLA, Hu H, Yan L, Li L. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation applied in ischemic stroke rehabilitation: A review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:964060. [PMID: 35937889 PMCID: PMC9355469 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.964060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious medical condition that is caused by cerebral vascular occlusion and leads to neurological dysfunction. After stroke, patients suffer from long-term sensory, motor and cognitive impairment. Non-invasive neuromodulation technology has been widely studied in the field of stroke rehabilitation. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), as a safe and non-invasive technique with deep penetration ability and a tiny focus, is an emerging technology. It can produce mechanical and thermal effects by delivering sound waves to brain tissue that can induce the production of neurotrophic factors (NFs) in the brain, and reduce cell apoptosis and the inflammatory response. TUS, which involves application of an acoustic wave, can also dissolve blood clots and be used to deliver therapeutic drugs to the ischemic region. TUS has great potential in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Future advancements in imaging and parameter optimization will improve the safety and efficacy of this technology in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecheng Guo
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wai Leung Ambrose Lo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Hu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Yan
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yan,
| | - Le Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Le Li,
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15
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Ning S, Jorfi M, Patel SR, Kim DY, Tanzi RE. Neurotechnological Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:854992. [PMID: 35401082 PMCID: PMC8989850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.854992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, clinically defined by progressive cognitive decline and pathologically, by brain atrophy, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Neurotechnological approaches, including optogenetics and deep brain stimulation, have exploded as new tools for not only the study of the brain but also for application in the treatment of neurological diseases. Here, we review the current state of AD therapeutics and recent advancements in both invasive and non-invasive neurotechnologies that can be used to ameliorate AD pathology, including neurostimulation via optogenetics, photobiomodulation, electrical stimulation, ultrasound stimulation, and magnetic neurostimulation, as well as nanotechnologies employing nanovectors, magnetic nanoparticles, and quantum dots. We also discuss the current challenges in developing these neurotechnological tools and the prospects for implementing them in the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Ning
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mehdi Jorfi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mehdi Jorfi,
| | - Shaun R. Patel
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Rudolph E. Tanzi,
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16
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Janwadkar R, Leblang S, Ghanouni P, Brenner J, Ragheb J, Hennekens CH, Kim A, Sharma K. Focused Ultrasound for Pediatric Diseases. Pediatrics 2022; 149:184761. [PMID: 35229123 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a noninvasive therapeutic technology with multiple pediatric clinical applications. The ability of focused ultrasound to target tissues deep in the body without exposing children to the morbidities associated with conventional surgery, interventional procedures, or radiation offers significant advantages. In 2021, there are 10 clinical pediatric focused ultrasound studies evaluating various musculoskeletal, oncologic, neurologic, and vascular diseases of which 8 are actively recruiting and 2 are completed. Pediatric musculoskeletal applications of FUS include treatment of osteoid osteoma and bone metastases using thermal ablation and high-intensity FUS. Pediatric oncologic applications of FUS include treatment of soft tissue tumors including desmoid tumors, malignant sarcomas, and neuroblastoma with high-intensity FUS ablation alone, or in combination with targeted chemotherapy delivery. Pediatric neurologic applications include treatment of benign tumors such as hypothalamic hamartomas with thermal ablation and malignant diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma with low-intensity FUS for blood brain barrier opening and targeted drug delivery. Additionally, low-intensity FUS can be used to treat seizures. Pediatric vascular applications of FUS include treatment of arteriovenous malformations and twin-twin transfusion syndrome using ablation and vascular occlusion. FUS treatment appears safe and efficacious in pediatric populations across many subspecialties. Although there are 7 Food and Drug Administration-approved indications for adult applications of FUS, the first Food and Drug Administration approval for pediatric patients with osteoid osteoma was obtained in 2020. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical research on focused ultrasound of potential benefit to pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Janwadkar
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Suzanne Leblang
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | | | | | - John Ragheb
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Charles H Hennekens
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - AeRang Kim
- Children's National Hospital, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Karun Sharma
- Children's National Hospital, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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17
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Liu X, Qiu F, Hou L, Wang X. Review of Noninvasive or Minimally Invasive Deep Brain Stimulation. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:820017. [PMID: 35145384 PMCID: PMC8823253 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.820017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation is a critical technique in neuroscience research and clinical application. Traditional transcranial brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have been widely investigated in neuroscience for decades. However, TMS and tDCS have poor spatial resolution and penetration depth, and DBS requires electrode implantation in deep brain structures. These disadvantages have limited the clinical applications of these techniques. Owing to developments in science and technology, substantial advances in noninvasive and precise deep stimulation have been achieved by neuromodulation studies. Second-generation brain stimulation techniques that mainly rely on acoustic, electronic, optical, and magnetic signals, such as focused ultrasound, temporal interference, near-infrared optogenetic, and nanomaterial-enabled magnetic stimulation, offer great prospects for neuromodulation. This review summarized the mechanisms, development, applications, and strengths of these techniques and the prospects and challenges in their development. We believe that these second-generation brain stimulation techniques pave the way for brain disorder therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Hou
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lijuan Hou Xiaohui Wang
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lijuan Hou Xiaohui Wang
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18
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Fan H. Central Nervous System Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_29-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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19
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Xu J, Cai H, Shen J, Shen C, Wu J, Zhang P, Liu X. Photo-Induced Cross-Dehydrogenative Alkylation of Heteroarenes with Alkanes under Aerobic Conditions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17816-17832. [PMID: 34875167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a Minisci-type cross-dehydrogenative alkylation in an aerobic atmosphere using abundant and inexpensive cerium chloride as a photocatalyst and air as an oxidant. This photoreaction exhibits excellent tolerance to functional groups and is suitable for both heteroarene and alkane substrates under mild conditions, generating the corresponding products in moderate-to-good yields. Our method provides an alternative approach for the late-stage functionalization of valuable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Heng Cai
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiabin Shen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
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20
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Targeting presynaptic H3 heteroreceptor in nucleus accumbens to improve anxiety and obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32155-32164. [PMID: 33257584 PMCID: PMC7749329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008456117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety commonly co-occurs with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Both of them are closely related to stress. However, the shared neurobiological substrates and therapeutic targets remain unclear. Here we report an amelioration of both anxiety and OCD via the histamine presynaptic H3 heteroreceptor on glutamatergic afferent terminals from the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PrL) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, a vital node in the limbic loop. The NAc core receives direct hypothalamic histaminergic projections, and optogenetic activation of hypothalamic NAc core histaminergic afferents selectively suppresses glutamatergic rather than GABAergic synaptic transmission in the NAc core via the H3 receptor and thus produces an anxiolytic effect and improves anxiety- and obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors induced by restraint stress. Although the H3 receptor is expressed in glutamatergic afferent terminals from the PrL, basolateral amygdala (BLA), and ventral hippocampus (vHipp), rather than the thalamus, only the PrL- and not BLA- and vHipp-NAc core glutamatergic pathways among the glutamatergic afferent inputs to the NAc core is responsible for co-occurrence of anxiety- and obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors. Furthermore, activation of the H3 receptor ameliorates anxiety and obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors induced by optogenetic excitation of the PrL-NAc glutamatergic afferents. These results demonstrate a common mechanism regulating anxiety- and obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors and provide insight into the clinical treatment strategy for OCD with comorbid anxiety by targeting the histamine H3 receptor in the NAc core.
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21
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Abstract
An ultrasound-mediated deep-tissue light source for noninvasive optogenetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Wang JB, Di Ianni T, Vyas DB, Huang Z, Park S, Hosseini-Nassab N, Aryal M, Airan RD. Focused Ultrasound for Noninvasive, Focal Pharmacologic Neurointervention. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:675. [PMID: 32760238 PMCID: PMC7372945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing goal of translational neuroscience is the ability to noninvasively deliver therapeutic agents to specific brain regions with high spatiotemporal resolution. Focused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging technology that can noninvasively deliver energy up the order of 1 kW/cm2 with millimeter and millisecond resolution to any point in the human brain with Food and Drug Administration-approved hardware. Although FUS is clinically utilized primarily for focal ablation in conditions such as essential tremor, recent breakthroughs have enabled the use of FUS for drug delivery at lower intensities (i.e., tens of watts per square centimeter) without ablation of the tissue. In this review, we present strategies for image-guided FUS-mediated pharmacologic neurointerventions. First, we discuss blood–brain barrier opening to deliver therapeutic agents of a variety of sizes to the central nervous system. We then describe the use of ultrasound-sensitive nanoparticles to noninvasively deliver small molecules to millimeter-sized structures including superficial cortical regions and deep gray matter regions within the brain without the need for blood–brain barrier opening. We also consider the safety and potential complications of these techniques, with attention to temporal acuity. Finally, we close with a discussion of different methods for mapping the ultrasound field within the brain and describe future avenues of research in ultrasound-targeted drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Wang
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tommaso Di Ianni
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daivik B Vyas
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zhenbo Huang
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sunmee Park
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Niloufar Hosseini-Nassab
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Muna Aryal
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Raag D Airan
- Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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24
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Towards minimally invasive deep brain stimulation and imaging: A near-infrared upconversion approach. Neurosci Res 2020; 152:59-65. [PMID: 31987879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important goals in neuroscience and neuroengineering is noninvasive deep brain stimulation and imaging. Recently, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been developed as a new class of optical actuators and labels to allow for the use of near-infrared light (NIR) to optogenetically stimulate and image neurons nestled in deep brain regions. Besides the high penetration depth of NIR excitation, UCNPs show advantages in neuronal imaging and stimulation due to their large anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emission bandwidths, low autofluorescence background, high resistance to photobleaching, high temporal resolution in photon conversion as well as high biocompatibility for in vivo applications. UCNP technology paves the way for minimally invasive deep brain stimulation and imaging with the potential for remote therapy. This review focuses on the recent development of UCNP applications in neuroscience, including UCNP-mediated NIR upconversion optogenetics as well as UCNP-assisted retrograde neuronal tracing and imaging.
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25
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Sugrue LP, Desikan RS. Precision neuroradiology: mapping the nodes and networks that link genes to behaviour. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190093. [PMID: 31294609 PMCID: PMC6732927 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
What is the future of neuroradiology in the era of precision medicine? As with any big change, this transformation in medicine presents both challenges and opportunities, and to flourish in this new environment we will have to adapt. It is difficult to predict exactly how neuroradiology will evolve in this shifting landscape, but there will be changes in both what we image and what we do. In terms of imaging, we will need to move beyond simply imaging brain anatomy and toward imaging function, both at the molecular and circuit level. In terms of what we do, we will need to move from the periphery of the clinical enterprise toward its center, with a new emphasis on integrating imaging with genetic and clinical data to form a comprehensive picture of the patient that can be used to direct further testing and care.The payoff is that these changes will align neuroradiology with the emerging field of precision psychiatry, which promises to replace symptom-based diagnosis and trial-and-error treatment of psychiatric disorders with diagnoses based on quantifiable genetic, imaging, physiologic, and behavioural criteria and therapies targeted to the particular pathophysiology of individual patients. Here we review some of the recent developments in behavioural genetics and neuroscience that are laying the foundation for precision psychiatry. By no means comprehensive, our goal is to introduce some of the perspectives and techniques that are likely to be relevant to the precision neuroradiologist of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo P Sugrue
- 1Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Rahul S Desikan
- 1Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University California, San Francisco, USA.,2Department of Neurology, University California, San Francisco, USA
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26
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Lendor S, Gómez-Ríos GA, Boyacı E, Vander Heide H, Pawliszyn J. Space-Resolved Tissue Analysis by Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry via Desorption Electrospray Ionization. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10141-10148. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Sou K, Le DL, Sato H. Nanocapsules for Programmed Neurotransmitter Release: Toward Artificial Extracellular Synaptic Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900132. [PMID: 30887709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanocapsules present a promising platform for delivering chemicals and biomolecules to a site of action in a living organism. Because the biological action of the encapsulated molecules is blocked until they are released from the nanocapsules, the encapsulation structure enables triggering of the topical and timely action of the molecules at the target site. A similar mechanism seems promising for the spatiotemporal control of signal transduction triggered by the release of signal molecules in neuronal, metabolic, and immune systems. From this perspective, nanocapsules can be regarded as practical tools to apply signal molecules such as neurotransmitters to intervene in signal transduction. However, spatiotemporal control of the payload release from nanocapsules persists as a key technical issue. Stimulus-responsive nanocapsules that release payloads in response to external input of physical stimuli are promising platforms to enable programmed payload release. These programmable nanocapsules encapsulating neurotransmitters are expected to lead to new insights and perspectives related to artificial extracellular synaptic vesicles that might provide an experimental and therapeutic strategy for neuromodulation and nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Sou
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Duc Long Le
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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28
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Zhong Q, Yoon BC, Aryal M, Wang JB, Ilovitsh T, Baikoghli MA, Hosseini-Nassab N, Karthik A, Cheng RH, Ferrara KW, Airan RD. Polymeric perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions are ultrasound-activated wireless drug infusion catheters. Biomaterials 2019; 206:73-86. [PMID: 30953907 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Catheter-based intra-arterial drug therapies have proven effective for a range of oncologic, neurologic, and cardiovascular applications. However, these procedures are limited by their invasiveness and relatively broad drug spatial distribution. The ideal technique for local pharmacotherapy would be noninvasive and would flexibly deliver a given drug to any region of the body with high spatial and temporal precision. Combining polymeric perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions with existent clinical focused ultrasound systems could in principle meet these needs, but it has not been clear whether these nanoparticles could provide the necessary drug loading, stability, and generalizability across a range of drugs, beyond a few niche applications. Here, we develop polymeric perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions into a generalized platform for ultrasound-targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs with high potential for clinical translation. We demonstrate that a wide variety of drugs may be effectively uncaged with ultrasound using these nanoparticles, with drug loading increasing with hydrophobicity. We also set the stage for clinical translation by delineating production protocols that are scalable and yield sterile, stable, and optimized ultrasound-activated drug-loaded nanoemulsions. Finally, we exhibit a new potential application of these nanoemulsions for local control of vascular tone. This work establishes the power of polymeric perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions as a clinically-translatable platform for efficacious, noninvasive, and localized ultrasonic drug uncaging for myriad targets in the brain and body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - B C Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Aryal
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J B Wang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T Ilovitsh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M A Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - N Hosseini-Nassab
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Karthik
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R H Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K W Ferrara
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - R D Airan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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29
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Lea-Banks H, O'Reilly MA, Hynynen K. Ultrasound-responsive droplets for therapy: A review. J Control Release 2019; 293:144-154. [PMID: 30503398 PMCID: PMC6459400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen the development of acoustically activated droplets, also known as phase-change emulsions, from a diagnostic tool to a therapeutic agent. Through bubble effects and triggered drug release, these superheated agents have found potential applications from oncology to neuromodulation. The aim of this review is to summarise the key developments in therapeutic droplet design and use, to discuss the current challenges slowing clinical translation, and to highlight the new frontiers progressing towards clinical implementation. The literature is summarised by addressing the droplet design criteria and by carrying out a multiparametric study of a range of droplet formulations and their associated vaporisation thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lea-Banks
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - M A O'Reilly
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - K Hynynen
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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30
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Lee J, Ko K, Shin H, Oh SJ, Lee CJ, Chou N, Choi N, Tack Oh M, Chul Lee B, Chan Jun S, Cho IJ. A MEMS ultrasound stimulation system for modulation of neural circuits with high spatial resolution in vitro. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:28. [PMID: 31636922 PMCID: PMC6799809 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulation by ultrasound has recently received attention due to its noninvasive stimulation capability for treating brain diseases. Although there have been several studies related to ultrasonic neuromodulation, these studies have suffered from poor spatial resolution of the ultrasound and low repeatability with a fixed condition caused by conventional and commercialized ultrasound transducers. In addition, the underlying physics and mechanisms of ultrasonic neuromodulation are still unknown. To determine these mechanisms and accurately modulate neural circuits, researchers must have a precisely controllable ultrasound transducer to conduct experiments at the cellular level. Herein, we introduce a new MEMS ultrasound stimulation system for modulating neurons or brain slices with high spatial resolution. The piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs) with small membranes (sub-mm membranes) generate enough power to stimulate neurons and enable precise modulation of neural circuits. We designed the ultrasound transducer as an array structure to enable localized modulation in the target region. In addition, we integrated a cell culture chamber with the system to make it compatible with conventional cell-based experiments, such as in vitro cell cultures and brain slices. In this work, we successfully demonstrated the functionality of the system by showing that the number of responding cells is proportional to the acoustic intensity of the applied ultrasound. We also demonstrated localized stimulation capability with high spatial resolution by conducting experiments in which cocultured cells responded only around a working transducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungpyo Lee
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Ko
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, UST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Namsun Chou
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Tack Oh
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Chan Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
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31
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Wang JB, Aryal M, Zhong Q, Vyas DB, Airan RD. Noninvasive Ultrasonic Drug Uncaging Maps Whole-Brain Functional Networks. Neuron 2018; 100:728-738.e7. [PMID: 30408444 PMCID: PMC6274638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Being able to noninvasively modulate brain activity, where and when an experimenter desires, with an immediate path toward human translation is a long-standing goal for neuroscience. To enable robust perturbation of brain activity while leveraging the ability of focused ultrasound to deliver energy to any point of the brain noninvasively, we have developed biocompatible and clinically translatable nanoparticles that allow ultrasound-induced uncaging of neuromodulatory drugs. Utilizing the anesthetic propofol, together with electrophysiological and imaging assays, we show that the neuromodulatory effect of ultrasonic drug uncaging is limited spatially and temporally by the size of the ultrasound focus, the sonication timing, and the pharmacokinetics of the uncaged drug. Moreover, we see secondary effects in brain regions anatomically distinct from and functionally connected to the sonicated region, indicating that ultrasonic drug uncaging could noninvasively map the changes in functional network connectivity associated with pharmacologic action at a particular brain target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Wang
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Muna Aryal
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qian Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daivik B Vyas
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raag D Airan
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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32
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Chen S, Weitemier AZ, Zeng X, He L, Wang X, Tao Y, Huang AJY, Hashimotodani Y, Kano M, Iwasaki H, Parajuli LK, Okabe S, Teh DBL, All AH, Tsutsui-Kimura I, Tanaka KF, Liu X, McHugh TJ. Near-infrared deep brain stimulation via upconversion nanoparticle-mediated optogenetics. Science 2018; 359:679-684. [PMID: 29439241 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized the experimental interrogation of neural circuits and holds promise for the treatment of neurological disorders. It is limited, however, because visible light cannot penetrate deep inside brain tissue. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) absorb tissue-penetrating near-infrared (NIR) light and emit wavelength-specific visible light. Here, we demonstrate that molecularly tailored UCNPs can serve as optogenetic actuators of transcranial NIR light to stimulate deep brain neurons. Transcranial NIR UCNP-mediated optogenetics evoked dopamine release from genetically tagged neurons in the ventral tegmental area, induced brain oscillations through activation of inhibitory neurons in the medial septum, silenced seizure by inhibition of hippocampal excitatory cells, and triggered memory recall. UCNP technology will enable less-invasive optical neuronal activity manipulation with the potential for remote therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Adam Z Weitemier
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xiao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Linmeng He
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xiyu Wang
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yanqiu Tao
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Arthur J Y Huang
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuki Hashimotodani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointellegence (WPI), University of Tokyo Institute for Advanced Studies, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirohide Iwasaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Laxmi Kumar Parajuli
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel B Loong Teh
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Angelo H All
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Iku Tsutsui-Kimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore. .,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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