1
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Mannini S, Ruch J, Hazlett RW, Downs DT, Parcheta CE, Lundblad SP, Anderson JL, Perroy R, Oestreicher N. Tracking magma pathways and surface faulting in the Southwest Rift Zone and the Koa' e fault system (Kīlauea volcano, Hawai 'i) using photogrammetry and structural observations. Bull Volcanol 2024; 86:45. [PMID: 38617076 PMCID: PMC11008072 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-024-01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Volcanic islands are often subject to flank instability, resulting from a combination of magmatic intrusions along rift zones and gravitational spreading causing extensional faulting at the surface. Here, we study the Koa'e fault system (KFS), located south of the summit caldera of Kīlauea volcano in Hawai'i, one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, prone to active faulting, episodic dike intrusions, and flank instability. Two rift zones and the KFS are major structures controlling volcanic flank instability and magma propagation. Although several magmatic intrusions occurred over the KFS, the link between these faults, two nearby rift zones and the flank instability, is still poorly studied. To better characterize the KFS and its structural linkage with the surrounding fault and rift zones, we performed a detailed structural analysis of the extensional fault system, coupled with a helicopter photogrammetric survey, covering part of the south flank of Kīlauea. We generated a high-resolution DEM (~ 8 cm) and orthomosaic (~ 4 cm) to map the fracture field in detail. We also collected ~ 1000 ground structural measurements of extensional fractures during our three field missions (2019, 2022, and 2023). We observed many small, interconnected grabens, monoclines, rollover structures, and en-echelon fractures that were in part previously undocumented. We estimate the cumulative displacement rate across the KFS during the last 600 ~ 700 years and found a decrease toward the west of the horizontal component from 2 to 6 cm per year, consistent with GNSS data. Integrating morphology observations, fault mapping, and kinematic measurements, we propose a new kinematic model of the upper part of the Kīlauea's south flank, suggesting a clockwise rotation and a translation of a triangular wedge. This wedge is bordered by the extensional structures (ERZ, SWRZ, and the KFS), largely influenced by gravitational spreading. These findings illustrate a structural linkage between the two rift zones and the KFS, the latter being episodically affected by dike intrusions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-024-01735-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mannini
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Des Maraîchers 13, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Ruch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Des Maraîchers 13, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard W. Hazlett
- Department of Geology, University of Hawai‘I at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Drew T. Downs
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Carolyn E. Parcheta
- Alaska Earthquake Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Steven P. Lundblad
- Department of Geology, University of Hawai‘I at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - James L. Anderson
- Department of Geology, University of Hawai‘I at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Ryan Perroy
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Hawai‘I at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Nicolas Oestreicher
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Des Maraîchers 13, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Biass S, Reyes-Hardy MP, Gregg C, Di Maio LS, Dominguez L, Frischknecht C, Bonadonna C, Perez N. The spatiotemporal evolution of compound impacts from lava flow and tephra fallout on buildings: lessons from the 2021 Tajogaite eruption (La Palma, Spain). Bull Volcanol 2024; 86:10. [PMID: 38205134 PMCID: PMC10774154 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous or sequential occurrence of several hazards-be they of natural or anthropogenic sources-can interact to produce unexpected compound hazards and impacts. Since success in responding to volcanic crises is often conditional on accurate identification of spatiotemporal patterns of hazard prior to an eruption, ignoring these interactions can lead to a misrepresentation or misinterpretation of the risk and, during emergencies, ineffective management priorities. The 2021 eruption of Tajogaite volcano on the island of La Palma, Canary Islands (Spain), was an 86 day-long hybrid explosive-effusive eruption that demonstrated the challenges of managing volcanic crises associated with the simultaneous emission of lava, tephra and volcanic gases. Here, we present the result of a small-scale impact assessment conducted during three-field deployments to investigate how tephra fallout and lava flow inundation interacted to cause compound physical impact on buildings. The study area was a neighbourhood of 30 buildings exposed to tephra fallout during the entire eruption and by a late-stage, short-lived lava flow. Observations highlight, on one hand, the influence of clean-up operations and rainfall on the impact of tephra fallout and, on the other hand, the importance of the dynamics of lava flow emplacement in controlling impact mechanisms. Overall, results provide an evidence-based insight into impact sequences when two primary hazards are produced simultaneously and demonstrate the importance of considering this aspect when implementing risk mitigation strategies for future long-lasting, hybrid explosive-effusive eruptions in urban environments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-023-01700-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Biass
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christopher Gregg
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | | | - Lucia Dominguez
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nemesio Perez
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
- Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
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3
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Graham CC, Harrington JF. Stress field disruption allows gas-driven microdeformation in bentonite to be quantified. Sci Rep 2024; 14:788. [PMID: 38191782 PMCID: PMC10774314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Geological disposal of radioactive waste is being planned by many countries. Bentonite clay is often included in facility design, providing a barrier to radionuclide migration. Gas, generated by the waste or corrosion of waste canisters, may disrupt the properties of the bentonite. Robust prediction of this interaction is, therefore, necessary to demonstrate safe facility evolution. In some cases, gas may deform the clay, resulting in localised flow; however, the nature of this deformation has been widely debated. Accurate numerical representation of this behaviour has been limited by a shortage of information on the degree/distribution of deformation. Using experimental data from gas injection tests in bentonite, we show that first order fluctuations in the stress field can provide this information. We show that hundreds of microdeformation events can be detected, with similar characteristics to established fracturing phenomena, including earthquakes and acoustic emissions. We also demonstrate that stress field disruption (i) is spatially localised and (ii) has characteristics consistent with gas pathway 'opening' and 'closure' as gas enters and exits the clay, respectively. This new methodology offers fundamental insight and a new opportunity to parameterise and constrain gas advection models in clays and shales, substantially improving our capacity for safe facility design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Graham
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Jon F Harrington
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
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4
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Dawrs SN, Virdi R, Norton GJ, Elias T, Hasan NA, Robinson S, Matriz J, Epperson LE, Glickman CM, Beagle S, Crooks JL, Nelson ST, Chan ED, Damby DE, Strong M, Honda JR. Hawaiian Volcanic Ash, an Airborne Fomite for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Geohealth 2024; 8:e2023GH000889. [PMID: 38161597 PMCID: PMC10757267 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmentally acquired opportunistic pathogens that can cause chronic lung disease. Within the U.S., Hawai'i shows the highest prevalence rates of NTM lung infections. Here, we investigated a potential role for active volcanism at the Kīlauea Volcano located on Hawai'i Island in promoting NTM growth and diversity. We recovered NTM that are known to cause lung disease from plumbing biofilms and soils collected from the Kīlauea environment. We also discovered viable Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. chimaera on volcanic ash collected during the 2018 Kīlauea eruption. Analysis of soil samples showed that NTM prevalence is positively associated with bulk content of phosphorus, sulfur, and total organic carbon. In growth assays, we showed that phosphorus utilization is essential for proliferation of Kīlauea-derived NTM, and demonstrate that NTM cultured with volcanic ash adhere to ash surfaces and remain viable. Ambient dust collected on O'ahu concurrent with the 2018 eruption contained abundant fresh volcanic glass, suggestive of inter-island ash transport. Phylogenomic analyses using whole genome sequencing revealed that Kīlauea-derived NTM are genetically similar to respiratory isolates identified on other Hawaiian Islands. Consequently, we posit that volcanic eruptions could redistribute environmental microorganisms over large scales. While additional studies are needed to confirm a direct role of ash in NTM dispersal, our results suggest that volcanic particulates harbor and can redistribute NTM and should therefore be studied as a fomite for these burgeoning, environmentally acquired respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravleen Virdi
- Center for GenesEnvironmentand HealthNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Now at Corgenix Medical CorporationBroomfieldCOUSA
| | - Grant J. Norton
- Center for GenesEnvironmentand HealthNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Now at University of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Tamar Elias
- U.S. Geological SurveyVolcano Science CenterHawaiian Volcano ObservatoryHiloHawai'iUSA
| | - Nabeeh A. Hasan
- Center for GenesEnvironmentand HealthNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
| | - Schuyler Robinson
- Department of Geological SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvoUTUSA
- Now at GSI EnvironmentalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Jobel Matriz
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Hawai'i ManoaHonoluluHawai'iUSA
- Now at National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | | | - Cody M. Glickman
- Center for GenesEnvironmentand HealthNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Now at EndolytixBeverlyMEUSA
| | - Sean Beagle
- Center for GenesEnvironmentand HealthNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Now at Lockheed MartinKing of PrussiaPAUSA
| | - James L. Crooks
- Division of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
| | | | - Edward D. Chan
- Medicine and Academic AffairsNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Department of MedicineRocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAuroraCOUSA
| | - David E. Damby
- U.S. Geological SurveyVolcano Science CenterMenlo ParkCAUSA
| | - Michael Strong
- Center for GenesEnvironmentand HealthNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
| | - Jennifer R. Honda
- Center for GenesEnvironmentand HealthNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at TylerTylerTXUSA
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5
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Zuccarello F, Bilotta G, Ganci G, Proietti C, Cappello A. Assessing impending hazards from summit eruptions: the new probabilistic map for lava flow inundation at Mt. Etna. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19543. [PMID: 37945648 PMCID: PMC10636014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of probabilistic maps associated with lava flow inundation is essential to assess hazard in open vent volcanoes, especially those that have highly urbanized flanks. In this study we present the new lava flow hazard map linked to the summit eruptions of Mt. Etna, which has been developed using a probabilistic approach that integrates statistical analyses of the volcanological historical data with numerical simulations of lava flows. The statistical analysis of volcanological data (including vent location, duration and lava volumes) about all summit eruptions occurred since 1998 has allowed us both to estimate the spatiotemporal probability of future vent opening and to extract the effusion rate curves for lava flow modelling. Numerical simulations were run using the GPUFLOW model on a 2022 Digital Surface Model derived from optical satellite images. The probabilistic approach has been validated through a back-analysis by calculating the fit between the expected probabilities of inundation and the lava flows actually emplaced during the 2020-2022 period. The obtained map shows a very high probability of inundation of lava flows emitted at vents linked to the South East Crater, according to the observation of the eruptive dynamics in the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zuccarello
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Bilotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetana Ganci
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Proietti
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cappello
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125, Catania, Italy
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6
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Gisbert G, Troll VR, Day JMD, Geiger H, Perez-Torrado FJ, Aulinas M, Deegan FM, Albert H, Carracedo JC. Reported ultra-low lava viscosities from the 2021 La Palma eruption are potentially biased. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6453. [PMID: 37845237 PMCID: PMC10579349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Gisbert
- Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Applied Geology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Valentin R Troll
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources & Sustainable Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Center of Natural Hazard and Disaster Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - James M D Day
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Harri Geiger
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Francisco J Perez-Torrado
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Meritxell Aulinas
- Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Applied Geology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frances M Deegan
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources & Sustainable Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center of Natural Hazard and Disaster Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Albert
- Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Applied Geology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Carracedo
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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7
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Herrick RR, Hensley S. Surface changes observed on a Venusian volcano during the Magellan mission. Science 2023; 379:1205-1208. [PMID: 36921020 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Venus has a geologically young surface, but it is unknown whether it has ongoing active volcanism. From 1990 to 1992, the Magellan spacecraft imaged the planet's surface, using synthetic aperture radar. We examined volcanic areas on Venus that were imaged two or three times by Magellan and identified an ~2.2-square-kilometer volcanic vent that changed shape in the 8-month interval between two radar images. Additional volcanic flows downhill from the vent are visible in the second-epoch images, although we cannot rule out that they were present but invisible in the first epoch because of differences in imaging geometry. We interpret these results as evidence of ongoing volcanic activity on Venus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Herrick
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Scott Hensley
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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8
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Gu M, Anderson K, McPhillips E. Calibration of imperfect geophysical models by multiple satellite interferograms with measurement bias. Technometrics 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00401706.2023.2182365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Gu
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, UC Santa Barbara
| | | | - Erika McPhillips
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, UC Santa Barbara
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9
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Wilding JD, Zhu W, Ross ZE, Jackson JM. The magmatic web beneath Hawai'i. Science 2023; 379:462-468. [PMID: 36548443 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade5755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The deep magmatic architecture of the Hawaiian volcanic system is central to understanding the transport of magma from the upper mantle to the individual volcanoes. We leverage advances in earthquake monitoring with deep learning algorithms to image the structures underlying a major mantle earthquake swarm of nearly 200,000 events that rapidly accelerated after the 2018 Kīlauea caldera collapse. At depths of 36 to 43 kilometers, we resolve a 15-kilometers-long collection of near-horizontal sheeted structures that we identify as a sill complex. These sills connect to the lower depths of Kīlauea's plumbing by a 25-kilometers-long belt of seismicity. Additionally, a column of seismicity links the sill complex to a shallow décollement near Mauna Loa. These findings implicate the mantle sill complex as a nexus for magma transport beneath Hawai'i and furthermore indicate widespread magmatic connectivity in the volcanic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Wilding
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Weiqiang Zhu
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Zachary E Ross
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Jackson
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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10
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Cooper KM, Anderson K, Cashman K, Coombs M, Dietterich H, Fischer T, Houghton B, Johanson I, Lynn KJ, Manga M, Wauthier C. Coordinating science during an eruption: lessons from the 2020-2021 Kīlauea volcanic eruption. Bull Volcanol 2023; 85:29. [PMID: 37090041 PMCID: PMC10102681 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-023-01644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Data collected during well-observed eruptions can lead to dramatic increases in our understanding of volcanic processes. However, the necessary prioritization of public safety and hazard mitigation during a crisis means that scientific opportunities may be sacrificed. Thus, maximizing the scientific gains from eruptions requires improved planning and coordinating science activities among governmental organizations and academia before and during volcanic eruptions. One tool to facilitate this coordination is a Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC). In the USA, the Community Network for Volcanic Eruption Response (CONVERSE) has been developing and testing this concept during workshops and scenario-based activities. The December 2020 eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, provided an opportunity to test and refine this model in real-time and in a real-world setting. We present here the working model of a SAC developed during this eruption. Successes of the Kīlauea SAC (K-SAC) included broadening the pool of scientists involved in eruption response and developing and codifying procedures that may form the basis of operation for future SACs. Challenges encountered by the K-SAC included a process of review and facilitation of research proposals that was too slow to include outside participation in the early parts of the eruption and a decision process that fell on a small number of individuals at the responding volcano observatory. Possible ways to address these challenges include (1) supporting community-building activities between eruptions that make connections among scientists within and outside formal observatories, (2) identifying key science questions and pre-planning science activities, which would facilitate more rapid implementation across a broader scientific group, and (3) continued dialog among observatory scientists, emergency responders, and non-observatory scientists about the role of SACs. The SAC model holds promise to become an integral part of future efforts, leading in the short and longer term to more effective hazard response and greater scientific discovery and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari M. Cooper
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kyle Anderson
- U.S. Geological Survey California Volcano Observatory, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA
| | - Kathy Cashman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1272 USA
| | - Michelle Coombs
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Hannah Dietterich
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Tobias Fischer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Bruce Houghton
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai‘I, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Ingrid Johanson
- U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Kendra J. Lynn
- U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Michael Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Christelle Wauthier
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801 USA
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11
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Bevilacqua A, De Martino P, Giudicepietro F, Ricciolino P, Patra A, Pitman EB, Bursik M, Voight B, Flandoli F, Macedonio G, Neri A. Data analysis of the unsteadily accelerating GPS and seismic records at Campi Flegrei caldera from 2000 to 2020. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19175. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOngoing resurgence affects Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) via bradyseism, i.e. a series of ground deformation episodes accompanied by increases in shallow seismicity. In this study, we perform a mathematical analysis of the GPS and seismic data in the instrumental catalogs from 2000 to 2020, and a comparison of them to the preceding data from 1983 to 1999. We clearly identify and characterize two overlying trends, i.e. a decennial-like acceleration and cyclic oscillations with various periods. In particular, we show that all the signals have been accelerating since 2005, and 90–97% of their increase has occurred since 2011, 40–80% since 2018. Nevertheless, the seismic and ground deformation signals evolved differently—the seismic count increased faster than the GPS data since 2011, and even more so since 2015, growing faster than an exponential function The ground deformation has a linearized rate slope, i.e. acceleration, of 0.6 cm/yr2 and 0.3 cm/yr2 from 2000 to 2020, respectively for the vertical (RITE GPS) and the horizontal (ACAE GPS) components. In addition, all annual rates show alternating speed-ups and slow-downs, consistent between the signals. We find seven major rate maxima since 2000, one every 2.8–3.5 years, with secondary maxima at fractions of the intervals. A cycle with longer period of 6.5–9 years is also identified. Finally, we apply the probabilistic failure forecast method, a nonlinear regression that calculates the theoretical time limit of the signals going to infinity (interpreted here as a critical state potentially reached by the volcano), conditional on the continuation of the observed nonlinear accelerations. Since 2000, we perform a retrospective analysis of the temporal evolution of these forecasts which highlight the periods of more intense acceleration. The failure forecast method applied on the seismic count from 2001 to 2020 produces upper time limits of [0, 3, 11] years (corresponding to the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles, respectively), significantly shorter than those based on the GPS data, e.g. [0, 6, 21] years. Such estimates, only valid under the model assumption of continuation of the ongoing decennial-like acceleration, warn to keep the guard up on the future evolution of Campi Flegrei caldera.
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12
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Biggs J, Anantrasirichai N, Albino F, Lazecky M, Maghsoudi Y. Large-scale demonstration of machine learning for the detection of volcanic deformation in Sentinel-1 satellite imagery. Bull Volcanol 2022; 84:100. [PMID: 36345313 PMCID: PMC9633547 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-022-01608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Radar (SAR) satellites systematically acquire imagery that can be used for volcano monitoring, characterising magmatic systems and potentially forecasting eruptions on a global scale. However, exploiting the large dataset is limited by the need for manual inspection, meaning timely dissemination of information is challenging. Here we automatically process ~ 600,000 images of > 1000 volcanoes acquired by the Sentinel-1 satellite in a 5-year period (2015-2020) and use the dataset to demonstrate the applicability and limitations of machine learning for detecting deformation signals. Of the 16 volcanoes flagged most often, 5 experienced eruptions, 6 showed slow deformation, 2 had non-volcanic deformation and 3 had atmospheric artefacts. The detection threshold for the whole dataset is 5.9 cm, equivalent to a rate of 1.2 cm/year over the 5-year study period. We then use the large testing dataset to explore the effects of atmospheric conditions, land cover and signal characteristics on detectability and find that the performance of the machine learning algorithm is primarily limited by the quality of the available data, with poor coherence and slow signals being particularly challenging. The expanding dataset of systematically acquired, processed and flagged images will enable the quantitative analysis of volcanic monitoring signals on an unprecedented scale, but tailored processing will be needed for routine monitoring applications. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-022-01608-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Biggs
- COMET, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Fabien Albino
- COMET, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Grenoble Alpes, ISTerre, Grenoble, France
| | - Milan Lazecky
- COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yasser Maghsoudi
- COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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13
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Smittarello D, Smets B, Barrière J, Michellier C, Oth A, Shreve T, Grandin R, Theys N, Brenot H, Cayol V, Allard P, Caudron C, Chevrel O, Darchambeau F, de Buyl P, Delhaye L, Derauw D, Ganci G, Geirsson H, Kamate Kaleghetso E, Kambale Makundi J, Kambale Nguomoja I, Kasereka Mahinda C, Kervyn M, Kimanuka Ruriho C, Le Mével H, Molendijk S, Namur O, Poppe S, Schmid M, Subira J, Wauthier C, Yalire M, d'Oreye N, Kervyn F, Syavulisembo Muhindo A. Precursor-free eruption triggered by edifice rupture at Nyiragongo volcano. Nature 2022; 609:83-8. [PMID: 36045241 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Classical mechanisms of volcanic eruptions mostly involve pressure buildup and magma ascent towards the surface1. Such processes produce geophysical and geochemical signals that may be detected and interpreted as eruption precursors1–3. On 22 May 2021, Mount Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo), an open-vent volcano with a persistent lava lake perched within its summit crater, shook up this interpretation by producing an approximately six-hour-long flank eruption without apparent precursors, followed—rather than preceded—by lateral magma motion into the crust. Here we show that this reversed sequence was most likely initiated by a rupture of the edifice, producing deadly lava flows and triggering a voluminous 25-km-long dyke intrusion. The dyke propagated southwards at very shallow depth (less than 500 m) underneath the cities of Goma (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Gisenyi (Rwanda), as well as Lake Kivu. This volcanic crisis raises new questions about the mechanisms controlling such eruptions and the possibility of facing substantially more hazardous events, such as effusions within densely urbanized areas, phreato-magmatism or a limnic eruption from the gas-rich Lake Kivu. It also more generally highlights the challenges faced with open-vent volcanoes for monitoring, early detection and risk management when a significant volume of magma is stored close to the surface. The 2021 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo, DR Congo demonstrated that magma storage close to the surface in open systems means that eruptions may occur with very short-term precursory activity, raising major challenges for their monitoring.
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14
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Montgomery-Brown EK. The search for eruption signals in volcanic noise. Nature 2022; 609:36-8. [PMID: 36045232 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-02347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Vasconez FJ, Anzieta JC, Vásconez Müller A, Bernard B, Ramón P. A Near Real-Time and Free Tool for the Preliminary Mapping of Active Lava Flows during Volcanic Crises: The Case of Hotspot Subaerial Eruptions. Remote Sensing 2022; 14:3483. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14143483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the evolution of lava flows is a challenging task for volcano observatories, especially in remote volcanic areas. Here we present a near real-time (every 12 h) and free tool for producing interactive thermal maps of the advance of lava flows over time by taking advantage of the free thermal data provided by FIRMS and the open-source R software. To achieve this, we applied two filters on the FIRMS datasets, one on the satellite layout (track) and another on the fire radiative power (FRP). To determine the latter, we carried out a detailed statistical analysis of the FRP values of nine hotspot subaerial eruptions that included Cumbre Vieja-2021 (Spain), Fagradalsfjall-2021 (Iceland), LERZ Kilauea-2018 (USA), and six eruptions on the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador). We found that an FRP filter of 35 ± 17 MW/pixel worked well at the onset and during the first weeks of an eruption. Afterward, once the cumulative statistical parameters had stabilized, a filter that better fit the investigated case could be obtained by running our statistical code. Using the suggested filters, the thermal maps resulting from our mapping code have an accuracy higher than 75% on average when compared with the official lava flow maps of each eruption and an offset of only 3% regarding the maximum lava flow extension. Therefore, our easy-to-use codes constitute an additional, novel, and simple tool for rapid preliminary mapping of lava fields during crises, especially when regular overflights and/or unoccupied aerial vehicle campaigns are out of budget.
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16
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Abstract
The viscosity of magma exerts control on all aspects of its migration through the crust to eruption. This was particularly true for the 2021 eruption of Cumbre Vieja (La Palma), which produced exceptionally fast and fluid lava at high discharge rates. We have performed concentric cylinder experiments to determine the effective viscosities of the Cumbre Vieja magma, while accounting for its chemistry, crystallinity, and temperature. Here we show that this event produced a nepheline-normative basanite with the lowest viscosity of historical basaltic eruptions, exhibiting values of less than 10 to about 160 Pa s within eruption temperatures of ~1200 to ~1150 °C. The magma's low viscosity was responsible for many eruptive phenomena that lead to particularly impactful events, including high-Reynolds number turbulent flow and supercritical states. Increases in viscosity due to crystallization-induced melt differentiation were subdued in this eruption, due in part to subtle degrees of silica enrichment in alkaline magma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Castro
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Becherweg 21, Mainz, D-55099, Germany.
| | - Yves Feisel
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Becherweg 21, Mainz, D-55099, Germany.
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17
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Crozier J, Karlstrom L. Evolving magma temperature and volatile contents over the 2008-2018 summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm4310. [PMID: 35648849 PMCID: PMC9159575 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magma rheology and volatile contents exert primary and highly nonlinear controls on volcanic activity. Subtle changes in these magma properties can modulate eruption style and hazards, making in situ inference of their temporal evolution vital for volcano monitoring. Here, we study thousands of impulsive magma oscillations within the shallow conduit and lava lake of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, USA, over the 2008-2018 summit eruptive sequence, encoded by "very-long-period" seismic events and ground deformation. Inversion of these data with a petrologically informed model of magma dynamics reveals significant variation in temperature and highly disequilibrium volatile contents over days to years, within a transport network that evolved over the eruption. Our results suggest a framework for inferring subsurface magma dynamics associated with prolonged eruptions in near real time that synthesizes petrologic and geophysical volcano monitoring approaches.
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18
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Dietterich HR, Neal CA. A look ahead to the next decade at US volcano observatories. Bull Volcanol 2022; 84:63. [PMID: 35669598 PMCID: PMC9160861 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-022-01567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volcano monitoring, eruption response, and hazard assessment at volcanoes in the United States of America (US) fall under the mandate of five regional volcano observatories covering 161 active volcanoes. Working in a wide range of volcanic and geographic settings, US observatories must learn from and apply new knowledge and techniques to a great variety of scientific and hazard communication problems in volcanology. Over the past decade, experience during volcanic crises, such as the landmark 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai'i, has combined with investments and advances in research and technology, and the changing needs of partner agencies and the public, to transform the operations, science, and communication programs of US volcano observatories. Scientific and operational lessons from the past decade now guide new research and growing inter-observatory and external communication networks to meet new challenges and improve detection, forecasting, and response to volcanic eruptions in the US and around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina A. Neal
- U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
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19
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Jones TJ, Le Moigne Y, Russell JK, Williams-Jones G, Giordano D, Dingwell DB. Inflated pyroclasts in proximal fallout deposits reveal abrupt transitions in eruption behaviour. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2832. [PMID: 35595774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During explosive eruption of low viscosity magmas, pyroclasts are cooled predominantly by forced convection. Depending on the cooling efficiency relative to other timescales, a spectrum of deposits can be formed. Deposition of hot clasts, above their glass transition temperature, can form spatter mounds, ramparts and clastogenic lava flows. Clasts may also be deposited cold, producing tephra cones and blankets. Thus, the deposit and pyroclast type can provide information about eruption dynamics and magma properties. Here we examine pyroclasts from Tseax volcano, British Columbia, Canada. These newly identified inflated pyroclasts, are fluidal in form, have undergone post-depositional expansion, and are found juxtaposed with scoria. Detailed field, chemical and textural observations, coupled with high temperature rheometry and thermal modelling, reveal that abrupt transitions in eruptive behaviour - from lava fountaining to low-energy bubble bursts - created these pyroclastic deposits. These findings should help identify transitions in eruptive behaviour at other mafic volcanoes worldwide.
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20
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Corsa B, Barba-sevilla M, Tiampo K, Meertens C. Integration of DInSAR Time Series and GNSS Data for Continuous Volcanic Deformation Monitoring and Eruption Early Warning Applications. Remote Sensing 2022; 14:784. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With approximately 800 million people globally living within 100 km of a volcano, it is essential that we build a reliable observation system capable of delivering early warnings to potentially impacted nearby populations. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) document comprehensive ground motions or ruptures near, and at, the Earth’s surface and may be used to detect and analyze natural hazard phenomena. These datasets may also be combined to improve the accuracy of deformation results. Here, we prepare a differential interferometric SAR (DInSAR) time series and integrate it with GNSS data to create a fused dataset with enhanced accuracy of 3D ground motions over Hawaii island from November 2015 to April 2021. We present a comparison of the raw datasets against the fused time series and give a detailed account of observed ground deformation leading to the May 2018 and December 2020 volcanic eruptions. Our results provide important new estimates of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the 2018 Kilauea volcanic eruption. The methodology presented here can be easily repeated over any region of interest where an SAR scene overlaps with GNSS data. The results will contribute to diverse geophysical studies, including but not limited to the classification of precursory movements leading to major eruptions and the advancement of early warning systems.
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21
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Poland MP, Hurwitz S, Kauahikaua JP, Montgomery-Brown EK, Anderson KR, Johanson IA, Patrick MR, Neal CA. Rainfall an unlikely factor in Kīlauea's 2018 rift eruption. Nature 2022; 602:E7-E10. [PMID: 35110752 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Poland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA, USA.
| | - Shaul Hurwitz
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Volcano Observatory, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle R Anderson
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Volcano Observatory, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Christina A Neal
- U.S. Geological Survey, Volcano Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
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22
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Cas RA. The centenary of IAVCEI 1919-2019 and beyond: origins and evolution of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior. Bull Volcanol 2022; 84:15. [PMID: 35035015 PMCID: PMC8748530 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-021-01509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
IAVCEI originated in 1919 as one of the six inaugural "sections" of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). IUGG was formed by the International Research Council, which has now evolved to become the International Science Council (ISC). In 1933 the Section for Volcanology was renamed the International Association of Volcanology (IAV), and in 1967, it became the International Association of Volcanology and Geochemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). IAVCEI has been managed by 22 Presidents, 10 Secretaries-General, and their executive committees/bureaus. IAVCEI has always had a focus on facilitating the communication of volcanological research through organising a variety of international conferences, including IAVCEI General Assemblies, Scientific Assemblies, occasional Volcanological Congresses, and Cities on Volcanoes conferences. In addition, IAVCEI established research working groups initially which then became the association's research commissions. The research commissions have also organised their own research workshops. Recently IAVCEI has also developed new groupings of researchers through their Network program, including the Early Career Researcher Network, which focus mostly on facilitating communication. Bulletin of Volcanology has been the official IAVCEI journal since 1924 and has undergone several facelifts in its cover and format. It has been very well served by its 11 volunteer editors, editorial board, and reviewers in almost 100 years of publication. In addition, IAVCEI was instrumental in instigating an inventory of known volcanoes through its Catalogue of the Volcanoes of the World series, a role now undertaken by the Smithsonian Institution. To acknowledge outstanding achievements in volcanological research, IAVCEI has established 6 awards since 1974. Developing a better understanding of how volcanoes erupt and the impacts of eruptions on society has been an integral responsibility of IAVCEI as the learned international association in volcanology. In the 1990s, IAVCEI initiated the Decade Volcanoes program to encourage research on 16 volcanoes that were deemed to pose significant risks to the communities around them. Some have erupted since then, but eruptions from other volcanoes have also provided significant insights into eruption processes and phenomena. Although IAVCEI's future looks healthy, there are ways of being more proactive in improving services to members, including improving diversity and inclusiveness, greater gender balance for all positions on the IAVCEI Executive Committee, widening the representation of nationalities that serve on the Executive Committee, increasing membership numbers to generate greater income to support scientists in need of support to participate in IAVCEI activities, and significantly lowering the fee for open access publication of research papers in IAVCEI's masthead journal, Bulletin of Volcanology. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-021-01509-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray A.F. Cas
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia
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23
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Flinders AF, Kauahikaua JP, Hsieh PA, Ingebritsen SE. Post Audit of Simulated Groundwater Flow to a Short-Lived (2019 to 2020) Crater Lake at Kīlauea Volcano. Ground Water 2022; 60:64-70. [PMID: 34490617 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
About 14.5 months after the 2018 eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, liquid water started accumulating in the deepened summit crater, forming a lake that attained 51 m depth before rapidly boiling off on December 20, 2020, when an eruption from the crater wall poured lava into the lake. Modeling the growth of the crater lake at Kīlauea summit is important for assessing the potential for explosive volcanism. Our current understanding of the past 2500 years of eruptive activity at Kīlauea suggests a slight dominance of explosive behavior over effusive. The deepened summit crater and presence of the crater lake in 2019 raised renewed concerns about explosive activity. Groundwater models using hydraulic-property data from a nearby drillhole successfully forecast the timing and rate of lake filling. Here we compare the groundwater-model predictions with observational data through the demise of the crater lake, examine the implications for local water-table configuration, consider the potential role of evaporation and recharge (neglected in previous models), and briefly discuss the energetics of the rapid boil-off. This post audit of groundwater-flow models of Kīlauea summit shows that simple models can sometimes be used effectively to simulate complex settings such as volcanoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton F Flinders
- The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), U.S. Geological Survey, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - James P Kauahikaua
- The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), U.S. Geological Survey, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Paul A Hsieh
- The USGS California Volcano Observatory (CalVO), U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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24
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Peers JB, Gregg CE, Lindell MK, Pelletier D, Romerio F, Joyner AT. The Economic Effects of Volcanic Alerts-A Case Study of High-Threat U.S. Volcanoes. Risk Anal 2021; 41:1759-1781. [PMID: 33665886 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A common concern about volcanic unrest is that the communication of information about increasing volcanic alert levels (VALs) to the public could cause serious social and economic impacts even if an eruption does not occur. To test this statement, this study examined housing prices and business patterns from 1974-2016 in volcanic regions with "very-high" threat designations from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)-Long Valley Caldera (LVC), CA (caldera); Mount St. Helens (MSH), Washington (stratovolcano); and Kīlauea, Hawai'i (shield volcano). To compare economic trends in nonvolcanic regions that are economically dependent on tourism, Steamboat Springs, CO, served as a control as it is a ski-tourism community much like Mammoth Lakes in LVC. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models predicted that housing prices were negatively affected by VALs at LVC from 1982-1983 and 1991-1997. While VALs associated with unrest and eruptions included in this study both had short-term indirect effects on housing prices and business indicators (e.g., number of establishments, employment, and salary), these notifications were not strong predictors of long-term economic trends. Our findings suggest that these indirect effects result from both eruptions with higher level VALs and from unrest involving lower-level VAL notifications that communicate a change in volcanic activity but do not indicate that an eruption is imminent or underway. This provides evidence concerning a systemic issue in disaster resilience. While disaster relief is provided by the U.S. federal government for direct impacts associated with disaster events that result in presidential major disaster declarations, there is limited or no assistance for indirect effects to businesses and homeowners that may follow volcanic unrest with no resulting direct physical losses. The fact that periods of volcanic unrest preceding eruption are often protracted in comparison to precursory periods for other hazardous events (e.g., earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding) makes the issue of indirect effects particularly important in regions susceptible to volcanic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Peers
- East Tennessee State University Department of Geosciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Christopher E Gregg
- East Tennessee State University Department of Geosciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Michael K Lindell
- University of Washington Department of Urban Design and Planning, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Denis Pelletier
- North Carolina State University Department of Economics, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Franco Romerio
- University of Geneva Department of Economics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew T Joyner
- East Tennessee State University Department of Geosciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
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25
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Tomašek I, Damby DE, Stewart C, Horwell CJ, Plumlee G, Ottley CJ, Delmelle P, Morman S, El Yazidi S, Claeys P, Kervyn M, Elskens M, Leermakers M. Development of a simulated lung fluid leaching method to assess the release of potentially toxic elements from volcanic ash. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130303. [PMID: 33819884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Freshly erupted volcanic ash contains a range of soluble elements, some of which can generate harmful effects in living cells and are considered potentially toxic elements (PTEs). This work investigates the leaching dynamics of ash-associated PTEs in order to optimize a method for volcanic ash respiratory hazard assessment. Using three pristine (unaffected by precipitation) ash samples, we quantify the release of PTEs (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) and major cations typical of ash leachates (Mg, Na, Ca, K) in multiple simulated lung fluid (SLF) preparations and under varying experimental parameters (contact time and solid to liquid ratio). Data are compared to a standard water leach (WL) to ascertain whether the WL can be used as a simple proxy for SLF leaching. The main findings are: PTE concentrations reach steady-state dissolution by 24 h, and a relatively short contact time (10 min) approximates maximum dissolution; PTE dissolution is comparatively stable at low solid to liquid ratios (1:100 to 1:1000); inclusion of commonly used macromolecules has element-specific effects, and addition of a lung surfactant has little impact on extraction efficiency. These observations indicate that a WL can be used to approximate lung bioaccessible PTEs in an eruption response situation. This is a useful step towards standardizing in vitro methods to determine the soluble-element hazard from inhaled ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tomašek
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Physical Geography (FARD), Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - David E Damby
- U.S. Geological Survey, Volcano Science Center/California Volcano Observatory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Carol Stewart
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Claire J Horwell
- Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pierre Delmelle
- Earth & Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Suzette Morman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sofian El Yazidi
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Claeys
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Kervyn
- Physical Geography (FARD), Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Leermakers
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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Abstract
Fault friction is central to understanding earthquakes, yet laboratory rock mechanics experiments are restricted to, at most, meter scale. Questions thus remain as to the applicability of measured frictional properties to faulting in situ. In particular, the slip-weakening distance [Formula: see text] strongly influences precursory slip during earthquake nucleation, but scales with fault roughness and is challenging to extrapolate to nature. The 2018 eruption of K̄ılauea volcano, Hawaii, caused 62 repeatable collapse events in which the summit caldera dropped several meters, accompanied by [Formula: see text] 4.7 to 5.4 very long period (VLP) earthquakes. Collapses were exceptionally well recorded by global positioning system (GPS) and tilt instruments and represent unique natural kilometer-scale friction experiments. We model a piston collapsing into a magma reservoir. Pressure at the piston base and shear stress on its margin, governed by rate and state friction, balance its weight. Downward motion of the piston compresses the underlying magma, driving flow to the eruption. Monte Carlo estimation of unknowns validates laboratory friction parameters at the kilometer scale, including the magnitude of steady-state velocity weakening. The absence of accelerating precollapse deformation constrains [Formula: see text] to be [Formula: see text] mm, potentially much less. These results support the use of laboratory friction laws and parameters for modeling earthquakes. We identify initial conditions and material and magma-system parameters that lead to episodic caldera collapse, revealing that small differences in eruptive vent elevation can lead to major differences in eruption volume and duration. Most historical basaltic caldera collapses were, at least partly, episodic, implying that the conditions for stick-slip derived here are commonly met in nature.
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27
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Crawford B, Hagan DH, Grossman I, Cole E, Holland L, Heald CL, Kroll JH. Mapping pollution exposure and chemistry during an extreme air quality event (the 2018 Kīlauea eruption) using a low-cost sensor network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025540118. [PMID: 34155096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025540118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme air quality episodes represent a major threat to human health worldwide but are highly dynamic and exceedingly challenging to monitor. The 2018 Kīlauea Lower East Rift Zone eruption (May to August 2018) blanketed much of Hawai'i Island in "vog" (volcanic smog), a mixture of primary volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas and secondary particulate matter (PM). This episode was captured by several monitoring platforms, including a low-cost sensor (LCS) network consisting of 30 nodes designed and deployed specifically to monitor PM and SO2 during the event. Downwind of the eruption, network stations measured peak hourly PM2.5 and SO2 concentrations that exceeded 75 μg m-3 and 1,200 parts per billion (ppb), respectively. The LCS network's high spatial density enabled highly granular estimates of human exposure to both pollutants during the eruption, which was not possible using preexisting air quality measurements. Because of overlaps in population distribution and plume dynamics, a much larger proportion of the island's population was exposed to elevated levels of fine PM than to SO2 Additionally, the spatially distributed network was able to resolve the volcanic plume's chemical evolution downwind of the eruption. Measurements find a mean SO2 conversion time of ∼36 h, demonstrating the ability of distributed LCS networks to observe reaction kinetics and quantify chemical transformations of air pollutants in a real-world setting. This work also highlights the utility of LCS networks for emergency response during extreme episodes to complement existing air quality monitoring approaches.
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28
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Abstract
The largest effusive basaltic eruptions are associated with caldera collapse and are manifest through quasi-periodic ground displacements and moderate-size earthquakes1-3, but the mechanism that governs their dynamics remains unclear. Here we provide a physical model that explains these processes, which accounts for both the quasi-periodic stick-slip collapse of the caldera roof and the long-term eruptive behaviour of the volcano. We show that it is the caldera collapse itself that sustains large effusive eruptions, and that triggering caldera collapse requires topography-generated pressures. The model is consistent with data from the 2018 Kīlauea eruption and allows us to estimate the properties of the plumbing system of the volcano. The results reveal that two reservoirs were active during the eruption, and place constraints on their connectivity. According to the model, the Kīlauea eruption stopped after slightly more than 60 per cent of its potential caldera collapse events, possibly owing to the presence of the second reservoir. Finally, we show that this physical framework is generally applicable to the largest instrumented caldera collapse eruptions of the past fifty years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Paul Lundgren
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Carlsen HK, Ilyinskaya E, Baxter PJ, Schmidt A, Thorsteinsson T, Pfeffer MA, Barsotti S, Dominici F, Finnbjornsdottir RG, Jóhannsson T, Aspelund T, Gislason T, Valdimarsdóttir U, Briem H, Gudnason T. Increased respiratory morbidity associated with exposure to a mature volcanic plume from a large Icelandic fissure eruption. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2161. [PMID: 33846312 PMCID: PMC8042009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014-15 Holuhraun eruption in Iceland was the largest fissure eruption in over 200 years, emitting prodigious amounts of gas and particulate matter into the troposphere. Reykjavík, the capital area of Iceland (250 km from eruption site) was exposed to air pollution events from advection of (i) a relatively young and chemically primitive volcanic plume with a high sulphur dioxide gas (SO2) to sulphate PM (SO42-) ratio, and (ii) an older and chemically mature volcanic plume with a low SO2/SO42- ratio. Whereas the advection and air pollution caused by the primitive plume were successfully forecast and forewarned in public advisories, the mature plume was not. Here, we show that exposure to the mature plume is associated with an increase in register-measured health care utilisation for respiratory disease by 23% (95% CI 19.7-27.4%) and for asthma medication dispensing by 19.3% (95% CI 9.6-29.1%). Absence of public advisories is associated with increases in visits to primary care medical doctors and to the hospital emergency department. We recommend that operational response to volcanic air pollution considers both primitive and mature types of plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Krage Carlsen
- Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Peter J Baxter
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anja Schmidt
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Dominici
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Thor Aspelund
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gislason
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Landspitali - the National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haraldur Briem
- Chief Epidemiologist, Directorate of Health, Centre for Health Threats and Communicable Diseases, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Thorolfur Gudnason
- Chief Epidemiologist, Directorate of Health, Centre for Health Threats and Communicable Diseases, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Roman DC, Soldati A, Dingwell DB, Houghton BF, Shiro BR. Earthquakes indicated magma viscosity during Kīlauea's 2018 eruption. Nature 2021; 592:237-241. [PMID: 33828316 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Magma viscosity strongly controls the style (for example, explosive versus effusive) of a volcanic eruption and thus its hazard potential, but can only be measured during or after an eruption. The identification of precursors indicative of magma viscosity would enable forecasting of the eruption style and the scale of associated hazards1. The unanticipated May 2018 rift intrusion and eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i2 displayed exceptional chemical and thermal variability in erupted lavas, leading to unpredictable effusion rates and explosivity. Here, using an integrated analysis of seismicity and magma rheology, we show that the orientation of fault-plane solutions (which indicate a fault's orientation and sense of movement) for earthquakes preceding and accompanying the 2018 eruption indicate a 90-degree local stress-field rotation from background, a phenomenon previously observed only at high-viscosity eruptions3, and never before at Kīlauea4-8. Experimentally obtained viscosities for 2018 products and earlier lavas from the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vents tightly constrain the viscosity threshold required for local stress-field reorientation. We argue that rotated fault-plane solutions in earthquake swarms at Kīlauea and other volcanoes worldwide provide an early indication that unrest involves magma of heightened viscosity, and thus real-time monitoring of the orientations of fault-plane solutions could provide critical information about the style of an impending eruption. Furthermore, our results provide insight into the fundamental nature of coupled failure and flow in complex multiphase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Roman
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - A Soldati
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - D B Dingwell
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - B F Houghton
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - B R Shiro
- USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, United States Geological Survey, Hilo, HI, USA
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31
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Ripepe M, Lacanna G, Pistolesi M, Silengo MC, Aiuppa A, Laiolo M, Massimetti F, Innocenti L, Della Schiava M, Bitetto M, La Monica FP, Nishimura T, Rosi M, Mangione D, Ricciardi A, Genco R, Coppola D, Marchetti E, Delle Donne D. Ground deformation reveals the scale-invariant conduit dynamics driving explosive basaltic eruptions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1683. [PMID: 33727536 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mild activity of basaltic volcanoes is punctuated by violent explosive eruptions that occur without obvious precursors. Modelling the source processes of these sudden blasts is challenging. Here, we use two decades of ground deformation (tilt) records from Stromboli volcano to shed light, with unprecedented detail, on the short-term (minute-scale) conduit processes that drive such violent volcanic eruptions. We find that explosive eruptions, with source parameters spanning seven orders of magnitude, all share a common pre-blast ground inflation trend. We explain this exponential inflation using a model in which pressure build-up is caused by the rapid expansion of volatile-rich magma rising from depth into a shallow (<400 m) resident magma conduit. We show that the duration and amplitude of this inflation trend scales with the eruption magnitude, indicating that the explosive dynamics obey the same (scale-invariant) conduit process. This scale-invariance of pre-explosion ground deformation may usher in a new era of short-term eruption forecasting.
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Bell AF, La Femina PC, Ruiz M, Amelung F, Bagnardi M, Bean CJ, Bernard B, Ebinger C, Gleeson M, Grannell J, Hernandez S, Higgins M, Liorzou C, Lundgren P, Meier NJ, Möllhoff M, Oliva SJ, Ruiz AG, Stock MJ. Caldera resurgence during the 2018 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos Islands. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1397. [PMID: 33654084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent large basaltic eruptions began after only minor surface uplift and seismicity, and resulted in caldera subsidence. In contrast, some eruptions at Galápagos Island volcanoes are preceded by prolonged, large amplitude uplift and elevated seismicity. These systems also display long-term intra-caldera uplift, or resurgence. However, a scarcity of observations has obscured the mechanisms underpinning such behaviour. Here we combine a unique multiparametric dataset to show how the 2018 eruption of Sierra Negra contributed to caldera resurgence. Magma supply to a shallow reservoir drove 6.5 m of pre-eruptive uplift and seismicity over thirteen years, including an Mw5.4 earthquake that triggered the eruption. Although co-eruptive magma withdrawal resulted in 8.5 m of subsidence, net uplift of the inner-caldera on a trapdoor fault resulted in 1.5 m of permanent resurgence. These observations reveal the importance of intra-caldera faulting in affecting resurgence, and the mechanisms of eruption in the absence of well-developed rift systems.
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33
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Gailler L, Labazuy P, Régis E, Bontemps M, Souriot T, Bacques G, Carton B. Validation of a New UAV Magnetic Prospecting Tool for Volcano Monitoring and Geohazard Assessment. Remote Sensing 2021; 13:894. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13050894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) in volcanological contexts is a key challenge in studying volcanoes and improving efficiency in the monitoring of volcanic activity. The coupling of ground and satellite measurements has been reinforced at an intermediate scale thanks to UAV measurements. Along with carrying out visible and infrared measurements, UAVs can conduct geophysical measurements for more in-depth studies. Magnetic field measurements are a powerful tool in volcanic contexts for (i) mapping structural contacts between formations of different ages or type, and (ii) imaging deep thermal anomalies and intrusive systems. Here, we focus on magnetic sensors, which are becoming operational, and in particular on a scalar system recently implemented on a light drone that can be deployed quickly and efficiently in the field. This paper presents several flight test results in order to discuss any artifacts of the UAV or environmental conditions in the magnetic measurements. The results of the comparison between simultaneous UAV and ground surveys are presented. We demonstrate that low altitude measurements are particularly relevant to well-imaged magnetic anomalies and their variation through time in a volcanic context. Some potential uses for this technology and associated applications are also discussed in the fields of exploring and monitoring active volcanoes, for the 4D imaging of volcanoes.
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Kelevitz K, Tiampo KF, Corsa BD. Improved Real-Time Natural Hazard Monitoring Using Automated DInSAR Time Series. Remote Sensing 2021; 13:867. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of the collaborative GeoSciFramework project, we are establising a monitoring system for the Yellowstone volcanic area that integrates multiple geodetic and seismic data sets into an advanced cyber-infrastructure framework that will enable real-time streaming data analytics and machine learning and allow us to better characterize associated long- and short-term hazards. The goal is to continuously ingest both remote sensing (GNSS, DInSAR) and ground-based (seismic, thermal and gas observations, strainmeter, tiltmeter and gravity measurements) data and query and analyse them in near-real time. In this study, we focus on DInSAR data processing and the effects from using various atmospheric corrections and real-time orbits on the automated processing and results. We find that the atmospheric correction provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is currently the most optimal for automated DInSAR processing and that the use of real-time orbits is sufficient for the early-warning application in question. We show analysis of atmospheric corrections and using real-time orbits in a test case over the Kilauea volcanic area in Hawaii. Finally, using these findings, we present results of displacement time series in the Yellowstone area between May 2018 and October 2019, which are in good agreement with GNSS data where available. These results will contribute to a baseline model that will be the basis of a future early-warning system that will be continuously updated with new DInSAR data acquisitions.
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35
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Houghton BF, Cockshell WA, Gregg CE, Walker BH, Kim K, Tisdale CM, Yamashita E. Land, lava, and disaster create a social dilemma after the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1223. [PMID: 33619269 PMCID: PMC7900134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented cost of the 2018 eruption in Hawai’i reflects an intersection of disparate physical and social phenomena: widely spaced, highly destructive eruptions, and atypically high population growth. These were linked and the former indirectly drove the latter with unavoidable consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce F Houghton
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA. .,National Disaster Preparedness Training Center, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Wendy A Cockshell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA.,National Disaster Preparedness Training Center, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Chris E Gregg
- Department of Geosciences, Eastern Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Brett H Walker
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Karl Kim
- National Disaster Preparedness Training Center, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Eric Yamashita
- National Disaster Preparedness Training Center, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
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36
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Ingebritsen SE, Flinders AF, Kauahikaua JP, Hsieh PA. Modeling Groundwater Inflow to the New Crater Lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i. Ground Water 2021; 59:7-15. [PMID: 32511748 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, scientists relied heavily on a conceptual model of explosive eruptions triggered when lava-lake levels drop below the water table. Numerical modeling of multiphase groundwater flow and heat transport revealed that, contrary to expectations, liquid water inflow to the drained magma conduit would likely be delayed by months to years, owing to the inability of liquid water to transit a zone of very hot rock. The summit of Kīlauea subsequently experienced an ∼2-month period of consistent repeated collapses, and the crater now extends below the equilibrium position of the water table. Liquid water first emerged into the deepened crater in late July 2019. The timing of first appearance of liquid water (about 14 months postcollapse) and the rate of crater lake filling (currently ∼27 kg/s) were well-predicted by the numerical modeling done in late spring 2018, which forecast liquid inflow after 3 to 24 months at rates of 10 to 100 kg/s. A second-generation groundwater model, reflecting the current crater geometry, forecasts lake filling over the next several years. The successful 2018 to present forecasts with both models are based on unadjusted in situ permeability estimates (1 to 6 × 10-14 m2 ) and water-table elevations (600 to 800 m) from a nearby research drillhole and geophysical surveys. Important unknowns that affect the reliability of longer-term forecasts include the equilibrium water-table geometry, the rate of evaporation from the hot and growing crater lake (currently ∼29,000 m2 at 70-80 °C), and heterogenous permeability changes caused by the 2018 collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P A Hsieh
- U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA
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37
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Patrick MR, Houghton BF, Anderson KR, Poland MP, Montgomery-Brown E, Johanson I, Thelen W, Elias T. The cascading origin of the 2018 Kīlauea eruption and implications for future forecasting. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5646. [PMID: 33159070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2018 summit and flank eruption of Kīlauea Volcano was one of the largest volcanic events in Hawai'i in 200 years. Data suggest that a backup in the magma plumbing system at the long-lived Pu'u 'Ō'ō eruption site caused widespread pressurization in the volcano, driving magma into the lower flank. The eruption evolved, and its impact expanded, as a sequence of cascading events, allowing relatively minor changes at Pu'u 'Ō'ō to cause major destruction and historic changes across the volcano. Eruption forecasting is inherently challenging in cascading scenarios where magmatic systems may prime gradually and trigger on small events.
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Calvari S, Di Traglia F, Ganci G, Giudicepietro F, Macedonio G, Cappello A, Nolesini T, Pecora E, Bilotta G, Centorrino V, Corradino C, Casagli N, Del Negro C. Overflows and Pyroclastic Density Currents in March-April 2020 at Stromboli Volcano Detected by Remote Sensing and Seismic Monitoring Data. Remote Sensing 2020; 12:3010. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12183010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Between 28 March and 1 April 2020, Stromboli volcano erupted, with overflows from the NE crater rim spreading along the barren Sciara del Fuoco slope and reaching the sea along the NW coast of the island. Poor weather conditions did not allow a detailed observation of the crater zone through the cameras monitoring network, but a clear view of the lower slope and the flows expanding in the area allowed us to characterize the flow features. This evidence was integrated with satellite, GBInSAR, and seismic data, thus enabling a reconstruction of the whole volcanic event, which involved several small collapses of the summit cone and the generation of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) spreading along the slope and on the sea surface. Satellite monitoring allowed for the mapping of the lava flow field and the quantification of the erupted volume, and GBInSAR continuous measurements detected the crater widening and the deflation of the summit cone caused by the last overflow. The characterization of the seismicity made it possible to identify the signals that are associated with the propagation of PDCs along the volcano flank and, for the first time, to recognize the signal that is produced by the impact of the PDCs on the coast.
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39
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Pongor LS, Munkácsy G, Vereczkey I, Pete I, Győrffy B. Currently favored sampling practices for tumor sequencing can produce optimal results in the clinical setting. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14403. [PMID: 32873813 PMCID: PMC7463012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a consequence of clonal evolution, resulting in a fractal-like architecture with spatially separated main clones, sub-clones and single-cells. As sequencing an entire tumor is not feasible, we ask the question whether there is an optimal clinical sampling strategy that can handle heterogeneity and hypermutations? Here, we tested the effect of sample size, pooling strategy as well as sequencing depth using whole-exome sequencing of ovarian tumor specimens paired with normal blood samples. Our study has an emphasis on clinical application—hence we compared single biopsy, combined local biopsies and combined multi-regional biopsies. Our results show that sequencing from spatially neighboring regions show similar genetic compositions, with few private mutations. Pooling samples from multiple distinct regions of the primary tumor did not increase the overall number of identified mutations but may increase the robustness of detecting clonal mutations. Hypermutating tumors are a special case, since increasing sample size can easily dilute sub-clonal private mutations below detection thresholds. In summary, we compared the effects of sampling strategies (single biopsy, multiple local samples, pooled global sample) on mutation detection by next generation sequencing. In view of the limitations of present tools and technologies, only one sequencing run per sample combined with high coverage (100–300 ×) sequencing is affordable and practical, regardless of the number of samples taken from the same patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lőrinc S Pongor
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Momentum Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Munkácsy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Momentum Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Imre Pete
- National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Momentum Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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40
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Nádudvari Á, Abramowicz A, Maniscalco R, Viccaro M. The Estimation of Lava Flow Temperatures Using Landsat Night-Time Images: Case Studies from Eruptions of Mt. Etna and Stromboli (Sicily, Italy), Kīlauea (Hawaii Island), and Eyjafjallajökull and Holuhraun (Iceland). Remote Sensing 2020; 12:2537. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12162537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using satellite-based remote sensing to investigate volcanic eruptions is a common approach for preliminary research, chiefly because a great amount of freely available data can be effectively accessed. Here, Landsat 4-5TM, 7ETM+, and 8OLI night-time satellite images are used to estimate lava flow temperatures and radiation heat fluxes from selected volcanic eruptions worldwide. After retrieving the spectral radiance, the pixel values were transformed into temperatures using the calculated calibration constants. Results showed that the TIR and SWIR bands were saturated and unable to detect temperatures over the active lava flows. However, temperatures were effectively detected over the active lava flows in the range ~500–1060 °C applying the NIR-, red-, green- or blue-band. Application of the panchromatic band with 15 m resolution also revealed details of lava flow morphology. The calculated radiant heat flux for the lava flows accords with increasing cooling either with slope or with distance from the vent.
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41
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Stock MJ, Geist D, Neave DA, Gleeson MLM, Bernard B, Howard KA, Buisman I, Maclennan J. Cryptic evolved melts beneath monotonous basaltic shield volcanoes in the Galápagos Archipelago. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3767. [PMID: 32724050 PMCID: PMC7387547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many volcanoes erupt compositionally homogeneous magmas over timescales ranging from decades to millennia. This monotonous activity is thought to reflect a high degree of chemical homogeneity in their magmatic systems, leading to predictable eruptive behaviour. We combine petrological analyses of erupted crystals with new thermodynamic models to characterise the diversity of melts in magmatic systems beneath monotonous shield volcanoes in the Galápagos Archipelago (Wolf and Fernandina). In contrast with the uniform basaltic magmas erupted at the surface over long timescales, we find that the sub-volcanic systems contain extreme heterogeneity, with melts extending to rhyolitic compositions. Evolved melts are in low abundance and large volumes of basalt flushing through the crust from depth overprint their chemical signatures. This process will only maintain monotonous activity while the volume of melt entering the crust is high, raising the possibility of transitions to more silicic activity given a decrease in the crustal melt flux. In this study the authors show that monotonous basaltic volcanoes can host a range of melts in their sub-volcanic systems, extending to rhyolitic compositions. The study implies that volcanoes which have produced monotonous basaltic lavas on long timescales could transition to more explosive, silica-rich eruptions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Stock
- Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Dennis Geist
- Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA.,Division of Earth Sciences, U.S. National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - David A Neave
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Bernard
- Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Iris Buisman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Maclennan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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42
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Luippold A, Gustin MS, Dunham-Cheatham SM, Castro M, Luke W, Lyman S, Zhang L. Use of Multiple Lines of Evidence to Understand Reactive Mercury Concentrations and Chemistry in Hawai'i, Nevada, Maryland, and Utah, USA. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:7922-7931. [PMID: 32506903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To advance our understanding of the mercury (Hg) biogeochemical cycle, concentrations and chemistry of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and reactive Hg (RM = GOM + PBM) need to be known. The UNR-RMAS 2.0 provides a solution that will advance knowledge. From 11/2017 to 02/2019, the RMAS 2.0 was deployed in Hawai'i, Nevada, Maryland, and Utah to test system performance and develop an understanding of RM at locations impacted by different atmospheric oxidants. Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawai'i, impacted by the free troposphere and the marine boundary layer, had primarily -Br/Cl RM compounds. The Nevada location, directly adjacent to a major interstate highway and experiences inputs from the free troposphere, exhibited -Br/Cl, -N, -S, and organic compounds. In Maryland, compounds observed were -N, -S, and organic-Hg. This site is downwind of coal-fired power plants and located in a forested area. The location in Utah is in a basin impacted by oil and natural gas extraction, multiday wintertime inversion episodes, and inputs from the free troposphere. Compounds were -Br/Cl or -O, -N, and -Br/Cl. The chemical forms of RM identified were consistent with the air source areas, predominant ion chemistry, criterion air pollutants, and meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriel Luippold
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Mae Sexauer Gustin
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Sarrah M Dunham-Cheatham
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Mark Castro
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, United States
| | - Winston Luke
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Seth Lyman
- Bingham Research Center, Utah State University, Vernal, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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44
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Abstract
The May 2018 rift intrusion and eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, represented one of its most extraordinary eruptive sequences in at least 200 years, yet the trigger mechanism remains elusive1. The event was preceded by several months of anomalously high precipitation. It has been proposed that rainfall can modulate shallow volcanic activity2,3, but it remains unknown whether it can have impacts at the greater depths associated with magma transport. Here we show that immediately before and during the eruption, infiltration of rainfall into Kīlauea Volcano's subsurface increased pore pressure at depths of 1 to 3 kilometres by 0.1 to 1 kilopascals, to its highest pressure in almost 50 years. We propose that weakening and mechanical failure of the edifice was driven by changes in pore pressure within the rift zone, prompting opportunistic dyke intrusion and ultimately facilitating the eruption. A precipitation-induced eruption trigger is consistent with the lack of precursory summit inflation, showing that this intrusion-unlike others-was not caused by the forceful intrusion of new magma into the rift zone. Moreover, statistical analysis of historic eruption occurrence suggests that rainfall patterns contribute substantially to the timing and frequency of Kīlauea's eruptions and intrusions. Thus, volcanic activity can be modulated by extreme rainfall triggering edifice rock failure-a factor that should be considered when assessing volcanic hazards. Notably, the increasingly extreme weather patterns associated with ongoing anthropogenic climate change could increase the potential for rainfall-triggered volcanic phenomena worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie I Farquharson
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Falk Amelung
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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45
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Stephens KJ, Wauthier C, Bussard RC, Higgins M, Lafemina PC. Assessment of Mitigation Strategies for Tropospheric Phase Contributions to InSAR Time-Series Datasets over Two Nicaraguan Volcanoes. Remote Sensing 2020; 12:782. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) studies of ground displacement are often plagued by tropospheric artifacts, which are phase delays resulting from spatiotemporal variations in the refractivity of air within the troposphere. In this study, we focus on COSMO-SkyMed (X-band) InSAR products obtained over two different types of volcanoes in Nicaragua: the Telica stratovolcano and the Masaya caldera. We examine the applicability of an empirical linear correction method and three Global Weather Models (GWMs) with different spatial and temporal resolutions for removing the tropospheric phase component. We linearly invert the tropospheric-corrected interferograms using the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) time-series technique to produce time-series of ground displacement. Statistical assessments were performed on the corrected interferograms to examine the significance of the applied corrections on the individual interferograms and time-series results. We find that the applicability of the correction methods is highly case-dependent and that in general, the temporal resolution of GWMs influences their ability to capture turbulent tropospheric phase delays. At the two target volcanoes, our study shows that none of the GWMs are able to accurately capture the tropospheric phase delays. Our study provides a guide for researchers using InSAR data in tropical regions who wish to use tropospheric model corrections to carefully assess the applicability of the different types of tropospheric correction methods.
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46
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Wieser PE, Edmonds M, Maclennan J, Jenner FE, Kunz BE. Crystal scavenging from mush piles recorded by melt inclusions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5797. [PMID: 31862914 PMCID: PMC6925248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Olivine-hosted melt inclusions are commonly used to determine pre-eruptive storage conditions. However, this approach relies on the assumption that co-erupted olivines have a simple association with their carrier melts. We show that primitive olivine crystal cargoes and their melt inclusions display a high degree of geochemical disequilibrium with their carrier melts at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i. Within a given eruption, melt inclusions trapped in primitive olivine crystals exhibit compositional diversity exceeding that in erupted lava compositions since 1790 CE. This demonstrates that erupting liquids scavenge crystal cargoes from mush piles accumulating diverse melt inclusion populations over timescales of centuries or longer. Entrainment of hot primitive olivines into cooler, evolved carrier melts drives post-entrapment crystallization and sequestration of CO2 into vapour bubbles, producing spurious barometric estimates. While scavenged melt inclusion records may not be suitable for the investigation of eruption-specific processes, they record timescales of crystal storage and remobilization within magmatic mush piles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny E Wieser
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK.
| | - Marie Edmonds
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - John Maclennan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Frances E Jenner
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Barbara E Kunz
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, MK7 6AA, UK
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47
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Shreve T, Grandin R, Boichu M, Garaebiti E, Moussallam Y, Ballu V, Delgado F, Leclerc F, Vallée M, Henriot N, Cevuard S, Tari D, Lebellegard P, Pelletier B. From prodigious volcanic degassing to caldera subsidence and quiescence at Ambrym (Vanuatu): the influence of regional tectonics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18868. [PMID: 31827145 PMCID: PMC6906323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eruptive activity shapes volcanic edifices. The formation of broad caldera depressions is often associated with major collapse events, emplacing conspicuous pyroclastic deposits. However, caldera subsidence may also proceed silently by magma withdrawal at depth, more difficult to detect. Ambrym, a basaltic volcanic island, hosts a 12-km wide caldera and several intensely-degassing lava lakes confined to intra-caldera cones. Using satellite remote sensing of deformation, gas emissions and thermal anomalies, combined with seismicity and ground observations, we show that in December 2018 an intra-caldera eruption at Ambrym preceded normal faulting with >2 m of associated uplift along the eastern rift zone and 2.5 m of caldera-wide subsidence. Deformation was caused by lateral migration of >0.4 cubic kilometers of magma into the rift zone, extinguishing the lava lakes, and feeding a submarine eruption in the rift edge. Recurring rifting episodes, favored by stress induced by the D’Entrecasteaux Ridge collision against the New Hebrides arc, lead to progressive subsidence of Ambrym’s caldera and concurrent draining of the lava lakes. Although counterintuitive, convergent margin systems can induce rift zone volcanism and subsequent caldera subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Shreve
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Raphaël Grandin
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Marie Boichu
- Univ. Lille, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8518, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Esline Garaebiti
- Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD), Port Vila, Vanuatu
| | - Yves Moussallam
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63170, France.,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Valérie Ballu
- Laboratoire Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, 17000, France
| | - Francisco Delgado
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Leclerc
- Géoazur, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis (Univ. Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur), Géoazur UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Martin Vallée
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Henriot
- Univ. Lille, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Cevuard
- Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD), Port Vila, Vanuatu
| | - Dan Tari
- Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD), Port Vila, Vanuatu
| | - Pierre Lebellegard
- Géoazur, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Nouméa, 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Bernard Pelletier
- Géoazur, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Nouméa, 98800, New Caledonia
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48
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Abstract
Recent caldera collapses show the importance of distant volcanic rift zones
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Affiliation(s)
- Freysteinn Sigmundsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
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49
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Gansecki C, Lee RL, Shea T, Lundblad SP, Hon K, Parcheta C. The tangled tale of Kīlauea's 2018 eruption as told by geochemical monitoring. Science 2019; 366:366/6470/eaaz0147. [PMID: 31806782 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Changes in magma chemistry that affect eruptive behavior occur during many volcanic eruptions, but typical analytical techniques are too slow to contribute to hazard monitoring. We used rapid energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis to measure diagnostic elements in lava samples within a few hours of collection during the 2018 Kīlauea eruption. The geochemical data provided important information for field crews and civil authorities in advance of changing hazards during the eruption. The appearance of hotter magma was recognized several days before the onset of voluminous eruptions of fast-moving flows that destroyed hundreds of homes. We identified, in near real-time, interactions between older, colder, stored magma-including the unexpected eruption of andesite-and hotter magma delivered during dike emplacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Gansecki
- Department of Geology, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - R Lopaka Lee
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1266 Kamehameha Avenue, Suite A8, Hilo, HI 96721, USA
| | - Thomas Shea
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, SOEST, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Steven P Lundblad
- Department of Geology, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Ken Hon
- Department of Geology, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Carolyn Parcheta
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1266 Kamehameha Avenue, Suite A8, Hilo, HI 96721, USA
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50
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Patrick MR, Dietterich HR, Lyons JJ, Diefenbach AK, Parcheta C, Anderson KR, Namiki A, Sumita I, Shiro B, Kauahikaua JP. Cyclic lava effusion during the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano. Science 2019; 366:366/6470/eaay9070. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lava flows present a recurring threat to communities on active volcanoes, and volumetric eruption rate is one of the primary factors controlling flow behavior and hazard. The time scales and driving forces of eruption rate variability, however, remain poorly understood. In 2018, a highly destructive eruption occurred on the lower flank of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, where the primary vent exhibited substantial cyclic eruption rates on both short (minutes) and long (tens of hours) time scales. We used multiparameter data to show that the short cycles were driven by shallow outgassing, whereas longer cycles were pressure-driven surges in magma supply triggered by summit caldera collapse events 40 kilometers upslope. The results provide a clear link between eruption rate fluctuations and their driving processes in the magmatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Patrick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - H. R. Dietterich
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - J. J. Lyons
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - A. K. Diefenbach
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA 98683, USA
| | - C. Parcheta
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - K. R. Anderson
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Volcano Observatory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - A. Namiki
- School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - I. Sumita
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - B. Shiro
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - J. P. Kauahikaua
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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