1
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Romanelli JP, Piana MR, Klaus VH, Brancalion PHS, Murcia C, Cardou F, Wallace KJ, Adams C, Martin PA, Burton PJ, Diefenderfer HL, Gornish ES, Stanturf J, Beyene M, Santos JPB, Rodrigues RR, Cadotte MW. Convergence and divergence in science and practice of urban and rural forest restoration. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:295-312. [PMID: 37813383 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Forest restoration has never been higher on policymakers' agendas. Complex and multi-dimensional arrangements across the urban-rural continuum challenge restorationists and require integrative approaches to strengthen environmental protection and increase restoration outcomes. It remains unclear if urban and rural forest restoration are moving towards or away from each other in practice and research, and whether comparing research outcomes can help stakeholders to gain a clearer understanding of the interconnectedness between the two fields. This study aims to identify the challenges and opportunities for enhancing forest restoration in both urban and rural systems by reviewing the scientific evidence, engaging with key stakeholders and using an urban-rural forest restoration framework. Using the Society for Ecological Restoration's International Principles as discussion topics, we highlight aspects of convergence and divergence between the two fields to broaden our understanding of forest restoration and promote integrative management approaches to address future forest conditions. Our findings reveal that urban and rural forest restoration have convergent and divergent aspects. We emphasise the importance of tailoring goals and objectives to specific contexts and the need to design different institutions and incentives based on the social and ecological needs and goals of stakeholders in different regions. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of achieving high levels of ecological restoration and the need to go beyond traditional ecology to plan, implement, monitor, and adaptively manage restored forests. We suggest that rivers and watersheds could serve as a common ground linking rural and urban landscapes and that forest restoration could interact with other environmental protection measures. We note the potential for expanding the creative vision associated with increasing tree-containing environments in cities to generate more diverse and resilient forest restoration outcomes in rural settings. This study underscores the value of integrative management approaches in addressing future forest conditions across the urban-rural continuum. Our framework provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and decision-makers to advance the field of forest restoration and address the challenges of restoration across the urban-rural continuum. The rural-urban interface serves as a convergence point for forest restoration, and both urban and rural fields can benefit from each other's expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Romanelli
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Department of Biological Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Max R Piana
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Valentin H Klaus
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstr. 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Murcia
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Françoise Cardou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kiri Joy Wallace
- Te Tumu Whakaora Taiao - Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Cristina Adams
- Forest Governance Research Group (GGF), Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE), University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289, São Paulo, SP, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Philip A Martin
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Edificio sede no 1, planta 1, Parque científico UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain
| | - Philip J Burton
- Department of Ecosystem Science & Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
- Symbios Research & Restoration, Smithers, BC, V0J 2N4, Canada
| | - Heida L Diefenderfer
- University of Washington and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA
| | - Elise S Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - John Stanturf
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Menilek Beyene
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - João Paulo Bispo Santos
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Department of Biological Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Department of Biological Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
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2
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Djiofack BY, Beeckman H, Bourland N, Belanganayi BL, Laurent F, Ilondea BA, Nsenga L, Huart A, Longwwango MM, Deklerck V, Lejeune G, Verbiest WWM, Van den Bulcke J, Van Acker J, De Mil T, Hubau W. Protecting an artificial savanna as a nature-based solution to restore carbon and biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17154. [PMID: 38273529 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
A large share of the global forest restoration potential is situated in artificial 'unstable' mesic African savannas, which could be restored to higher carbon and biodiversity states if protected from human-induced burning. However, uncertainty on recovery rates in protected unstable savannas impedes science-informed forest restoration initiatives. Here, we quantify the forest restoration success of anthropogenic fire exclusion within an 88-ha mesic artificial savanna patch in the Kongo Central province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo). We found that aboveground carbon recovery after 17 years was on average 11.40 ± 0.85 Mg C ha-1 . Using a statistical model, we found that aboveground carbon stocks take 112 ± 3 years to recover to 90% of aboveground carbon stocks in old-growth forests. Assuming that this recovery trajectory would be representative for all unstable savannas, we estimate that they could have a total carbon uptake potential of 12.13 ± 2.25 Gt C by 2100 across DR Congo, Congo and Angola. Species richness recovered to 33.17% after 17 years, and we predicted a 90% recovery at 54 ± 2 years. In contrast, we predicted that species composition would recover to 90% of old-growth forest composition only after 124 ± 3 years. We conclude that the relatively simple and cost-efficient measure of fire exclusion in artificial savannas is an effective nature-based solution to climate change and biodiversity loss. However, more long-term and in situ monitoring efforts are needed to quantify variation in long-term carbon and diversity recovery pathways. Particular uncertainties are spatial variability in socio-economics and growing conditions as well as the effects of projected climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Yannick Djiofack
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Service of Wood Biology, Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, DR Congo
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Service of Wood Biology, Tervuren, Belgium
- Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, DR Congo
| | - Nils Bourland
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Service of Wood Biology, Tervuren, Belgium
- Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, DR Congo
| | - Basile Luse Belanganayi
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Service of Wood Biology, Tervuren, Belgium
- Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, DR Congo
- Forest is Life, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Félix Laurent
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Service of Wood Biology, Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, DR Congo
| | | | | | | | | | - Victor Deklerck
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, UK
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
| | | | - William W M Verbiest
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Acker
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom De Mil
- Forest is Life, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Wannes Hubau
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Service of Wood Biology, Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, DR Congo
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3
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McNicol IM, Keane A, Burgess ND, Bowers SJ, Mitchard ETA, Ryan CM. Protected areas reduce deforestation and degradation and enhance woody growth across African woodlands. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 4:392. [PMID: 38665189 PMCID: PMC11041809 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-023-01053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Protected areas are increasingly promoted for their capacity to sequester carbon, alongside biodiversity benefits. However, we have limited understanding of whether they are effective at reducing deforestation and degradation, or promoting vegetation growth, and the impact that this has on changes to aboveground woody carbon stocks. Here we present a new satellite radar-based map of vegetation carbon change across southern Africa's woodlands and combine this with a matching approach to assess the effect of protected areas on carbon dynamics. We show that protection has a positive effect on aboveground carbon, with stocks increasing faster in protected areas (+0.53% per year) compared to comparable lands not under protection (+0.08% per year). The positive effect of protection reflects lower rates of deforestation (-39%) and degradation (-25%), as well as a greater prevalence of vegetation growth (+12%) inside protected lands. Areas under strict protection had similar outcomes to other types of protection after controlling for differences in location, with effect scores instead varying more by country, and the level of threat. These results highlight the potential for protected areas to sequester aboveground carbon, although we caution that in some areas this may have negative impacts on biodiversity, and human wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M. McNicol
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF UK
| | - Aidan Keane
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF UK
| | - Neil D. Burgess
- United Nations Environment Programme – World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, CB3 0DL UK
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel J. Bowers
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF UK
| | | | - Casey M. Ryan
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF UK
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4
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Wang J, Ciais P, Gasser T, Chang J, Tian H, Zhao Z, Zhu L, Li Z, Li W. Temperature Changes Induced by Biogeochemical and Biophysical Effects of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2474-2483. [PMID: 36723918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The production of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a pivotal negative emission technology. The cultivation of dedicated crops for BECCS impacts the temperature through two processes: net CO2 removal (CDR) from the atmosphere (biogeochemical cooling) and changes in the local energy balance (biophysical warming or cooling). Here, we compare the magnitude of these two processes for key grass and tree species envisioned for large-scale bioenergy crop cultivation, following economically plausible scenarios using Earth System Models. By the end of this century, the cumulative CDR from the cultivation of eucalypt (72-112 Pg C) is larger than that of switchgrass (34-83 Pg C) because of contrasting contributions of land use change carbon emissions. The combined biogeochemical and biophysical effects are cooling (-0.26 to -0.04 °C) at the global scale, but 13-28% of land areas still have net warming signals, mainly due to the spatial heterogeneity of the biophysical effects. Our study shows that the deployment of bioenergy crop cultivation should not only be guided by the principles of maximizing yield and CDR but should also take an integrated perspective that includes all relevant Earth system feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmeng Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Beijing100084, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette91191, France
| | - Thomas Gasser
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg2361, Austria
| | - Jinfeng Chang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Hanqin Tian
- Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts02467, United States
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Beijing100084, China
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5
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Lewis SL. Realizing the potential of restoration science. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210174. [PMID: 36373923 PMCID: PMC9661940 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration science is growing fast. The restoration of habitats is increasingly part of the discussion over how to tackle the challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss and rural development. With this increasing role and attendant visibility, restoration science has seen increasing controversy. Here I describe six aspects of robust restoration science that should be kept in mind to help realize its potential: do data-driven studies; focus on robust results; improve reproducibility; contextualize the results; give attention to economics; consider the wider goals of restoration. Realizing the potential of restoration science, via robust scientific studies, will provide society with the knowledge and tools to make better choices about which habitats to restore and where. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L. Lewis
- Department of Geography, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
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6
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Morford SL, Allred BW, Twidwell D, Jones MO, Maestas JD, Roberts CP, Naugle DE. Herbaceous production lost to tree encroachment in United States rangelands. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott L. Morford
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Brady W. Allred
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
- University of Montana, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation Missoula Montana USA
| | - Dirac Twidwell
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Matthew O. Jones
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
- Regrow Agriculture Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Jeremy D. Maestas
- US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service Portland Oregon USA
| | - Caleb P. Roberts
- US Geological Survey, Arkansas Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - David E. Naugle
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
- University of Montana, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation Missoula Montana USA
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7
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The risks of overstating the climate benefits of ecosystem restoration. Nature 2022; 609:E1-E3. [PMID: 36071204 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Daigneault A, Baker JS, Guo J, Lauri P, Favero A, Forsell N, Johnston C, Ohrel SB, Sohngen B. How the future of the global forest sink depends on timber demand, forest management, and carbon policies. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE : HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS 2022; 76:1-13. [PMID: 38024226 PMCID: PMC10631560 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Deforestation has contributed significantly to net greenhouse gas emissions, but slowing deforestation, regrowing forests and other ecosystem processes have made forests a net sink. Deforestation will still influence future carbon fluxes, but the role of forest growth through aging, management, and other silvicultural inputs on future carbon fluxes are critically important but not always recognized by bookkeeping and integrated assessment models. When projecting the future, it is vital to capture how management processes affect carbon storage in ecosystems and wood products. This study uses multiple global forest sector models to project forest carbon impacts across 81 shared socioeconomic (SSP) and climate mitigation pathway scenarios. We illustrate the importance of modeling management decisions in existing forests in response to changing demands for land resources, wood products and carbon. Although the models vary in key attributes, there is general agreement across a majority of scenarios that the global forest sector could remain a carbon sink in the future, sequestering 1.2-5.8 GtCO2e/yr over the next century. Carbon fluxes in the baseline scenarios that exclude climate mitigation policy ranged from -0.8 to 4.9 GtCO2e/yr, highlighting the strong influence of SSPs on forest sector model estimates. Improved forest management can jointly increase carbon stocks and harvests without expanding forest area, suggesting that carbon fluxes from managed forests systems deserve more careful consideration by the climate policy community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pekka Lauri
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria
| | | | - Nicklas Forsell
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria
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Abstract
We found that significant errors occurred when diurnal data instead of diurnal–nocturnal data were used to calculate the daily sea-air CO2 flux (F). As the errors were mainly associated with the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater (pCO2w) and the sea surface temperature (SST) in the control experiment, pCO2w and SST equations were established, which are called the nocturnal effect of the CO2 flux. The root-mean-square error between the real daily CO2 flux (Freal) and the daily CO2 flux corrected for the nocturnal effect (Fcom) was 11.93 mmol m−2 d−1, which was significantly lower than that between the Freal value and the diurnal CO2 flux (Fday) (46.32 mmol m−2 d−1). Thus, the errors associated with using diurnal data to calculate the CO2 flux can be reduced by accounting for the nocturnal effect. The mean global daily CO2 flux estimated based on the nocturnal effect and the sub-regional pCO2w algorithm (cor_Fcom) was −6.86 mol m−2 y−1 (September 2020–August 2021), which was smaller by 0.75 mol m−2 y−1 than that based solely on the sub-regional pCO2w algorithm (day_Fcom). That is, compared with day_Fcom, the global cor_Fcom value overestimated the CO2 sink of the global ocean by 10.89%.
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10
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Smith P, Arneth A, Barnes DKA, Ichii K, Marquet PA, Popp A, Pörtner HO, Rogers AD, Scholes RJ, Strassburg B, Wu J, Ngo H. How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co-benefit biodiversity? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2555-2577. [PMID: 34951743 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can have co-benefits for both climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reducing greenhouse emissions to limit warming to less than 1.5 or 2°C above preindustrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, can yield strong co-benefits for land, freshwater and marine biodiversity and reduce amplifying climate feedbacks from ecosystem changes. Not all climate mitigation strategies are equally effective at producing biodiversity co-benefits, some in fact are counterproductive. Moreover, social implications are often overlooked within the climate-biodiversity nexus. Protecting biodiverse and carbon-rich natural environments, ecological restoration of potentially biodiverse and carbon-rich habitats, the deliberate creation of novel habitats, taking into consideration a locally adapted and meaningful (i.e. full consequences considered) mix of these measures, can result in the most robust win-win solutions. These can be further enhanced by avoidance of narrow goals, taking long-term views and minimizing further losses of intact ecosystems. In this review paper, we first discuss various climate mitigation actions that evidence demonstrates can negatively impact biodiversity, resulting in unseen and unintended negative consequences. We then examine climate mitigation actions that co-deliver biodiversity and societal benefits. We give examples of these win-win solutions, categorized as 'protect, restore, manage and create', in different regions of the world that could be expanded, upscaled and used for further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Almut Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Kazuhito Ichii
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CeRES), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Pablo A Marquet
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alex D Rogers
- Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Robert J Scholes
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bernardo Strassburg
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jianguo Wu
- The Institute of Environmental Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hien Ngo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
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11
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Antalffy JM, Rowley MG, Johnson SB, Cant-Woodside S, Freid EH, Omland KE, Fagan ME. Comparing global and local maps of the Caribbean pine forests of Andros, home of the critically endangered Bahama Oriole. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:817. [PMID: 34791534 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forest loss is occurring at alarming rates across the globe. The pine rockland forests of Andros, The Bahamas, likely represent some of the largest stands of Bahamian subspecies of Caribbean pine in the world. Given the unique species that inhabit these pine forests, such as the endemic and critically endangered Bahama Oriole, monitoring habitats on Andros is crucial to inform conservation planning. We developed a 2019 land classification map to assess the status of nine terrestrial habitats on Andros. Our Random Forest classification model predicted habitat classes with high overall accuracy. Caribbean pine was the dominant land class making up roughly one-third of the total terrestrial area. Whereas much of the pine forest area was found as small patches, most were close to other patches of pine suggesting isolation of forest patches is low. We compared our known intact forest areas to recent forest loss identified by the Hansen et al. Global Forest Change product and assessed areas of habitat disturbance in high-resolution imagery. Our results suggest that this global map overpredicted forest loss on Andros. The small degree of true forest loss on Andros was driven mostly by anthropogenic activity. A cross-tabulation of the Hansen forest loss with fire data showed that understory fires were frequently associated with falsely classified deforestation. Given the threats of climate change to this open forest type-intensifying fire regimes, strengthening hurricanes, and sea level rise-monitoring changes in open forest extent is a critical task across the Caribbean region and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Antalffy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael G Rowley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin E Omland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, USA
| | - Matthew E Fagan
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, USA
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12
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Silveira FAO, Ordóñez‐Parra CA, Moura LC, Schmidt IB, Andersen AN, Bond W, Buisson E, Durigan G, Fidelis A, Oliveira RS, Parr C, Rowland L, Veldman JW, Pennington RT. Biome Awareness Disparity is BAD for tropical ecosystem conservation and restoration. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. O. Silveira
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Ordóñez‐Parra
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Livia C. Moura
- Institute Society, Population and Nature Brasília Brazil
| | | | - Alan N. Andersen
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - William Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Elise Buisson
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'EcologieCNRSIRDAix Marseille UniversitéAvignon UniversitéIUT d'Avignon Avignon France
| | | | - Alessandra Fidelis
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | | | - Catherine Parr
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- School of Animal Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Wits South Africa
| | - Lucy Rowland
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Joseph W. Veldman
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - R. Toby Pennington
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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13
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Robertson JC, Randrup KV, Howe ER, Case MJ, Levin PS. Leveraging the potential of nature to meet net zero greenhouse gas emissions in Washington State. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11802. [PMID: 34327059 PMCID: PMC8308619 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The State of Washington, USA, has set a goal to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the year around which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended we must limit global warming to 1.5 °C above that of pre-industrial times or face catastrophic changes. We employed existing approaches to calculate the potential for a suite of Natural Climate Solution (NCS) pathways to reduce Washington’s net emissions under three implementation scenarios: Limited, Moderate, and Ambitious. We found that NCS could reduce emissions between 4.3 and 8.8 MMT CO2eyr−1 in thirty-one years, accounting for 4% to 9% of the State’s net zero goal. These potential reductions largely rely on changing forest management practices on portions of private and public timber lands. We also mapped the distribution of each pathway’s Ambitious potential emissions reductions by county, revealing spatial clustering of high potential reductions in three regions closely tied to major business sectors: private industrial forestry in southwestern coastal forests, cropland agriculture in the Columbia Basin, and urban and rural development in the Puget Trough. Overall, potential emissions reductions are provided largely by a single pathway, Extended Timber Harvest Rotations, which mostly clusters in southwestern counties. However, mapping distribution of each of the other pathways reveals wider distribution of each pathway’s unique geographic relevance to support fair, just, and efficient deployment. Although the relative potential for a single pathway to contribute to statewide emissions reductions may be small, they could provide co-benefits to people, communities, economies, and nature for adaptation and resiliency across the state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily R Howe
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael J Case
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Phillip S Levin
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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14
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Duveiller G, Filipponi F, Ceglar A, Bojanowski J, Alkama R, Cescatti A. Revealing the widespread potential of forests to increase low level cloud cover. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4337. [PMID: 34267204 PMCID: PMC8282670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Forests play a key role in humanity's current challenge to mitigate climate change thanks to their capacity to sequester carbon. Preserving and expanding forest cover is considered essential to enhance this carbon sink. However, changing the forest cover can further affect the climate system through biophysical effects. One such effect that is seldom studied is how afforestation can alter the cloud regime, which can potentially have repercussions on the hydrological cycle, the surface radiation budget and on planetary albedo itself. Here we provide a global scale assessment of this effect derived from satellite remote sensing observations. We show that for 67% of sampled areas across the world, afforestation would increase low level cloud cover, which should have a cooling effect on the planet. We further reveal a dependency of this effect on forest type, notably in Europe where needleleaf forests generate more clouds than broadleaf forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Duveiller
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy.
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.
| | - Federico Filipponi
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Roma, Italy
| | - Andrej Ceglar
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Jędrzej Bojanowski
- Remote Sensing Centre, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ramdane Alkama
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
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15
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Hishe H, Giday K, Fremout T, Negussie A, Aerts R, Muys B. Environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting natural regeneration of degraded dry Afromontane forest. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadgu Hishe
- Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection Mekelle University Mek'ele Ethiopia
- Division Forest Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200E‐2411 Leuven BE‐3001 Belgium
| | - Kidane Giday
- Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection Mekelle University Mek'ele Ethiopia
| | - Tobias Fremout
- Division Forest Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200E‐2411 Leuven BE‐3001 Belgium
- Biodiversity International Lima Peru
| | | | - Raf Aerts
- Division Forest Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200E‐2411 Leuven BE‐3001 Belgium
- Division Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 31‐2435 Leuven BE‐3001 Belgium
| | - Bart Muys
- Division Forest Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200E‐2411 Leuven BE‐3001 Belgium
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16
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Chen X, Zhu X, He S, Hu L, Ren ZJ. Advanced Nanowood Materials for the Water-Energy Nexus. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001240. [PMID: 32725940 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood materials are being reinvented to carry superior properties for a variety of new applications. Cutting-edge nanomanufacturing transforms traditional bulky and low-value woods into advanced materials that have desired structures, durability, and functions to replace nonrenewable plastics, polymers, and metals. Here, a first prospect report on how novel nanowood materials have been developed and applied in water and associated industries is provided, wherein their unique features and promises are discussed. First, the unique hierarchical structure and associated properties of the material are introduced, and then how such features can be harnessed and modified by either bottom-up or top-down manufacturing to enable different functions for water filtration, chemical adsorption and catalysis, energy and resource recovery, as well as energy-efficient desalination and environmental cleanup are discussed. The study recognizes that this is a nascent but very promising field; therefore, insights are offered to encourage more research and development. Trees harness solar energy and CO2 and provide abundant carbon-negative materials. Once harvested and utilized, it is believed that advanced wood materials will play a vital role in enabling a circular water economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Shuaiming He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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17
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Seddon N, Smith A, Smith P, Key I, Chausson A, Girardin C, House J, Srivastava S, Turner B. Getting the message right on nature-based solutions to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1518-1546. [PMID: 33522071 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NbS)-solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature-have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach that can address climate change and biodiversity loss, while supporting sustainable development. Although well-designed NbS can deliver multiple benefits for people and nature, much of the recent limelight has been on tree planting for carbon sequestration. There are serious concerns that this is distracting from the need to rapidly phase out use of fossil fuels and protect existing intact ecosystems. There are also concerns that the expansion of forestry framed as a climate change mitigation solution is coming at the cost of carbon rich and biodiverse native ecosystems and local resource rights. Here, we discuss the promise and pitfalls of the NbS framing and its current political traction, and we present recommendations on how to get the message right. We urge policymakers, practitioners and researchers to consider the synergies and trade-offs associated with NbS and to follow four guiding principles to enable NbS to provide sustainable benefits to society: (1) NbS are not a substitute for the rapid phase out of fossil fuels; (2) NbS involve a wide range of ecosystems on land and in the sea, not just forests; (3) NbS are implemented with the full engagement and consent of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in a way that respects their cultural and ecological rights; and (4) NbS should be explicitly designed to provide measurable benefits for biodiversity. Only by following these guidelines will we design robust and resilient NbS that address the urgent challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss, sustaining nature and people together, now and into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Isabel Key
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandre Chausson
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cécile Girardin
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jo House
- Cabot Institute for the Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Beth Turner
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Département Des Sciences Biologiques, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Chausson A, Turner B, Seddon D, Chabaneix N, Girardin CAJ, Kapos V, Key I, Roe D, Smith A, Woroniecki S, Seddon N. Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6134-6155. [PMID: 32906226 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NbS) to climate change currently have considerable political traction. However, national intentions to deploy NbS have yet to be fully translated into evidence-based targets and action on the ground. To enable NbS policy and practice to be better informed by science, we produced the first global systematic map of evidence on the effectiveness of nature-based interventions for addressing the impacts of climate change and hydrometeorological hazards on people. Most of the interventions in natural or semi-natural ecosystems were reported to have ameliorated adverse climate impacts. Conversely, interventions involving created ecosystems (e.g., afforestation) were associated with trade-offs; such studies primarily reported reduced soil erosion or increased vegetation cover but lower water availability, although this evidence was geographically restricted. Overall, studies reported more synergies than trade-offs between reduced climate impacts and broader ecological, social, and climate change mitigation outcomes. In addition, nature-based interventions were most often shown to be as effective or more so than alternative interventions for addressing climate impacts. However, there were substantial gaps in the evidence base. Notably, there were few studies of the cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to alternatives and few integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes. There was also a bias in evidence toward the Global North, despite communities in the Global South being generally more vulnerable to climate impacts. To build resilience to climate change worldwide, it is imperative that we protect and harness the benefits that nature can provide, which can only be done effectively if informed by a strengthened evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chausson
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beth Turner
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Chabaneix
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cécile A J Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerie Kapos
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabel Key
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dilys Roe
- International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Woroniecki
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Thematic Studies, Environmental Change Unit, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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vonHedemann N, Wurtzebach Z, Timberlake TJ, Sinkular E, Schultz CA. Forest policy and management approaches for carbon dioxide removal. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20200001. [PMID: 32832067 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests increasingly will be used for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) as a natural climate solution, and the implementation of forest-based CDR presents a complex public policy challenge. In this paper, our goal is to review a range of policy tools in place to support use of forests for CDR and demonstrate how concepts from the policy design literature can inform our understanding of this domain. We explore how the utilization of different policy tools shapes our ability to use forests to mitigate and adapt to climate change and consider the challenges of policy mixes and integration, taking a close look at three areas of international forest policy, including the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and voluntary carbon offset markets. As it is our expertise, we then examine in detail the case of the USA as a country that lacks aggressive implementation of national climate policies but has potential to increase CDR through reforestation and existing forest management on both public and private land. For forest-based CDR to succeed, a wide array of policy tools will have to be implemented in a variety of contexts with an eye towards overcoming the challenges of policy design with regard to uncertainty in policy outcomes, policy coherence around managing forests for carbon simultaneously with other goals and integration across governance contexts and levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolena vonHedemann
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1401 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Timberlake
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1401 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Emily Sinkular
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1401 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Courtney A Schultz
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1401 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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20
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Abstract
Tropical forests modify the conditions they depend on through feedbacks at different spatial scales. These feedbacks shape the hysteresis (history-dependence) of tropical forests, thus controlling their resilience to deforestation and response to climate change. Here, we determine the emergent hysteresis from local-scale tipping points and regional-scale forest-rainfall feedbacks across the tropics under the recent climate and a severe climate-change scenario. By integrating remote sensing, a global hydrological model, and detailed atmospheric moisture tracking simulations, we find that forest-rainfall feedback expands the geographic range of possible forest distributions, especially in the Amazon. The Amazon forest could partially recover from complete deforestation, but may lose that resilience later this century. The Congo forest currently lacks resilience, but is predicted to gain it under climate change, whereas forests in Australasia are resilient under both current and future climates. Our results show how tropical forests shape their own distributions and create the climatic conditions that enable them.
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21
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Baseline of Carbon Stocks in Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp. Plantations of Chile. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest plantations have a large potential for carbon sequestration, playing an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, despite the large amount of research carried out worldwide, the absolute contribution of forest plantations is still incomplete for some parts of the world. To help bridge this gap, we calculated the amount of C stock in three fast growing forest species in Chile. Carbon pools in above-ground and below-ground biomass, forest floor, and soil were considered for this analysis. Across the plantation forests of Chile, carbon accumulated in the above-ground biomass was 181–212 Mg · ha−1 for Pinus radiata, 147–180 Mg · ha−1 for Eucalyptus nitens, and 95–117 Mg · ha−1 for Eucalyptus globulus (age 20–24 years for P. radiata and 10–14 years for Eucalyptus). Total C stocks were for 343 Mg · ha−1 for P. radiata, 352 Mg · ha−1 for E. nitens, and 254 Mg · ha−1 for E. globulus, also at the end of a typical rotation. The carbon pool in the forest floor was found to be significantly lower (less than 4% of the total) when compared to the other pools and showed large spatial variability. Our results agree with other studies showing that 30–50% of the total C stock is stored in the soil. The baseline data will be valuable for modelling C storage changes under different management regimes (changes in species, rotation length and stocking) and for different future climates. Given the contribution of soils to total carbon stocks, special attention should be paid to forest management activities that affect the soil organic carbon pool.
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22
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Mori AS. Advancing nature-based approaches to address the biodiversity and climate emergency. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1729-1732. [PMID: 32959975 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity loss and climate change are often considered as intertwined issues. However, they do not receive equal attention. Even in the context of nature-based climate solutions, which consider ecosystems to be crucial to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change, the potential role of biodiversity has received little attention. Here this essay emphasizes biodiversity as the cause-not only the consequence-to help society and nature face challenges associated with the changing climate. Reconsidering and emphasizing the linkages between these twin environmental crises is urgently needed to make collective efforts for the environment truly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Nine Latin American countries plan to use silvopastoral practices—incorporating trees into grazing lands—to mitigate climate change. However, the cumulative potential of scaling up silvopastoral systems at national levels is not well quantified. Here, we combined previously published tree cover data based on 250 m resolution MODIS satellite remote sensing imagery for 2000–2017 with ecofloristic zone carbon stock estimates to calculate historical and potential future tree biomass carbon storage in Colombian grasslands. Between 2000 and 2017, tree cover across all Colombian grasslands increased from 15% to 18%, with total biomass carbon (TBC) stocks increasing from 0.41 to 0.48 Pg. The range in 2017 carbon stock values in grasslands based on ecofloristic zones (5 to 122 Mg ha−1) suggests a potential for further increase. Increasing all carbon stocks to the current median and 75th percentile levels for the respective eco-floristic zone would increase TBC stocks by about 0.06 and 0.15 Pg, respectively. Incorporated into national C accounting, such Tier 2 estimates can set realistic targets for silvopastoral systems in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) implementation plans in Colombia and other Latin American countries with similar contexts.
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Erbaugh JT, Pradhan N, Adams J, Oldekop JA, Agrawal A, Brockington D, Pritchard R, Chhatre A. Global forest restoration and the importance of prioritizing local communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1472-1476. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Slingsby JA. Forest restoration or propaganda? The need for Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) scores to uphold research integrity. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/7684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In a time of environmental crisis and ‘fake news’, there are calls for scientists to engage in public debate or advocacy. Some are wary, fearing that revealing subjective views poses a risk to scientific credibility or erodes trust in scholarly publishing. Others are less concerned, seeing it as their duty to society or an opportunity to boost their profile. Ideally, we need better checks and balances that allow scientists to contribute to public discourse without fear of compromising the credibility of their science, while avoiding subjective views influencing the outcomes of peer-reviewed research. For better or worse, scientists have personal views. The question is not whether they should be condoned or condemned, but how they should be managed in the context of scholarly publishing to maximise benefits and minimise negative outcomes. Using the recent contention around global tree ‘restoration’ potential as an example, I propose we score journals and articles based on the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) guidelines and associated criteria. A high TOP score means readers have sufficient access to information to assess the objectivity and credibility of scientific publications and their authors. I show that current practice provides very little access to information, and readers are essentially being asked to have faith in the scholarly publication system. We must do better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper A. Slingsby
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation Network, Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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26
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Making Way for Trees? Changes in Land-Use, Habitats and Protected Areas in Great Britain under “Global Tree Restoration Potential”. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12145845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous tree planting initiatives have been launched worldwide, based on the idea that carbon capture by trees can help to limit global warming. A recent study estimated the additional tree canopy cover that could be established given the growing conditions in every square kilometre of land on earth that is not already forested, urbanised, or used for crop production. It reported a total “tree restoration potential” of >900 million ha worldwide and identified hotspots where opportunities for tree planting initiatives may be the greatest. With the potential for an estimated 4.2 million ha of additional canopy cover, one such hotspot is Great Britain. We quantify the extent of habitats, land uses, and protected areas that would be impacted by tree planting on this scale in Great Britain and discuss the potential social–ecological trade-offs involved. Our findings show that realising the “tree restoration potential” would mean a considerable upheaval for the British landscape with 30–50% of ecologically valuable habitats lost and a reduction of 44% in the area of improved grassland. Up to 21% of land protected by law for its ecological, scientific, scenic, or cultural value would be impacted. Importantly, we demonstrate that an alternative approach based on increasing tree canopy cover by up to 20% in urban areas and on cropland could make a substantial contribution to tree planting targets, potentially offsetting losses elsewhere. Such shifts in the structure and function of the British landscape will depend on deep changes in the food system, evidence-based decisions about which existing habitats to protect, and a long-term commitment to tree planting and maintenance.
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Anderegg WRL, Trugman AT, Badgley G, Anderson CM, Bartuska A, Ciais P, Cullenward D, Field CB, Freeman J, Goetz SJ, Hicke JA, Huntzinger D, Jackson RB, Nickerson J, Pacala S, Randerson JT. Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests. Science 2020; 368:368/6497/eaaz7005. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna T. Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Grayson Badgley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | | | - Ann Bartuska
- Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace CNRS CEA UVSQ Gif sur Yvette, 91191, France
| | | | - Christopher B. Field
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Scott J. Goetz
- School of Informatics and Computing, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Hicke
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Deborah Huntzinger
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Earth System Science and Precourt Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Stephen Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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28
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Bastin JF, Finegold Y, Garcia C, Gellie N, Lowe A, Mollicone D, Rezende M, Routh D, Sacande M, Sparrow B, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. Response to Comments on "The global tree restoration potential". Science 2019; 366:366/6463/eaay8108. [PMID: 31624184 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our study quantified the global tree restoration potential and its associated carbon storage potential under existing climate conditions. We received multiple technical comments, both supporting and disputing our findings. We recognize that several issues raised in these comments are worthy of discussion. We therefore provide a detailed common answer where we show that our original estimations are accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Bastin
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Yelena Finegold
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Claude Garcia
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nick Gellie
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew Lowe
- Environment Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Danilo Mollicone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcelo Rezende
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Devin Routh
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moctar Sacande
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Ben Sparrow
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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