1
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Navas-Olive A, Rubio A, Abbaspoor S, Hoffman KL, de la Prida LM. A machine learning toolbox for the analysis of sharp-wave ripples reveals common waveform features across species. Commun Biol 2024; 7:211. [PMID: 38438533 PMCID: PMC10912113 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05871-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of sharp-wave ripples has advanced our understanding of memory function, and their alteration in neurological conditions such as epilepsy is considered a biomarker of dysfunction. Sharp-wave ripples exhibit diverse waveforms and properties that cannot be fully characterized by spectral methods alone. Here, we describe a toolbox of machine-learning models for automatic detection and analysis of these events. The machine-learning architectures, which resulted from a crowdsourced hackathon, are able to capture a wealth of ripple features recorded in the dorsal hippocampus of mice across awake and sleep conditions. When applied to data from the macaque hippocampus, these models are able to generalize detection and reveal shared properties across species. We hereby provide a user-friendly open-source toolbox for model use and extension, which can help to accelerate and standardize analysis of sharp-wave ripples, lowering the threshold for its adoption in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saman Abbaspoor
- Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kari L Hoffman
- Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Belyansky R, Whitsitt S, Mueller N, Fahimniya A, Bennewitz ER, Davoudi Z, Gorshkov AV. High-Energy Collision of Quarks and Mesons in the Schwinger Model: From Tensor Networks to Circuit QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:091903. [PMID: 38489632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.091903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
With the aim of studying nonperturbative out-of-equilibrium dynamics of high-energy particle collisions on quantum simulators, we investigate the scattering dynamics of lattice quantum electrodynamics in 1+1 dimensions. Working in the bosonized formulation of the model and in the thermodynamic limit, we use uniform-matrix-product-state tensor networks to construct multiparticle wave-packet states, evolve them in time, and detect outgoing particles post collision. This facilitates the numerical simulation of scattering experiments in both confined and deconfined regimes of the model at different energies, giving rise to rich phenomenology, including inelastic production of quark and meson states, meson disintegration, and dynamical string formation and breaking. We obtain elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections, together with time-resolved momentum and position distributions of the outgoing particles. Furthermore, we propose an analog circuit-QED implementation of the scattering process that is native to the platform, requires minimal ingredients and approximations, and enables practical schemes for particle wave-packet preparation and evolution. This study highlights the role of classical and quantum simulation in enhancing our understanding of scattering processes in quantum field theories in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Belyansky
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Seth Whitsitt
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Niklas Mueller
- InQubator for Quantum Simulation (IQuS), Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ali Fahimniya
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Elizabeth R Bennewitz
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Zohreh Davoudi
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Alexey V Gorshkov
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
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3
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Verdel R, Zhu GY, Heyl M. Dynamical Localization Transition of String Breaking in Quantum Spin Chains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:230402. [PMID: 38134792 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.230402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The fission of a string connecting two charges is an astounding phenomenon in confining gauge theories. The dynamics of this process have been studied intensively in recent years, with plenty of numerical results yielding a dichotomy: the confining string can decay relatively fast or persist up to extremely long times. Here, we put forward a dynamical localization transition as the mechanism underlying this dichotomy. To this end, we derive an effective string breaking description in the light-meson sector of a confined spin chain and show that the problem can be regarded as a dynamical localization transition in Fock space. Fast and suppressed string breaking dynamics are identified with delocalized and localized behavior, respectively. We then provide a further reduction of the dynamical string breaking problem onto a quantum impurity model, where the string is represented as an "impurity" immersed in a meson bath. It is shown that this model features a localization-delocalization transition, giving a general and simple physical basis to understand the qualitatively distinct string breaking regimes. These findings are directly relevant for a wider class of confining lattice models in any dimension and could be realized on present-day Rydberg quantum simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Verdel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Guo-Yi Zhu
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Heyl
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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4
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Zache TV, González-Cuadra D, Zoller P. Quantum and Classical Spin-Network Algorithms for q-Deformed Kogut-Susskind Gauge Theories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:171902. [PMID: 37955498 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.171902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Treating the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of non-Abelian gauge theories is an outstanding challenge for classical and quantum simulations. Here, we employ q-deformed Kogut-Susskind lattice gauge theories, obtained by deforming the defining symmetry algebra to a quantum group. In contrast to other formulations, this approach simultaneously provides a controlled regularization of the infinite-dimensional local Hilbert space while preserving essential symmetry-related properties. This enables the development of both quantum as well as quantum-inspired classical spin-network algorithms for q-deformed gauge theories. To be explicit, we focus on SU(2)_{k} gauge theories with k∈N that are controlled by the deformation parameter q=e^{2πi/(k+2)}, a root of unity, and converge to the standard SU(2) Kogut-Susskind model as k→∞. In particular, we demonstrate that this formulation is well suited for efficient tensor network representations by variational ground-state simulations in 2D, providing first evidence that the continuum limit can be reached with k=O(10). Finally, we develop a scalable quantum algorithm for Trotterized real-time evolution by analytically diagonalizing the SU(2)_{k} plaquette interactions. Our work gives a new perspective for the application of tensor network methods to high-energy physics and paves the way for quantum simulations of non-Abelian gauge theories far from equilibrium where no other methods are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten V Zache
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel González-Cuadra
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Fukushima O, Hamazaki R. Violation of Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis in Quantum Field Theories with Higher-Form Symmetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:131602. [PMID: 37832011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.131602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We elucidate how the presence of higher-form symmetries affects the dynamics of thermalization in isolated quantum systems. Under reasonable assumptions, we analytically show that a p-form symmetry in a (d+1)-dimensional quantum field theory leads to the breakdown of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis for many nontrivial (d-p)-dimensional observables. For discrete higher-form (i.e., p≥1) symmetry, this indicates the absence of thermalization for observables that are nonlocal but much smaller than the whole system size without any local conserved quantities. We numerically demonstrate this argument for the (2+1)-dimensional Z_{2} lattice gauge theory. While local observables such as the plaquette operator thermalize even for mixed symmetry sectors, the nonlocal observable exciting a magnetic dipole instead relaxes to the generalized Gibbs ensemble that takes account of the Z_{2} one-form symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Fukushima
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hamazaki
- Nonequilibrium Quantum Statistical Mechanics RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN iTHEMS, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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6
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Davoudi Z, Mueller N, Powers C. Towards Quantum Computing Phase Diagrams of Gauge Theories with Thermal Pure Quantum States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:081901. [PMID: 37683176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram of strong interactions in nature at finite temperature and chemical potential remains largely theoretically unexplored due to inadequacy of Monte-Carlo-based computational techniques in overcoming a sign problem. Quantum computing offers a sign-problem-free approach, but evaluating thermal expectation values is generally resource intensive on quantum computers. To facilitate thermodynamic studies of gauge theories, we propose a generalization of the thermal-pure-quantum-state formulation of statistical mechanics applied to constrained gauge-theory dynamics, and numerically demonstrate that the phase diagram of a simple low-dimensional gauge theory is robustly determined using this approach, including mapping a chiral phase transition in the model at finite temperature and chemical potential. Quantum algorithms, resource requirements, and algorithmic and hardware error analysis are further discussed to motivate future implementations. Thermal pure quantum states, therefore, may present a suitable candidate for efficient thermal simulations of gauge theories in the era of quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Davoudi
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Institute for Robust Quantum Simulation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Niklas Mueller
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Connor Powers
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Institute for Robust Quantum Simulation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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7
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Wang HY, Zhang WY, Yao Z, Liu Y, Zhu ZH, Zheng YG, Wang XK, Zhai H, Yuan ZS, Pan JW. Interrelated Thermalization and Quantum Criticality in a Lattice Gauge Simulator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:050401. [PMID: 37595229 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Gauge theory and thermalization are both topics of essential importance for modern quantum science and technology. The recently realized atomic quantum simulator for lattice gauge theories provides a unique opportunity for studying thermalization in gauge theory, in which theoretical studies have shown that quantum thermalization can signal the quantum phase transition. Nevertheless, the experimental study remains a challenge to accurately determine the critical point and controllably explore the thermalization dynamics due to the lack of techniques for locally manipulating and detecting matter and gauge fields. We report an experimental investigation of the quantum criticality in the lattice gauge theory from both equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermalization perspectives, with the help of the single-site addressing and atom-number-resolved detection capabilities. We accurately determine the quantum critical point and observe that the Néel state thermalizes only in the critical regime. This result manifests the interplay between quantum many-body scars, quantum criticality, and symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei-Yong Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zi-Hang Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuan-Kai Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui Zhai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Zhen-Sheng Yuan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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8
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Navas-Olive A, Rubio A, Abbaspoor S, Hoffman KL, de la Prida LM. A machine learning toolbox for the analysis of sharp-wave ripples reveal common features across species. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.02.547382. [PMID: 37461661 PMCID: PMC10349962 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.02.547382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) has advanced our understanding of memory function, and their alteration in neurological conditions such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease is considered a biomarker of dysfunction. SWRs exhibit diverse waveforms and properties that cannot be fully characterized by spectral methods alone. Here, we describe a toolbox of machine learning (ML) models for automatic detection and analysis of SWRs. The ML architectures, which resulted from a crowdsourced hackathon, are able to capture a wealth of SWR features recorded in the dorsal hippocampus of mice. When applied to data from the macaque hippocampus, these models were able to generalize detection and revealed shared SWR properties across species. We hereby provide a user-friendly open-source toolbox for model use and extension, which can help to accelerate and standardize SWR research, lowering the threshold for its adoption in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saman Abbaspoor
- Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Kari L. Hoffman
- Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, USA
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9
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Prethermalization in one-dimensional quantum many-body systems with confinement. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7663. [PMID: 36496407 PMCID: PMC9741589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional nonequilibrium phases with restricted correlation spreading and slow entanglement growth have been proposed to emerge in systems with confined excitations, calling their thermalization dynamics into question. Here, we show that in confined systems the thermalization dynamics after a quantum quench instead exhibits multiple stages with well separated time scales. As an example, we consider the confined Ising spin chain, in which domain walls in the ordered phase form bound states reminiscent of mesons. The system first relaxes towards a prethermal state, described by a Gibbs ensemble with conserved meson number. The prethermal state arises from rare events in which mesons are created in close vicinity, leading to an avalanche of scattering events. Only at much later times a true thermal equilibrium is achieved in which the meson number conservation is violated by a mechanism akin to the Schwinger effect. The discussed prethermalization dynamics is directly relevant to generic one-dimensional, many-body systems with confined excitations.
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10
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González-Cuadra D, Zache TV, Carrasco J, Kraus B, Zoller P. Hardware Efficient Quantum Simulation of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories with Qudits on Rydberg Platforms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:160501. [PMID: 36306768 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.160501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-Abelian gauge theories underlie our understanding of fundamental forces in nature, and developing tailored quantum hardware and algorithms to simulate them is an outstanding challenge in the rapidly evolving field of quantum simulation. Here we take an approach where gauge fields, discretized in spacetime, are represented by qudits and are time evolved in Trotter steps with multiqudit quantum gates. This maps naturally and hardware efficiently to an architecture based on Rydberg tweezer arrays, where long-lived internal atomic states represent qudits, and the required quantum gates are performed as holonomic operations supported by a Rydberg blockade mechanism. We illustrate our proposal for a minimal digitization of SU(2) gauge fields, demonstrating a significant reduction in circuit depth and gate errors in comparison to a traditional qubit-based approach, which puts simulations of non-Abelian gauge theories within reach of NISQ devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Cuadra
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Torsten V Zache
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jose Carrasco
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Kraus
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Frölian A, Chisholm CS, Neri E, Cabrera CR, Ramos R, Celi A, Tarruell L. Realizing a 1D topological gauge theory in an optically dressed BEC. Nature 2022; 608:293-297. [PMID: 35948710 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Topological gauge theories describe the low-energy properties of certain strongly correlated quantum systems through effective weakly interacting models1,2. A prime example is the Chern-Simons theory of fractional quantum Hall states, where anyonic excitations emerge from the coupling between weakly interacting matter particles and a density-dependent gauge field3. Although in traditional solid-state platforms such gauge theories are only convenient theoretical constructions, engineered quantum systems enable their direct implementation and provide a fertile playground to investigate their phenomenology without the need for strong interactions4. Here, we report the quantum simulation of a topological gauge theory by realizing a one-dimensional reduction of the Chern-Simons theory (the chiral BF theory5-7) in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Using the local conservation laws of the theory, we eliminate the gauge degrees of freedom in favour of chiral matter interactions8-11, which we engineer by synthesizing optically dressed atomic states with momentum-dependent scattering properties. This allows us to reveal the key properties of the chiral BF theory: the formation of chiral solitons and the emergence of an electric field generated by the system itself. Our results expand the scope of quantum simulation to topological gauge theories and open a route to the implementation of analogous gauge theories in higher dimensions12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Frölian
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Craig S Chisholm
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Elettra Neri
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Cesar R Cabrera
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.,Institut für Laserphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramón Ramos
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alessio Celi
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Leticia Tarruell
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain. .,ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Zhou ZY, Su GX, Halimeh JC, Ott R, Sun H, Hauke P, Yang B, Yuan ZS, Berges J, Pan JW. Thermalization dynamics of a gauge theory on a quantum simulator. Science 2022; 377:311-314. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abl6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gauge theories form the foundation of modern physics, with applications ranging from elementary particle physics and early-universe cosmology to condensed matter systems. We perform quantum simulations of the unitary dynamics of a U(1) symmetric gauge field theory and demonstrate emergent irreversible behavior. The highly constrained gauge theory dynamics are encoded in a one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard simulator, which couples fermionic matter fields through dynamical gauge fields. We investigated global quantum quenches and the equilibration to a steady state well approximated by a thermal ensemble. Our work may enable the investigation of elusive phenomena, such as Schwinger pair production and string breaking, and paves the way for simulating more complex, higher-dimensional gauge theories on quantum synthetic matter devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yu Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guo-Xian Su
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jad C. Halimeh
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Robert Ott
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hui Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Philipp Hauke
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Bing Yang
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zhen-Sheng Yuan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jürgen Berges
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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13
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Mueller N, Zache TV, Ott R. Thermalization of Gauge Theories from their Entanglement Spectrum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:011601. [PMID: 35841570 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.011601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using dual theories embedded into a larger unphysical Hilbert space along entanglement cuts, we study the entanglement structure of Z_{2} lattice gauge theory in (2+1) spacetime dimensions. We demonstrate Li and Haldane's conjecture, and show consistency of the entanglement Hamiltonian with the Bisognano-Wichmann theorem. Studying nonequilibrium dynamics after a quench, we provide an extensive description of thermalization in Z_{2} gauge theory which proceeds in a characteristic sequence: Maximization of the Schmidt rank and spreading of level repulsion at early times, self-similar evolution with scaling coefficients α=0.8±0.2 and β=0.0±0.1 at intermediate times, and finally thermal saturation of the von Neumann entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mueller
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Torsten V Zache
- Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Ott
- Heidelberg University, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Klco N, Roggero A, Savage MJ. Standard model physics and the digital quantum revolution: thoughts about the interface. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:064301. [PMID: 35213853 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac58a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in isolating, controlling and entangling quantum systems are transforming what was once a curious feature of quantum mechanics into a vehicle for disruptive scientific and technological progress. Pursuing the vision articulated by Feynman, a concerted effort across many areas of research and development is introducing prototypical digital quantum devices into the computing ecosystem available to domain scientists. Through interactions with these early quantum devices, the abstract vision of exploring classically-intractable quantum systems is evolving toward becoming a tangible reality. Beyond catalyzing these technological advances, entanglement is enabling parallel progress as a diagnostic for quantum correlations and as an organizational tool, both guiding improved understanding of quantum many-body systems and quantum field theories defining and emerging from the standard model. From the perspective of three domain science theorists, this article compilesthoughts about the interfaceon entanglement, complexity, and quantum simulation in an effort to contextualize recent NISQ-era progress with the scientific objectives of nuclear and high-energy physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Klco
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter and Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Roggero
- InQubator for Quantum Simulation (IQuS), Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Martin J Savage
- InQubator for Quantum Simulation (IQuS), Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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15
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Large-S and Tensor-Network Methods for Strongly-Interacting Topological Insulators. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of correlation effects in topological phases of matter can benefit from a multidisciplinary approach that combines techniques drawn from condensed matter, high-energy physics and quantum information science. In this work, we exploit these connections to study the strongly-interacting limit of certain lattice Hubbard models of topological insulators, which map onto four-Fermi quantum field theories with a Wilson-type discretisation and have been recently shown to be at reach of cold-atom quantum simulators based on synthetic spin-orbit coupling. We combine large-S and tensor-network techniques to explore the possible spontaneous symmetry-breaking phases that appear when the interactions of the topological insulators are sufficiently large. In particular, we show that varying the Wilson parameter r of the lattice discretisations leads to a novel Heisenberg–Ising compass model with critical lines that flow with the value of r.
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16
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Chanda T, Lewenstein M, Zakrzewski J, Tagliacozzo L. Phase Diagram of 1+1D Abelian-Higgs Model and Its Critical Point. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:090601. [PMID: 35302796 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We determine the phase diagram of the Abelian-Higgs model in one spatial dimension and time (1+1D) on a lattice. We identify a line of first order phase transitions separating the Higgs region from the confined one. This line terminates in a quantum critical point above which the two regions are connected by a smooth crossover. We analyze the critical point and find compelling evidence for its description as the product of two noninteracting systems: a massless free fermion and a massless free boson. However, we find also some surprising results that cannot be explained by our simple picture, suggesting this newly discovered critical point is an unusual one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titas Chanda
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
- Instytut Fizyki Teoretycznej, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Lewenstein
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenue Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakub Zakrzewski
- Instytut Fizyki Teoretycznej, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Mark Kac Complex Systems Research Center, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Luca Tagliacozzo
- Instituto de Física Fundamental IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica and Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Bhatt RP, Kilinc J, Höcker L, Jendrzejewski F. Stochastic dynamics of a few sodium atoms in presence of a cold potassium cloud. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2422. [PMID: 35165302 PMCID: PMC8844084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single particle resolution is a requirement for numerous experimental protocols that emulate the dynamics of small systems in a bath. Here, we accurately resolve through atom counting the stochastic dynamics of a few sodium atoms in presence of a cold potassium cloud. This capability enables us to rule out the effect of inter-species interaction on sodium atom number dynamics, at very low atomic densities present in these experiments. We study the noise sources for sodium and potassium in a common framework. Thereby, we assign the detection limits to 4.3 atoms for potassium and 0.2 atoms (corresponding to 96% fidelity) for sodium. This opens possibilities for future experiments with a few atoms immersed in a quantum degenerate gas.
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18
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Zohar E. Quantum simulation of lattice gauge theories in more than one space dimension-requirements, challenges and methods. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210069. [PMID: 34923840 PMCID: PMC8886423 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, the relatively young field of quantum simulation of lattice gauge theories, aiming at implementing simulators of gauge theories with quantum platforms, has gone through a rapid development process. Nowadays, it is not only of interest to the quantum information and technology communities. It is also seen as a valid tool for tackling hard, non-perturbative gauge theory problems by particle and nuclear physicists. Along the theoretical progress, nowadays more and more experiments implementing such simulators are being reported, manifesting beautiful results, but mostly on [Formula: see text] dimensional physics. In this article, we review the essential ingredients and requirements of lattice gauge theories in more dimensions and discuss their meanings, the challenges they pose and how they could be dealt with, potentially aiming at the next steps of this field towards simulating challenging physical problems in analogue, or analogue-digital ways. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Zohar
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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19
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Montangero S, Rico E, Silvi P. Loop-free tensor networks for high-energy physics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210065. [PMID: 34923837 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This brief review introduces the reader to tensor network methods, a powerful theoretical and numerical paradigm spawning from condensed matter physics and quantum information science and increasingly exploited in different fields of research, from artificial intelligence to quantum chemistry. Here, we specialize our presentation on the application of loop-free tensor network methods to the study of high-energy physics problems and, in particular, to the study of lattice gauge theories where tensor networks can be applied in regimes where Monte Carlo methods are hindered by the sign problem. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Montangero
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'G. Galilei', Università di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
- Padua Quantum Technologies Research Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Enrique Rico
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Pietro Silvi
- Center for Quantum Physics, and Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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20
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Wiese UJ. From quantum link models to D-theory: a resource efficient framework for the quantum simulation and computation of gauge theories. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210068. [PMID: 34923839 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum link models provide an extension of Wilson's lattice gauge theory in which the link Hilbert space is finite-dimensional and corresponds to a representation of an embedding algebra. In contrast to Wilson's parallel transporters, quantum links are intrinsically quantum degrees of freedom. In D-theory, these discrete variables undergo dimensional reduction, thus giving rise to asymptotically free theories. In this way [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] models emerge by dimensional reduction from [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] quantum spin ladders, the [Formula: see text] confining [Formula: see text] gauge theory emerges from the Abelian Coulomb phase of a [Formula: see text] quantum link model, and [Formula: see text] QCD arises from a non-Abelian Coulomb phase of a [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] quantum link model, with chiral quarks arising naturally as domain wall fermions. Thanks to their finite-dimensional Hilbert space and their economical mechanism of reaching the continuum limit by dimensional reduction, quantum link models provide a resource efficient framework for the quantum simulation and computation of gauge theories. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe-Jens Wiese
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Aidelsburger M, Barbiero L, Bermudez A, Chanda T, Dauphin A, González-Cuadra D, Grzybowski PR, Hands S, Jendrzejewski F, Jünemann J, Juzeliūnas G, Kasper V, Piga A, Ran SJ, Rizzi M, Sierra G, Tagliacozzo L, Tirrito E, Zache TV, Zakrzewski J, Zohar E, Lewenstein M. Cold atoms meet lattice gauge theory. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210064. [PMID: 34923836 PMCID: PMC8685612 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The central idea of this review is to consider quantum field theory models relevant for particle physics and replace the fermionic matter in these models by a bosonic one. This is mostly motivated by the fact that bosons are more 'accessible' and easier to manipulate for experimentalists, but this 'substitution' also leads to new physics and novel phenomena. It allows us to gain new information about among other things confinement and the dynamics of the deconfinement transition. We will thus consider bosons in dynamical lattices corresponding to the bosonic Schwinger or [Formula: see text] Bose-Hubbard models. Another central idea of this review concerns atomic simulators of paradigmatic models of particle physics theory such as the Creutz-Hubbard ladder, or Gross-Neveu-Wilson and Wilson-Hubbard models. This article is not a general review of the rapidly growing field-it reviews activities related to quantum simulations for lattice field theories performed by the Quantum Optics Theory group at ICFO and their collaborators from 19 institutions all over the world. Finally, we will briefly describe our efforts to design experimentally friendly simulators of these and other models relevant for particle physics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Aidelsburger
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80799, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), München 80799, Germany
| | - Luca Barbiero
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Alejandro Bermudez
- Departamento de Física Teorica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Titas Chanda
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków 30-348, Poland
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alexandre Dauphin
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Cuadra
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Przemysław R. Grzybowski
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Simon Hands
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PP, UK
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Fred Jendrzejewski
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Johannes Jünemann
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Gediminas Juzeliūnas
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania
| | - Valentin Kasper
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Angelo Piga
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shi-Ju Ran
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Matteo Rizzi
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Quantum Control, Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-8), Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Köln 50937, Germany
| | - Germán Sierra
- Instituto de Física Teórica, UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autònoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Tagliacozzo
- Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica and Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Emanuele Tirrito
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Torsten V. Zache
- Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Jakub Zakrzewski
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków 30-348, Poland
| | - Erez Zohar
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maciej Lewenstein
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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22
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Funcke L, Hartung T, Jansen K, Kühn S, Schneider M, Stornati P, Wang X. Towards quantum simulations in particle physics and beyond on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210062. [PMID: 34923847 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We review two algorithmic advances that bring us closer to reliable quantum simulations of model systems in high-energy physics and beyond on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. The first method is the dimensional expressivity analysis of quantum circuits, which allows for constructing minimal but maximally expressive quantum circuits. The second method is an efficient mitigation of readout errors on quantum devices. Both methods can lead to significant improvements in quantum simulations, e.g. when variational quantum eigensolvers are used. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Funcke
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Co-Design Center for Quantum Advantage, and NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 2Y5
| | - T Hartung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, 4 West, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Kavafi Street, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - K Jansen
- NIC, DESY Zeuthen, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Kühn
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Kavafi Street, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Schneider
- NIC, DESY Zeuthen, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Stornati
- NIC, DESY Zeuthen, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - X Wang
- School of Physics, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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23
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Yao KX, Zhang Z, Chin C. Domain-wall dynamics in Bose-Einstein condensates with synthetic gauge fields. Nature 2022; 602:68-72. [PMID: 35110757 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions in many-body physical systems, from condensed matter to high-energy physics, lead to the emergence of exotic particles. Examples are mesons in quantum chromodynamics and composite fermions in fractional quantum Hall systems, which arise from the dynamical coupling between matter and gauge fields1,2. The challenge of understanding the complexity of matter-gauge interaction can be aided by quantum simulations, for which ultracold atoms offer a versatile platform via the creation of artificial gauge fields. An important step towards simulating the physics of exotic emergent particles is the synthesis of artificial gauge fields whose state depends dynamically on the presence of matter. Here we demonstrate deterministic formation of domain walls in a stable Bose-Einstein condensate with a gauge field that is determined by the atomic density. The density-dependent gauge field is created by simultaneous modulations of an optical lattice potential and interatomic interactions, and results in domains of atoms condensed into two different momenta. Modelling the domain walls as elementary excitations, we find that the domain walls respond to synthetic electric field with a charge-to-mass ratio larger than and opposite to that of the bare atoms. Our work offers promising prospects to simulate the dynamics and interactions of previously undescribed excitations in quantum systems with dynamical gauge fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xuan Yao
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cheng Chin
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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24
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Armon T, Ashkenazi S, García-Moreno G, González-Tudela A, Zohar E. Photon-Mediated Stroboscopic Quantum Simulation of a Z_{2} Lattice Gauge Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:250501. [PMID: 35029424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.250501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum simulation of lattice gauge theories, aiming at tackling nonperturbative particle and condensed matter physics, has recently received a lot of interest and attention, resulting in many theoretical proposals as well as several experimental implementations. One of the current challenges is to go beyond 1+1 dimensions, where four-body (plaquette) interactions, not contained naturally in quantum simulating devices, appear. In this Letter, we propose a method to obtain them based on a combination of stroboscopic optical atomic control and the nonlocal photon-mediated interactions appearing in nanophotonic or cavity QED setups. We illustrate the method for a Z_{2} lattice gauge theory. We also show how to prepare the ground state and measure Wilson loops using state-of-the-art techniques in atomic physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsafrir Armon
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shachar Ashkenazi
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Gerardo García-Moreno
- Institute of Fundamental Physics IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Física Teórica and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Erez Zohar
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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25
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Atas YY, Zhang J, Lewis R, Jahanpour A, Haase JF, Muschik CA. SU(2) hadrons on a quantum computer via a variational approach. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6499. [PMID: 34764262 PMCID: PMC8586147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum computers have the potential to create important new opportunities for ongoing essential research on gauge theories. They can provide simulations that are unattainable on classical computers such as sign-problem afflicted models or time evolutions. In this work, we variationally prepare the low-lying eigenstates of a non-Abelian gauge theory with dynamically coupled matter on a quantum computer. This enables the observation of hadrons and the calculation of their associated masses. The SU(2) gauge group considered here represents an important first step towards ultimately studying quantum chromodynamics, the theory that describes the properties of protons, neutrons and other hadrons. Our calculations on an IBM superconducting platform utilize a variational quantum eigensolver to study both meson and baryon states, hadrons which have never been seen in a non-Abelian simulation on a quantum computer. We develop a hybrid resource-efficient approach by combining classical and quantum computing, that not only allows the study of an SU(2) gauge theory with dynamical matter fields on present-day quantum hardware, but further lays out the premises for future quantum simulations that will address currently unanswered questions in particle and nuclear physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Y Atas
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
| | - Jinglei Zhang
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
| | - Randy Lewis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - Amin Jahanpour
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Jan F Haase
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christine A Muschik
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 2Y5
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26
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Kebrič M, Barbiero L, Reinmoser C, Schollwöck U, Grusdt F. Confinement and Mott Transitions of Dynamical Charges in One-Dimensional Lattice Gauge Theories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:167203. [PMID: 34723595 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.167203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Confinement is an ubiquitous phenomenon when matter couples to gauge fields, which manifests itself in a linear string potential between two static charges. Although gauge fields can be integrated out in one dimension, they can mediate nonlocal interactions which in turn influence the paradigmatic Luttinger liquid properties. However, when the charges become dynamical and their densities finite, understanding confinement becomes challenging. Here we show that confinement in 1D Z_{2} lattice gauge theories, with dynamical matter fields and arbitrary densities, is related to translational symmetry breaking in a nonlocal basis. The exact transformation to this string-length basis leads us to an exact mapping of Luttinger parameters reminiscent of a Luther-Emery rescaling. We include the effects of local, but beyond contact, interactions between the matter particles, and show that confined mesons can form a Mott-insulating state when the deconfined charges cannot. While the transition to the Mott state cannot be detected in the Green's function of the charges, we show that the metallic state is characterized by hidden off-diagonal quasi-long-range order. Our predictions provide new insights to the physics of confinement of dynamical charges, and can be experimentally addressed in Rydberg-dressed quantum gases in optical lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Kebrič
- Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, München D-80333, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Luca Barbiero
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy
- Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 231, Campus Plaine, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Reinmoser
- Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, München D-80333, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schollwöck
- Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, München D-80333, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Fabian Grusdt
- Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, München D-80333, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 München, Germany
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27
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Ott R, Zache TV, Jendrzejewski F, Berges J. Scalable Cold-Atom Quantum Simulator for Two-Dimensional QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:130504. [PMID: 34623868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.130504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scalable analog quantum simulator for quantum electrodynamics in two spatial dimensions. The setup for the U(1) lattice gauge field theory employs interspecies spin-changing collisions in an ultracold atomic mixture trapped in an optical lattice. We engineer spatial plaquette terms for magnetic fields, thus solving a major obstacle toward experimental realizations of realistic gauge theories in higher dimensions. We apply our approach to the pure gauge theory of compact QED and discuss how the phenomenon of confinement of electric charges can be described by the quantum simulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ott
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T V Zache
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - F Jendrzejewski
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Berges
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Bonati C, Pelissetto A, Vicari E. Breaking of Gauge Symmetry in Lattice Gauge Theories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:091601. [PMID: 34506192 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.091601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study perturbations that break gauge symmetries in lattice gauge theories. As a paradigmatic model, we consider the three-dimensional Abelian-Higgs (AH) model with an N-component scalar field and a noncompact gauge field, which is invariant under U(1) gauge and SU(N) transformations. We consider gauge-symmetry breaking perturbations that are quadratic in the gauge field, such as a photon mass term and determine their effect on the critical behavior of the gauge-invariant model, focusing mainly on the continuous transitions associated with the charged fixed point of the AH field theory. We discuss their relevance and compute the (gauge-dependent) exponents that parametrize the departure from the critical behavior (continuum limit) of the gauge-invariant model. We also address the critical behavior of lattice AH models with broken gauge symmetry, showing an effective enlargement of the global symmetry, from U(N) to O(2N), which reflects a peculiar cyclic renormalization-group flow in the space of the lattice AH parameters and of the photon mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bonati
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pelissetto
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Roma Sapienza and INFN, Sezione di Roma I, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Vicari
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa and INFN, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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29
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Halimeh JC, Maghrebi MF. Quantum aging and dynamical universality in the long-range O(N→∞) model. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:052142. [PMID: 34134217 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.052142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantum quenches to or near criticality give rise to the phenomenon of aging, manifested by glassylike dynamics at short times and far from equilibrium. The recent surge of interest in the dynamics of quantum many-body systems has rejuvenated interest in this phenomenon. Motivated by the ubiquitous long-range interactions in emerging experimental platforms, it is vital to study quantum aging in such settings. In this paper, we investigate the dynamical universality and aging in the d-dimensional O(N) model with the long-range coupling 1/x^{d+σ} and in the mean-field limit N→∞ that allows an exact treatment. An immediate consequence of long-range coupling is the emergence of nonlinear light cones. We focus on the correlation and response functions, and identify a rich scaling behavior depending on how the corresponding space-time positions are located relative to each other, via a local light cone, and to the time of the quench via a global quench light cone. We determine the initial-slip exponent that governs the short-time dependence of two-point functions. We highlight the qualitative features of aging due to the long-range coupling, in particular in the region outside the light cones. As an important consequence of long-range coupling, the correlation function decays as 1/x^{d+σ} outside the quench light cone while increasing polynomially with the total time after quench. This is while, for short-time differences, the two-time response function "equilibrates" at all distances even outside this light cone. Our analytic findings are in excellent agreement with exact numerics, and provide a useful benchmark for modern experimental platforms with long-range interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad C Halimeh
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy.,Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad F Maghrebi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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30
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Magnifico G, Felser T, Silvi P, Montangero S. Lattice quantum electrodynamics in (3+1)-dimensions at finite density with tensor networks. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3600. [PMID: 34127658 PMCID: PMC8203653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gauge theories are of paramount importance in our understanding of fundamental constituents of matter and their interactions. However, the complete characterization of their phase diagrams and the full understanding of non-perturbative effects are still debated, especially at finite charge density, mostly due to the sign-problem affecting Monte Carlo numerical simulations. Here, we report the Tensor Network simulation of a three dimensional lattice gauge theory in the Hamiltonian formulation including dynamical matter: Using this sign-problem-free method, we simulate the ground states of a compact Quantum Electrodynamics at zero and finite charge densities, and address fundamental questions such as the characterization of collective phases of the model, the presence of a confining phase at large gauge coupling, and the study of charge-screening effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Magnifico
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Timo Felser
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pietro Silvi
- Center for Quantum Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Montangero
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
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31
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Karpov P, Verdel R, Huang YP, Schmitt M, Heyl M. Disorder-Free Localization in an Interacting 2D Lattice Gauge Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:130401. [PMID: 33861103 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.130401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disorder-free localization has been recently introduced as a mechanism for ergodicity breaking in low-dimensional homogeneous lattice gauge theories caused by local constraints imposed by gauge invariance. We show that also genuinely interacting systems in two spatial dimensions can become nonergodic as a consequence of this mechanism. This result is all the more surprising since the conventional many-body localization is conjectured to be unstable in two dimensions; hence the gauge invariance represents an alternative robust localization mechanism surviving in higher dimensions in the presence of interactions. Specifically, we demonstrate nonergodic behavior in the quantum link model by obtaining a bound on the localization-delocalization transition through a classical correlated percolation problem implying a fragmentation of Hilbert space on the nonergodic side of the transition. We study the quantum dynamics in this system by introducing the method of "variational classical networks," an efficient and perturbatively controlled representation of the wave function in terms of a network of classical spins akin to artificial neural networks. We identify a distinguishing dynamical signature by studying the propagation of line defects, yielding different light cone structures in the localized and ergodic phases, respectively. The methods we introduce in this work can be applied to any lattice gauge theory with finite-dimensional local Hilbert spaces irrespective of spatial dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Karpov
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS," Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - R Verdel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Y-P Huang
- The Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - M Schmitt
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Heyl
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
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32
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Li J, Eckstein M. Manipulating Intertwined Orders in Solids with Quantum Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:217402. [PMID: 33275019 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.217402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intertwined orders exist ubiquitously in strongly correlated electronic systems and lead to intriguing phenomena in quantum materials. In this Letter, we explore the unique opportunity of manipulating intertwined orders through entangling electronic states with quantum light. Using a quantum Floquet formalism to study the cavity-mediated interaction, we show the vacuum fluctuations effectively enhance the charge-density-wave correlation, giving rise to a phase with entangled electronic order and photon coherence, with putative superradiant behaviors in the thermodynamic limit. Furthermore, upon injecting even one single photon in the cavity, different orders, including s-wave and η-paired superconductivity, can be selectively enhanced. Our study suggests a new and generalizable pathway to control intertwined orders and create light-matter entanglement in quantum materials. The mechanism and methodology can be readily generalized to more complicated scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Li
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Eckstein
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Observation of gauge invariance in a 71-site Bose-Hubbard quantum simulator. Nature 2020; 587:392-396. [PMID: 33208959 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The modern description of elementary particles, as formulated in the standard model of particle physics, is built on gauge theories1. Gauge theories implement fundamental laws of physics by local symmetry constraints. For example, in quantum electrodynamics Gauss's law introduces an intrinsic local relation between charged matter and electromagnetic fields, which protects many salient physical properties, including massless photons and a long-ranged Coulomb law. Solving gauge theories using classical computers is an extremely arduous task2, which has stimulated an effort to simulate gauge-theory dynamics in microscopically engineered quantum devices3-6. Previous achievements implemented density-dependent Peierls phases without defining a local symmetry7,8, realized mappings onto effective models to integrate out either matter or electric fields9-12, or were limited to very small systems13-16. However, the essential gauge symmetry has not been observed experimentally. Here we report the quantum simulation of an extended U(1) lattice gauge theory, and experimentally quantify the gauge invariance in a many-body system comprising matter and gauge fields. These fields are realized in defect-free arrays of bosonic atoms in an optical superlattice of 71 sites. We demonstrate full tunability of the model parameters and benchmark the matter-gauge interactions by sweeping across a quantum phase transition. Using high-fidelity manipulation techniques, we measure the degree to which Gauss's law is violated by extracting probabilities of locally gauge-invariant states from correlated atom occupations. Our work provides a way to explore gauge symmetry in the interplay of fundamental particles using controllable large-scale quantum simulators.
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34
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Verdel R, Liu F, Whitsitt S, Gorshkov AV, Heyl M. Real-time dynamics of string breaking in quantum spin chains. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B 2020; 102:10.1103/physrevb.102.014308. [PMID: 34131609 PMCID: PMC8201416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.102.014308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
String breaking is a central dynamical process in theories featuring confinement, where a string connecting two charges decays at the expense of the creation of new particle-antiparticle pairs. Here, we show that this process can also be observed in quantum Ising chains where domain walls get confined either by a symmetry-breaking field or by long-range interactions. We find that string breaking occurs, in general, as a two-stage process. First, the initial charges remain essentially static and stable. The connecting string, however, can become a dynamical object. We develop an effective description of this motion, which we find is strongly constrained. In the second stage, which can be severely delayed due to these dynamical constraints, the string finally breaks. We observe that the associated timescale can depend crucially on the initial separation between domain walls and can grow by orders of magnitude by changing the distance by just a few lattice sites. We discuss how our results generalize to one-dimensional confining gauge theories and how they can be made accessible in quantum simulator experiments such as Rydberg atoms or trapped ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Verdel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187-Dresden, Germany
| | - Fangli Liu
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Seth Whitsitt
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Alexey V Gorshkov
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Markus Heyl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187-Dresden, Germany
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