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Sigmundsson F, Pinel V, Grapenthin R, Hooper A, Halldórsson SA, Einarsson P, Ófeigsson BG, Heimisson ER, Jónsdóttir K, Gudmundsson MT, Vogfjörd K, Parks M, Li S, Drouin V, Geirsson H, Dumont S, Fridriksdottir HM, Gudmundsson GB, Wright TJ, Yamasaki T. Unexpected large eruptions from buoyant magma bodies within viscoelastic crust. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2403. [PMID: 32415105 PMCID: PMC7229005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large volume effusive eruptions with relatively minor observed precursory signals are at odds with widely used models to interpret volcano deformation. Here we propose a new modelling framework that resolves this discrepancy by accounting for magma buoyancy, viscoelastic crustal properties, and sustained magma channels. At low magma accumulation rates, the stability of deep magma bodies is governed by the magma-host rock density contrast and the magma body thickness. During eruptions, inelastic processes including magma mush erosion and thermal effects, can form a sustained channel that supports magma flow, driven by the pressure difference between the magma body and surface vents. At failure onset, it may be difficult to forecast the final eruption volume; pressure in a magma body may drop well below the lithostatic load, create under-pressure and initiate a caldera collapse, despite only modest precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freysteinn Sigmundsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Virginie Pinel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ronni Grapenthin
- Geophysical Institute & Dept. of Geosciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2156 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK-99775, USA
| | - Andrew Hooper
- COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sæmundur A Halldórsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Páll Einarsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Elías R Heimisson
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Magnús T Gudmundsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Siqi Li
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Halldór Geirsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stéphanie Dumont
- Instituto Dom Luiz - University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | - Tim J Wright
- COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tadashi Yamasaki
- Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
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