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Sigmundsson F, Parks M, Geirsson H, Hooper A, Drouin V, Vogfjörd KS, Ófeigsson BG, Greiner SHM, Yang Y, Lanzi C, De Pascale GP, Jónsdóttir K, Hreinsdóttir S, Tolpekin V, Friðriksdóttir HM, Einarsson P, Barsotti S. Fracturing and tectonic stress drive ultrarapid magma flow into dikes. Science 2024; 383:1228-1235. [PMID: 38330140 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Many examples of exposed giant dike swarms can be found where lateral magma flow has exceeded hundreds of kilometers. We show that massive magma flow into dikes can be established with only modest overpressure in a magma body if a large enough pathway opens at its boundary and gradual buildup of high tensile stress has occurred along the dike pathway prior to the onset of diking. This explains rapid initial magma flow rates, modeled up to about 7400 cubic meters per second into a dike ~15-kilometers long, which propagated under the town of Grindavík, Southwest Iceland, in November 2023. Such high flow rates provide insight into the formation of major dikes and imply a serious hazard potential for high-flow rate intrusions that propagate to the surface and transition into eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freysteinn Sigmundsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute and Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michelle Parks
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, IS-105 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Halldór Geirsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute and Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Andrew Hooper
- COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Vincent Drouin
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, IS-105 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Sonja H M Greiner
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute and Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Natural Hazard and Disaster Science, 752 36 Uppsala/Stockholm/Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Yilin Yang
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute and Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Chiara Lanzi
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute and Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gregory P De Pascale
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute and Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Páll Einarsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute and Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sara Barsotti
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, IS-105 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Ribeiro T, Jónsdóttir K, Hernandez-Bautista R, Silva NG, Sánchez-Astráin B, Samadi A, Eiriksson FF, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Ussar S, Urbatzka R. Metabolite Profile Characterization of Cyanobacterial Strains with Bioactivity on Lipid Metabolism Using In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:498. [PMID: 37755111 PMCID: PMC10533020 DOI: 10.3390/md21090498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have demonstrated their therapeutic potential for many human diseases. In this work, cyanobacterial extracts were screened for lipid reducing activity in zebrafish larvae and in fatty-acid-overloaded human hepatocytes, as well as for glucose uptake in human hepatocytes and ucp1 mRNA induction in murine brown adipocytes. A total of 39 cyanobacteria strains were grown and their biomass fractionated, resulting in 117 chemical fractions. Reduction of neutral lipids in zebrafish larvae was observed for 12 fractions and in the human hepatocyte steatosis cell model for five fractions. The induction of ucp1 expression in murine brown adipocytes was observed in six fractions, resulting in a total of 23 bioactive non-toxic fractions. All extracts were analyzed by untargeted UPLC-Q-TOF-MS mass spectrometry followed by multivariate statistical analysis to prioritize bioactive strains. The metabolite profiling led to the identification of two markers with lipid reducing activity in zebrafish larvae. Putative compound identification using mass spectrometry databases identified them as phosphatidic acid and aromatic polyketides derivatives-two compound classes, which were previously associated with effects on metabolic disorders. In summary, we have identified cyanobacterial strains with promising lipid reducing activity, whose bioactive compounds needs to be identified in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ribeiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (T.R.); (N.G.S.); (B.S.-A.)
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 1021, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Kristín Jónsdóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; (K.J.); (A.S.); (F.F.E.); (M.T.)
| | - Rene Hernandez-Bautista
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.H.-B.); (S.U.)
| | - Natália Gonçalves Silva
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (T.R.); (N.G.S.); (B.S.-A.)
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 1021, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Begoña Sánchez-Astráin
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (T.R.); (N.G.S.); (B.S.-A.)
| | - Afshin Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; (K.J.); (A.S.); (F.F.E.); (M.T.)
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST EU), Campus E7.1, 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Finnur F. Eiriksson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; (K.J.); (A.S.); (F.F.E.); (M.T.)
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Margrét Thorsteinsdóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; (K.J.); (A.S.); (F.F.E.); (M.T.)
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.H.-B.); (S.U.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Urbatzka
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (T.R.); (N.G.S.); (B.S.-A.)
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Sigmundsson F, Parks M, Hooper A, Geirsson H, Vogfjörd KS, Drouin V, Ófeigsson BG, Hreinsdóttir S, Hjaltadóttir S, Jónsdóttir K, Einarsson P, Barsotti S, Horálek J, Ágústsdóttir T. Deformation and seismicity decline before the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption. Nature 2022; 609:523-528. [PMID: 36104559 PMCID: PMC9477732 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased rates of deformation and seismicity are well-established precursors to volcanic eruptions, and their interpretation forms the basis for eruption warnings worldwide. Rates of ground displacement and the number of earthquakes escalate before many eruptions1-3, as magma forces its way towards the surface. However, the pre-eruptive patterns of deformation and seismicity vary widely. Here we show how an eruption beginning on 19 March 2021 at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland, was preceded by a period of tectonic stress release ending with a decline in deformation and seismicity over several days preceding the eruption onset. High rates of deformation and seismicity occurred from 24 February to mid-March in relation to gradual emplacement of an approximately 9-km-long magma-filled dyke, between the surface and 8 km depth (volume approximately 34 × 106 m3), as well as the triggering of strike-slip earthquakes up to magnitude MW 5.64. As stored tectonic stress was systematically released, there was less lateral migration of magma and a reduction in both the deformation rates and seismicity. Weaker crust near the surface may also have contributed to reduced seismicity, as the depth of active magma emplacement progressively shallowed. This demonstrates that the interaction between volcanoes and tectonic stress as well as crustal layering need to be fully considered when forecasting eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freysteinn Sigmundsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | - Andrew Hooper
- Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes and Tectonics (COMET), School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Halldór Geirsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Páll Einarsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Josef Horálek
- Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sigmundsson F, Pinel V, Grapenthin R, Hooper A, Halldórsson SA, Einarsson P, Ófeigsson BG, Heimisson ER, Jónsdóttir K, Gudmundsson MT, Vogfjörd K, Parks M, Li S, Drouin V, Geirsson H, Dumont S, Fridriksdottir HM, Gudmundsson GB, Wright TJ, Yamasaki T. Unexpected large eruptions from buoyant magma bodies within viscoelastic crust. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2403. [PMID: 32415105 PMCID: PMC7229005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large volume effusive eruptions with relatively minor observed precursory signals are at odds with widely used models to interpret volcano deformation. Here we propose a new modelling framework that resolves this discrepancy by accounting for magma buoyancy, viscoelastic crustal properties, and sustained magma channels. At low magma accumulation rates, the stability of deep magma bodies is governed by the magma-host rock density contrast and the magma body thickness. During eruptions, inelastic processes including magma mush erosion and thermal effects, can form a sustained channel that supports magma flow, driven by the pressure difference between the magma body and surface vents. At failure onset, it may be difficult to forecast the final eruption volume; pressure in a magma body may drop well below the lithostatic load, create under-pressure and initiate a caldera collapse, despite only modest precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freysteinn Sigmundsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Virginie Pinel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ronni Grapenthin
- Geophysical Institute & Dept. of Geosciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2156 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK-99775, USA
| | - Andrew Hooper
- COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sæmundur A Halldórsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Páll Einarsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Elías R Heimisson
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Magnús T Gudmundsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Siqi Li
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Halldór Geirsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stéphanie Dumont
- Instituto Dom Luiz - University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | - Tim J Wright
- COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tadashi Yamasaki
- Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
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5
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Gudmundsson MT, Jónsdóttir K, Hooper A, Holohan EP, Halldórsson SA, Ófeigsson BG, Cesca S, Vogfjörd KS, Sigmundsson F, Högnadóttir T, Einarsson P, Sigmarsson O, Jarosch AH, Jónasson K, Magnússon E, Hreinsdóttir S, Bagnardi M, Parks MM, Hjörleifsdóttir V, Pálsson F, Walter TR, Schöpfer MPJ, Heimann S, Reynolds HI, Dumont S, Bali E, Gudfinnsson GH, Dahm T, Roberts MJ, Hensch M, Belart JMC, Spaans K, Jakobsson S, Gudmundsson GB, Fridriksdóttir HM, Drouin V, Dürig T, Aðalgeirsdóttir G, Riishuus MS, Pedersen GBM, van Boeckel T, Oddsson B, Pfeffer MA, Barsotti S, Bergsson B, Donovan A, Burton MR, Aiuppa A. Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow. Science 2016; 353:aaf8988. [PMID: 27418515 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Large volcanic eruptions on Earth commonly occur with a collapse of the roof of a crustal magma reservoir, forming a caldera. Only a few such collapses occur per century, and the lack of detailed observations has obscured insight into the mechanical interplay between collapse and eruption. We use multiparameter geophysical and geochemical data to show that the 110-square-kilometer and 65-meter-deep collapse of Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014-2015 was initiated through withdrawal of magma, and lateral migration through a 48-kilometers-long dike, from a 12-kilometers deep reservoir. Interaction between the pressure exerted by the subsiding reservoir roof and the physical properties of the subsurface flow path explain the gradual, near-exponential decline of both collapse rate and the intensity of the 180-day-long eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnús T Gudmundsson
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | | | - Andrew Hooper
- Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET), School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eoghan P Holohan
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. UCD School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sæmundur A Halldórsson
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Simone Cesca
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Freysteinn Sigmundsson
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Thórdís Högnadóttir
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Páll Einarsson
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Olgeir Sigmarsson
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland. Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS-Université Blaise Pascal-IRD, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexander H Jarosch
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kristján Jónasson
- Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Iceland, Hjarðarhagi 2-6, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Eyjólfur Magnússon
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Marco Bagnardi
- Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET), School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michelle M Parks
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vala Hjörleifsdóttir
- Departamento de Sismología, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Finnur Pálsson
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Thomas R Walter
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin P J Schöpfer
- Department for Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Heimann
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hannah I Reynolds
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Stéphanie Dumont
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Eniko Bali
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur H Gudfinnsson
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Torsten Dahm
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Martin Hensch
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, IS-150 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Joaquín M C Belart
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Karsten Spaans
- Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET), School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sigurdur Jakobsson
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Hildur M Fridriksdóttir
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland. Icelandic Meteorological Office, IS-150 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vincent Drouin
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Tobias Dürig
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Morten S Riishuus
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gro B M Pedersen
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Tayo van Boeckel
- Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Björn Oddsson
- National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, Skúlagata 21, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Sara Barsotti
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, IS-150 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Amy Donovan
- King's College London, King's Building, Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS, England, UK
| | - Mike R Burton
- University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Hauksdóttir H, Jónsdóttir K, Thorarinsson A. Monitoring, alarm, and data visualization service on sample preparing and sample storing devices in biobanks. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 675:387-403. [PMID: 20949405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-423-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An important feature in "Good Biobanking Practices" is to monitor and log conditions of sample storing devices. The Institute of Laboratory Medicine at Landspitali University Hospital in Reykjavik, Iceland, has installed a temperature monitoring and alarm system for freezers, incubators, and refrigerators as a part of its quality program. This paper describes the key features of the system, how it works, and what has been learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halla Hauksdóttir
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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7
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Jónsdóttir K, Kristinsson KG. [Quinolone resistance in Gram negative rods in Iceland and association with antibiotic use]. LAEKNABLADID 2008; 94:279-285. [PMID: 18460726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fluoroquinolones are bacteriocidal drugs that are widely used to treat severe urinary and respiratory tract infections. Studies show that resistance to fluoroquinolones is continuously increasing both in Europe and the United States. The purpose of this study was to measure the frequency of fluoroquinolone resistance in the most prevalent Gram negative rods and look at the correlation with fluoroquinolone use over the last 8 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS All strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa identified from clinical specimens at the Department of Clinical Microbiology at the Landspitali University Hospital (LUH) during the time period 1.11.2006 to 31.1.2007. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion tests and all strains were tested for ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Antibiotic resistance data for the last years were collected from the reports of the Department of Clinical Microbiology, but ciprofloxacin susceptibility was usually only tested for specimens from hospitalised patients and when there was resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents. Data on antibiotic use/sales was obtained from the State Epidemiologist at the Directorate of Health. RESULTS Of the 1861 strains tested, 104 fluoroquinolone resistant strains were identified during the study period, including 91 E. coli (87%), 8 Klebsiella sp. (8%) and 5 P. aeruginosa (5%). No fluoroquinolone resistant Proteus sp. was identified. There was a significant positive correlation between fluoroquinolone use and the frequency of resistant strains of E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae. The frequency of resistant E. coli strains was 6% and it differed significantly between age groups (p >0.001) and sex, 6% for females and 11% for males (p = 0.015). The ratio of fluoroquinolone resistant E. coli was highest in the LUH and homes for the elderly. CONCLUSION The frequency of fluoroquinolone resistance is increasing fast in Iceland but is still one of the lowest compared to the other European countries. The frequency is highest in the oldest age groups where the use of the quinolones is the greatest and there was a significant correlation between the quinolone use and the frequency of resistance in E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae. The results highlight the importance of prudent fluoroquinolone use and the need to monitor fluoroquinolone use and resistance.
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8
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Jónsdóttir K, Kristjánsson M, Hjaltalín Olafsson J, Steingrímsson O. The molecular epidemiology of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in the greater Reykjavik area, Iceland. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:249-56. [PMID: 12616146 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200303000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diversity in MOMP (major outer membrane protein) of Chlamydia trachomatis is thought to be necessary for the bacteria to survive in its environment. The rate of change in the omp1 gene (coding for MOMP) is not known. Iceland offers a good opportunity to study the epidemiology of chlamydial infections because the population is small (280,000) and geographically well defined. GOAL The goal was to determine the number and distribution of genotypes in a population attending the STD clinic in Reykjavík and to assess changes in omp1 sequences over a period of 2 years. STUDY DESIGN Three-hundred thirty isolates of C trachomatis collected periodically from January 1999 to January 2001 were omp1 genotyped with nested PCR and sequencing. RESULTS The serotypes found, in descending order of prevalence, were E, D, J, F, K, G, H, and I. Eighteen distinctive genotypes were found. During the study period no significant changes in frequency of genotypes were noted, and introduction of new or changed genotypes was not observed. CONCLUSION The results indicate a relatively stable situation of genotypes and suggest an ecological advantage of serotype E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristín Jónsdóttir
- Chlamydia Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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9
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Hjaltested EK, Gudmundsdóttir S, Jónsdóttir K, Kristinsson KG, Steingrímsson O, Kristjánsson M. Listeriosis in Iceland, 1978-2000: a description of cases and molecular epidemiology. Scand J Infect Dis 2003; 34:735-41. [PMID: 12477323 DOI: 10.1080/0036554021000026925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to review all cases of listeriosis in Iceland during the period 1978-2000 and to analyse the genetic relatedness of their isolates. Case records of all patients in Iceland with listeriosis during the period were reviewed and the isolates compared using serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI, AseI and ApaI restriction enzymes. Forty cases of listeriosis were diagnosed during the period, resulting in a mean annual incidence of 6.9 cases per million and a case fatality rate of 33%. In the first 5 y of the study only serotype 4b was observed; subsequently serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b appeared and serotype 4b declined in prevalence. PFGE yielded 24 different genotypes with 7 clusters of indistinguishable genotypes, each comprising 2-6 cases. During 1992-95 the annual incidence of listeriosis in Iceland rose to 15 cases per million. This was largely due to 2 clusters, 1 of 3 cases and the other of 6. No cases of listeriosis were diagnosed during 1998-2000. Our data show an increased number of cases within clusters in the latter half of the period. At the same time, food processing and distribution has become increasingly centralized in Iceland, suggesting an increased risk of listeriosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar K Hjaltested
- Department of Microbiology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish the value of a new technique called transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy for exploration of the tubo-ovarian structures in the management of patients with unexplained infertility. METHODS A total of 120 women with primary or secondary infertility, and without obvious pelvic pathology, were included in the study. The first 14 patients received general anesthesia and underwent transvaginal laparoscopy immediately before standard laparoscopy. The remaining 106 patients had transvaginal laparoscopy performed under local anesthesia, with standard laparoscopy performed only on those with pathology, which required operative intervention. Information on pathology, complications, and successful access to the pouch of Douglas were recorded. RESULTS The successful rate of access was 93%. Pathology was found in 29 patients, of whom 15 required operative laparoscopy. Also, out of 19 patients with adhesions, 11 (58%) had normal dye test bilateral, and only two (11%) had bilateral occlusion of the tubes. No complications were observed. CONCLUSION Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy is a safe and well-tolerated method for investigating the tubo-ovarian structures in unexplained infertility. It is superior to hysterosalpingography for diagnosis of adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristín Jónsdóttir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Viborg sygehus, Heibergs Allé 4, 8800 Viborg, Denmark
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Steingrímsson O, Jónsdóttir K, Olafsson JH, Karlsson SM, Pálsdóttir R, Davídsson S. Comparison of Roche Cobas Amplicor and Abbott LCx for the rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in specimens from high-risk patients. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25:44-8. [PMID: 9437784 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199801000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate two automated amplification systems for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital specimens, the Cobas Amplicor (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Branchburg, NJ) and the LCx (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL). STUDY DESIGN The two systems were compared testing specimens from 302 high-risk patients, including 98 female cervical swab specimens and 204 male urine specimens. The patients attended the state STD clinic in Reykjavik, Iceland, either because of symptoms or as a result of contract tracing. RESULTS The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was 15.3% in women and 13.2% in men. For the male urine specimens, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 99.4% for the Cobas Amplicor and 74.1% and 100% for the LCx. In the cervical swabs, both systems detected all 15 true-positive specimens. The internal control used with the Cobas Amplicor detected inhibition in 2% of the male urine and 20% female cervical swabs, respectively. CONCLUSION The Cobas Amplicor demonstrated slightly better sensitivity than LCx in male urine specimens. Both systems offer the benefits of automation for routine diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Steingrímsson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Jónsdóttir K, Geirsson RT, Steingrímsson O, Olafsson JH, Stefánsdóttir S. Reduced prevalence of cervical Chlamydia infection among women requesting termination. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76:438-41. [PMID: 9197446 DOI: 10.3109/00016349709047825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and pattern of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women requesting induced abortion in the three year period 1992-95 was evaluated and compared to the results of a previous study in 1982-84, where the prevalence of chlamydial infection had been 13.5%. METHODS A total of 1995 women requested termination, 1855 (93%) of whom were tested for Chlamydia and were included in the study. Two types of tests for chlamydial infection, ELISA and PCR, were used in two consecutive periods. In addition cultures for gonorrhea were done in each case. Information on age, marital status, parity, gestational age and the results of chlamydia and gonorrhea tests of the women and sexual partners were recorded. RESULTS Chlamydia trachomatis positive women were 149 (8.0%), a significant reduction from the previous 1982-84 study (p<0.001). Women with positive tests were significantly younger (80% < or = 25 years of age; p<0.001) and more frequently single (86.6%; p<0.001), than those with negative tests, as in the previous period. Of the partners, 80.4% were contacted, and 52.1% presented for investigation. Of those tested 42.1% were Chlamydia positive. Four women (0.2%) had Neisseria gonorrhea but none of the partners. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis is receding among women coming for termination of pregnancy. As treatment before or at operation has repeatedly been shown to be of benefit and since the prevalence is still considerable, continued screening of these women is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jónsdóttir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Peltola H, Rød TO, Jónsdóttir K, Böttiger M, Coolidge JA. Life-threatening Haemophilus influenzae infections in Scandinavia: a five-country analysis of the incidence and the main clinical and bacteriologic characteristics. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12:708-15. [PMID: 2385772 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/12.4.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The five countries of Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) comprise 22.6 million inhabitants and rather homogeneous socioeconomic conditions. A survey of systemic Haemophilus influenzae diseases over the last decades revealed that the reported incidence of H. influenzae disease is increasing. In recent years, the overall incidence has been 3.5 cases per 100,000 people each year (800 cases annually); in children less than 5 years of age, the annual incidence has been 49 cases per 100,000. Meningitis represents only 52% of all systemic H. influenzae diseases, but lack of reliable data may obscure the importance of other entities. Few strains (less than 5%) are beta-lactamase-positive, and the case fatality rate is 3%. Analysis of seasonal variation shows peaks in June and September-October. If the efficacy of the H. influenzae conjugate vaccines were as high as that of a conjugate vaccine used in Finland during 1986-1987 (approximately 85% efficacy), then at least an 80% reduction in life-threatening H. influenzae infections would be achieved annually by routine immunization before or at the age of 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peltola
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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van Alphen L, Geelen L, Jónsdóttir K, Takala AK, Käyhty H, Zanen HC. Distinct geographic distribution of subtypes of Haemophilus influenzae type b in Western Europe. J Infect Dis 1987; 156:216-8. [PMID: 3496404 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/156.1.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
Examination of the trends of meningococcal infection in Norway, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Denmark, England and Wales, and the Netherlands, has shown that Neisseria meningitidis B:2b:P1.2 and/or B:2a:P1.2 phenotypes were associated with peaks of infection in the Netherlands in 1966, in Iceland 1976-77, and in England and Wales in 1973-75. These strains were present in all six countries in the decade 1970-80 but their prevalence is now practically negligible. In contrast the prevalence of the B:15:P1.16 phenotype has risen. In the Faroe Islands and northern Norway this change in serotype prevalence has been followed by rises in incidence of meningococcal disease; the same is happening in England and Wales but not yet in the other countries.
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Blackwell CC, Jónsdóttir K, Hanson M, Todd WT, Chaudhuri AK, Mathew B, Brettle RP, Weir DM. Non-secretion of ABO antigens predisposing to infection by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lancet 1986; 2:284-5. [PMID: 2874307 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) comprises with mutual borders and 22.3 million inhabitants an area where the socioeconomic and cultural conditions are similar. Epidemic diseases, such as meningococcal infection, might therefore be expected to be uniformly distributed. An epidemiological study in the 10-year period 1970-9 shows, however, remarkable differences in the incidence, age, and serogroup and type distribution, as well as in the general dynamics of the disease. Three epidemics, two caused by different serotypes of group B (Norway and Iceland) and one by group A (Finland) occurred within the observation period. The annual overall incidence was generally around 3/100 000 but increased from fivefold (Finland) to eightfold (northern Norway) during epidemics. The epidemic strains caused infection in over 3000 patients and the loss of at least 250 lives. The overall case fatality rate was 8.6% (range 4.1-13.7%). Men were more susceptible and had a worse prognosis than women of the same age group. The group A epidemic in Finland was influenced by a large vaccination campaign, but this possibility was not feasible in the two other epidemics.
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