1
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Linker TM, Krishnamoorthy A, Daemen LL, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Nomura K, Nakano A, Cheng YQ, Hicks WR, Kolesnikov AI, Vashishta PD. Neutron scattering and neural-network quantum molecular dynamics investigation of the vibrations of ammonia along the solid-to-liquid transition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3911. [PMID: 38724541 PMCID: PMC11082248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy allows us to understand complex physical and chemical interactions of molecular crystals and liquids such as ammonia, which has recently emerged as a strong hydrogen fuel candidate to support a sustainable society. We report inelastic neutron scattering measurement of vibrational properties of ammonia along the solid-to-liquid phase transition with high enough resolution for direct comparisons to ab-initio simulations. Theoretical analysis reveals the essential role of nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) for correctly describing the intermolecular spectrum as well as high energy intramolecular N-H stretching modes. This is achieved by training neural network models using ab-initio path-integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) simulations, thereby encompassing large spatiotemporal trajectories required to resolve low energy dynamics while retaining NQEs. Our results not only establish the role of NQEs in ammonia but also provide general computational frameworks to study complex molecular systems with NQEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Linker
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0242, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - A Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - L L Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - A J Ramirez-Cuesta
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - K Nomura
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0242, USA
| | - A Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0242, USA
| | - Y Q Cheng
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - W R Hicks
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - A I Kolesnikov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - P D Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0242, USA.
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2
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Nemirovich T, Young B, Brezina K, Mason PE, Seidel R, Stemer D, Winter B, Jungwirth P, Bradforth SE, Schewe HC. Stability and Reactivity of Aromatic Radical Anions in Solution with Relevance to Birch Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8043-8057. [PMID: 38363862 PMCID: PMC10979400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the electronic structure of aromatic radical anions in the solution phase employing a combination of liquid-jet (LJ) photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy measurements and electronic structure calculations. By using recently developed protocols, we accurately determine the vertical ionization energies of valence electrons of both the solvent and the solute molecules. In particular, we first characterize the pure solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) by LJ-PE measurements in conjunction with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and G0W0 calculations. Next, we determine the electronic structure of neutral naphthalene (Np) and benzophenone (Bp) as well as their radical anion counterparts Np- and Bp- in THF. Wherever feasible, we performed orbital assignments of the measured PE features of the aromatic radical anions, with comparisons to UV-vis absorption spectra of the corresponding neutral molecules being instrumental in rationalizing the assignments. Analysis of the electronic structure differences between the neutral species and their anionic counterparts provides understanding of the primarily electrostatic stabilization of the radical anions in solution. Finally, we obtain a very good agreement of the reduction potentials extracted from the present LJ-PES measurements of Np- and Bp- in THF with previous electrochemical data from cyclic voltammetry measurements. In this context, we discuss how the choice of solvent holds significant implications for optimizing conditions for the Birch reduction process, wherein aromatic radical anions play crucial roles as reactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Nemirovich
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Brandon Young
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Krystof Brezina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Philip E. Mason
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen E. Bradforth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - H. Christian Schewe
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech
Republic
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3
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Li X, Pan Z, Xia Y, Rui J, Zhu M, Ren H, Huang J. Controlled Radical Polymerization Initiated by Solvated Electrons. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300416. [PMID: 37712327 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Solvated electron (esol - ) is highly reducing species and apt to initiate monomers via one-electron transfer reaction. Herein, utilizing the esol - solution of Na/hexamethylphosphoramide, radical and anionic initiations are observed respectively, which heavily depend on Na concentrations. Interestingly, this initiation system, in states of lower Na concentrations, higher molar conductivities and less paired esol - , give rise to a controlled radical polymerization (CRP) to yield polymers with predictable molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (the lowest Ð = 1.25). This CRP presents unique behaviors, like solvent effect, electric field effect, and unusual copolymerization phenomenon. A semi-conjugated radical carrying a negative charge is proposed to be responsible for the CRP. This system gives a distinct way to regulate CRP from current CRPs, and offers new insights into the monomer initiation by esol - .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Rui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - He Ren
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
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4
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Barnes J, Borgeaud dit Avocat DP, Simmen E, Yang H, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Comparison of Magnetic Deflection among Neutral Sodium-Doped Clusters: Na(H 2O) n, Na(NH 3) n, Na(MeOH) n, and Na(DME) n. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8544-8555. [PMID: 37794760 PMCID: PMC10591511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a pulsed Stern-Gerlach deflection experiment, we present the results of a comparative study on the magnetic properties of neutral sodium-doped solvent clusters Na(Sol)n with n = 1-4 (Sol: H2O, NH3, CH3OH, CH3OCH3). Experimental deflection ratios are compared with values calculated from molecular dynamics simulations. NaNH3 and NaH2O are deflected as a spin 1/2 system, consistent with spin transitions occurring on a time scale significantly longer than 100 μs. For all other clusters, reduced deflection is observed. The observed magnetic deflection behavior is correlated to the number of thermally populated rotational states in the clusters. We discuss that spin-rotational couplings allow for avoided crossings and a reduction in the effective magnetic moment of the cluster. This work attempts to understand the evolution of magnetic properties in isolated weakly bound clusters and is relevant to diamagnetic and paramagnetic species expected to exist in solvated electron systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
V. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Edith Simmen
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Huanyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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5
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Pugini M, Credidio B, Walter I, Malerz S, Trinter F, Stemer D, Hergenhahn U, Meijer G, Wilkinson I, Winter B, Thürmer S. How to measure work functions from aqueous solutions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9574-9588. [PMID: 37712029 PMCID: PMC10498509 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01740k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent application of concepts from condensed-matter physics to photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of volatile, liquid-phase systems has enabled the measurement of electronic energetics of liquids on an absolute scale. Particularly, vertical ionization energies, VIEs, of liquid water and aqueous solutions, both in the bulk and at associated interfaces, can now be accurately, precisely, and routinely determined. These IEs are referenced to the local vacuum level, which is the appropriate quantity for condensed matter with associated surfaces, including liquids. In this work, we connect this newly accessible energy level to another important surface property, namely, the solution work function, eΦliq. We lay out the prerequisites for and unique challenges of determining eΦ of aqueous solutions and liquids in general. We demonstrate - for a model aqueous solution with a tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (TBAI) surfactant solute - that concentration-dependent work functions, associated with the surface dipoles generated by the segregated interfacial layer of TBA+ and I- ions, can be accurately measured under controlled conditions. We detail the nature of surface potentials, uniquely tied to the nature of the flowing-liquid sample, which must be eliminated or quantified to enable such measurements. This allows us to refer aqueous-phase spectra to the Fermi level and to quantitatively assign surfactant-concentration-dependent spectral shifts to competing work function and electronic-structure effects, where the latter are typically associated with solute-solvent interactions in the bulk of the solution which determine, e.g., chemical reactivity. The present work describes the extension of liquid-jet PES to quantitatively access concentration-dependent surface descriptors that have so far been restricted to solid-phase measurements. Correspondingly, these studies mark the beginning of a new era in the characterization of the interfacial electronic structure of aqueous solutions and liquids more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pugini
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bruno Credidio
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Irina Walter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Malerz
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
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6
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Jackson BA, Khan SN, Miliordos E. A fresh perspective on metal ammonia molecular complexes and expanded metals: opportunities in catalysis and quantum information. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10572-10587. [PMID: 37555315 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our comprehension of the electronic structure of metal ammonia complexes have opened avenues for novel materials with diffuse electrons. These complexes in their ground state can host peripheral "Rydberg" electrons which populate a hydrogenic-type shell model imitating atoms. Aggregates of such complexes form the so-called expanded or liquid metals. Expanded metals composed of d- and f-block metal ammonia complexes offer properties, such as magnetic moments and larger numbers of diffuse electrons, not present for alkali and alkaline earth (s-block) metals. In addition, tethering metal ammonia complexes via hydrocarbon chains (replacement of ammonia ligands with diamines) yields materials that can be used for redox catalysis and quantum computing, sensing, and optics. This perspective summarizes the recent findings for gas-phase isolated metal ammonia complexes and projects the obtained knowledge to the condensed phase regime. Possible applications for the newly introduced expanded metals and linked solvated electrons precursors are discussed and future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Shahriar N Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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7
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Davison N, Waddell PG, Lu E. Reduction of K + or Li + in the Heterobimetallic Electride K +[LiN(SiMe 3) 2]e . J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17007-17012. [PMID: 37478322 PMCID: PMC10416298 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Given their very negative redox potential (e.g., Li+ → Li(0), -3.04 V; K+ → K(0), -2.93 V), chemical reduction of Group-1 metal cations is one of the biggest challenges in inorganic chemistry: they are widely accepted as irreducible in the synthetic chemistry regime. Their reduction usually requires harsh electrochemical conditions. Herein we suggest a new strategy: via a heterobimetallic electride intermediate and using the nonbinding "free" electron as reductant. Based on our previously reported K+[LiN(SiMe3)2]e- heterobimetallic electride, we demonstrate the reducibility of both K+ and Li+ cations. Moreover, we find that external Lewis base ligands, namely tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6Tren) or 2,2,2-cryptand, can exert a level of reducing selectivity by preferably binding to Li+ (Me6Tren) or K+ (2,2,2-cryptand), hence pushing the electron to the other cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davison
- Chemistry−School of Natural
and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, U.K.
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- Chemistry−School of Natural
and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, U.K.
| | - Erli Lu
- Chemistry−School of Natural
and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, U.K.
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8
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Hartweg S, Barnes J, Yoder BL, Garcia GA, Nahon L, Miliordos E, Signorell R. Solvated dielectrons from optical excitation: An effective source of low-energy electrons. Science 2023:eadh0184. [PMID: 37228229 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy electrons dissolved in liquid ammonia or aqueous media are powerful reducing agents that promote challenging reduction reactions, but can also cause radiation damage to biological tissue. Knowledge of the underlying mechanistic processes remains incomplete, in particular with respect to the details and energetics of the electron transfer steps. Here, we show how ultraviolet (UV) photoexcitation of metal-ammonia clusters could be used to generate tunable low-energy electrons in situ. Specifically, we identified UV light-induced generation of spin-paired solvated dielectrons and their subsequent relaxation by an unconventional electron-transfer-mediated decay as an efficient low-energy electron source. The process is robust and straightforward to induce, with the prospect of improving our understanding of radiation damage and fostering mechanistic studies of solvated electron reduction reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hartweg
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo A Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Wang J, Üner NB, Dubowsky SE, Confer MP, Bhargava R, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Sankaran RM, Moore JS. Plasma Electrochemistry for Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation via Pinacol Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10470-10474. [PMID: 37146270 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of carbon-carbon bonds by pinacol coupling of aldehydes and ketones requires a large negative reduction potential, often realized with a stoichiometric reducing reagent. Here, we use solvated electrons generated via a plasma-liquid process. Parametric studies with methyl-4-formylbenzoate reveal that selectivity over the competing reduction to the alcohol requires careful control over mass transport. The generality is demonstrated with benzaldehydes, benzyl ketones, and furfural. A reaction-diffusion model explains the observed kinetics, and ab initio calculations provide insight into the mechanism. This study opens the possibility of a metal-free, electrically-powered, sustainable method for reductive organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Necip B Üner
- Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Scott Edwin Dubowsky
- Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew P Confer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - R Mohan Sankaran
- Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Huang H, Xue L, Lu G, Cheng S, Bu Y. Hydrated electrons as nodes in porous clathrate hydrates. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114504. [PMID: 36948798 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the structures of hydrated electrons (e- aq) in one of water's solid phases, namely, clathrate hydrates (CHs). Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, DFT-based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and path-integral AIMD simulations with periodic boundary conditions, we find that the structure of the e- aq@node model is in good agreement with the experiment, suggesting that an e- aq could form a node in CHs. The node is a H2O defect in CHs that is supposed to be composed of four unsaturated hydrogen bonds. Since CHs are porous crystals that possess cavities that can accommodate small guest molecules, we expect that these guest molecules can be used to tailor the electronic structure of the e- aq@node, and it leads to experimentally observed optical absorption spectra of CHs. Our findings have a general interest and extend the knowledge of e- aq into porous aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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11
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Heim ZN, Neumark DM. Nonadiabatic Dynamics Studied by Liquid-Jet Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3652-3662. [PMID: 36480155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of the liquid microjet technique by Faubel and co-workers has enabled the investigation of high vapor pressure liquids and solutions utilizing high-vacuum methods. One such method is photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), which allows one to probe the electronic properties of a sample through ionization in a state-specific manner. Liquid microjets consisting of pure solvents and solute-solvent systems have been studied with great success utilizing PES and, more recently, time-resolved PES (TRPES). Here, we discuss progress made over recent years in understanding the solvation and excited state dynamics of the solvated electron and nucleic acid constituents (NACs) using these methods, as well as the prospect for their future.The solvated electron is of particular interest in liquid microjet experiments as it represents the simplest solute system. Despite this simplicity, there were still many unresolved questions about its binding energy and excited state relaxation dynamics that are ideal problems for liquid microjet PES. In the work discussed in this Account, accurate binding energies were measured for the solvated electron in multiple high vapor pressure solvents. The advantages of liquid jet PES were further highlighted in the femtosecond excited state relaxation studies on the solvated electron in water where a 75 ± 20 fs lifetime attributable to internal conversion from the excited p-state to a hot ground state was measured, supporting a nonadiabatic relaxation mechanism.Nucleic acid constituents represent a class of important solutes with several unresolved questions that the liquid microjet PES method is uniquely suited to address. As TRPES is capable of tracking dynamics with state-specificity, it is ideal for instances where there are multiple excited states potentially involved in the dynamics. Time-resolved studies of NAC relaxation after excitation using ultraviolet light identified relaxation lifetimes from multiple excited states. The state-specific nature of the TRPES method allowed us to identify the lack of any signal attributable to the 1nπ* state in thymine derived NACs. The femtosecond time resolution of the technique also aided in identifying differences between the excited state lifetimes of thymidine and thymidine monophosphate. These have been interpreted, aided by molecular dynamics simulations, as an influence of conformational differences leading to a longer excited state lifetime in thymidine monophosphate.Finally, we discuss advances in tabletop light sources extending into the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray regimes that allow expansion of liquid jet TRPES to full valence band and potentially core level studies of solutes and pure liquids in liquid microjets. As most solutes have ground state binding energies in the range of 10 eV, observation of both excited state decay and ground state recovery using ultraviolet pump-ultraviolet probe TRPES has been intractable. With high-harmonic generation light sources, it will be possible to not only observe complete relaxation pathways for valence level dynamics but to also track dynamics with element specificity by probing core levels of the solute of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary N Heim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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12
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A room-temperature-stable electride and its reactivity: Reductive benzene/pyridine couplings and solvent-free Birch reductions. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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13
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Nemirovich T, Kostal V, Copko J, Schewe HC, Boháčová S, Martinek T, Slanina T, Jungwirth P. Bridging Electrochemistry and Photoelectron Spectroscopy in the Context of Birch Reduction: Detachment Energies and Redox Potentials of Electron, Dielectron, and Benzene Radical Anion in Liquid Ammonia. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22093-22100. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Nemirovich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Kostal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Copko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - H. Christian Schewe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Boháčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Martinek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10Prague 6, Czech Republic
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14
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Solti D, Chapkin KD, Renard D, Bayles A, Clark BD, Wu G, Zhou J, Tsai AL, Kürti L, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Plasmon-Generated Solvated Electrons for Chemical Transformations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20183-20189. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Solti
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kyle D. Chapkin
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - David Renard
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aaron Bayles
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Clark
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - László Kürti
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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15
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Carter-Fenk K, Cunha LA, Arias-Martinez JE, Head-Gordon M. Electron-Affinity Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: Formalism and Applications to Core-Excited States. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9664-9672. [PMID: 36215404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The lack of particle-hole attraction and orbital relaxation within time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) lead to extreme errors in the prediction of K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS). We derive a linear-response formalism that uses optimized orbitals of the n - 1-electron system as the reference, building orbital relaxation and a proper hole into the initial density. Our approach is an exact generalization of the static-exchange approximation that ameliorates the particle-hole interaction error associated with the adiabatic approximation and reduces errors in TDDFT XAS by orders of magnitude. With a statistical performance of just 0.5 eV root-mean-square error and the same computational scaling as TDDFT under the core-valence separation approximation, we anticipate that this approach will be of great utility in XAS calculations of large systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Leonardo A Cunha
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Juan E Arias-Martinez
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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16
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Lan J, Rybkin VV, Pasquarello A. Temperature Dependent Properties of the Aqueous Electron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209398. [PMID: 35849110 PMCID: PMC9541610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The temperature‐dependent properties of the aqueous electron have been extensively studied using mixed quantum‐classical simulations in a wide range of thermodynamic conditions based on one‐electron pseudopotentials. While the cavity model appears to explain most of the physical properties of the aqueous electron, only a non‐cavity model has so far been successful in accounting for the temperature dependence of the absorption spectrum. Here, we present an accurate and efficient description of the aqueous electron under various thermodynamic conditions by combining hybrid functional‐based molecular dynamics, machine learning techniques, and multiple time‐step methods. Our advanced simulations accurately describe the temperature dependence of the absorption maximum in the presence of cavity formation. Specifically, our work reveals that the red shift of the absorption maximum results from an increasing gyration radius with temperature, rather than from global density variations as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Lan
- Chaire de Simulation àl'Echelle Atomique (CSEA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Alfredo Pasquarello
- Chaire de Simulation àl'Echelle Atomique (CSEA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
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17
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Crockett MP, Aguirre LS, Jimenez LB, Hsu HH, Thomas AA. Preparation of Highly Reactive Lithium Metal Dendrites for the Synthesis of Organolithium Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16631-16637. [PMID: 36037085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing problem in the area of organolithium chemistry has been the need for a highly reactive Li-metal source that mimics Li-powders but has the advantage of being freshly prepared from inexpensive and readily available Li-sources. Here, we report a simple and convenient activation method using liquid ammonia that furnishes a new Li-metal source in the form of crystalline Li-dendrites. The Li-dendrites were shown to have ca. 100 times greater surface area than conventional Li-sources created by prototypical mechanical activation methods. Concomitant with the surface area increase, the Li-dendrites were shown to exhibit significant rate enhancements over Li-powders, which are currently the industry standard for the preparation of organolithium compounds. These features were leveraged for the reproducible synthesis of organolithium reagents over a range of common laboratory scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Crockett
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Lupita S Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Leonel B Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Han-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Andy A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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18
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Lan J, Rybkin VV, Pasquarello A. Temperature Dependent Properties of the Aqueous Electron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Lan
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Chaire de Simulation à l’Echelle Atomique 1015 Lausanne SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Alfredo Pasquarello
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Chaire de Simulation à l’Echelle Atomique SWITZERLAND
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19
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Schewe HC, Muchová E, Belina M, Buttersack T, Stemer D, Seidel R, Thürmer S, Slavíček P, Winter B. Observation of intermolecular Coulombic decay and shake-up satellites in liquid ammonia. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2022; 9:044901. [PMID: 35982825 PMCID: PMC9380002 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the first nitrogen 1s Auger-Meitner electron spectrum from a liquid ammonia microjet at a temperature of ∼223 K (-50 °C) and compare it with the simultaneously measured spectrum for gas-phase ammonia. The spectra from both phases are interpreted with the assistance of high-level electronic structure and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. In addition to the regular Auger-Meitner-electron features, we observe electron emission at kinetic energies of 374-388 eV, above the leading Auger-Meitner peak (3a1 2). Based on the electronic structure calculations, we assign this peak to a shake-up satellite in the gas phase, i.e., Auger-Meitner emission from an intermediate state with additional valence excitation present. The high-energy contribution is significantly enhanced in the liquid phase. We consider various mechanisms contributing to this feature. First, in analogy with other hydrogen-bonded liquids (noticeably water), the high-energy signal may be a signature for an ultrafast proton transfer taking place before the electronic decay (proton transfer mediated charge separation). The ab initio dynamical calculations show, however, that such a process is much slower than electronic decay and is, thus, very unlikely. Next, we consider a non-local version of the Auger-Meitner decay, the Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. The electronic structure calculations support an important contribution of this purely electronic mechanism. Finally, we discuss a non-local enhancement of the shake-up processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Christian Schewe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam.2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Muchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Belina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Chen JJ, Vilà-Nadal L, Solé-Daura A, Chisholm G, Minato T, Busche C, Zhao T, Kandasamy B, Ganin AY, Smith RM, Colliard I, Carbó JJ, Poblet JM, Nyman M, Cronin L. Effective Storage of Electrons in Water by the Formation of Highly Reduced Polyoxometalate Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8951-8960. [PMID: 35536652 PMCID: PMC9171825 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Aqueous
solutions of polyoxometalates (POMs) have been shown to
have potential as high-capacity energy storage materials due to their
potential for multi-electron redox processes, yet the mechanism of
reduction and practical limits are currently unknown. Herein, we explore
the mechanism of multi-electron redox processes that allow the highly
reduced POM clusters of the form {MO3}y to absorb y electrons in aqueous solution,
focusing mechanistically on the Wells–Dawson structure X6[P2W18O62], which comprises
18 metal centers and can uptake up to 18 electrons reversibly (y = 18) per cluster in aqueous solution when the countercations
are lithium. This unconventional redox activity is
rationalized by density functional theory, molecular dynamics simulations,
UV–vis, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and small-angle
X-ray scattering spectra. These data point to a new phenomenon showing
that cluster protonation and aggregation allow the formation of highly
electron-rich meta-stable systems in aqueous solution, which produce
H2 when the solution is diluted. Finally, we show that
this understanding is transferrable to other salts of [P5W30O110]15– and [P8W48O184]40– anions, which
can be charged to 23 and 27 electrons per cluster, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Chen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Laia Vilà-Nadal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Albert Solé-Daura
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Greig Chisholm
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Takuo Minato
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Christoph Busche
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Balamurugan Kandasamy
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Alexey Y Ganin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Rachelle M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 07331, United States
| | - Ian Colliard
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 07331, United States
| | - Jorge J Carbó
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 07331, United States
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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21
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Brezina K, Kostal V, Jungwirth P, Marsalek O. Electronic structure of the solvated benzene radical anion. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:014501. [PMID: 34998349 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzene radical anion is a molecular ion pertinent to several organic reactions, including the Birch reduction of benzene in liquid ammonia. The species exhibits a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect due to its open-shell nature and undergoes pseudorotation of its geometry. Here, we characterize the complex electronic structure of this condensed-phase system based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and GW calculations of the benzene radical anion solvated in liquid ammonia. Using detailed analysis of the molecular and electronic structure, we find that the spatial character of the excess electron of the solvated radical anion follows the underlying Jahn-Teller distortions of the molecular geometry. We decompose the electronic density of states to isolate the contribution of the solute and to examine the response of the solvent to its presence. Our findings show the correspondence between instantaneous molecular structure and spin density; provide important insights into the electronic stability of the species, revealing that it is, indeed, a bound state in the condensed phase; and offer electronic densities of states that aid in the interpretation of experimental photoelectron spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystof Brezina
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Kostal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Marsalek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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22
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Lan J, Yamamoto YI, Suzuki T, Rybkin VV. Shallow and deep trap states of solvated electrons in methanol and their formation, electronic excitation, and relaxation dynamics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3837-3844. [PMID: 35432888 PMCID: PMC8966712 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06666h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present condensed-phase first-principles molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the presence of different electron trapping sites in liquid methanol and their roles in the formation, electronic transitions, and relaxation of solvated electrons (emet−) in methanol. Excess electrons injected into liquid methanol are most likely trapped by methyl groups, but rapidly diffuse to more stable trapping sites with dangling OH bonds. After localization at the sites with one free OH bond (1OH trapping sites), reorientation of other methanol molecules increases the OH coordination number and the trap depth, and ultimately four OH bonds become coordinated with the excess electrons under thermal conditions. The simulation identified four distinct trapping states with different OH coordination numbers. The simulation results also revealed that electronic transitions of emet− are primarily due to charge transfer between electron trapping sites (cavities) formed by OH and methyl groups, and that these transitions differ from hydrogenic electronic transitions involving aqueous solvated electrons (eaq−). Such charge transfer also explains the alkyl-chain-length dependence of the photoabsorption peak wavelength and the excited-state lifetime of solvated electrons in primary alcohols. Condensed-phase first-principles molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the presence of different electron trapping sites in liquid methanol and their roles in the formation, electronic transitions, and relaxation of solvated electrons.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Yo-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Vladimir V. Rybkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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23
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Flavell W. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Prospects for photoelectron spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:9-57. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00071g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of recent advances in photoelectron spectroscopy, focussing on advances in in situ and time-resolved measurements, and in extending the sampling depth of the technique. The future...
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24
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Schewe HC, Brezina K, Kostal V, Mason PE, Buttersack T, Stemer DM, Seidel R, Quevedo W, Trinter F, Winter B, Jungwirth P. Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Benzene in the Liquid Phase and Dissolved in Liquid Ammonia. J Phys Chem B 2021; 126:229-238. [PMID: 34935378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report valence band photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of gas-phase and liquid-phase benzene as well as those of benzene dissolved in liquid ammonia, complemented by electronic structure calculations. The origins of the sizable gas-to-liquid-phase shifts in electron binding energies deduced from the benzene valence band spectral features are quantitatively characterized in terms of the Born-Haber solvation model. This model also allows to rationalize the observation of almost identical shifts in liquid ammonia and benzene despite the fact that the former solvent is polar while the latter is not. For neutral solutes like benzene, it is the electronic polarization response determined by the high frequency dielectric constant of the solvent, which is practically the same in the two liquids, that primarily determines the observed gas-to-liquid shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christian Schewe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Krystof Brezina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Kostal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Philip E Mason
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik M Stemer
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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25
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Ahmed A, Boyle EC, Kottke PA, Fedorov AG. Radiolytic redox interplay defines nanomaterial synthesis in liquids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj8751. [PMID: 34919426 PMCID: PMC8682990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation of a liquid solution generates solvated electrons and radiolysis products, which can lead to material deposition or etching. The chemical environment dictates the dominant reactions. Radiolysis-induced reactions in salt solutions have substantially different results in pure water versus water-ammonia, which extends the lifetime of solvated electrons. We investigate the interplay between transport and solution chemistry via the example of solid silver formation from e-beam irradiation of silver nitrate solutions in water and water-ammonia. The addition of ammonia results in the formation of a secondary ring-shaped deposit tens of micrometers in diameter (formed over tens of seconds) around the primary point of deposition (formed over milliseconds). Simulations uncover the relative importance of oxidizing and reducing reactions and transport effects. Our explanation of this behavior involves mechanisms beyond ammonia’s role in extending solvated electron lifetimes.
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26
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Abstract
Photochemical reactions are increasingly being used for chemical and materials synthesis, for example, in photoredox catalysis, and generally involve photoexcitation of molecular chromophores dissolved in a liquid solvent. The choice of solvent influences the outcomes of the photochemistry because solute-solvent interactions modify the energies of and crossings between electronic states of the chromophores, and they affect the evolving structures of the photoexcited molecules. Ultrafast laser spectroscopy methods with femtosecond to picosecond time resolution can resolve the dynamics of these photoexcited molecules as they undergo structural and electronic changes, relax back to the ground state, dissipate their excess internal energy to the surrounding solvent, or undergo photochemical reactions. In this Account, we illustrate how experimental studies using ultrafast lasers can reveal the influences that different solvents or cosolutes exert on the photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of internal conversion and intersystem crossing in nonradiative relaxation pathways. Although the environment surrounding a solute molecule is rapidly changing, with fluctuations in the coordination to neighboring solvent molecules occurring on femtosecond or picosecond time scales, we show that it is possible to photoexcite selectively only those molecular chromophores transiently experiencing specific solute-solvent interactions such as intermolecular hydrogen bonding.The effects of different solvation environments on the photodynamics are illustrated using four selected examples of photochemical processes in which the solvent has a marked effect on the outcomes. We first consider two aromatic carbonyl compounds, benzophenone and acetophenone, which are known to undergo fast intersystem crossing to populate the first excited triplet state on time scales of a few picoseconds. We show that the nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics are modified by transient hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl group to a protic solvent or by coordination to a metal cation cosolute. We then examine how different solvents modify the competition between two alternative relaxation pathways in a photoexcited UVA-sunscreen molecule, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB). This relaxation back to the ground electronic state is an essential part of the effective operation of the sunscreen compound, but the dynamics are sensitive to the surrounding environment. Finally, we consider how solvents of different polarity affect the energies and lifetimes of excited states with locally excited or charge-transfer character in heterocyclic organic compounds used as excited-state electron donors for photoredox catalysis. With these and other examples, we seek to develop a molecular level understanding of how the choice of solution environment might be used to control the outcomes of photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Venkatraman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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27
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Yamamoto YI, Ishiyama T, Morita A, Suzuki T. Exploration of Gas-Liquid Interfaces for Liquid Water and Methanol Using Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Photoemission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10514-10526. [PMID: 34494839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a study using extreme UV (EUV) photoemission spectroscopy of the valence electronic structures of aqueous and methanol solutions using a 10 kHz EUV light source based on high-order harmonic generation and a magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron spectrometer. Two aspects of the observed spectra are highlighted in this study. One is variation of the vertical ionization energy (VIE) for liquids as a function of the solute concentration, which is closely related to surface dipoles at the gas-liquid interface. The experimental results show that the VIE of liquid water increases slightly with increasing concentrations of NaCl and NaI and decreases with NaOH. The VIE of liquid methanol was also found to change slightly with NaI. On the other hand, tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and butylamine (BA) clearly reduce the VIE for liquid water, which is attributed to the formation of an electric double layer (EDL) by segregated solutes at the gas-liquid interface. As evidence for this, when the pH of an aqueous BA solution is reduced to protonate BA, the VIE shift gradually decreases because the protonated BA moves into the bulk to suppress the influence of the EDL. We computed the surface potentials for these solutions using molecular dynamics simulations, and the results supported our interpretation of the experimental results. Another observation is the variation of the relative energy and shape of individual photoelectron bands for solvents, which is related to alteration of the structure and constituents of the first solvation shell of ionized solvent molecules. All of the solutes cause changes in the photoelectron spectra at high concentration, one of the most prominent of which is the degree of splitting of the 3a1 band for liquid water and the 7a' band for liquid methanol, which are sensitive to hydrogen bonding in the liquids. The 3a1 splitting decreases with the increasing concentration of NaI, NaCl, and NaOH, indicating that Na+ penetrates into the hydrogen-bonding network to coordinate to a nonbonding electron of a water molecule. On the other hand, TBAI and BA cause smaller changes in the 3a1 splitting. Full interpretation of these spectroscopic features awaits extensive quantum chemical calculations and is beyond the scope of this study. However, these results illustrate the strong potential of EUV laser photoemission spectroscopy of liquids for exploration of interfacial and solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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28
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Ground and excited states analysis of alkali metal ethylenediamine and crown ether complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20298-20306. [PMID: 34486608 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02552j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-level electronic structure calculations are carried out to obtain optimized geometries and excitation energies of neutral lithium, sodium, and potassium complexes with two ethylenediamine and one or two crown ether molecules. Three different sizes of crowns are employed (12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6). The ground state of all complexes contains an electron in an s-type orbital. For the mono-crown ether complexes, this orbital is the polarized valence s-orbital of the metal, but for the other systems this orbital is a peripheral diffuse orbital. The nature of the low-lying electronic states is found to be different for each of these species. Specifically, the metal ethylenediamine complexes follow the previously discovered shell model of metal ammonia complexes (1s, 1p, 1d, 2s, 1f), but both mono- and sandwich di-crown ether complexes bear a different shell model partially due to their lower (cylindrical) symmetry and the stabilization of the 2s-type orbital. Li(15-crown-5) is the only complex with the metal in the middle of the crown ether and adopts closely the shell model of metal ammonia complexes. Our findings suggest that the electronic band structure of electrides (metal crown ether sandwich aggregates) and expanded metals (metal ammonia aggregates) should be different despite the similar nature of these systems (bearing diffuse electrons around a metal complex).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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29
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Castelvecchi D. Water transformed into shiny, golden metal. Nature 2021; 596:18. [PMID: 34321648 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-02065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Kostal V, Brezina K, Marsalek O, Jungwirth P. Benzene Radical Anion Microsolvated in Ammonia Clusters: Modeling the Transition from an Unbound Resonance to a Bound Species. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5811-5818. [PMID: 34165987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The benzene radical anion, well-known in organic chemistry as the first intermediate in the Birch reduction of benzene in liquid ammonia, exhibits intriguing properties from the point of view of quantum chemistry. Notably, it has the character of a metastable shape resonance in the gas phase, while measurements in solution find it to be experimentally detectable and stable. In this light, our previous calculations performed in bulk liquid ammonia explicitly reveal that solvation leads to stabilization. Here, we focus on the transition of the benzene radical anion from an unstable gas-phase ion to a fully solvated bound species by explicit ionization calculations of the radical anion solvated in molecular clusters of increasing size. The computational cost of the largest systems is mitigated by combining density functional theory with auxiliary methods including effective fragment potentials or approximating the bulk by polarizable continuum models. Using this methodology, we obtain the cluster size dependence of the vertical binding energy of the benzene radical anion converging to the value of -2.3 eV at a modest computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Kostal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Krystof Brezina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Marsalek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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31
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Mason PE, Schewe HC, Buttersack T, Kostal V, Vitek M, McMullen RS, Ali H, Trinter F, Lee C, Neumark DM, Thürmer S, Seidel R, Winter B, Bradforth SE, Jungwirth P. Spectroscopic evidence for a gold-coloured metallic water solution. Nature 2021; 595:673-676. [PMID: 34321671 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulating materials can in principle be made metallic by applying pressure. In the case of pure water, this is estimated1 to require a pressure of 48 megabar, which is beyond current experimental capabilities and may only exist in the interior of large planets or stars2-4. Indeed, recent estimates and experiments indicate that water at pressures accessible in the laboratory will at best be superionic with high protonic conductivity5, but not metallic with conductive electrons1. Here we show that a metallic water solution can be prepared by massive doping with electrons upon reacting water with alkali metals. Although analogous metallic solutions of liquid ammonia with high concentrations of solvated electrons have long been known and characterized6-9, the explosive interaction between alkali metals and water10,11 has so far only permitted the preparation of aqueous solutions with low, submetallic electron concentrations12-14. We found that the explosive behaviour of the water-alkali metal reaction can be suppressed by adsorbing water vapour at a low pressure of about 10-4 millibar onto liquid sodium-potassium alloy drops ejected into a vacuum chamber. This set-up leads to the formation of a transient gold-coloured layer of a metallic water solution covering the metal alloy drops. The metallic character of this layer, doped with around 5 × 1021 electrons per cubic centimetre, is confirmed using optical reflection and synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Mason
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - H Christian Schewe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vojtech Kostal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Vitek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan S McMullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hebatallah Ali
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Women for Art, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Chin Lee
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen E Bradforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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32
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Thürmer S, Shinno T, Suzuki T. Valence Photoelectron Spectra of Liquid Methanol and Ethanol Measured Using He II Radiation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2492-2503. [PMID: 33755491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution photoelectron (PE) spectra of liquid methanol and ethanol were measured using a liquid microjet and He IIα radiation (40.813 eV). The vertical ionization energy and the ionization threshold were determined as 9.70 ± 0.07 and 8.69 ± 0.07 eV for methanol and 9.52 ± 0.07 and 8.52 ± 0.07 eV for ethanol, respectively. Individual photoemission bands observed for the liquids are well correlated with those in PE spectra of the gaseous samples also measured in the present study, except that the liquid band positions were shifted on average by -1.23 eV for methanol and -1.10 eV for ethanol as compared to the gas. The 5a' and 7a' bands of liquid methanol exhibit specifically larger broadening than other bands, for which we attempted spectral fitting with two components, similarly with the case of the 3a1 band of liquid water. PE spectra of both liquid and gaseous ethanol are congested partly due to the presence of the trans and gauche isomers; however, the overall band positions are generally in good agreement with predictions based on quantum chemical calculations. Comparison of the measured PE spectra with experimental and simulated X-ray emission spectra indicate that spectral differences in the lowest ionization band of both methanol and ethanol originate from involvement of nuclear dynamics in the X-ray emission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Shinno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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33
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Riedel R, Seel AG, Malko D, Miller DP, Sperling BT, Choi H, Headen TF, Zurek E, Porch A, Kucernak A, Pyper NC, Edwards PP, Barrett AGM. Superalkali-Alkalide Interactions and Ion Pairing in Low-Polarity Solvents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3934-3943. [PMID: 33660507 PMCID: PMC8028040 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nature of anionic alkali metals in solution is traditionally thought to be "gaslike" and unperturbed. In contrast to this noninteracting picture, we present experimental and computational data herein that support ion pairing in alkalide solutions. Concentration dependent ionic conductivity, dielectric spectroscopy, and neutron scattering results are consistent with the presence of superalkali-alkalide ion pairs in solution, whose stability and properties have been further investigated by DFT calculations. Our temperature dependent alkali metal NMR measurements reveal that the dynamics of the alkalide species is both reversible and thermally activated suggesting a complicated exchange process for the ion paired species. The results of this study go beyond a picture of alkalides being a "gaslike" anion in solution and highlight the significance of the interaction of the alkalide with its complex countercation (superalkali).
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Affiliation(s)
- René Riedel
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Andrew G. Seel
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, London WC1E
6BT, U.K.
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratories, University of Oxford, Park Royal Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Daniel Malko
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Daniel P. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Hofstra University, 106 Berliner Hall, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
| | - Brendan T. Sperling
- Department
of Chemistry, Hofstra University, 106 Berliner Hall, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
| | - Heungjae Choi
- School
of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Thomas F. Headen
- ISIS Neutron
and Muon Source, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Eva Zurek
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York
at Buffalo, 777 Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Adrian Porch
- School
of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Anthony Kucernak
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Nicholas C. Pyper
- University
Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Peter P. Edwards
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratories, University of Oxford, Park Royal Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Anthony G. M. Barrett
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
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34
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Dupuy R, Richter C, Winter B, Meijer G, Schlögl R, Bluhm H. Core level photoelectron spectroscopy of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces: Current status, challenges, and prospects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:060901. [PMID: 33588531 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-vapor interfaces, particularly those between aqueous solutions and air, drive numerous important chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere and in the environment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an excellent method for the investigation of these interfaces due to its surface sensitivity, elemental and chemical specificity, and the possibility to obtain information on the depth distribution of solute and solvent species in the interfacial region. In this Perspective, we review the progress that was made in this field over the past decades and discuss the challenges that need to be overcome for investigations of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces under close-to-realistic environmental conditions. We close with an outlook on where some of the most exciting and promising developments might lie in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Gao L, Zhang L, Fu Q, Bu Y. Molecular Dynamics Characterization of Dielectron Hydration in Liquid Water with Unique Double Proton Transfers. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:666-677. [PMID: 33474934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radiation chemistry of water and aqueous solutions has always been an interesting scientific issue owing to involving electronic excitations, ionization of solvated species, and formation of radiolytic species and many elementary reactions, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we for the first time molecular dynamics characterize the hydration dynamics of two correlated electrons and their triggered unique phenomena in liquid water associated with radiolysis of water using the combined hybrid functional and nonlocal dispersion functional. Hydration of two electrons may experience two distinctly different mechanisms, one forming a spin-paired closed-shell unicaged dielectron hydrate (e22-aq) and the other forming a spin-paired metastable open-shell bicaged hydrated electron pair (e-aq···e-aq) which exhibits intriguing antiferromagnetic spin coupling dynamics (in a range of -40 cm-1 to -500 cm-1). e-aq···e-aq can recombine to e22-aq through a unique solvent fluctuation-controlled gradual-flowing mechanism, and enlarging fluctuation can promote the conversion. Interestingly, we directly observe that e22-aq as the precursor can trigger hydrogen evolution via unique continuous spontaneous double proton transfer to the dielectron with a short-lived H-aq intermediate, but e-aq···e-aq does not directly. This is the first direct observation for the connection between e22-aq and spontaneous hydrogen evolution including participation of H-aq in aqueous solution, bridging relevant experimental phenomena. This work also evidences an unnoticed process, the double proton transfer mediated charge separation, and presents the first detailed analysis regarding the evolution dynamics of e22-aq for the understanding of the radiolysis reactions in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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36
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Abella L, Philips A, Autschbach J. Ab initio molecular dynamics study of sodium NMR chemical shifts in the methylamine solution of [Na + [2.2.2]cryptand Na -]. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:339-346. [PMID: 33349818 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sodium anion (Na-) was once thought to behave like a 'genuine' anion, with both the [Ne] core and the 3s valence shell interacting very weakly with their environments. In the present work, following a recent study of the surprisingly small quadrupolar line widths of Na-, NMR shielding calculations were carried out for the Na-/Na+ [2.2.2]cryptand system solvated in methylamine, based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, followed by detailed analyses of the shielding constants. The results confirm that Na- does not act like a quasi-free ion that interacts only weakly with its surroundings. Rather, the filled 3s shell of Na- interacts strongly with its chemical environment, but only weakly with the ion's own core and the nucleus, and it isolates the core from the chemical environment. As a consequence, the Na- ion appears in NMR experiments like a free ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abella
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA.
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37
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Petrillo C, Sacchetti F. Future applications of the high-flux thermal neutron spectroscopy: the ever-green case of collective excitations in liquid metals. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2021.1871862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Petrillo
- Department of Physics & Earth Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sacchetti
- Department of Physics & Earth Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute IOM-CNR, Perugia, Italy
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38
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Be–Be Bond in Action: Lessons from the Beryllium–Ammonia Complexes [Be(NH3)0–4]20,2+. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9783-9792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R. Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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39
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Brezina K, Jungwirth P, Marsalek O. Benzene Radical Anion in the Context of the Birch Reduction: When Solvation Is the Key. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6032-6038. [PMID: 32628025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The benzene radical anion is an important intermediate in the Birch reduction of benzene by solvated electrons in liquid ammonia. Beyond organic chemistry, it is an intriguing subject of spectroscopic and theoretical studies due to its rich structural and dynamical behavior. In the gas phase, the species appears as a metastable shape resonance, while in the condensed phase, it remains stable. Here, we approach the system by ab initio molecular dynamics in liquid ammonia and demonstrate that the inclusion of solvent is crucial and indeed leads to stability. Beyond the mere existence of the radical anion species, our simulations explore its condensed-phase behavior at the molecular level and offer new insights into its properties. These include the dynamic Jahn-Teller distortions, vibrational spectra in liquid ammonia, and the structure of the solvent shell, including the motif of a π-hydrogen bond between ammonia molecules and the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystof Brezina
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Marsalek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Isborn CM. The link between electrolytes and metals. Science 2020; 368:1056-1057. [PMID: 32499427 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb9717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Isborn
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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