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Kim WJ, Kim HS. Emerging and upcoming therapies in insomnia. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2024; 32:1-17. [PMID: 38586124 PMCID: PMC10990727 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2024.32.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Insomnia, commonly treated with benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonists, presents challenges due to associated serious side effects such as abuse and dependence. To address these concerns, many researches have been conducted to develop and advance both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), which include suvorexant, daridorexant and lemborexant, have recently been approved by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) as a novel pharmacotherapeutic alternative. Unlike BZD receptor agonists that act as positive allosteric modulators of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A subunit alpha 1 receptor, DORAs function by binding to both orexin receptor types 1 and 2, and inhibiting the action of the wake-promoting orexin neuropeptide. These drugs induce normal sleep without sleep stage change, do not impair attention and memory performance, and facilitate easier awakening. However, more real-world safety information is needed. Selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) is under clinical developments. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of action in relation to insomnia, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety information of DORAs and SORA. According to insomnia management guidelines, the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Although it has proven effective in improving sleep-related quality of life, it has several restrictions limitations due to a face-to-face format. Recently, prescription digital therapy such as Somryst® was approved by US FDA. Somryst®, a smartphone app-based CBT-I, demonstrated meaningful responses in patients. However, digital limitations may impact scalability. Overall, these developments offer promising alternatives for insomnia treatment, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ju Kim
- Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ho-Sook Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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2
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Kron JOZJ, Keenan RJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH. Orexin Receptor Antagonism: Normalizing Sleep Architecture in Old Age and Disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:359-386. [PMID: 37708433 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-040323-031929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is essential for human well-being, yet the quality and quantity of sleep reduce as age advances. Older persons (>65 years old) are more at risk of disorders accompanied and/or exacerbated by poor sleep. Furthermore, evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between disrupted sleep and Alzheimer's disease (AD) or related dementias. Orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides stabilize wakefulness, and several orexin receptor antagonists (ORAs) are approved for the treatment of insomnia in adults. Dysregulation of the orexin system occurs in aging and AD, positioning ORAs as advantageous for these populations. Indeed, several clinical studies indicate that ORAs are efficacious hypnotics in older persons and dementia patients and, as in adults, are generally well tolerated. ORAs are likely to be more effective when administered early in sleep/wake dysregulation to reestablish good sleep/wake-related behaviors and reduce the accumulation of dementia-associated proteinopathic substrates. Improving sleep in aging and dementia represents a tremendous opportunity to benefit patients, caregivers, and health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrah O-Z J Kron
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Ryan J Keenan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
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Abstract
The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two neuropeptides produced exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus. They act on two specific receptors that are widely distributed across the brain and involved in a myriad of neurophysiological functions that include sleep, arousal, feeding, reward, fear, anxiety and cognition. Hcrt cell loss in humans leads to narcolepsy with cataplexy (narcolepsy type 1), a disorder characterized by intrusions of sleep into wakefulness, demonstrating that the Hcrt system is nonredundant and essential for sleep/wake stability. The causal link between Hcrts and arousal/wakefulness stabilisation has led to the development of a new class of drugs, Hcrt receptor antagonists to treat insomnia, based on the assumption that blocking orexin-induced arousal will facilitate sleep. This has been clinically validated: currently, two Hcrt receptor antagonists are approved to treat insomnia (suvorexant and lemborexant), with a New Drug Application recently submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration for a third drug (daridorexant). Other therapeutic applications under investigation include reduction of cravings in substance-use disorders and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, given the apparent bidirectional relationship between poor sleep and worsening of the disease. Circuit neuroscience findings suggest that the Hcrt system is a hub that integrates diverse inputs modulating arousal (e.g., circadian rhythms, metabolic status, positive and negative emotions) and conveys this information to multiple output regions. This neuronal architecture explains the wealth of physiological functions associated with Hcrts and highlights the potential of the Hcrt system as a therapeutic target for a number of disorders. We discuss present and future possible applications of drugs targeting the Hcrt system for the treatment of circuit-related neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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The Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist DORA-22 Improves Mild Stress-induced Sleep Disruption During the Natural Sleep Phase of Nocturnal Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 463:30-44. [PMID: 33737028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexinergic antagonists (DORAs) have been recently developed as a pharmacotherapy alternative to established hypnotics. Hypnotics are largely evaluated in preclinical rodent models in the dark/active period yet should be ideally evaluated in the light/inactive period, analogous to when sleep disruption occurs in humans. We describe here the hypnotic efficacy of DORA-22 in rodent models of sleep disturbance produced by cage changes in the light/inactive period. Rats were administered DORA-22 or the GABA receptor-targeting hypnotic eszopiclone early in the light period, then exposed to six hourly clean cage changes with measurements of NREM sleep onset latency. Both compounds initially promoted sleep (hours 1 and 2), with DORA-22 exhibiting a more rapid hypnotic onset; and exhibited extended efficacy, evident six hours after administration in a sleep latencies test. A common complaint concerning hypnotic use is lingering hypersomnolence, and this is a concern in pharmacotherapy of the elderly. A second study was designed to determine a minimal dose of DORA-22 which would initially promote sleep but exhibit minimal extended hypnotic effect.Animals were administered DORA-22, then exposed for six hours to a single cage previously dirtied by a conspecific, followed by return to home cage. EEG measures indicated that all DORA-22 doses largely promoted sleep in the first hour. The lowest dose (1 mg/kg) did not decrease sleep onset latency at the six-hour timepoint, suggesting no residual hypersomnolence. We described here DORA-22 hypnotic efficacy during the normal sleep period of nocturnal rats, and demonstrate that well-chosen (low) hypnotic doses of DORA-22 may be hypnotically effective yet have minimal lingering effects.
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5
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Nakamura F, Kuribayashi S, Tanaka F, Kawami N, Fujiwara Y, Iwakiri K, Kusano M, Uraoka T. Impact of improvement of sleep disturbance on symptoms and quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:78. [PMID: 33602148 PMCID: PMC7890897 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Functional dyspepsia (FD) is often comorbid with sleep disturbance. However, it is not fully understood how sleep disturbance affects the pathophysiology of FD. We aimed to investigate the relationship between FD and sleep disturbance. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 20 FD patients with sleep disturbance between December 2018 and July 2019. Patients took sleep aids for 4 weeks and filled out questionnaires before and after taking sleep aids. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) were used to evaluate the severity of their sleep disturbance. Modified Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (mFSSG), Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), and the Japanese version of Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (JPAC-QOL) were used to evaluate the severity of GI symptoms. Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate QOL. Pre- and post-sleep medication values of questionnaires were compared. RESULTS Among 20 enrolled patients, 16 completed the study protocol. Zolpidem, eszopiclone, and suvorexant were administered to six, nine, and one patient, respectively. Each median total score of questionnaires (pre-/post-sleep medication, respectively) was as follows: PSQI, 10.0/8.5; ESS, 12.5/5.0; AIS, 10.0/4.0; mFSSG, 21.0/16.0; GSRS, 44.0/31.0 (Pain in GSRS, 11.0/5.0); JPAC-QOL, 26.0/15.5; SF-36, 63.9/71.9. All of these results showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-sleep medication (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Improvement of sleep disturbance by administration of sleep aids resulted in improvement of GI symptoms and QOL in patients with FD. This effect may be related to pain modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi City, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Digestive Disease Center, Kohseichuo General Hospital, 1-11-7 Mita, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8581, Japan
| | - Shiko Kuribayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi City, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Fumio Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-7 Asahi-cho, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kawami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-7 Asahi-cho, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Iwakiri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Kusano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi City, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Toshio Uraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi City, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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6
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Ruan W, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK. Circadian rhythm as a therapeutic target. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:287-307. [PMID: 33589815 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock evolved in diverse organisms to integrate external environmental changes and internal physiology. The clock endows the host with temporal precision and robust adaptation to the surrounding environment. When circadian rhythms are perturbed or misaligned, as a result of jet lag, shiftwork or other lifestyle factors, adverse health consequences arise, and the risks of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases or metabolic disorders increase. Although the negative impact of circadian rhythm disruption is now well established, it remains underappreciated how to take advantage of biological timing, or correct it, for health benefits. In this Review, we provide an updated account of the circadian system and highlight several key disease areas with altered circadian signalling. We discuss environmental and lifestyle modifications of circadian rhythm and clock-based therapeutic strategies, including chronotherapy, in which dosing time is deliberately optimized for maximum therapeutic index, and pharmacological agents that target core clock components and proximal regulators. Promising progress in research, disease models and clinical applications should encourage a concerted effort towards a new era of circadian medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Moriya S, Takahashi H, Masukawa D, Yamada M, Ishigooka J, Nishimura K. Dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) treatment affects the overall levels of Net/maoA mRNA expression in the hippocampus. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 145:198-201. [PMID: 33451754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexinergic system plays a significant role in regulating proper sleep/wake maintenance. Dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) is widely prescribed for insomnia symptoms. The antagonist acts on orexin 1 and 2 receptors located in certain brain areas, including the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe. Nevertheless, its effects on monoamine-related gene expression remain unclear. Here, we measured the expression levels of monoamine-related genes in DORA-treated mice. DORA treatment significantly affected overall levels of noradrenalin transporter/monoamine oxidases A mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that DORA contributes to noradrenalin-related gene expression regulation in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunpei Moriya
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Jun Ishigooka
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan; CNS Pharmacological Research Institute, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0051, Japan
| | - Katsuji Nishimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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8
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Nonclinical pharmacology of daridorexant: a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2693-2708. [PMID: 34415378 PMCID: PMC8455402 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent a novel type of sleep medication that provide an alternative to the traditionally used positive allosteric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators. Daridorexant is a new DORA that exhibited in phase 3 trials in insomnia not only a beneficial effect on sleep variables, measured objectively and assessed subjectively, but also an improvement in daytime functioning. Daridorexant was discovered through a tailored research program aimed at identifying an optimized sleep-promoting molecule with pharmacokinetic properties appropriate for covering the whole night while avoiding next-morning residual activity at efficacious doses. By specific binding to both orexin receptors, daridorexant inhibits the actions of the wake-promoting orexin (also called hypocretin) neuropeptides. This mechanism avoids a more widespread inhibition of neuronal pathways and associated side effects that are intrinsic to positive allosteric GABA-A receptor modulators. Here, we review the general pharmacology of daridorexant, based on nonclinical pharmacology studies of daridorexant, unpublished or already described, or based on work with other DORAs. Some unique features of daridorexant will be highlighted, such as the promotion of natural and surmountable sleep, the preservation of memory and cognition, the absence of tolerance development or risk of physical dependence, and how it can benefit daytime functioning.
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9
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Wei H, Guan YD, Zhang LX, Liu S, Lu AP, Cheng Y, Cao DS. A combinatorial target screening strategy for deorphaning macromolecular targets of natural product. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112644. [PMID: 32738412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, as an ideal starting point for molecular design, play a pivotal role in drug discovery; however, ambiguous targets and mechanisms have limited their in-depth research and applications in a global dimension. In-silico target prediction methods have become an alternative to target identification experiments due to the high accuracy and speed, but most studies only use a single prediction method, which may reduce the accuracy and reliability of the prediction. Here, we firstly presented a combinatorial target screening strategy to facilitate multi-target screening of natural products considering the characteristics of diverse in-silico target prediction methods, which consists of ligand-based online approaches, consensus SAR modelling and target-specific re-scoring function modelling. To validate the practicability of the strategy, natural product neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the lotus seed, was taken as an example to illustrate the screening process and a series of corresponding experiments were implemented to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of neferine. The proposed computational method could be used for a complementary hypothesis generation and rapid analysis of potential targets of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yi-Di Guan
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Liu-Xia Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shao Liu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ai-Ping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China
| | - Yan Cheng
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Dong-Sheng Cao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China.
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10
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Neylan TC, Richards A, Metzler TJ, Ruoff LM, Varbel J, O’Donovan A, Sivasubramanian M, Motraghi T, Hlavin J, Batki SL, Inslicht SS, Samuelson K, Morairty SR, Kilduff TS. Acute cognitive effects of the hypocretin receptor antagonist almorexant relative to zolpidem and placebo: a randomized clinical trial. Sleep 2020; 43:zsaa080. [PMID: 32303763 PMCID: PMC7551303 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Hypnotic medications can adversely affect behavior during unanticipated awakenings during the night. Animals treated with the hypocretin (Hcrt) receptor antagonist almorexant (ALM) have less acute cognitive impairment compared to the GABAA receptor modulator zolpidem (ZOL). This study aimed to determine whether ALM produces less acute cognitive impairment than ZOL in human subjects. METHODS Healthy, young adult, unmedicated male and female subjects participated in a controlled trial of a single dose of ALM 100 mg (N = 48), ALM 200 mg (N = 53), ZOL 10 mg (N = 49), and placebo (PBO, N = 52). RESULTS ZOL and both doses of ALM produced similar levels of subjective sleepiness and impaired the ability of subjects to remain awake in a dark, low-stimulus setting relative to PBO. For most cognitive measures, performance under ZOL was significantly worse than ALM or PBO. For tasks involving verbal memory or visual-motor coordination, ZOL impaired performance, whereas the two doses of ALM were no different than PBO. For tasks involving higher-order executive function, ZOL produced impairment in processing speed and inhibitory control, whereas the two doses of ALM were no different than PBO. Performance decrements for ALM were less than ZOL but greater than PBO for some reaction time measures. CONCLUSIONS The data provide support for the hypothesis that Hcrt receptor antagonists produce less functional impairment than a benzodiazepine receptor agonist (BzRA). These observations are particularly relevant to patients treated with sedative-hypnotics who are at elevated risk for falls and other untoward events during the intended hours for sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Neylan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anne Richards
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Thomas J Metzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Leslie M Ruoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jonathan Varbel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Aoife O’Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Melinda Sivasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Terri Motraghi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jennifer Hlavin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Steven L Batki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Sabra S Inslicht
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Kristin Samuelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO
| | - Stephen R Morairty
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
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11
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Abdulhadi MH, Hussien NR, Al-Niemi MS, Rasheed HA, Al-Gareeb AI. Involvement of orexinergic system in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders: A scoping review. Brain Circ 2020; 6:70-80. [PMID: 33033776 PMCID: PMC7511915 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_42_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin is a neuropeptide secreted from lateral hypothalamus and pre-frontal cortex concerned in the wakefulness and excitement. This study aimed to review the possible neurobiological effect of orexin. A diversity of search strategies was adopted and assumed which included electronic database searches of Medline and PubMed using MeSH terms, keywords, and title words during the search. Orexin plays a vital role in activation of learning, memory acquisition, and consolidation through activation of monoaminergic system, which affect cognitive flexibility and cognitive function. Orexin stimulates adrenocorticotropin and corticosteroid secretions via activation of central corticotropin-releasing hormone. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum orexin serum levels are reduced in depression, schizophrenia, and narcolepsy. However, high orexin serum levels are revealed in drug addictions. Regarding neurodegenerative brain diseases, CSF and serum orexin serum levels are reduced Parkinson disease, Alzheimer dementia, Huntington's disease, amyotrphic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Orexin antagonist leads to significant reduction of sympathetic over-activity during withdrawal syndrome. As well, orexin antagonist improves sleep pattern. Orexinergic system is involved in the different psychiatric and neurological disorders; therefore, targeting of this system could be possible novel pathway in the management of these disorders. In addition, measurement of CSF and serum orexin levels might predict the relapse and withdrawal of addict patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - May H Abdulhadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nawar R Hussien
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marwa S Al-Niemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Huda A Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
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12
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Svetnik V, Wang TC, Xu Y, Hansen BJ, V. Fox S. A Deep Learning Approach for Automated Sleep-Wake Scoring in Pre-Clinical Animal Models. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 337:108668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Hoyer D, Allen A, Jacobson LH. Hypnotics with novel modes of action. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:244-249. [PMID: 31756268 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insomnia and, more generally, lack of sleep are on the rise. Traditionally treated by classical hypnotics, such as benzodiazepines and Z drugs, which both act on the GABAA receptor, and other modalities, including nondrug therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, there is a range of new hypnotics which are being developed or have recently received market approval. Suvorexant and the like target the orexin/hypocretin system: they should have less side effects in terms of drug-drug interactions with e.g. alcohol, less memory impairment and dependence potential compared to classical hypnotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Allen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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14
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Distinct effects of orexin receptor antagonist and GABA A agonist on sleep and physical/cognitive functions after forced awakening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24353-24358. [PMID: 31712421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907354116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with insomnia are treated with hypnotic agents. In the present study, we evaluated the side-effect profile of an orexin receptor antagonist and γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor agonist on physical/cognitive functions upon forced awakening. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was conducted on 30 healthy male subjects. Fifteen minutes before bedtime, the subjects took a pill of suvorexant (20 mg), brotizolam (0.25 mg), or placebo and were forced awake 90 min thereafter. Physical- and cognitive-function tests were performed before taking the pill, after forced awakening, and the next morning. Polysomnographic recordings revealed that the efficacies of the hypnotic agents in prolonging total sleep time (∼30 min) and increasing sleep efficiency (∼6%) were comparable. When the subjects were allowed to go back to sleep after the forced awakening, the sleep latency was shorter under the influence of hypnotic agents (∼2 min) compared to the placebo trial (24 min), and the rapid eye movement latency was significantly shorter under suvorexant (98.8, 81.7, and 48.8 min for placebo, brotizolam, and suvorexant, respectively). Although brotizolam significantly impaired the overall physical/cognitive performance (sum of z score) compared with placebo upon forced awakening, there was no significant difference in the total z score of performance between suvorexant and placebo. Notably, the score for static balance with the eyes open was higher under suvorexant compared to brotizolam administration. The energy expenditure was lower under suvorexant and brotizolam compared with the placebo. The effect size of brotizolam (d = 0.24) to reduce the energy expenditure was larger than that of suvorexant (d < 0.01).
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15
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Vanda D, Zajdel P, Soural M. Imidazopyridine-based selective and multifunctional ligands of biological targets associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Gamble MC, Katsuki F, McCoy JG, Strecker RE, McKenna JT. The dual orexinergic receptor antagonist DORA-22 improves the sleep disruption and memory impairment produced by a rodent insomnia model. Sleep 2019; 43:5583907. [PMID: 31595304 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInsomnia-related sleep disruption can contribute to impaired learning and memory. Treatment of insomnia should ideally improve the sleep profile while minimally affecting mnemonic function, yet many hypnotic drugs (e.g. benzodiazepines) are known to impair memory. Here, we used a rat model of insomnia to determine whether the novel hypnotic drug DORA-22, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, improves mild stress-induced insomnia with minimal effect on memory. Animals were first trained to remember the location of a hidden platform (acquisition) in the Morris Water Maze and then administered DORA-22 (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg doses) or vehicle control. Animals were then subjected to a rodent insomnia model involving two exposures to dirty cages over a 6-hr time period (at time points 0 and 3 hr), followed immediately by a probe trial in which memory of the water maze platform location was evaluated. DORA-22 treatment improved the insomnia-related sleep disruption—wake was attenuated and NREM sleep was normalized. REM sleep amounts were enhanced compared with vehicle treatment for one dose (30 mg/kg). In the first hour of insomnia model exposure, DORA-22 promoted the number and average duration of NREM sleep spindles, which have been previously proposed to play a role in memory consolidation (all doses). Water maze measures revealed probe trial performance improvement for select doses of DORA-22, including increased time spent in the platform quadrant (10 and 30 mg/kg) and time spent in platform location and number of platform crossings (10 mg/kg only). In conclusion, DORA-22 treatment improved insomnia-related sleep disruption and memory consolidation deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie C Gamble
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Fumi Katsuki
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - John G McCoy
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Neuroscience Program, Stonehill College, Easton, MA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - James Timothy McKenna
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
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17
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Trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonism promotes wakefulness without impairment of cognition in Cynomolgus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1485-1493. [PMID: 30954024 PMCID: PMC6784974 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor with affinity for the trace amines. TAAR1 agonists have pro-cognitive, antidepressant-, and antipsychotic-like properties in both rodents and non-human primates (NHPs). TAAR1 agonism also increases wakefulness and suppresses rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep in mice and rats and reduces cataplexy in two mouse models of narcolepsy. We investigated the effects of TAAR1 agonism in Cynomolgus macaques, a diurnal species that exhibits consolidated night-time sleep, and evaluated the effects of TAAR1 agonists on cognition using a working memory (WM) paradigm in this species. Adult male Cynomolgus macaques (n = 6) were surgically implanted to record the electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram, and locomotor activity (LMA) and the efficacy of the TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397 (0.1,1,10 mg/kg, p.o.) on sleep/wake, EEG spectra, and LMA was determined. In a second experiment, the acute effects of RO5263397 (0.1,1,10 mg/kg, p.o.) were assessed on a delayed-match-to-sample test of WM in adult male macaques (n = 7). RO5263397 (10 mg/kg) administered at lights off, when sleep pressure was high, promoted wakefulness and reduced both REM and non-REM sleep without inducing hyperlocomotion. RO5263397 (10 mg/kg) also increased delta/theta activity during all vigilance states. RO5263397 had no effect on WM at either short (2 sec) or long (10 sec) delay intervals. The wake-enhancing and REM-suppressing effects of R05263397 shown here in a diurnal primate are consistent with previous results in nocturnal rodents. These effects and the associated alterations in EEG spectra occurred without inducing hyperlocomotion or affecting WM, encouraging further study of TAAR1 agonists as potential narcolepsy therapeutics.
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18
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Duncan MJ, Farlow H, Tirumalaraju C, Yun DH, Wang C, Howard JA, Sanden MN, O'Hara BF, McQuerry KJ, Bachstetter AD. Effects of the dual orexin receptor antagonist DORA-22 on sleep in 5XFAD mice. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:70-80. [PMID: 30859123 PMCID: PMC6396100 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Sleep disruption is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that may exacerbate disease progression. This study tested whether a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) would enhance sleep and attenuate neuropathology, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits in an AD-relevant mouse model, 5XFAD. Methods Wild-type (C57Bl6/SJL) and 5XFAD mice received chronic treatment with vehicle or DORA-22. Piezoelectric recordings monitored sleep and spatial memory was assessed via spontaneous Y-maze alternations. Aβ plaques, Aβ levels, and neuroinflammatory markers were measured by immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results In 5XFAD mice, DORA-22 significantly increased light-phase sleep without reducing Aβ levels, plaque density, or neuroinflammation. Effects of DORA-22 on cognitive deficits could not be determined because the 5XFAD mice did not exhibit deficits. Discussion These findings suggest that DORAs may improve sleep in AD patients. Further investigations should optimize the dose and duration of DORA-22 treatment and explore additional AD-relevant animal models and cognitive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Duncan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hannah Farlow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chairtra Tirumalaraju
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Yun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chanung Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James A Howard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madison N Sanden
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bruce F O'Hara
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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19
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Hökfelt T, Barde S, Xu ZQD, Kuteeva E, Rüegg J, Le Maitre E, Risling M, Kehr J, Ihnatko R, Theodorsson E, Palkovits M, Deakin W, Bagdy G, Juhasz G, Prud’homme HJ, Mechawar N, Diaz-Heijtz R, Ögren SO. Neuropeptide and Small Transmitter Coexistence: Fundamental Studies and Relevance to Mental Illness. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 30627087 PMCID: PMC6309708 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with one or more small molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as transmitters and trophic factors, and play a role particularly when the nervous system is challenged, as by injury, pain or stress. Here neuropeptides and coexistence in mammals are reviewed, but with special focus on the 29/30 amino acid galanin and its three receptors GalR1, -R2 and -R3. In particular, galanin's role as a co-transmitter in both rodent and human noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons is addressed. Extensive experimental animal data strongly suggest a role for the galanin system in depression-like behavior. The translational potential of these results was tested by studying the galanin system in postmortem human brains, first in normal brains, and then in a comparison of five regions of brains obtained from depressed people who committed suicide, and from matched controls. The distribution of galanin and the four galanin system transcripts in the normal human brain was determined, and selective and parallel changes in levels of transcripts and DNA methylation for galanin and its three receptors were assessed in depressed patients who committed suicide: upregulation of transcripts, e.g., for galanin and GalR3 in LC, paralleled by a decrease in DNA methylation, suggesting involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. It is hypothesized that, when exposed to severe stress, the noradrenergic LC neurons fire in bursts and release galanin from their soma/dendrites. Galanin then acts on somato-dendritic, inhibitory galanin autoreceptors, opening potassium channels and inhibiting firing. The purpose of these autoreceptors is to act as a 'brake' to prevent overexcitation, a brake that is also part of resilience to stress that protects against depression. Depression then arises when the inhibition is too strong and long lasting - a maladaption, allostatic load, leading to depletion of NA levels in the forebrain. It is suggested that disinhibition by a galanin antagonist may have antidepressant activity by restoring forebrain NA levels. A role of galanin in depression is also supported by a recent candidate gene study, showing that variants in genes for galanin and its three receptors confer increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events. In summary, galanin, a neuropeptide coexisting in LC neurons, may participate in the mechanism underlying resilience against a serious and common disorder, MDD. Existing and further results may lead to an increased understanding of how this illness develops, which in turn could provide a basis for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Eugenia Kuteeva
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joelle Rüegg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Swetox, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Erwan Le Maitre
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Pronexus Analytical AB, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- NAP 2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Toi N, Inaba M, Kurajoh M, Morioka T, Hayashi N, Hirota T, Miyaoka D, Emoto M, Yamada S. Improvement of glycemic control by treatment for insomnia with suvorexant in type 2 diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2018; 15:37-44. [PMID: 30619717 PMCID: PMC6306692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Acute and chronic insomnia can exacerbate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated suvorexant (an anti-insomnia drug that targets the orexin system) effects on sleep architecture and glucose metabolism in T2DM patients with insomnia. Materials and methods This 7 day open-label, single-arm, intervention trial included 18 subjects with T2DM and insomnia. After 1 day acclimatization, daily glucose levels, sleep architecture, and autonomic nervous function were evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), single-channel electroencephalography, and accelerometry, respectively. Results Suvorexant treatment for 3 days significantly increased total sleep time and sleep efficiency, with partial suppression of sympathetic nerve activity. CGM-measured 24 h mean glucose level decreased significantly from 157.7 ± 22.9 to 152.3 ± 17.8 mg/dL, especially in the early glucose surge after the midnight nadir (from 28.3 ± 15.0 to 18.2 ± 9.9 mg/dL), and until supper with a significant improvement in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance from 4.0 ± 2.8 to 2.9 ± 1.6, respectively. Conclusions Suvorexant treatment for insomnia of subjects with T2DM significantly improved CGM-measured daily glycemic control, which was associated with changes in sympathomimetic tone and/or improved insulin sensitivity. The amelioration of insomnia may therefore be a target for improving glycemic control in T2DM patients with insomnia.
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Key Words
- AHI, Apnea–Hypopnea Index
- AUC, area under the curve
- Autonomic nervous function
- BMI, body mass index
- CGM, continuous glucose monitoring
- CPR, C-peptide immunoreactivity
- CVR-R, coefficient of variation of RR intervals
- DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
- Dawn phenomenon
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Glycemic control
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- HR, heart rate
- HRV, heart rate variability
- HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c
- IQR, interquartile range
- IRI, immunoreactive insulin
- Insulin resistance
- PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
- REM, rapid eye movement
- SAS, Sleep Apnea Syndrome
- SD, standard deviation
- SDNN, standard deviation of the NN (i.e., R-R) intervals
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Therapy for insomnia
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- bpm, beats per minute
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration ratio
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Toi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Morioka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoe Hirota
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Miyaoka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yamada
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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21
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Herring WJ, Roth T, Krystal AD, Michelson D. Orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of insomnia and potential treatment of other neuropsychiatric indications. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12782. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Roth
- Sleep Disorders and Research Center Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI USA
| | - Andrew D. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - David Michelson
- Clinical ResearchMerck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey USA
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22
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Electrophysiological characterization of sleep/wake, activity and the response to caffeine in adult cynomolgus macaques. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2018; 6:9-23. [PMID: 31236518 PMCID: PMC6586594 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most preclinical sleep studies are conducted in nocturnal rodents that have fragmented sleep in comparison to humans who are primarily diurnal, typically with a consolidated sleep period. Consequently, we sought to define basal sleep characteristics, sleep/wake architecture and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in a diurnal non-human primate (NHP) to evaluate the utility of this species for pharmacological manipulation of the sleep/wake cycle. Adult, 9–11 y.o. male cynomolgus macaques (n = 6) were implanted with telemetry transmitters to record EEG and electromyogram (EMG) activity and Acticals to assess locomotor activity under baseline conditions and following injections either with vehicle or the caffeine (CAF; 10 mg/kg, i.m.) prior to the 12 h dark phase. EEG/EMG recordings (12–36 h in duration) were analyzed for sleep/wake states and EEG spectral composition. Macaques exhibited a sleep state distribution and architecture similar to previous NHP and human sleep studies. Acute administration of CAF prior to light offset enhanced wakefulness nearly 4-fold during the dark phase with consequent reductions in both NREM and REM sleep, decreased slow wave activity during wakefulness, and increased higher EEG frequency activity during NREM sleep. Despite the large increase in wakefulness and profound reduction in sleep during the dark phase, no sleep rebound was observed during the 24 h light and dark phases following caffeine administration. Cynomolgus macaques show sleep characteristics, EEG spectral structure, and respond to CAF in a similar manner to humans. Consequently, monitoring EEG/EMG by telemetry in this species may be useful both for basic sleep/wake studies and for pre-clinical assessments of drug-induced effects on sleep/wake. Cynomolgus macaques show diurnal sleep/wake architecture similar to humans. Caffeine enhanced wakefulness with consequent reductions in both NREM and REM sleep. Caffeine decreased slow wave activity during wakefulness. Caffeine increased higher EEG frequency activity during NREM sleep. No sleep rebound was observed during the subsequent 24 h light and dark phases after CAF treatment.
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Key Words
- A1, Adenosine sub-type 1 receptor
- A2a, Adenosine sub-type 2 receptor
- CAF, Caffeine
- Caffeine
- Cynomolgus macaque
- EEG
- EEG, Electroencephalogram
- EMG, Electromyogram
- LMA, Locomotor activity
- N1, NREM Stage 1
- N2, NREM Stage 2
- N3, NREM Stage 3
- NHP, Non-human primate
- NREM
- NREM, Non-rapid eye movement
- REM
- REM, Rapid eye movement
- ROL, REM onset latency
- SEM, Standard error of mean
- SOL, Sleep onset latency
- Sleep
- TST, Total sleep time
- WASO, Wake after sleep onset
- i.m., Intramuscular
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23
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De Boer P, Drevets WC, Rofael H, van der Ark P, Kent JM, Kezic I, Parapatics S, Dorffner G, van Gerven J, Beneš H, Keicher C, Jahn H, Seiden DJ, Luthringer R. A randomized Phase 2 study to evaluate the orexin-2 receptor antagonist seltorexant in individuals with insomnia without psychiatric comorbidity. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:668-677. [PMID: 29848147 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118773745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seltorexant is a potent and selective antagonist of the orexin-2 receptor that is being developed for the treatment of insomnia and major depressive disorder. AIMS The primary objective was to investigate the effect of seltorexant on sleep efficiency after single and multiple dose administration in subjects with insomnia disorder without psychiatric comorbidity. Secondary objectives included evaluation of total sleep time, latency to persistent sleep, and wake after sleep onset. Subjects received 40 mg of seltorexant for five days during Period 1 and placebo during Period 2 or vice versa in this randomized, two-way crossover study. Objective sleep parameters were evaluated by polysomnography over 8 h on Day 1/2 (single dose) and on Day 5/6 (multiple doses). Subjective sleep parameters were assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS Twenty-seven subjects completed the study. The mean changes in sleep efficiency (% (SD)) of seltorexant from placebo at Day 1/2 were 5.8 (9.2), and 7.9 (9.8) at Day 5/6 ( p < 0.001 at both time points); in total sleep time (min (SD)) 27.7 (44.3) and 37.9 (47.1), respectively; in latency to persistent sleep (min (SD)) -18.8 (21.3) and -29.9 (27.7), respectively; and in wake after sleep onset (min (SD)) -11.1 (36.4) and -11.3 (46.5). The most common adverse events were headache and somnolence. CONCLUSIONS Sleep efficiency was increased with seltorexant treatment compared with placebo. Treatment with seltorexant resulted in a prolonged total sleep time, shorter latency to persistent sleep and wake after sleep onset. There were no unexpected safety findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter De Boer
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Hany Rofael
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Peter van der Ark
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Justine M Kent
- 4 Department of Clinical Research, Psychiatry, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - Iva Kezic
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Georg Dorffner
- 5 The Siesta Group, Schlafanalyse GmbH, Vienna, Austria.,6 The Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Austria
| | - Joop van Gerven
- 7 Center for Human Drug Research, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Beneš
- 8 Department of Early Development, Neuroscience, Somni Bene GmbH, Schwerin and Rostock University Medical Center, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Christian Keicher
- 9 Clinical Pharmacology, Charité Research Organization GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Jahn
- 10 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Tsuneki H, Wada T, Sasaoka T. Chronopathophysiological implications of orexin in sleep disturbances and lifestyle-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:25-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Vardigan JD, Houghton AK, Lange HS, Adarayan ED, Pall PS, Ballard JE, Henze DA, Uslaner JM. Pharmacological validation of a novel nonhuman primate measure of thermal responsivity with utility for predicting analgesic effects. J Pain Res 2018; 11:735-741. [PMID: 29692626 PMCID: PMC5903490 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of novel analgesics to treat acute or chronic pain has been a challenge due to a lack of translatable measurements. Preclinical end points with improved translatability are necessary to more accurately inform clinical testing paradigms, which may help guide selection of viable drug candidates. Methods In this study, a nonhuman primate biomarker which is sensitive to standard analgesics at clinically relevant plasma concentrations, can differentiate analgesia from sedation and utilizes a protocol very similar to that which can be employed in human clinical studies is described. Specifically, acute heat stimuli were delivered to the volar forearm using a contact heat thermode in the same manner as the clinical setting. Results Clinically efficacious exposures of morphine, fentanyl, and tramadol produced robust analgesic effects, whereas doses of diazepam that produce sedation had no effect. Conclusion We propose that this assay has predictive utility that can help improve the probability of success for developing novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Parul S Pall
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
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Tampi RR, Manikkara G, Balachandran S, Taparia P, Hrisko S, Srinivasan S, Tampi DJ. Suvorexant for insomnia in older adults: a perspective review. Drugs Context 2018; 7:212517. [PMID: 29445409 PMCID: PMC5804870 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to identify published randomized control trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of suvorexant for the treatment of insomnia among older adults (≥65 years). A literature search was conducted of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane collaboration databases for RCTs in any language evaluating suvorexant for the treatment of insomnia in older adults. Additionally, references of full-text articles that were included in this review were searched for further studies. Data from three RCTs of suvorexant were included in this review. All the three studies fulfilled the criteria for being of good quality based on the items listed by the Center for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) for the assessment of RCTs. None of the three studies were conducted exclusively among older adults. However, they also included older individuals diagnosed with primary insomnia. These studies included a total of 1298 participants aged ≥65 years in age. Trial durations ranged from 3 months to 1 year. Available data from these studies indicate that suvorexant improves multiple subjective and polysomnographic sleep parameters for sleep onset and maintenance among older individuals with a diagnosis of primary insomnia and is generally well tolerated. Current evidence, although limited, indicates that suvorexant benefits older adults with primary insomnia and is generally well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh R Tampi
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Geetha Manikkara
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Silpa Balachandran
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Piyush Taparia
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Stephanie Hrisko
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palmetto Health USC, 15 Medical Park, Suite 141, Columbia, SC 29203, USA
| | - Shilpa Srinivasan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palmetto Health USC, 15 Medical Park, Suite 141, Columbia, SC 29203, USA
| | - Deena J Tampi
- Diamond Healthcare, 701 E. Byrd Street, 15th Floor, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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Coleman PJ, Gotter AL, Herring WJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. The Discovery of Suvorexant, the First Orexin Receptor Drug for Insomnia. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 57:509-533. [PMID: 27860547 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Historically, pharmacological therapies have used mechanisms such as γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor potentiation to drive sleep through broad suppression of central nervous system activity. With the discovery of orexin signaling loss as the etiology underlying narcolepsy, a disorder associated with hypersomnolence, orexin antagonism emerged as an alternative approach to attenuate orexin-induced wakefulness more selectively. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) block the activity of orexin 1 and 2 receptors to both reduce the threshold to transition into sleep and attenuate orexin-mediated arousal. Among DORAs evaluated clinically, suvorexant has pharmacokinetic properties engineered for a plasma half-life appropriate for rapid sleep onset and maintenance at low to moderate doses. Unlike GABAA receptor modulators, DORAs promote both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, do not disrupt sleep stage-specific quantitative electroencephalogram spectral profiles, and allow somnolence indistinct from normal sleep. The preservation of cognitive performance and the ability to arouse to salient stimuli after DORA administration suggest further advantages over historical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486;
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - W Joseph Herring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent age-related dementia. It prevalently causes cognitive decline, although it is frequently associated with secondary behavioral disturbances. AD neurodegeneration characteristically produces a remarkable destruction of the sleep-wake cycle, with diurnal napping, nighttime arousals, sleep fragmentation, and REM sleep impairment. It was recently hypothesized that the orexinergic system was involved in AD pathology. Accordingly, recent papers showed the association between orexinergic neurotransmission dysfunction, sleep impairment, and cognitive decline in AD. Orexin is a hypothalamic neurotransmitter which physiologically produces wakefulness and reduces REM sleep and may alter the sleep-wake cycle in AD patients. Furthermore, the orexinergic system seems to interact with CSF AD biomarkers, such as beta-amyloid and tau proteins. Beta-amyloid accumulation is the main hallmark of AD pathology, while tau proteins mark brain neuronal injury due to AD pathology. Investigations so far suggest that orexinergic signaling overexpression alters the sleep-wake cycle and secondarily induces beta-amyloid accumulation and tau-mediated neurodegeneration. Therefore, considering that orexinergic system dysregulation impairs sleep-wake rhythms and may influence AD pathology, it is hypothesized that orexin receptor antagonists are likely potential preventive/therapeutic options in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Liguori
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Neurophysiopathology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
The discovery of the orexin system represents the single major progress in the sleep field of the last three to four decades. The two orexin peptides and their two receptors play a major role in arousal and sleep/wake cycles. Defects in the orexin system lead to narcolepsy with cataplexy in humans and dogs and can be experimentally reproduced in rodents. At least six orexin receptor antagonists have reached Phase II or Phase III clinical trials in insomnia, five of which are dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) that target both OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX2Rs). All clinically tested DORAs induce and maintain sleep: suvorexant, recently registered in the USA and Japan for insomnia, represents the first hypnotic principle that acts in a completely different manner from the current standard medications. It is clear, however, that in the clinic, all DORAs promote sleep primarily by increasing rapid eye movement (REM) and are almost devoid of effects on slow-wave (SWS) sleep. At present, there is no consensus on whether the sole promotion of REM sleep has a negative impact in patients suffering from insomnia. However, sleep onset REM (SOREM), which has been documented with DORAs, is clearly an undesirable effect, especially for narcoleptic patients and also in fragile populations (e.g. elderly patients) where REM-associated loss of muscle tone may promote an elevated risk of falls. Debate thus remains as to the ideal orexin agent to achieve a balanced increase in REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Here, we review the evidence that an OX2R antagonist should be at least equivalent, or perhaps superior, to a DORA for the treatment of insomnia. An OX2R antagonist may produce more balanced sleep than a DORA. Rodent sleep experiments show that the OX2R is the primary target of orexin receptor antagonists in sleep modulation. Furthermore, an OX2R antagonist should, in theory, have a lower narcoleptic/cataplexic potential. In the clinic, the situation remains equivocal, since OX2R antagonists are in early stages: MK-1064 has completed Phase I, and MIN202 is currently in clinical Phase II/III trials. However, data from insomnia patients have not yet been released. Promotional material suggests that balanced sleep is indeed induced by MIN-202, whereas in volunteers MK-1064 has been reported to act similarly to DORAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sanjida Mir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Administration of riluzole into the basolateral amygdala has an anxiolytic-like effect and enhances recognition memory in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2017; 327:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yao L, Ramirez AD, Roecker AJ, Fox SV, Uslaner JM, Smith SM, Hodgson R, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ, Gotter AL. The dual orexin receptor antagonist, DORA-22, lowers histamine levels in the lateral hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex without lowering hippocampal acetylcholine. J Neurochem 2017; 142:204-214. [PMID: 28444767 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic insomnia is defined as a persistent difficulty with sleep initiation maintenance or non-restorative sleep. The therapeutic standard of care for this condition is treatment with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor modulators, which promote sleep but are associated with a panoply of side effects, including cognitive and memory impairment. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) have recently emerged as an alternative therapeutic approach that acts via a distinct and more selective wake-attenuating mechanism with the potential to be associated with milder side effects. Given their distinct mechanism of action, the current work tested the hypothesis that DORAs and GABAA receptor modulators differentially regulate neurochemical pathways associated with differences in sleep architecture and cognitive performance induced by these pharmacological mechanisms. Our findings showed that DORA-22 suppresses the release of the wake neurotransmitter histamine in the lateral hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus with no significant alterations in acetylcholine levels. In contrast, eszopiclone, commonly used as a GABAA modulator, inhibited acetylcholine secretion across brain regions with variable effects on histamine release depending on the extent of wakefulness induction. In normal waking rats, eszopiclone only transiently suppressed histamine secretion, whereas this suppression was more obvious under caffeine-induced wakefulness. Compared with the GABAA modulator eszopiclone, DORA-22 elicits a neurotransmitter profile consistent with wake reduction that does not impinge on neurotransmitter levels associated with cognition and rapid eye movement sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andres D Ramirez
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nonpeptide orexin type-2 receptor agonist ameliorates narcolepsy-cataplexy symptoms in mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5731-5736. [PMID: 28507129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700499114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy-cataplexy is a debilitating disorder of sleep/wakefulness caused by a loss of orexin-producing neurons in the lateroposterior hypothalamus. Genetic or pharmacologic orexin replacement ameliorates symptoms in mouse models of narcolepsy-cataplexy. We have recently discovered a potent, nonpeptide OX2R-selective agonist, YNT-185. This study validates the pharmacological activity of this compound in OX2R-transfected cells and in OX2R-expressing neurons in brain slice preparations. Intraperitoneal, and intracerebroventricular, administration of YNT-185 suppressed cataplexy-like episodes in orexin knockout and orexin neuron-ablated mice, but not in orexin receptor-deficient mice. Peripherally administered YNT-185 also promotes wakefulness without affecting body temperature in wild-type mice. Further, there was no immediate rebound sleep after YNT-185 administration in active phase in wild-type and orexin-deficient mice. No desensitization was observed after repeated administration of YNT-185 with respect to the suppression of cataplexy-like episodes. These results provide a proof-of-concept for a mechanistic therapy of narcolepsy-cataplexy by OX2R agonists.
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Berro LF, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Howell LL. GABA A receptor positive allosteric modulators modify the abuse-related behavioral and neurochemical effects of methamphetamine in rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:299-309. [PMID: 28495376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators (GABAA receptor modulators) are commonly used for the treatment of insomnia. Nevertheless, the effects of these compounds on psychostimulant-induced sleep impairment are poorly understood. Because GABAA receptor modulators have been shown to decrease the abuse-related effects of psychostimulants, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of temazepam (0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) and eszopiclone (0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg), two GABAA receptor modulators, on the behavioral neuropharmacology of methamphetamine in adult rhesus macaques (n = 5). Sleep-like measures and general daytime activity were evaluated with Actiwatch monitors. Methamphetamine self-administration (0.03 mg/kg/inf) was evaluated during morning sessions. Methamphetamine-induced dopamine overflow was assessed through in vivo microdialysis targeting the nucleus accumbens. Nighttime treatment with either temazepam or eszopiclone was ineffective in improving sleep-like measures disrupted by methamphetamine self-administration. Acute pretreatment with a low dose of temazepam before self-administration sessions increased methamphetamine self-administration without affecting normal daytime home-cage activity. At a high dose, acute temazepam pretreatment decreased methamphetamine self-administration and attenuated methamphetamine-induced increases in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, without decreasing general daytime activity. Acute eszopiclone treatment exerted no effects on methamphetamine intake or drug-induced increases in dopamine. Our study suggests that treatments based on GABAA receptor modulators are not effective for the treatment of sleep disruption in the context of psychostimulant use. In addition, distinct GABAA receptor modulators differentially modulated the abuse-related effects of methamphetamine, with acute treatment with the high efficacy GABAA receptor modulator temazepam decreasing the behavioral and neurochemical effects of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís F Berro
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04021002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04021002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04021002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonard L Howell
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Tsuneki H, Sasaoka T, Sakurai T. Sleep Control, GPCRs, and Glucose Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:633-642. [PMID: 27461005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Modern lifestyles prolong daily activities into the nighttime, disrupting circadian rhythms, which may cause sleep disturbances. Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. Sleep disorders are treated using anti-insomnia drugs that target ionotropic and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, melatonin agonists, and orexin receptor antagonists. A deeper understanding of the effects of these medications on glucose metabolism and their underlying mechanisms of action is crucial for the treatment of diabetic patients with sleep disorders. In this review we focus on the beneficial impact of sleep on glucose metabolism and suggest a possible strategy for therapeutic intervention against sleep-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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Vardigan JD, Lange HS, Tye SJ, Fox SV, Smith SM, Uslaner JM. Behavioral and qEEG effects of the PDE10A inhibitor THPP-1 in a novel rhesus model of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2441-50. [PMID: 27117142 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Much preclinical data, almost exclusively using rodent, supports the notion that phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition may offer an alternative to the current standard of care in schizophrenia. However, concerns persist regarding the clinical translatability of these models for newer drug classes like PDE10A inhibitors. OBJECTIVES We therefore sought to characterize the clinical standard risperidone and the PDE10A inhibitor THPP-1 in nonhuman primate, both alone and when used as a combination therapy. METHODS THPP-1 and risperidone were tested in a novel rhesus model of stimulant-induced motor activity (SIMA) and in rhesus electroencephalography (EEG). RESULTS Consistent with rodent data, both THPP-1 and risperidone significantly attenuated the stimulant effects in SIMA when administered alone, though some differences were noted. Combination therapy with a low dose of risperidone produced significantly more robust effects. THPP-1 and risperidone also produced a marked reduction of wake cycle time and gamma frequency power in EEG. However, THPP-1 differed from risperidone by reducing spectral power of lower frequencies (delta). CONCLUSIONS SIMA results suggest that PDE10A inhibition produces antipsychotic-like effects in higher species, and that combination therapy with PDE10A inhibitors may produce more robust efficacy compared to monotherapies. EEG and qEEG results confirm that PDE10A inhibition does share some central signaling effects with clinically effective antipsychotics. The present combination therapy results may carry implications for the manner in which clinical testing of PDE10A inhibitors is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Vardigan
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Henry S Lange
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Sean M Smith
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP45-1114, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
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Tanaka Y, Aoki I, Ishine T, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ, Hisada S. [Preclinical and clinical results of dual orexin receptor antagonist, suvorexant (BELSOMRA(®)), a novel therapeutic agent for insomnia]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:46-56. [PMID: 27430679 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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McDonald T, Liang HA, Sanoja R, Gotter AL, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Smith KM, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Pharmacological evaluation of orexin receptor antagonists in preclinical animal models of pain. J Neurogenet 2016; 30:32-41. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2016.1171862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tannenbaum PL, Tye SJ, Stevens J, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Coleman PJ, Uslaner JM, Kuduk SD, Hargreaves R, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Inhibition of Orexin Signaling Promotes Sleep Yet Preserves Salient Arousability in Monkeys. Sleep 2016; 39:603-12. [PMID: 26943466 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES In addition to enhancing sleep onset and maintenance, a desirable insomnia therapeutic agent would preserve healthy sleep's ability to wake and respond to salient situations while maintaining sleep during irrelevant noise. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) promote sleep by selectively inhibiting wake-promoting neuropeptide signaling, unlike global inhibition of central nervous system excitation by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor (GABAaR) modulators. We evaluated the effect of DORA versus GABAaR modulators on underlying sleep architecture, ability to waken to emotionally relevant stimuli versus neutral auditory cues, and performance on a sleepiness-sensitive cognitive task upon awakening. METHODS DORA-22 and GABAaR modulators (eszopiclone, diazepam) were evaluated in adult male rhesus monkeys (n = 34) with continuous polysomnography recordings in crossover studies of sleep architecture, arousability to a classically conditioned salient versus neutral acoustical stimulus, and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance if awakened. RESULTS All compounds decreased wakefulness, but only DORA-22 sleep resembled unmedicated sleep in terms of underlying sleep architecture, preserved ability to awaken to salient-conditioned acoustic stimuli while maintaining sleep during neutral acoustic stimuli, and no congnitive impairment in PVT performance. Although GABAaR modulators induced lighter sleep, monkeys rarely woke to salient stimuli and PVT performance was impaired if monkeys were awakened. CONCLUSIONS In nonhuman primates, DORAs' targeted mechanism for promoting sleep protects the ability to selectively arouse to salient stimuli and perform attentional tasks unimpaired, suggesting meaningful differentiation between a hypnotic agent that works through antagonizing orexin wake signaling versus the sedative hypnotic effects of the GABAaR modulator mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Alan T Savitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
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The Dual Hypocretin Receptor Antagonist Almorexant is Permissive for Activation of Wake-Promoting Systems. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1144-55. [PMID: 26289145 PMCID: PMC4748439 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dual hypocretin receptor (HcrtR) antagonist almorexant (ALM) may promote sleep through selective disfacilitation of wake-promoting systems, whereas benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BzRAs) such as zolpidem (ZOL) induce sleep through general inhibition of neural activity. Previous studies have indicated that HcrtR antagonists cause less-functional impairment than BzRAs. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying these differential profiles, we compared the effects of ALM and ZOL on functional activation of wake-promoting systems at doses equipotent for sleep induction. Sprague-Dawley rats, implanted for EEG/EMG recording, were orally administered vehicle (VEH), 100 mg/kg ALM, or 100 mg/kg ZOL during their active phase and either left undisturbed or kept awake for 90 min after which their brains were collected. ZOL-treated rats required more stimulation to maintain wakefulness than VEH- or ALM-treated rats. We measured Fos co-expression with markers for wake-promoting cell groups in the lateral hypothalamus (Hcrt), tuberomammillary nuclei (histamine; HA), basal forebrain (acetylcholine; ACh), dorsal raphe (serotonin; 5HT), and singly labeled Fos(+) cells in the locus coeruleus (LC). Following SD, Fos co-expression in Hcrt, HA, and ACh neurons (but not in 5HT neurons) was consistently elevated in VEH- and ALM-treated rats, whereas Fos expression in these neuronal groups was unaffected by SD in ZOL-treated rats. Surprisingly, Fos expression in the LC was elevated in ZOL- but not in VEH- or ALM-treated SD animals. These results indicate that Hcrt signaling is unnecessary for the activation of Hcrt, HA, or ACh wake-active neurons, which may underlie the milder cognitive impairment produced by HcrtR antagonists compared to ZOL.
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Abstract
Cortical electroencephalographic activity arises from corticothalamocortical interactions, modulated by wake-promoting monoaminergic and cholinergic input. These wake-promoting systems are regulated by hypothalamic hypocretin/orexins, while GABAergic sleep-promoting nuclei are found in the preoptic area, brainstem and lateral hypothalamus. Although pontine acetylcholine is critical for REM sleep, hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone/GABAergic cells may "gate" REM sleep. Daily sleep-wake rhythms arise from interactions between a hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep homeostat whose anatomical locus has yet to be conclusively defined. Control of sleep and wakefulness involves multiple systems, each of which presents vulnerability to sleep/wake dysfunction that may predispose to physical and/or neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schwartz
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Sugiyama A, Saitoh A, Inagaki M, Oka JI, Yamada M. Systemic administration of riluzole enhances recognition memory and facilitates extinction of fear memory in rats. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:322-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roecker AJ, Cox CD, Coleman PJ. Orexin Receptor Antagonists: New Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Insomnia. J Med Chem 2015; 59:504-30. [PMID: 26317591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system, composed of two G-protein coupled receptors, orexins 1 and 2, and two neuropeptide agonists, orexins A and B, has captured the attention of the scientific community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, anxiety, and sleep/wake disorders. Genetic evidence in rodents, dogs, and humans was revealed between 1999 and 2000, demonstrating a causal link between dysfunction or deletion of the orexin system and narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by hypersomnolence during normal wakefulness. These findings encouraged efforts to discover agonists to treat narcolepsy and, alternatively, antagonists to treat insomnia. This perspective will focus on the discovery and development of structurally diverse orexin antagonists suitable for preclinical pharmacology studies and human clinical trials. The work described herein culminated in the 2014 FDA approval of suvorexant as a first-in-class dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Abstract
Suvorexant (Belsorma(®)) is the first orexin receptor antagonist approved by the US FDA (August 2014) for insomnia treatment. Following comprehensive Phase II/III studies, with up to 12 months of treatment in adult and elderly patients, there is little doubt that suvorexant induces and maintains sleep. However, the FDA and sponsor disagreed about effective versus safe doses (November 2012). The FDA considered that 5-15 mg were efficient and probably safe, whereas the sponsors had proposed 15-40 mg. The final approved doses are 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg. The major issues are next-morning somnolence and safety as seen in driving tests, with possible signs of muscle weakness, weird dreams, sleep walking, other nighttime behaviors and suicidal ideation. Despite its limitations, suvorexant's market entry offers a truly novel treatment for insomnia, paving the way for follow-up compounds and opening therapeutic avenues in other disorders for orexin receptor modulating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Hutsell BA, Banks ML. Effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations on a novel delayed nonmatching-to-sample 'working memory' procedure in unrestrained rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 251:62-71. [PMID: 26003863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory is a domain of 'executive function.' Delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMTS) procedures are commonly used to examine working memory in both human laboratory and preclinical studies. NEW METHOD The aim was to develop an automated DNMTS procedure maintained by food pellets in rhesus monkeys using a touch-sensitive screen attached to the housing chamber. Specifically, the DNMTS procedure was a 2-stimulus, 2-choice recognition memory task employing unidimensional discriminative stimuli and randomized delay interval presentations. RESULTS DNMTS maintained a delay-dependent decrease in discriminability that was independent of the retention interval distribution. Eliminating reinforcer availability during a single delay session or providing food pellets before the session did not systematically alter accuracy, but did reduce total choices. Increasing the intertrial interval enhanced accuracy at short delays. Acute Δ(9)-THC pretreatment produced delay interval-dependent changes in the forgetting function at doses that did not alter total choices. Acute methylphenidate pretreatment only decreased total choices. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS All monkeys were trained to perform NMTS at the 1s training delay within 60 days of initiating operant touch training. Furthermore, forgetting functions were reliably delay interval-dependent and stable over the experimental period (∼6 months). CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous studies, increasing the intertrial interval improved DNMTS performance, whereas Δ(9)-THC disrupted DNMTS performance independent of changes in total choices. Overall, the touchscreen-based DNMTS procedure described provides an efficient method for training and testing experimental manipulations on working memory in unrestrained rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Hutsell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Abuse Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Doghramji PP. Integrating Modern Concepts of Insomnia and its Contemporary Treatment into Primary Care. Postgrad Med 2015; 126:82-101. [PMID: 25295652 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
Orexin, also called hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that acts on central nervous system receptors to promote arousal. Suvorexant, its receptor antagonist, generates interest as a medication to treat insomnia. Suvorexant helps in decreasing wakefulness by counteracting orexin activity. Its low side effect potential may offer considerable benefit. Compared with other sleep aids, diminished drowsiness and less cognitive dysfunction is an advantage. Now approved for clinical use, an apparent lack of rebound insomnia or drug dependence potential might make suvorexant a good choice pharmacotherapy for patients with insomnia.
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Abad VC, Guilleminault C. Pharmacological treatment of sleep disorders and its relationship with neuroplasticity. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 25:503-53. [PMID: 25585962 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by complex brain circuits located in the brain stem, thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex. Wakefulness and NREM and REM sleep are modulated by the interactions between neurotransmitters that promote arousal and neurotransmitters that promote sleep. Various lines of evidence suggest that sleep disorders may negatively affect neuronal plasticity and cognitive function. Pharmacological treatments may alleviate these effects but may also have adverse side effects by themselves. This chapter discusses the relationship between sleep disorders, pharmacological treatments, and brain plasticity, including the treatment of insomnia, hypersomnias such as narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome (RLS), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and parasomnias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien C Abad
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science-Division of Sleep Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Simonson W. A new class of sedative/hypnotics: dual orexin receptor antagonists. Geriatr Nurs 2014; 35:462-3. [PMID: 25457290 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Simonson
- Independent Consultant Pharmacist, Senior Research Professor (Pharmacy Practice), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Vazquez-DeRose J, Schwartz MD, Nguyen AT, Warrier DR, Gulati S, Mathew TK, Neylan TC, Kilduff TS. Hypocretin/orexin antagonism enhances sleep-related adenosine and GABA neurotransmission in rat basal forebrain. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:923-40. [PMID: 25431268 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) neurons provide excitatory input to wake-promoting brain regions including the basal forebrain (BF). The dual HCRT receptor antagonist almorexant (ALM) decreases waking and increases sleep. We hypothesized that HCRT antagonists induce sleep, in part, through disfacilitation of BF neurons; consequently, ALM should have reduced efficacy in BF-lesioned (BFx) animals. To test this hypothesis, rats were given bilateral IgG-192-saporin injections, which predominantly targets cholinergic BF neurons. BFx and intact rats were then given oral ALM, the benzodiazepine agonist zolpidem (ZOL) or vehicle (VEH) at lights-out. ALM was less effective than ZOL at inducing sleep in BFx rats compared to controls. BF adenosine (ADO), γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA), and glutamate levels were then determined via microdialysis from intact, freely behaving rats following oral ALM, ZOL or VEH. ALM increased BF ADO and GABA levels during waking and mixed vigilance states, and preserved sleep-associated increases in GABA under low and high sleep pressure conditions. ALM infusion into the BF also enhanced cortical ADO release, demonstrating that HCRT input is critical for ADO signaling in the BF. In contrast, oral ZOL and BF-infused ZOL had no effect on ADO levels in either BF or cortex. ALM increased BF ADO (an endogenous sleep-promoting substance) and GABA (which is increased during normal sleep), and required an intact BF for maximal efficacy, whereas ZOL blocked sleep-associated BF GABA release, and required no functional contribution from the BF to induce sleep. ALM thus induces sleep by facilitating the neural mechanisms underlying the normal transition to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Vazquez-DeRose
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael D Schwartz
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alexander T Nguyen
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Deepti R Warrier
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Srishti Gulati
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas K Mathew
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- UCSF San Francisco VA Medical Center/NCIRE, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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