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Heller S, Kölsch U, Magg T, Krüger R, Scheuern A, Schneider H, Eichinger A, Wahn V, Unterwalder N, Lorenz M, Schwarz K, Meisel C, Schulz A, Hauck F, von Bernuth H. T Cell Impairment Is Predictive for a Severe Clinical Course in NEMO Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:421-434. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Spencer NY, Yan Z, Cong L, Zhang Y, Engelhardt JF, Stanton RC. Definitive localization of intracellular proteins: Novel approach using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase as a model. Anal Biochem 2016; 494:55-67. [PMID: 26576833 PMCID: PMC4695245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies to determine subcellular localization and translocation of proteins are important because subcellular localization of proteins affects every aspect of cellular function. Such studies frequently utilize mutagenesis to alter amino acid sequences hypothesized to constitute subcellular localization signals. These studies often utilize fluorescent protein tags to facilitate live cell imaging. These methods are excellent for studies of monomeric proteins, but for multimeric proteins, they are unable to rule out artifacts from native protein subunits already present in the cells. That is, native monomers might direct the localization of fluorescent proteins with their localization signals obliterated. We have developed a method for ruling out such artifacts, and we use glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) as a model to demonstrate the method's utility. Because G6PD is capable of homodimerization, we employed a novel approach to remove interference from native G6PD. We produced a G6PD knockout somatic (hepatic) cell line using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome engineering. Transfection of G6PD knockout cells with G6PD fluorescent mutant proteins demonstrated that the major subcellular localization sequences of G6PD are within the N-terminal portion of the protein. This approach sets a new gold standard for similar studies of subcellular localization signals in all homodimerization-capable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya Y Spencer
- Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Le Cong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Robert C Stanton
- Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Liao SL, Lai SH, Huang JL, Lee NC, Lee WI. Serial cytokine expressions in infants with incontinentia pigmenti. Immunobiology 2012; 218:772-9. [PMID: 23079196 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB dysfunction resulting from NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator) mutation can lead to significant alterations in cytokine production. However, little is known about changes in the expression of downstream molecules in patients with incontinentia pigmenti (IP). We aim to investigate serial cytokine expressions during the first 2 years of life in young infants with IP, the period in which skin inflammation and morphological changes are most significant. Gene analysis and X-inactivation test were performed for the two neonates with IP. Peripheral mononuclear cells were obtained after birth and successively at 6-month interval up to the age of two years. Levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were analyzed with ELISA before and after stimulating with Toll-like receptor ligands. The result showed the male IP patient had normal NEMO allele. His cytokine level, although initially lower, had returned to a level comparable with those of controls at 12 months of age. The female infant had mutated NEMO gene. Her baseline TNF-α level was significantly higher than those of the control subjects at birth and remained high by 6 months of age. All cytokine responses had decreased significantly by 2 years of age, the time in which all vesicular skin lesions had resolved. Both infants had normal serum immunoglobulin level and remained infection free during the follow up period. To our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates serial changes of cytokine profiles in humans with IP. This study showed that in the presence of NEMO mutation, alteration of cytokine production was remarkable during the first year of life, which may account for the prominent inflammatory changes in skin morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Ling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Taiwan
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Hadian K, Griesbach RA, Dornauer S, Wanger TM, Nagel D, Metlitzky M, Beisker W, Schmidt-Supprian M, Krappmann D. NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) interaction with linear and lys-63 ubiquitin chains contributes to NF-κB activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26107-17. [PMID: 21622571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.233163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The IκB kinase (IKK) complex acts as a gatekeeper of canonical NF-κB signaling in response to upstream stimulation. IKK activation requires sensing of ubiquitin chains by the essential IKK regulatory subunit IKKγ/NEMO. However, it has remained enigmatic whether NEMO binding to Lys-63-linked or linear ubiquitin chains is critical for triggering IKK activation. We show here that the NEMO C terminus, comprising the ubiquitin binding region and a zinc finger, has a high preference for binding to linear ubiquitin chains. However, immobilization of NEMO, which may be reminiscent of cellular oligomerization, facilitates the interaction with Lys-63 ubiquitin chains. Moreover, selective mutations in NEMO that abolish association with linear ubiquitin but do not affect binding to Lys-63 ubiquitin are only partially compromising NF-κB signaling in response to TNFα stimulation in fibroblasts and T cells. In line with this, TNFα-triggered expression of NF-κB target genes and induction of apoptosis was partially compromised by NEMO mutations that selectively impair the binding to linear ubiquitin chains. Thus, in vivo NEMO interaction with linear and Lys-63 ubiquitin chains is required for optimal IKK activation, suggesting that both type of chains are cooperating in triggering canonical NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Hadian
- Department of Cellular Signal Integration Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Toxicology, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Wan F, Lenardo MJ. The nuclear signaling of NF-kappaB: current knowledge, new insights, and future perspectives. Cell Res 2009; 20:24-33. [PMID: 19997086 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factor plays a critical role in diverse cellular processes associated with proliferation, cell death, development, as well as innate and adaptive immune responses. NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm by a family of inhibitory proteins known as inhibitors of NF-kappaB (IkappaBs). The signal pathways leading to the liberation and nuclear accumulation of NF-kappaB, which can be activated by a wide variety of stimuli, have been extensively studied in the past two decades. After gaining access to the nucleus, NF-kappaB must be actively regulated to execute its fundamental function as a transcription factor. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of nuclear signaling in the regulation of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. A non-Rel subunit of NF-kappaB, ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), and numerous other nuclear regulators of NF-kappaB, including Akirin, Nurr1, SIRT6, and others, have recently been identified, unveiling novel and exciting layers of regulatory specificity for NF-kappaB in the nucleus. Further insights into the nuclear events that govern NF-kappaB function will deepen our understanding of the elegant control of its transcriptional activity and better inform the potential rational design of therapeutics for NF-kappaB-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Wan
- Laborathory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Brun J, Gray DA. Targeting the ubiquitin proteasome pathway for the treatment of septic shock in patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:311. [PMID: 19691815 PMCID: PMC2750148 DOI: 10.1186/cc7946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxic shock is a serious systemic inflammatory response to an external biological stressor. The responsiveness of NF-kappaB is built upon rapid protein modification and degradation involving the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Using transgenic mice, we have obtained in vivo evidence that interference with this pathway can alleviate the symptoms of toxic shock. We posit that administration of proteasome inhibitors may enhance the survival of patients with septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brun
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9.
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Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M. Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27:693-733. [PMID: 19302050 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2023] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Rel/NF-kappaB family of transcription factors, including RelA, c-Rel, RelB, NF-kappaB1 (p50 and its precursor p105), and NF-kappaB2 (p52 and its precursor p100), plays a central role in the immune system by regulating several processes ranging from the development and survival of lymphocytes and lymphoid organs to the control of immune responses and malignant transformation. The five members of the NF-kappaB family are normally kept inactive in the cytoplasm by interaction with inhibitors called IkappaBs or the unprocessed forms of NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2. A wide variety of signals emanating from antigen receptors, pattern-recognition receptors, receptors for the members of TNF and IL-1 cytokine families, and others induce differential activation of NF-kappaB heterodimers. Although work over the past two decades has shed significant light on the regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factors and their functions, much progress has been made in the past two years revealing new insights into the regulation and functions of NF-kappaB. This recent progress is covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Vallabhapurapu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California 93093, USA
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Abstract
The same morphogenetic signals are often involved in the development of different organs. For developing skin appendages, a model for tissue-specific regulation of signaling is provided by the EDA pathway, which accesses the otherwise ubiquitous NFkappaB transcription factors. EDA signaling is mediated by ectodysplasin, EDAR and EDARADD, which form a new TNF ligand-receptor-adaptor family that is restricted to skin appendages in vertebrates from fish to human. The critical function of the pathway was demonstrated in the hereditary genetic disorder Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (EDA), which is characterized by defective formation of hair follicles, sweat glands and teeth. The pathway does not appear to initiate the development of the appendages, but is regulated by and regulates the course of further morphogenesis. In mice, transgenic and knockout strains have increasingly revealed features of the mechanism, and suggest possible non-invasive interventions to alleviate EDA deficiency, especially in sweat glands and eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Schlessinger
- Correspondence to: David Schlessinger; Laboratory of Genetics; National Institute on Aging; National Institutes of Health; 333 Cassell Dr.; Suite 3000; Baltimore, Maryland 21224 USA; Tel.: 410.558.8337; Fax: 410.558.8331;
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Bracken CP, Whitelaw ML, Peet DJ. Activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha is regulated by association with the NF-kappaB essential modulator. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14240-51. [PMID: 15653678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409987200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and 2alpha (HIF-2alpha) are key regulators of the transcriptional response to low oxygen and are closely related in domain architecture, DNA binding, and activation mechanisms. Despite these similarities, targeted disruption of the HIF-alpha genes in mice results in distinctly different phenotypes demonstrating nonredundancy of function, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report on the novel and specific interaction of HIF-2alpha, but not HIF-1alpha, with the NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) using immunoprecipitation, mammalian two-hybrid, and in vitro protein interaction assays. Reporter gene assays demonstrate that this interaction specifically enhances normoxic HIF-2alpha transcriptional activity, independently of the HIF-2alpha transactivation domain, consistent with a model by which NEMO aids CBP/p300 recruitment to HIF-2alpha. In contrast, HIF-2alpha overexpression does not alter NF-kappaB signaling, suggesting that the functional consequence of the HIF-2alpha/NEMO interaction is limited to the HIF pathway. The specificity of NEMO for HIF-2alpha represents one of the few known differential protein-protein interactions between the HIF-alpha proteins, which has important implications for the activity of HIF-2alpha and is also the first postulated NF-kappaB-independent role for NEMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Bracken
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and the Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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