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Wang YC, Juan SH, Li CH, Chou CL, Chen LY, Chien LN, Fang TC. Valacyclovir-associated neurotoxicity among patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: A nationwide population-based study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:997379. [PMID: 36203771 PMCID: PMC9530346 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.997379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether valacyclovir-associated neurotoxicity (VAN) occurs more frequently in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis is unknown. This is the first population-based study to examine the risk of VAN associated with ESRD patients on dialysis. Among 2,284,800 patients diagnosed as having herpes zoster from 2002 to 2016, patients with ESRD on dialysis and individuals with normal renal function were enrolled in this study. Following propensity score matching, we compared the risk of altered mental status between valacyclovir users and non-users in the ESRD and normal renal function cohorts over a 30-day follow-up period. In the ESRD cohort, the incidence of altered mental status was 1.68 and 0.52 per 1,000 person-day in valacyclovir users and non-users, respectively, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 3.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.04–4.99, P < 0.001). The incidence of altered mental status of valacyclovir users on hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) was higher than that of non-users. The adjusted HR was 3.20 (95% CI: 1.98–5.15, P < 0.001) for those on HD and 3.44 (95% CI: 1.13–10.49, P = 0.030) for those with PD. However, altered mental status was not observed in patients on HD receiving ≤500 mg of valacyclovir three times per week or in those on PD receiving ≤500 mg of valacyclovir per day. The findings demonstrate that adjusting the valacyclovir dosage and monitoring VAN in patients with HD and PD who have herpes zoster is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Juan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Lin Chou
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsin Kuo Min Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ying Chen
- Health Data Analytics and Statistics Center, Office of Data Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Nien Chien
- Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, College of Medicince, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Li-Nien Chien,
| | - Te-Chao Fang
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Te-Chao Fang,
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Pharmacokinetics and analytical determination of acyclovir in Asian elephant calves ( Elephas maximus). Vet Anim Sci 2022; 15:100227. [PMID: 35024493 PMCID: PMC8724961 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability data of acyclovir following intravenous and oral administration are reported for Asian elephant calves. Data represent the first comprehensive LC-MS/MS analysis of plasma acyclovir concentrations after i.v. and oral administration in elephants.
A therapeutic regimen that includes antiviral drugs is critical for the survival of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) calves infected with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD), with acyclovir showing considerable promise. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of acyclovir following intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration in Asian elephants. A single dose of acyclovir (15 mg/kg, IV or 45 mg/kg, PO) was administered to four healthy elephant calves, with a minimum 2-week washout period between treatments. Serial plasma samples were collected after each injection for acyclovir analysis using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. Maximum plasma acyclovir concentrations were 27.02 ± 6.79 µg/mL at 0.94 ± 0.31 h after IV administration, and 1.45 ± 0.20 µg/mL at 3.00 ± 0.70 h after PO administration. The half-life of the elimination phase (T1/2) was 5.84 ± 0.74 and 8.74 ± 2.47 h after IV and PO administration, respectively. After IV administration, acyclovir concentrations were higher than the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of those found for herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 in humans, and equid alpha herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) for at least 12 h. By contrast, the bioavailability of oral administration was low, only 6.03 ± 0.87%, so higher doses by that route likely are needed to be effective. Due to the high concentration of plasma acyclovir after IV administration, the dose may need to be adjusted to prevent any negative side effects.
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Key Words
- %CV, Mean precision
- AUC0-inf, Total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity
- AUC0-t, Total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0–48h
- Acyclovir
- Asian elephant
- Bioavailability
- Cl, Total clearance
- Cmax, Peak plasma concentration
- EEHV, Elephantendotheliotropic herpesviruses
- EEHV-HD, Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease
- EHV, Equid alphaherpesvirus
- Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV)
- F, Bioavailability
- HSV, Herpes simplex virus
- IV, Intravenous administration
- Kel, Elimination rate constant
- LC-MS/MS, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- LLOQ, Lower limit of quantitation
- MAT, Mean absorption time
- MRM, Multiple reaction monitoring
- MRT, Mean residence time
- PO, Oral administration
- Pharmacokinetics
- QC, Quality control
- S/N, Signal to noise ratio
- T1/2, Elimination half-life
- Tmax, Time to reach peak plasma
- Vd(ss), Steady-state volume of distribution
- m/z, Mass-to-charge ratio
- r2, Coefficients of determination
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Lewis SJ, Bodenhorn D, Na EY, Jang SM. Comparison of antimicrobial dosing recommendations in patients receiving intermittent hemodialysis among drug information resources. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 47:628-635. [PMID: 34866202 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Tertiary drug information resources are frequently consulted for the optimal antimicrobial dosing in intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) patients. Yet, significant discrepancy may exist in dosing recommendations between resources. This study was to evaluate the consistency of antimicrobial dosing recommendations in IHD among four different drug information resources and the relevance of referenced pharmacokinetic studies. METHODS Dosing recommendations of 29 commonly prescribed antimicrobials in IHD patients were collected from Micromedex, LexiComp, Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Prescribing in Renal Impairment to compare dosing categorization and the total daily dose (TDD). Significant dosing discrepancies were defined as ≥30% difference. Referenced pharmacokinetic studies were evaluated for their relevance in current practice, using sample size, hemodialyzer types, the use of optimal pharmacodynamic targets and the consideration of different interdialytic dosing periods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A significant variation was found both in dosing categorization and recommended doses between resources. Seventeen drugs were compared for TDD with significant dosing discrepancy in 8 drugs. Among 42 referenced pharmacokinetic studies, 40 were evaluated. Mean patient numbers of pharmacokinetic studies were 13 ranging from 3 to 70. Sixty per cent of studies utilized contemporary hemodialyzers (e.g., high-flux and/or high efficiency). The optimal pharmacodynamic targets and the impact of different interdialytic intervals were assessed only in 27.5% and 7.5% respectively. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Inconsistent antimicrobial dosing recommendations for IHD patients exist among four well-established resources. Many referenced pharmacokinetic studies utilized outdated or less pharmacodynamically relevant study methods. Newer studies are warranted to reflect contemporary dialysis practice and assess its impact on optimal antimicrobial dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Findlay College of Pharmacy, Findlay, Ohio, USA.,Mercy Health - St. Anne Hospital, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Eun-Young Na
- University of Findlay College of Pharmacy, Findlay, Ohio, USA
| | - Soo Min Jang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California, USA
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4
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Easton-Jones C. Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:11-23. [PMID: 34519074 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equid gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous and widespread in the equine population. Despite their frequent detection, their contribution to immune system modulation and the pathogenesis of several diseases remains unclear. Genetic variability and the combination of equid gammaherpesvirus strains a horse is infected with might be clinically significant. Initial gammaherpesvirus infection occurs in foals peripartum with latency then established in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel EHV-5 study suggests that following inhalation equid gammaherpesviruses might obtain direct access to T and B lymphocytes via the tonsillar crypts to establish latency. EHV-5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, however, unlike with EHV-2 there is currently minimal evidence for its role in milder cases of respiratory disease and poor performance. Transmission is presumed to be via the upper respiratory tract with periodic reactivation of the latent virus in adult horses. Stress of transport has been identified as a risk factor for reactivation and shedding of equine gammaherpesviruses. There is currently a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in the treatment of equine gammaherpesvirus infections.
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EQUID ALPHAHERPESVIRUS 9 OUTBREAK ASSOCIATED WITH MORTALITY IN A GROUP OF GREVY'S ZEBRA ( EQUUS GREVYI) HOUSED IN A MIXED-SPECIES EXHIBIT. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:774-778. [PMID: 34130425 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A herd of seven captive-born Grevy's zebras (Equus grevyi) experienced an outbreak of nasal discharge and sneezing. Clinical signs, including lethargy and anorexia, were severe and acute in three animals, including a 16-mo-old male that died within 48 h. Treatment of two severely affected zebras included valacyclovir (40 mg/kg PO), meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg IM/PO), and cefquinome (2.5 mg/kg IM q48h). An adult female improved rapidly, and clinical signs resolved within 48 h of treatment. Administration of valacyclovir pellets was very complicated in a 2-mo-old female, and death occurred within 48 h. Histologic examination of the two individuals that died revealed severe fibrinonecrotic interstitial pneumonia with prominent hyaline membranes and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. Additionally, the 16-mo-old male presented systemic endothelial activation with vascular thrombosis and necrosis and mild nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. Herpesviral DNA was detected in the lungs of both individuals by nested polymerase chain reaction. The nucleic acid sequence of the amplicons showed 100% similarity with previously published equid alphaherpesvirus 9 sequences. Three additional animals developed mild nasal discharge only and recovered spontaneously. The zebras shared housing facilities with other species, including white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), and several antelope species. None of these animals showed clinical signs. Additionally, nasal swabs and whole blood samples were collected from cohoused white rhinoceroses (n = 3) and springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis, n = 3) as well as nasal swabs from cohoused reticulated giraffes (n = 4). Nucleic acid sequence from equid herpesviruses was not detected in any of these samples. The source of the infection in the zebras remains unclear.
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Sumabe BK, Ræder SB, Røst LM, Sharma A, Donkor ES, Mosi L, Duodu S, Bruheim P, Otterlei M. Nucleoside Analogues Are Potent Inducers of Pol V-mediated Mutagenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:843. [PMID: 34198819 PMCID: PMC8227612 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting DNA and RNA in mammalian cells or viruses can also affect bacteria present in the host and thereby induce the bacterial SOS system. This has the potential to increase mutagenesis and the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here, we have examined nucleoside analogues (NAs) commonly used in anti-viral and anti-cancer therapies for potential effects on mutagenesis in Escherichia coli, using the rifampicin mutagenicity assay. To further explore the mode of action of the NAs, we applied E. coli deletion mutants, a peptide inhibiting Pol V (APIM-peptide) and metabolome and proteome analyses. Five out of the thirteen NAs examined, including three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and two anti-cancer drugs, increased the mutation frequency in E. coli by more than 25-fold at doses that were within reported plasma concentration range (Pl.CR), but that did not affect bacterial growth. We show that the SOS response is induced and that the increase in mutation frequency is mediated by the TLS polymerase Pol V. Quantitative mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling did not reveal large changes in nucleoside phosphate or other central carbon metabolite pools, which suggests that the SOS induction is an effect of increased replicative stress. Our results suggest that NAs/NRTIs can contribute to the development of AMR and that drugs inhibiting Pol V can reverse this mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balagra Kasim Sumabe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway; (B.K.S.); (S.B.R.)
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. BOX LG 54 Accra, Ghana; (L.M.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. BOX LG 54 Accra, Ghana
| | - Synnøve Brandt Ræder
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway; (B.K.S.); (S.B.R.)
| | - Lisa Marie Røst
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7481 Trondheim, Norway; (L.M.R.); (P.B.)
| | - Animesh Sharma
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core Facility (PROMEC), NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7481 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Eric S. Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236 Accra, Ghana;
| | - Lydia Mosi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. BOX LG 54 Accra, Ghana; (L.M.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. BOX LG 54 Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Duodu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. BOX LG 54 Accra, Ghana; (L.M.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. BOX LG 54 Accra, Ghana
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7481 Trondheim, Norway; (L.M.R.); (P.B.)
| | - Marit Otterlei
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway; (B.K.S.); (S.B.R.)
- Clinic of Laboratory medicine, St. Olav University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
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7
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In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies of binary ethosomes for transdermal delivery of acyclovir: A comparative assessment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Khammesri S, Mathura Y, Boonprasert K, Ampasavate C, Hongwiset D, Brown JL, Thitaram C. Successful treatment of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus infection in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) calf by oral acyclovir medication: Case report. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:125-129. [PMID: 33239478 PMCID: PMC7870404 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a major cause of death in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) calves. A 2-year, 11-month-old
female, captive Asian elephant presented with facial edema and a mild fever. Blood samples were collected and showed EEHV1A positivity with a high viral load by
real time PCR. Heterophil toxicity also was reported for the first time in this case. The calf was treated orally with acyclovir, 45 mg/kg tid for 28 days,
which reduced the EEHV1A viral load to undetectable levels within 9 days and the calf survived. A successful outcome with oral acyclovir administration provides
another and affordable option to treat EEHV hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants, and one that is easier to administer in untrained calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siripat Khammesri
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 155, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 155, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Yaoprapa Mathura
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 155, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Khajohnpat Boonprasert
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 155, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Chadarat Ampasavate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, 239, Suthep Road, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Darunee Hongwiset
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, 239, Suthep Road, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Janine L Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 155, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 155, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 155, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
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D Corum D, Corum O, Atik O, E Faki H, Altan F, Uney K. Effect of benzylpenicillin on intravenous pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:319-324. [PMID: 32212341 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of benzylpenicillin on the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Six clinically healthy red-eared slider turtles weighing 400 and 580 g were used for the study. Acyclovir (40 mg/kg) and benzylpenicillin (30 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to turtles. In the study, the cross-pharmacokinetic design (2 × 2) with a 30-day washout period was performed in two periods. Plasma concentrations of acyclovir were assayed using the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Following the administration of acyclovir alone, elimination half-life (t1/2 β ), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), total clearance (ClT ), and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss ) were 20.12 hr, 1,372 hr * µg/mL, 0.03 L hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.84 L/kg, respectively. Benzylpenicillin administration increased t1/2 β , AUC, and Vdss while decreased ClT of acyclovir. These results showed that benzylpenicillin changed the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir following simultaneous administration in turtles. However, further research is needed to determine molecular mechanism of interaction in turtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu D Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orkun Atik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hatice E Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Feray Altan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Costa T, Ribeiro A, Machado R, Ribeiro C, Lanceros-Mendez S, Cavaco-Paulo A, Almeida A, das Neves J, Lúcio M, Viseu T. Polymeric Electrospun Fibrous Dressings for Topical Co-delivery of Acyclovir and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:390. [PMID: 31850337 PMCID: PMC6901623 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpetic infections caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV) are among the most common human infections, affecting more than two quarters of the world's population. The standard treatment for orofacial herpes is the administration of antiviral drugs, mainly acyclovir (ACV). However, current products are mostly based on semisolid formulations that have limited ability to promote drug skin penetration and tend to leak from the application site, thus showing reduced ability to sustain local drug residence. This work reports on the production of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibrous matrices with ACV and omega-3 fatty acids (ω3) for application as dressings to the topical treatment of orofacial herpes. PCL fibrous matrices with the co-incorporated bioactive compounds were obtained by electrospinning and characterized regarding their morphology, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. The potential use of the developed polymeric fibrous matrices for topical applications was evaluated by: (i) the release kinetics of the bioactive compounds; (ii) the occlusive factor of the fibrous mat; (iii) ACV skin permeation capacity; and (iv) the cytotoxicity in a keratinocyte cell line. PCL fibrous matrices loaded with the bioactive compounds presented a smooth morphology and a good balance between flexibility and hardness essential to be durable for handling, while having a desirable texture to be used comfortably. The fibrous mat also provided a sustained release of ACV during 96 h and improved the skin permeability of this drug (Kp = 0.00928 ± 0.000867 cm/h) presenting also high porosity (74%) and a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 881 ± 91 g/m2day, essential to maintain moist and oxygen for faster healing of herpes lesions. Furthermore, cytotoxicity studies suggest that the fibrous mat are safe for topical application. Overall, the PCL based electrospun fibrous matrices with ACV and ω3 hereby described have the potential to be used as therapeutic bandage systems for the treatment of orofacial herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Costa
- Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Ribeiro
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Raul Machado
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Ribeiro
- Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Almeida
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José das Neves
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene Lúcio
- Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Teresa Viseu
- Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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11
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Mortari APG, Amaral BP, Oliveira PSD, Dotto EK, Flores MM, Cargnelutti JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Ganciclovir attenuates the respiratory disease induced by Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 in rabbits. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses, associated with respiratory, neurological disease and abortions. As vaccination is not always effective, anti-herpetic therapy may represent an alternative to prevent the losses caused by the infection. We herein investigated the activity of ganciclovir (GCV), an anti-herpetic human drug, in rabbits experimentally infected with EHV-1. Thirty-days-old New Zealand rabbits were allocated in three groups (6 animals each) and submitted to different treatments: G1 (non-infected controls), G2 (inoculated with EHV-1) - 107 TCID50 intranasally - IN) and G3 (inoculated IN with EHV-1 and treated with GCV - 5mg/kg/day for 7 days) and monitored thereafter. All animals of G2 developed systemic signs (moderate to severe apathy, anorexia), ocular discharge and respiratory signs (serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge), including mild to severe respiratory distress. Viremia was detected in all rabbits of G2 for up to 11 days (mean duration = 6.5 days). One animal died after severe respiratory distress and neurological signs (bruxism, opistotonus). In addition, these animals gained less weight than the control (G1) and GCV-treated rabbits (G3) from days 4 to 14pi (p<0.05). The clinical score of rabbits of G2 was statistically higher than the other groups from days 3 to 6pi (p<0.05), demonstrating a more severe disease. In contrast, G3 rabbits did not present systemic signs, presented only a mild and transient nasal secretion and gained more weight than G2 animals (p<0.05). In addition, viremia was detected in only 3 rabbits and was transient (average of 2.3 days). Thus, administration of GCV to rabbits inoculated IN with EHV-1 resulted in an important attenuation of the clinical disease as demonstrated by full prevention of systemic signs, maintenance of weight gain and by drastic reduction in viremia and in the magnitude of respiratory signs. These results are promising towards further testing of GCV as a potential drug for anti-herpetic therapy in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula G. Mortari
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bruna P. Amaral
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pablo S.B. De Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Evelyn K. Dotto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Rudi Weiblen
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F. Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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El-Gizawy SA, El-Maghraby GM, Hedaya AA. Formulation of acyclovir-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: 2. Brain targeting and pharmacokinetic study. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:1299-1307. [PMID: 31507245 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1667386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is widely used in the treatment of herpes encephalitis. The present study was conducted to prepare chitosan-tween 80 coated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a delivery system for brain targeting of ACV in rabbits. The SLNs were prepared and coated in one step by microemulsion method using a coating solution containing chitosan (0.1% w/v) and tween 80 (2% w/v) for loading sustained release ACV. In vitro characterization was performed for coated ACV-SLNs. Concerning in vivo experiments; a single intravenous bolus dose of coated ACV-SLNs was given versus free ACV solution to rabbits (62 mg/kg). Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the ACV concentration-time profiles in plasma using the two compartmental analysis. The values of AUC0-∞ and MRT of coated ACV-SLNs were higher than free drug by about twofold, 233.36 ± 41.56 μg.h/mL and 1.81 ± 0.36 h, respectively. The noncompartmental analysis was conducted to estimate the brain pharmacokinetic parameters. The AUC0-∞ brain/AUC0-∞ plasma ratio for coated ACV-SLNs and free ACV was 0.22 and 0.12, respectively. These results indicated the effectiveness of using coated ACV-SLNs for brain targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa A El-Gizawy
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Gamal M El-Maghraby
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Hedaya
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
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13
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Troszok A, Kolek L, Szczygieł J, Wawrzeczko J, Borzym E, Reichert M, Kamińska T, Ostrowski T, Jurecka P, Adamek M, Rakus K, Irnazarow I. Acyclovir inhibits Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 multiplication in vitro. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1709-1718. [PMID: 30144085 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an aetiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease in common and koi carp. In this study, we examined in vitro the anti-CyHV-3 activity of acyclovir (ACV), nucleoside analogue commonly used against human herpesviruses, as well as acyclovir monophospate (ACV-MP). The cytotoxicity of the ACV and the ACV-MP for two common carp cell lines, CCB (Common carp brain) and KF1 (Koi carp fin 1), was determined by means of MTT and crystal violet assays. In subsequent studies, the concentration of 66.67 μM was applied. The ACV and the ACV-MP (66.67 μM) inhibited a cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by the CyHV-3 virus in the CCB (ACV by 66%, ACV-MP by 58%) and the KF1 (ACV by 25%, ACV-MP by 37%). The viral load measured by the means of TaqMan qPCR was reduced in a range of 67%-93% depending on the analogue, the cell line and the time of incubation. The expression of viral genes (ORF149, ORF3, ORF134 and ORF78) in CCB cells infected with the CyHV-3 was strongly downregulated within the range of 78%-91%. In summary, both the ACV and the ACV-MP can inhibit CyHV-3 replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Troszok
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Ludmiła Kolek
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Joanna Szczygieł
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Joanna Wawrzeczko
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Ewa Borzym
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Puławy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Puławy, Poland
| | - Teresa Kamińska
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ostrowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jurecka
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
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Abstract
EPM, CVSM, and EDM are currently recognized as the 3 most common neurologic diseases in US horses, with the latter 2 conditions being most prevalent in young animals. Moreover, horses competing at shows and performance events are at greater risk for exposure to highly contagious, neurologic EHV-1 outbreaks. A clinical diagnosis of any neurologic disease should be based on a careful history, complete neurologic examination, and appropriate diagnostic testing and interpretation. However, mild or early neurologic signs can often mimic or be mistaken for an orthopedic condition when horses present for performance-related concerns.
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Easton-Jones CA, Madigan JE, Barnum S, Maxwell LK, Taylor SD, Arnesen T, Pusterla N. Effect of valacyclovir on EHV-5 viral kinetics in horses with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1763-1767. [PMID: 30221792 PMCID: PMC6189341 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus-5 is commonly isolated from the lungs of horses with EMPF, suggesting an etiological link. Valacyclovir is used empirically to treat EMPF; however, no data is available concerning its impact on EHV-5 viral kinetics. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of oral administration of valacyclovir on EHV-5 viral load measured by qPCR in blood, nasal secretions (NS) and BALF in horses with EMPF. ANIMALS Six horses diagnosed with EMPF. METHODS A prospective clinical trial was performed. Horses received 10 days of PO administered valacyclovir (loading dose 30 mg/kg, maintenance dose 20 mg/kg). Blood, NS, and BALF were collected for EHV-5 viral kinetics analyses during treatment. Blood and NS were collected every other day. BALF was collected on day 0 and day 10. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in median EHV-5 viral load between day 0 and day 10 for all samples tested. In blood median EHV-5 viral load was 7676 (range 575-39 781) on day 0 and 6822 (range 1136-18 635) glycoprotein B (gB) gene copies per million cells on day 10. For NS median EHV-5 viral load was 2.944 × 106 (range 184 691-3.394 × 109 ) on day 0 and 8.803 × 106 (range 251 186-9.868 × 108 ) gB gene copies per million cells on day 10. For BALF median EHV-5 viral load was 59,842 (range 61-315 655) on day 0 and 185 083 (range 3562-542 417) gB gene copies per million cells on day 10. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Valacyclovir might not be an effective short-term antiviral treatment but efficacy in treatment of EMPF is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Easton-Jones
- Willian R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, California
| | - John E Madigan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Lara K Maxwell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN
| | - Terry Arnesen
- Stillwater Equine Veterinary Clinic, Stillwater, Minnesota
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
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Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Pusterla N, Eberle R, Holbrook TC, McFarlane D, Rezabek GB, Meinkoth J, Whitfield C, Goad CL, Allen GP. Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1126-1139. [PMID: 28945127 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether prophylactic administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride versus initiation of treatment at the onset of fever would differentially protect horses from viral replication and clinical disease attributable to equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) infection. ANIMALS 18 aged mares. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive an oral placebo (control), treatment at detection of fever, or prophylactic treatment (initiated 1 day prior to viral challenge) and then inoculated intranasally with a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1. Placebo or valacyclovir was administered orally for 7 or 14 days after EHV-1 inoculation or detection of fever (3 horses/group). Effects of treatment on viral replication and clinical disease were evaluated. Plasma acyclovir concentrations and viremia were assessed to determine inhibitory concentrations of valacyclovir. RESULTS Valacyclovir administration decreased shedding of virus and viremia, compared with findings for control horses. Rectal temperatures and clinical disease scores in horses that received valacyclovir prophylactically for 2 weeks were lower than those in control horses. The severity of but not the risk for ataxia was decreased by valacyclovir administration. Viremia was decreased when steady-state trough plasma acyclovir concentrations were > 0.8 μg/mL, supporting the time-dependent activity of acyclovir. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Valacyclovir treatment significantly decreased viral replication and signs of disease in EHV-1-infected horses; effects were greatest when treatment was initiated before viral inoculation, but treatment was also effective when initiated as late as 2 days after inoculation. During an outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, antiviral treatment may be initiated in horses at various stages of infection, including horses that have not yet developed signs of viral disease.
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18
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Abstract
Since vaccination may not prevent disease, antiherpetic drugs have been investigated for the therapy of several equine herpesviruses. Drug efficacy has been assessed in horses with disease, but most evidence is in vitro, in other species, or empirical. Oral valacyclovir is most often administered in the therapy of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) to protect adult horses from equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, while oral acyclovir is frequently administered for EHV-5 infection in the therapy of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Other antiherpetic drugs are promising but require further investigation. Several topical drugs are also empirically used in the therapy of equine viral keratitis.
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Toishi Y, Tsunoda N, Kirisawa R. Occurrence of equine coital exanthema (ECE) in stallions in Japan and effectiveness of treatment with valacyclovir for ECE. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:632-635. [PMID: 28123140 PMCID: PMC5383189 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine coital exanthema (ECE) has been reported in many countries, but equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3) has been isolated only once in Japan. In 2015, symptoms of ECE were found, and EHV-3 was isolated in two stallions. Valacyclovir, an anti-herpesvirus agent, was administered orally. The stallions rested from mating for more than two weeks, causing enormous financial losses because of their high fees. This is the first study in which valacyclovir was administered for ECE. Though valacyclovir treatment did not shorten the duration of healing, the affected area did not expand after administration of valacyclovir. Valacyclovir therefore seems to be effective for suppression of EHV-3 infection. Further investigation about the administration protocol might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Toishi
- Shadai Stallion Station, 275 Hayakita-Genbu, Abira-cho, Yufutsu-gun, Hokkaido 059-1501, Japan
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Walter J, Seeh C, Fey K, Bleul U, Osterrieder N. Prevention of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy - Is heparin a novel option? A case report. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016; 44:313-317. [PMID: 27652372 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-150451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a severe manifestation of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection. Prevention and treatment of EHM during EHV-1 outbreaks is critical, but no reliable and tested specific medication is available. Due to the thromboischemic nature of EHM and due to the fact that EHV-1 entry in cells is blocked by heparin, it was hypothesized that this compound may be useful in reduction of EHM incidence and severity. Therefore, during an acute EHV-1 outbreak with the neuropathogenic G2254/D752 Pol variant, metaphylactic treatment with heparin to prevent EHM was initiated. Clinical signs were present in 61 horses (fever n = 55; EHM n = 8; abortion n = 6). Heparin (25000 IU subcutaneously twice daily for 3 days) was given to 31 febrile horses from day 10 of the outbreak, while the first 30 horses exhibiting fever remained untreated. Treatment outcome was analyzed retrospectively. Heparin-treated horses showed a lower EHM incidence (1/31; 3.2%) than untreated horses (7/30; 23.3%; p = 0.03). Results indicate that heparin may be useful for prevention of EHM during an EHV-1 outbreak. These promising data highlight the need for randomized and possibly blinded studies for the use of heparin in EHV-1 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Walter
- Dr. Jasmin Walter, Klinik für Reproduktionsmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Schweiz, E-Mail:
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22
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Haspeslagh M, Taevernier L, Maes A, Vlaminck L, De Spiegeleer B, Croubels S, Martens A. Topical distribution of acyclovir in normal equine skin and equine sarcoids: An in vitro study. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:107-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Fraeyman S, Devreese M, Broekaert N, De Mil T, Antonissen G, De Baere S, De Backer P, Rychlik M, Croubels S. Quantitative Determination of Tenuazonic Acid in Pig and Broiler Chicken Plasma by LC-MS/MS and Its Comparative Toxicokinetics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8560-8567. [PMID: 26371380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantitate tenuazonic acid (TeA) in pig and broiler chicken plasma was successfully developed and validated. Linear matrix-matched calibration curves ranged between 5 and 200 ng/mL. Correlation coefficients, goodness-of-fit coefficients, and within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell well within the acceptance criteria. The limit of quantitation was 5.0 ng/mL in both pig and broiler chicken plasma. The LC-MS/MS method was applied in a comparative toxicokinetic study in both pigs and broiler chickens. TeA was completely bioavailable after oral administration in both animal species. However, absorption was deemed to be slower in broiler chickens (mean tmax 0.32 h in pigs vs 2.60 h in chickens). TeA was more slowly eliminated in broiler chickens (mean t1/2el 0.55 h in pigs vs 2.45 h in chickens after oral administration), mainly due to the significantly lower total body clearance (mean Cl 446.1 mL/h/kg in pigs vs 59.2 mL/h/kg in chickens after oral administration). Tissue residue studies and further research to elucidate the biotransformation and excretion processes of TeA in pigs, broiler chickens, and other animal species are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Vissani MA, Thiry E, Dal Pozzo F, Barrandeguy M. Antiviral agents against equid alphaherpesviruses: Current status and perspectives. Vet J 2015; 207:38-44. [PMID: 26654843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus infections cause respiratory, neurological and reproductive syndromes. Despite preventive and control measures and the availability of vaccines and immunostimulants, herpesvirus infections still constitute a major threat to equine health and for the equine industry worldwide. Antiviral drugs, particularly nucleoside analogues and foscarnet, are successfully used for the treatment of human alphaherpesvirus infections. In equine medicine, the use of antiviral medications in alphaherpesvirus infections would decrease the excretion of virus and diminish the risk of contagion and the convalescent time in affected horses, and would also improve the clinical outcome of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy. The combined use of antiviral compounds, along with vaccines, immune modulators, and effective preventive and control measures, might be beneficial in diminishing the negative impact of alphaherpesvirus infections in horses. The purpose of this review is to analyse the available information regarding the use of antiviral agents against alphaherpesviruses, with particular emphasis on equine alphaherpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Vissani
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar 1712, Argentina.
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases and UREAR, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases and UREAR, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar 1712, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km 54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Schwarz B, Klang A, Bezdekova B, Sárdi S, Kutasi O, Hoven R. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF): Five case reports. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:319-32. [PMID: 23921344 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF), a progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease has been associated with gammaherpesviruses. This case series describes five horses with EMPF. Three of the horses (two in Hungary, one in the Czech Republic) were diagnosed with EMPF ante mortem. They presented with typical clinical signs of EMPF including dyspnoea and weight loss. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed hypoxaemia. Blood work showed signs of inflammation like neutrophilia and hyperfibrinogenaemia. An endoscopic examination of the respiratory tract including cytology and culture of tracheobronchial secretion and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed, revealing secondary bacterial infection in one case. A suspected diagnosis of EMPF was made on the basis of a positive EHV-5 PCR from bronchoalveolar lavage and the findings of thoracic radiographs and ultrasound examination. In one case the diagnosis was confirmed by lung biopsy. All horses died or had to be euthanised despite treatment. Two horses (from Austria) were diagnosed with EMPF post mortem. They not only had EMPF but also concurrent other diseases which seemed to be associated with immunosuppression. Three horses showed the discrete form and two horses the diffuse form of EMPF. EHV-5 DNA was identified in lung tissue of all horses by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Klang
- 3 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Barbora Bezdekova
- 4 University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sára Sárdi
- 5 Szent István University Clinic for Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science Üllő Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kutasi
- 5 Szent István University Clinic for Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science Üllő Hungary
| | - Rene Hoven
- 2 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Equine Clinic, Section Internal Medicine Vienna Austria
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26
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Spelta CW, Axon JE, Begg A, Diallo ISI, Carrick JB, Russell CM, Collins NM. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in three horses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2013; 91:274-80. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CW Spelta
- Townsville Vet Clinic; 32-34 Anne St; Aitkenvale; Queensland 4814; Australia
| | - JE Axon
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - A Begg
- Vetnostics; Kotara; New South Wales; Australia
| | - ISI Diallo
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland; Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation; Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct; Coopers Plains; Queensland; Australia
| | - JB Carrick
- Equine Specialist Consulting; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - CM Russell
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - NM Collins
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Wilkins
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Champaign-Urbana; Illinois; USA
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28
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Vander Werf K, Davis E. Disease remission in a horse with EHV-5-associated lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:387-9. [PMID: 23458852 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Vander Werf
- Clinical Sciences-Large Animal, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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29
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Perkins GA, Van de Walle GR, Pusterla N, Erb HN, Osterrieder N. Evaluation of metaphylactic RNA interference to prevent equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in experimental herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:248-56. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Carmichael RJ, Whitfield C, Maxwell LK. Pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in the adult horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 36:441-9. [PMID: 23301502 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy, resulting from equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in the horse. As compared to other antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, ganciclovir has enhanced potency against EHV-1. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and its oral prodrug, valganciclovir, in six adult horses in a randomized cross-over design. Ganciclovir sodium was administered intravenously as a slow bolus at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, and valganciclovir was administered orally at a dose of 1800 mg per horse. Intravenously administered ganciclovir disposition was best described by a three-compartment model with a prolonged terminal half-life of 72 ± 9 h. Following the oral administration of valganciclovir, the mean observed maximum serum ganciclovir concentration was 0.58 ± 0.37 μg/mL, and bioavailability of ganciclovir from oral valganciclovir was 41 ± 20%. Superposition predicted that oral dosing of 1800-mg valganciclovir two times daily would fail to produce and maintain effective plasma concentrations of ganciclovir. However, superposition suggested that i.v. administration of ganciclovir at 2.5 mg/kg every 8 h for 24 h followed by maintenance dosing of 2.5 mg/kg every 12 h would maintain effective ganciclovir serum concentrations in most horses throughout the dosing interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Carmichael
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Kydd JH, Slater J, Osterrieder N, Lunn DP, Antczak DF, Azab W, Balasuriya U, Barnett C, Brosnahan M, Cook C, Damiani A, Elton D, Frampton A, Gilkerson J, Goehring L, Horohov D, Maxwell L, Minke J, Morley P, Nauwynck H, Newton R, Perkins G, Pusterla N, Soboll-Hussey G, Traub-Dargatz J, Townsend H, Van de walle GR, Wagner B. Third International Havemeyer Workshop on Equine Herpesvirus type 1. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:513-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Baum MM, Butkyavichene I, Gilman J, Kennedy S, Kopin E, Malone AM, Nguyen C, Smith TJ, Friend DR, Clark MR, Moss JA. An intravaginal ring for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2833-43. [PMID: 22619076 PMCID: PMC3857731 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intravaginal delivery of microbicide combinations is a promising approach for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections, but requires a method of providing simultaneous, independent release of multiple agents into the vaginal compartment. A novel intravaginal ring (IVR) platform has been developed for simultaneous delivery of the reverse-transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir (TFV) and the guanosine analogue antiviral acyclovir (ACV) with independent control of release rate for each drug. The IVR is based on a pod design, with up to 10 individual polymer-coated drug cores embedded in the ring releasing through preformed delivery channels. The release rate from each pod is controlled independently of the others by the drug properties, polymer coating, and size and number of delivery channels. Pseudo-zero-order in vitro release of TFV (144 ± 10 µg day) and ACV (120 ± 19 µg day⁻¹) from an IVR containing both drugs was sustained for 28 days. The mechanical properties of the pod IVR were evaluated and compared with the commercially available Estring® (Pfizer, NY, NY). The pod-IVR design enables the vaginal delivery of multiple microbicides with differing physicochemical properties, and is an attractive approach for the sustained intravaginal delivery of relatively hydrophilic drugs that are difficult to deliver using conventional matrix IVR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M. Baum
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Pasadena, California, 91107
| | | | - Joshua Gilman
- Auritec Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Santa Monica, California, 90401
| | - Sean Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Pasadena, California, 91107
| | - Etana Kopin
- Auritec Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Santa Monica, California, 90401
| | | | - Cali Nguyen
- Auritec Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Santa Monica, California, 90401
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Pasadena, California, 91107
- Auritec Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Santa Monica, California, 90401
- Department of Opthamology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506
| | - David R. Friend
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, Virginia, 22209
| | - Meredith R. Clark
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, Virginia, 22209
| | - John A. Moss
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, Pasadena, California, 91107
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Schwarz B, Schwendenwein I, van den Hoven R. Successful outcome in a case of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) treated with valacyclovir. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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ALLENDER MC, MITCHELL MA, YARBOROUGH J, COX S. Pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of acyclovir and valacyclovir in North American box turtles (Terrapenesp.). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:205-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Witte FG, Frank N, Wilkes R, Novak J. Association of Asinine Herpesvirus-5 with Pyogranulomatous Pneumonia in a Mare. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1064-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; North Grafton; MA
| | | | - J.M. Novak
- Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tenessee; Knoxville; TN
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Marenzoni ML, Passamonti F, Lepri E, Cercone M, Capomaccio S, Cappelli K, Felicetti M, Coppola G, Coletti M, Thiry E. Quantification of Equid herpesvirus 5 DNA in clinical and necropsy specimens collected from a horse with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:802-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 15-year-old Belgian gelding was referred for fever, depression, and respiratory distress. Lung biopsy revealed interstitial fibrosis consistent with chronic interstitial pneumonia. Equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsy specimens. A presumptive diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) was made, and the horse was administered a systemic treatment with corticosteroids and antiviral drugs. Despite initial clinical improvement, 4 weeks later, the condition of the horse rapidly deteriorated, and the animal was euthanized. Postmortem examination confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of EMPF. The EHV-5 DNA load in different tissues was estimated using a quantitative real-time PCR. Lung had a remarkable viral load, higher than in other organs, especially within the pulmonary fibrotic nodules, and a linkage between high viral burden and the most severely affected tissues was observed. The results suggest that the quantitative real-time PCR is a useful tool to quantify the EHV-5 load in different organs and to understand the relationship between EHV-5 and EMPF. The bronchoalveolar lavage was determined to be a good clinical sample to estimate the EHV-5 load in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Marenzoni
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Marta Cercone
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Stefano Capomaccio
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Michela Felicetti
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Giacomo Coppola
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Mauro Coletti
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Marenzoni, Passamonti, Lepri, Cercone, Capomaccio, Cappelli, Felicetti, Coppola, Coletti)
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (Thiry)
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Wong DM, Maxwell LK, Wilkins PA. Use of antiviral medications against equine herpes virus associated disorders. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Niedermaier G, Poth T, Gehlen H. Clinical aspects of multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in two warmblood horses. Vet Rec 2010; 166:426-30. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Poth
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Veterinary Faculty; Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich; Veterinärstrasse 13 80539 Munich Germany
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40
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Garré B, Baert K, Nauwynck H, Deprez P, De Backer P, Croubels S. Multiple oral dosing of valacyclovir in horses and ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32:207-12. [PMID: 19646083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate whether multiple oral dosing of valacyclovir could result in plasma concentrations exceeding the EC(50)-value of acyclovir against equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) during the majority of the treatment period. Additionally, we wanted to determine the concentration of acyclovir in nasal mucus and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Valacyclovir was administered to four horses and two ponies, three times daily, at a dosage of 40 mg/kg, for four consecutive days. Blood was collected prior to each administration and 1 h after dosing. Nasal mucus samples and CSF were collected once during treatment; 1 h after the last administration. This dosage regimen resulted in plasma concentrations that were higher than the EC(50)-value of 1.7 microg/mL, i.e. EC(50) of an isolate highly susceptible to acyclovir, for 80% of the treatment period; and higher than the EC(50)-value of 3.0 microg/mL, i.e. EC(50) of an isolate less susceptible to acyclovir, for 60% of the treatment period. Concentration in nasal mucus samples and CSF was 0.36-1.17 microg/mL and 0.11-0.23 microg/mL, respectively. This study illustrates that multiple dosing of valacyclovir may result in a therapeutic benefit as plasma concentrations could be maintained above the EC(50)-value of acyclovir against EHV1 for more than 50% of the treatment period. Acyclovir could be detected in both nasal mucus samples and CSF. However, these concentrations were lower than the EC(50).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Garré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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41
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Characterization of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 4 and in vitro susceptibility of the virus to antiviral agents. Antiviral Res 2010; 85:389-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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TSUJIMURA K, YAMADA M, NAGATA SI, YAMANAKA T, NEMOTO M, KONDO T, KUROSAWA M, MATSUMURA T. Pharmacokinetics of Penciclovir after Oral Administration of its Prodrug Famciclovir to Horses. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:357-61. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | | | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJBF, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HGG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:450-61. [PMID: 19645832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equids. The most serious clinical consequences of infection are abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). In recent years, there has been an apparent increase in the incidence of EHM in North America, with serious consequences for horses and the horse industry. This consensus statement draws together current knowledge in the areas of pathogenesis, strain variation, epidemiology, diagnostic testing, vaccination, outbreak prevention and control, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Lunn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA.
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Garré B, Gryspeerdt A, Croubels S, De Backer P, Nauwynck H. Evaluation of orally administered valacyclovir in experimentally EHV1-infected ponies. Vet Microbiol 2009; 135:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Maes A, Garré B, Desmet N, van der Meulen K, Nauwynck H, De Backer P, Croubels S. Determination of acyclovir in horse plasma and body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with fluorescence detection and heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:132-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Fulton A, Peters ST, Perkins GA, Jarosinski KW, Damiani A, Brosnahan M, Buckles EL, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Effective treatment of respiratory alphaherpesvirus infection using RNA interference. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4118. [PMID: 19122813 PMCID: PMC2606062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, is spread via nasal secretions and causes respiratory disease, neurological disorders and abortions. The virus is a significant equine pathogen, but current EHV-1 vaccines are only partially protective and effective metaphylactic and therapeutic agents are not available. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA's), delivered intranasally, could prove a valuable alternative for infection control. siRNA's against two essential EHV-1 genes, encoding the viral helicase (Ori) and glycoprotein B, were evaluated for their potential to decrease EHV-1 infection in a mouse model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FNDINGS: siRNA therapy in vitro significantly reduced virus production and plaque size. Viral titers were reduced 80-fold with 37.5 pmol of a single siRNA or with as little as 6.25 pmol of each siRNA when used in combination. siRNA therapy in vivo significantly reduced viral replication and clinical signs. Intranasal treatment did not require a transport vehicle and proved effective when given up to 12 h before or after infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE siRNA treatment has potential for both prevention and early treatment of EHV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Fulton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah T. Peters
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gillian A. Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Jarosinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Armando Damiani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret Brosnahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Buckles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Transcorneal permeation of L- and D-aspartate ester prodrugs of acyclovir: delineation of passive diffusion versus transporter involvement. Pharm Res 2008; 26:1261-9. [PMID: 18839288 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of amino acid transporters in the transcorneal permeation of the aspartate (Asp) ester acyclovir (ACV) prodrug. METHODS Physicochemical characterization, solubility and stability of acyclovir L-aspartate (L-Asp-ACV) and acyclovir D-aspartate (D-Asp-ACV) were studied. Transcorneal permeability was evaluated across excised rabbit cornea. RESULTS Solubility of L-Asp-ACV and D-Asp-ACV were about twofold higher than that of ACV. The prodrugs demonstrated greater stability under acidic conditions. Calculated pK(a) and logP values for both prodrugs were identical. Transcorneal permeability of L-Asp-ACV (12.1 +/- 1.48 x 10(-6) cm/s) was fourfold higher than D-Asp-ACV (3.12 +/- 0.36 x 10(-6) cm/s) and ACV (3.25 +/- 0.56 x 10(-6) cm/s). ACV generation during the transport process was minimal. L-Asp-ACV transport was sodium and energy dependent but was not inhibited by glutamic acid. Addition of BCH, a specific B(0,+) and L amino acid transporter inhibitor, decreased transcorneal L-Asp-ACV permeability to 2.66 +/- 0.21 x 10(-6) cm/s. L-Asp-ACV and D-Asp-ACV did not demonstrate significant difference in stability in ocular tissue homogenates. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that enhanced transport of L-Asp-ACV is as a result of corneal transporter involvement (probably amino acid transporter B(0,+)) and not as a result of changes in physicochemical properties due to prodrug derivatization (permeability of D-Asp-ACV and ACV were not significantly different).
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Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy: a review of recent developments. Vet J 2008; 180:279-89. [PMID: 18805030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM), although a relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, can cause devastating losses on individual farms or boarding stables. Although outbreaks of EHM have been recognized for centuries in domestic horse populations, many aspects of this disease remained poorly characterized. In recent years, an improved understanding of EHM has emerged from experimental studies and from data collected during field outbreaks at riding schools, racetracks and veterinary hospitals throughout North America and Europe. These outbreaks have highlighted the contagious nature of EHV-1 and have prompted a re-evaluation of diagnostic procedures, treatment modalities, preventative measures and biosecurity protocols for the disease. This review concentrates on these and other selected, clinically relevant aspects of EHM.
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MAXWELL LK, BENTZ BG, BOURNE DWA, ERKERT RS. Pharmacokinetics of valacyclovir in the adult horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:312-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Wong DM, Belgrave RL, Williams KJ, Del Piero F, Alcott CJ, Bolin SR, Marr CM, Nolen-Walston R, Myers RK, Wilkins PA. Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:898-905. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.6.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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