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Xu K, Li L, Cui M, Han Y, Karahan HE, Chow VTK, Xu C. Cold Chain-Free Storable Hydrogel for Infant-Friendly Oral Delivery of Amoxicillin for the Treatment of Pneumococcal Pneumonia. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18440-18449. [PMID: 28513136 PMCID: PMC5465509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is the major cause of death in children under five, particularly in developing countries. Antibiotics such as amoxicillin greatly help in mitigating this problem. However, there is a lack of an infant/toddler-friendly formulation for countries with limited clean water orr electricity. Here, we report the development of a shear-thinning hydrogel system for the oral delivery of amoxicillin to infant/toddler patients, without the need of clean water and refrigeration. The hydrogel formulation consists of metolose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) and amoxicillin. It preserves the structural integrity of antibiotics and their antibacterial activity over 12 weeks at room temperature. Pharmacokinetic profiling of mice reveals that the hydrogel formulation increases the bioavailability of drugs by ∼18% compared to that with aqueous amoxicillin formulation. More importantly, oral gavage of this formulation in a mouse model of secondary pneumococcal pneumonia significantly ameliorates inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage in lungs, with a 10-fold reduction in bacterial counts compared to those in untreated ones. Given the remarkable antibacterial efficacy as well as the use of FDA-regulated ingredients (metolose and amoxicillin), the hydrogel formulation holds great promise for rapid clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Xu
- School of Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, 70 Nanyang
Drive, 637457 Singapore
| | - Liang Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Mingyue Cui
- School of Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, 70 Nanyang
Drive, 637457 Singapore
| | - Yiyuan Han
- School of Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, 70 Nanyang
Drive, 637457 Singapore
| | - H. Enis Karahan
- School of Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, 70 Nanyang
Drive, 637457 Singapore
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, 117545 Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, 70 Nanyang
Drive, 637457 Singapore
- NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
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Pawar SP, Walekar LS, Gunjal DB, Dalavi DK, Gore AH, Anbhule PV, Patil SR, Kolekar GB. Fluorescence-based sensor for selective and sensitive detection of amoxicillin (Amox) in aqueous medium: Application to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. LUMINESCENCE 2017; 32:918-923. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samadhan P. Pawar
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Shivaji University; Kolhapur Maharashtra India
| | - Laxman S. Walekar
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Shivaji University; Kolhapur Maharashtra India
| | - Dattatray B. Gunjal
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Shivaji University; Kolhapur Maharashtra India
| | - Dattatray K. Dalavi
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Shivaji University; Kolhapur Maharashtra India
| | - Anil H. Gore
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Shivaji University; Kolhapur Maharashtra India
| | - Prashant V. Anbhule
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Shivaji University; Kolhapur Maharashtra India
| | - Shivajirao R. Patil
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Shivaji University; Kolhapur Maharashtra India
| | - Govind B. Kolekar
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Shivaji University; Kolhapur Maharashtra India
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de Marco BA, Natori JSH, Fanelli S, Tótoli EG, Salgado HRN. Characteristics, Properties and Analytical Methods of Amoxicillin: A Review with Green Approach. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:267-277. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1281097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Aparecida de Marco
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Sayuri Hisano Natori
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefany Fanelli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gandolpho Tótoli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dafale NA, Semwal UP, Rajput RK, Singh G. Selection of appropriate analytical tools to determine the potency and bioactivity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6:207-213. [PMID: 29403984 PMCID: PMC5762606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are the chemotherapeutic agents that kill or inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms. Resistance of microorganism to antibiotics is a growing problem around the world due to indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics. In order to overcome the resistance problem and to safely use antibiotics, the correct measurement of potency and bioactivity of antibiotics is essential. Microbiological assay and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method are used to quantify the potency of antibiotics. HPLC method is commonly used for the quantification of potency of antibiotics, but unable to determine the bioactivity; whereas microbiological assay estimates both potency and bioactivity of antibiotics. Additionally, bioassay is used to estimate the effective dose against antibiotic resistant microbes. Simultaneously, microbiological assay addresses the several parameters such as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), mutation prevention concentration (MPC) and critical concentration (Ccr) which are used to describe the potency in a more informative way. Microbiological assay is a simple, sensitive, precise and cost effective method which gives reproducible results similar to HPLC. However, the HPLC cannot be a complete substitute for microbiological assay and both methods have their own significance to obtain more realistic and precise results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant A. Dafale
- Correspondence to: CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India.CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)NagpurIndia
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Baratta F, Germano A, Brusa P. Diffusion of counterfeit drugs in developing countries and stability of galenics stored for months under different conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Croat Med J 2012; 53:173-84. [PMID: 22522996 PMCID: PMC3342657 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2012.53.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the diffusion of counterfeit medicines in developing countries and to verify the stability of galenic dosage forms to determine the stability of galenics prepared and stored in developing countries. Methods We purchased 221 pharmaceutical samples belonging to different therapeutic classes both in authorized and illegal pharmacies and subjected them to European Pharmacopoeia, 7th ed. quality tests. An UV-visible spectrophotometric assay was used to determine the galenics stability under different conditions of temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). Results A substantial percentage of samples was substandard (52%) and thus had to be considered as counterfeit. Stability tests for galenics showed that the tested dosage forms were stable for 24 months under “standard” (t = 25 ± 2°C, RH = 50 ± 5%) conditions. Under “accelerated” (t = 40 ± 2°C, RH = 50 ± 5%) conditions, samples were stable for 3 months provided that they were stored in glass containers. Stability results of samples stored in “accelerated” conditions were similar to those obtained by on site in tropical countries and could so supply precious information on the expected stability of galenics in tropical countries. Conclusion This study gives useful information about the presence of counterfeit medicinal products in the pharmacies of many developing countries. This should serve as an alarm bell and an input for the production of galenics. We recommend setting up of galenic laboratories in developing countries around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baratta
- Dept. Science and Technology of Drug, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Beg S, Kohli K, Swain S, Hasnain MS. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR QUANTITATION OF AMOXICILLIN TRIHYDRATE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS USING BOX-BEHNKEN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.601493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Beg
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , Jamia Hamdard , Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , Jamia Hamdard , Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
| | - Suryakanta Swain
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jharpokharia, Mayurbhanj , Orissa , India
| | - M. Saquib Hasnain
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Khodasingi , Berhampur, Orissa , India
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Nair A, Strauch S, Lauwo J, Jähnke RWO, Dressman J. Are counterfeit or substandard anti-infective products the cause of treatment failure in Papua New Guinea? J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:5059-68. [PMID: 21721006 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Counterfeit and substandard products present a big challenge to any national plan or policy devised to improve public health. Poor quality drug products are especially a problem in lower income countries where product information and drug regulation enforcement are scant or absent. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of amodiaquine and amoxicillin formulations sold in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and to detect the presence of counterfeit or substandard drugs in circulation, if any. Fourteen samples, collected from five registered pharmacies in Port Moresby, PNG, were subjected to visual inspection, quality control tests, and verification of product authenticity. The quality control tests included weight variation, content uniformity, thin layer chromatography, and dissolution. None of the products complied with all of the evaluation criteria. Two products, one of which was purportedly distributed by a company which proved to be nonexistent, contained no detectable amodiaquine. The present study confirms that counterfeit and substandard amodiaquine and amoxicillin products are finding their way into the distribution chain in Port Moresby, PNG. This quality problem with anti-infective products is of great concern, as it not only exposes patients to poor quality products but also fosters the development of resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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Buszewski B, Szultka M, Olszowy P, Bocian S, Ligor T. A novel approach to the rapid determination of amoxicillin in human plasma by solid phase microextraction and liquid chromatography. Analyst 2011; 136:2635-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an00005e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Bocian S, Buszewski B. Retention mechanism of the multifunctional solute on columns with different coverage densities using highly aqueous reversed-phase conditions. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3033-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chadha R, Kashid N, Jain DVS. Kinetic studies of the degradation of an aminopenicillin antibiotic (amoxicillin trihydrate) in aqueous solution using heat conduction microcalorimetry. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1495-503. [PMID: 14713360 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent developments in isothermal microcalorimetry allow the direct determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for slow reactions from studies conducted at appropriate temperatures and under designated environmental control. The degradation kinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate has been investigated as a function of pH (1–10) and temperature (303.15–318.15 K) at 0.5 M ionic strength using heat conduction microcalorimetry. Equations were developed incorporating calorimetric accessible data, rate constants and change in enthalpy, which showed that the degradation of amoxicillin trihydrate in aqueous solution followed pseudo-first-order kinetics under our experimental conditions. The enthalpy of degradation reaction was found to be exothermic in nature. The values of the rate constant k for individual steps were determined from the values of the overall rate constants at different pH. Energy of activation of overall reaction as a function of pH and for individual rate constants was determined. The log k-pH profiles indicated specific-acid and specific-base catalysis and there were inflection points near pH 3 and pH 7 corresponding to the pKa1 and pKa2 values. Quantitatively, there was good correlation between calorimetric determined half-life (t1/2) and the literature value in the acidic region determined by other methods at 310.15 K. The presence of a β-lactam ring and of an α-amino group in the C-6 side chain played a critical role in the degradation of amoxicillin trihydrate and the zwitterionic form of the drug was found to be more stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chadha
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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11
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Yongxin Z, Roets E, Moreno ML, Porqueras E, Hoogmartens J. Evaluation of LC Methods for the Separation of Amoxicillin and Its Related Substances. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608014013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yongxin
- a Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen , Van Evenstraat, 4 3000, Leuven, (Belgium)
| | - E. Roets
- a Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen , Van Evenstraat, 4 3000, Leuven, (Belgium)
| | - M. L. Moreno
- b Centro National De Farmacobiologia , Instituto De Salud Carlos III , 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, (Spain)
| | - E. Porqueras
- b Centro National De Farmacobiologia , Instituto De Salud Carlos III , 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, (Spain)
| | - J. Hoogmartens
- a Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen , Van Evenstraat, 4 3000, Leuven, (Belgium)
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Liu Z, Lu W, Qian L, Zhang X, Zeng P, Pan J. In vitro and in vivo studies on mucoadhesive microspheres of amoxicillin. J Control Release 2005; 102:135-44. [PMID: 15653140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amoxicillin mucoadhesive microspheres (Amo-ad-ms) were prepared using ethylcellulose (Ec) as matrix and carbopol 934P as mucoadhesive polymer for the potential use of treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, which were associated with Helicobacter pylori. The morphological characteristics of the mucoadhesive microspheres were studied under scanning electron microscope. In vitro release test showed that amoxicillin released faster in pH 1.0 hydrochloric acid (HCl) than in pH 7.8 phosphate buffer. Yet, it would be degraded to some extent in a pH 1.0 HCl medium at 37 degrees C, which indicated that amoxicillin was not stable in an acidic surrounding. It was also found that amoxicillin entrapped within the microspheres could keep stable. In vitro and in vivo mucoadhesive tests showed that Amo-ad-ms adhered more strongly to gastric mucous layer than nonadhesive amoxicillin microspheres (Amo-Ec-ms) did and could retain in gastrointestinal tract for an extended period of time. Amo-ad-ms and amoxicillin powder were orally administered to rats. The amoxicillin concentration in gastric tissue was higher in the Amo-ad-ms group. In vivo H. pylori clearance tests were also carried out by administering, respectively, Amo-ad-ms or amoxicillin powder, to H. pylori infectious BALB/c mice under fed conditions at single or multiple dose(s) in oral administration. The results showed that Amo-ad-ms had a better clearance effect than amoxicillin powder did. In conclusion, the prolonged gastrointestinal residence time and enhanced amoxicillin stability resulting from the mucoadhesive microspheres of amoxicillin might make contribution to H. pylori clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepeng Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Groppo FC, Simões RP, Ramacciato JC, Rehder V, de Andrade ED, Mattos-Filho TR. Effect of sodium diclofenac on serum and tissue concentration of amoxicillin and on staphylococcal infection. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:52-5. [PMID: 14709898 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sodium diclofenac on serum and tissue amoxicillin concentration as well as their effect against staphylococcal infection was observed. Four polyurethane sponges were placed in the back of thirty rats. After 14 d, two granulomatous tissues received 0.5 ml of 10(8) cfu/ml (Staphylococcus aureus). Two days later, the rats were divided into five groups: group 1 received amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/p.o., group 2 received amoxicillin 25 mg/kg/p.o., group 3 received sodium diclofenac 2.5 mg/kg/i.m. and amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/p.o., group 4 received sodium diclofenac 2.5 mg/kg/i.m., and group 5 (control group) received NaCl 1 ml/p.o. After six hours of drug administration, blood serum (10 microl) and noninfected granulomatous tissues were placed on Mueller-Hinton agar inoculated with 10(8) cfu/ml (S. aureus). Infected tissues were dispersed in a sonic system and were spread (10 microl) on salt mannitol agar. Microorganisms were counted and the inhibition zones were measured after 18 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. Amoxicillin tissue concentration was 6.27 microg/g for group 1, 2.18 microg/g for group 2, and 0.72 microg/g for group 3. The serum concentrations were 11.56 microg/ml for group 1, 5.36 microg/ml for group 2, and 1.34 microg/ml for group 3. No differences were observed among group 1, 2, and 3 regarding staphylococci counts (Kruskall-Wallis test p>0.05). Group 4 reduced (p<0.05) staphylococci counts comparing to group 5. It was concluded that sodium diclofenac reduced serum and tissue amoxicillin concentration and, even in large doses, amoxicillin was not effective in eradicating the staphylococcal infection after 6 h of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Department of Pharmacology, Anaesthesiology and Therapeutics-Piracicaba Dentistry School, Campinas State University, Av. Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pajchel G, Pawłowski K, Tyski S. CE versus LC for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin/sulbactam in pharmaceutical formulations for injections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:75-81. [PMID: 12062667 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, capillary electrophoresis method was evaluated for determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in Augmentin as well as ampicillin and sulbactam in Unasyn preparations for injections. Phosphate-borate buffer at pH 8.66 containing 14.4% sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as a mobile phase. The method was validated. Reproducibility, precision, accuracy and assay linearity in concentration of amoxicillin 0.05-3.03 mg/ml and ampicillin 0.05-3.08 mg/ml, as well as clavulanic acid 0.02-2.02 mg/ml and sulbactam 0.05-2.08 mg/ml were established. This new method is fast, inexpensive and limits consumption of organic solvents when compared with alternative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, used for drug analysis. Statistical analysis by Student's t-test showed no significant differences between the results obtained by the two methods t(calculated) 0.32 and 1.69 for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and 0.67 and 1.93 for ampicillin and sulbactam were smaller than t(tabulated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Genowefa Pajchel
- Antibiotics and Microbiology Department, Drug Institute, 30/34 Chełmska St., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Effect of ivermectin on the disposition of amoxicillin in rat blood and brain using microdialysis sampling. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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El Walily AF, Gazy AA, Belal SF, Khamis EF. Selective spectrofluorimetric determination of phenolic beta-lactam antibiotics through the formation of their coumarin derivatives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:643-53. [PMID: 10704133 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric procedure was developed for the determination of amoxycillin, cefadroxil and cefoperazone. The method is based on the reaction between these drugs and ethyl acetoacetate, in acidic medium, to give yellow fluorescent products with excitation wavelengths ranging from 401 to 467 nm and emission wavelengths ranging from 465 to 503 nm. The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. The reaction obeyed Beer's law over the range of 10.0-20.0, 1.5-1.0 and 50.0-100.0 microg ml(-1) for amoxycillin, cefadroxil and cefoperazone, respectively. Interference's from other antibiotics, drugs and dosage forms additives, in capsules and vials dosage forms, were investigated. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations (capsules and vials) containing the above antibiotics, either alone or in combination with other antibiotics or drugs. The validity of the method was tested by the recovery studies of standard addition which were found to be satisfactory. The results of the proposed method demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise and reproducible as the official methods (USP XXIII) and those published for the non-official binary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F El Walily
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Valvo L, Ciranni E, Alimenti R, Alimonti S, Draisci R, Giannetti L, Lucentini L. Development of a simple liquid chromatographic method with UV and mass spectrometric detection for the separation of substances related to amoxicillin sodium. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Synthesis of analogues of the benzodiazepine Ro 5-3335, antagonist of Tat HIV-1. Biological evaluation by Luciferase transactivation and anti-viral assay. Eur J Med Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)85171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gottfries J, Svenheden A, Alpsten M, Bake B, Larsson A, Idström JP. Gastrointestinal transit of amoxicillin modified-release tablets and a placebo tablet including pharmacokinetic assessments of amoxicillin. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31:49-53. [PMID: 8927940 DOI: 10.3109/00365529609031626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have investigated the gastrointestinal transit time of, the influence of food intake on, the disintegration of, and the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in a modified-release form. METHODS Radiolabelled modified-release tablets of amoxicillin and placebo tablets were administered, in an open three-way, randomized, crossover design, as single doses during omeprazole treatment, to six male healthy subjects during fasting and non-fasting conditions. Radioscintigraphic images and plasma samples were obtained. RESULTS The estimated mean (and range) gastric emptying time of the modified-release tablet after drug administration was 0.3 h (0.1-1.0 h) during fasting conditions, 4.3 h (1.7-5.0 h) after a light breakfast, and 4.9 h (1.9-18.0 h) after a heavy breakfast. The small-intestinal transit time during fasting conditions was 4.7 h (2.9-6.9 h) and was not significantly changed after light or heavy breakfast intake. The relative bioavailability of the modified-release tablet was 55%, compared with a commercially available amoxicillin immediate-release tablet. CONCLUSION The modified-release tablet of amoxicillin administered postprandially apparently increases the amoxicillin release time in the stomach. The relevance of its use for anti-H. pylori treatment can be questioned.
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