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Mohamed SF, Abd-Elghaffar HS, Amr AEGE, Elnaggar DH, Abou-Amra ES, Hosny HM, Mohamed AM, Abd El-Shafy DN. New poly heterocyclic compounds based on pyrimidine-2-thiones: synthesis, evaluation of putative antiviral agents, DFT calculation, and molecular modeling. J Mol Struct 2023; 1291:136083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto T, Aoyama Y, Fujimoto W. Cell-to-cell transmission of HSV-1 in differentiated keratinocytes promotes multinucleated giant cell formation. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 93:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Volatile Acid-Solvent Evaporation (VASE): Molecularly Homogeneous Distribution of Acyclovir in a Bioerodable Polymer Matrix for Long-Term Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infections. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2018; 2018:6161230. [PMID: 30356432 PMCID: PMC6178155 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6161230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and -2) patients who suffer from recurrent outbreaks consists of multiple daily doses of the antiviral drugs acyclovir (ACV), penciclovir, or their more orally bioavailable derivatives valacyclovir or famciclovir. Drug troughs caused by missed doses may result in viral replication, which can generate drug-resistant mutants along with clinical sequelae. We developed a molecularly homogeneous mixture of ACV with the bioerodable polymer polycaprolactone. Through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, 1H NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry, our method of combining drug and polymer, termed Volatile Acid-Solvent Evaporation (VASE), does not compromise the integrity of polymer or drug. Furthermore, VASE creates materials that deliver therapeutic amounts of drug consistently for approximately two months. Devices with high enough drug loads diminish primary infection of HSV-1 in Vero cells to the same level as seen with a single dose of ACV. Our data will lead to further experiments in animal models, demonstrating efficacy in preventing reactivation of these viruses with a single intervention, and with other antiviral drugs amenable to such manipulation. Additionally, this type of treatment would leave no trace after its useful lifetime, as drug is released and polymer matrix is degraded in vivo.
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Flefel EM, Tantawy WA, El-Sofany WI, El-Shahat M, El-Sayed AA, Abd-Elshafy DN. Synthesis of Some New Pyridazine Derivatives for Anti-HAV Evaluation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010148. [PMID: 28106751 PMCID: PMC6155805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(2-(4-Halophenyl)hydrazinyl)-6-phenylpyridazin-3(2H)-ones 1a,b were prepared and treated with phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentasulphide and ethyl chloroformate to give the corresponding chloropyridazine, pyridazinethione, oxazolopyridazine derivatives 2–4, respectively. Compound 2 reacted with hydrazine hydrate to afford hydrazinylpyridazine 7. The reaction of 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazinyl)-3-hydrazinyl-6-phenylpyridazine (7) with acetic anhydride, p-chlorobenzaldehyde and carbon disulphide gave the corresponding pyridazinotriazine derivatives 8–10. On the other hand, 5-(4-chlorophenylamino)-7-(3,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)-3-phenyl-5H-pyridazino[3,4-b][1,4]thiazin-6(7H)-one (11) was prepared directly from the reaction of compound 3 with chloroacetic acid in presence of p-chlorobenzaldehyde. Compound 11 reacted with nitrogen nucleophiles (hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydrazine hydrate) and active methylene group-containing reagents (malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate) to afford the corresponding fused compounds 12–15, respectively. Pharmacological screening for antiviral activity against hepatitis A virus (HAV) was performed for the new compounds. 4-(4-Chlorophenylamino)-6-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazine-3(4H)-thione (10) showed the highest effect against HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Flefel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah 1343, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Waled A Tantawy
- Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Walaa I El-Sofany
- Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud El-Shahat
- Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A El-Sayed
- Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Dina N Abd-Elshafy
- Department of Water Pollution, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
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Kajita AI, Morizane S, Takiguchi T, Yamamoto T, Yamada M, Iwatsuki K. Interferon-Gamma Enhances TLR3 Expression and Anti-Viral Activity in Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2005-2011. [PMID: 25822580 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific microbial products in the innate immune response. TLR3, a double-stranded RNA sensor, is thought to have an important role in viral infections, but the regulation of TLR3 expression and its function in keratinocytes are not fully understood. Here we show the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ increased the TLR3 expression via STAT1 in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Co-stimulation with IFN-γ and the TLR3 ligand poly (I:C) synergistically increased the expression of IFN-β, IL-6, IL-8, and human β-defensin-2 in NHEKs compared with poly (I:C) or IFN-γ alone. These synergistic inductions were significantly inhibited by an endosomal acidification inhibitor, chloroquine, and by TLR3 siRNA. Co-stimulation with IFN-γ and poly (I:C) also significantly enhanced the anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus type-1 in NHEKs compared with poly (I:C) or IFN-γ alone. In addition to the in vitro findings, an immunohistochemical analysis revealed IFN-γ-positive cells surrounding herpetic vesicles. These findings indicate that IFN-γ might contribute to the innate immune response to cutaneous viral infections by enhancing TLR3 expression and function in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Kajita
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Takiguchi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takenobu Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Masao Yamada
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiji Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
Since the last Handbook of Clinical Neurology volume on this topic, viral diagnosis has made tremendous strides, moving from the margin to the mainstream of clinical care. For many years, conventional virus isolation was the mainstay of viral diagnosis since it was sensitive and “open-minded.” However, growth in conventional cell culture entails an inherent delay that limits its clinical impact. Although rapid culture and viral antigen methods detect fewer pathogens and are less sensitive than conventional culture, both require less expertise and have greatly reduced time to result. Polymerase chain reaction has ushered in a new era in virology, especially in the diagnosis of neurologic diseases. Molecular amplification methods are rapid, highly sensitive, can be automated, quantitative, and detect viruses not amenable to routine culture. User-friendly, walk-away tests with results in an hour, as well as multiplex tests that can detect 20 viruses in a single reaction, are now a reality. As the variety of test methods and commercial products proliferate, the challenges for clinicians and laboratories are selecting which tests to utilize in which clinical scenarios, and understanding how to interpret the results. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed in this chapter, with special attention to neurologic disease.
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Abd El Baky HH, El Baz FK, El Baroty GS, Abd El-Salam OI, Ibrahim EA. Structural characterization and Biological Activity of Sulfolipids from selected Marine Algae. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2013. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lu WW, Sun JR, Wu SS, Lin WH, Kung SH. A dual reporter cell assay for identifying serotype and drug susceptibility of herpes simplex virus. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:97-104. [PMID: 21549682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A dual reporter cell assay (DRCA) that allows real-time detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was developed. This was achieved by stable transfection of cells with an expression cassette that contains the dual reporter genes, secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), under the control of an HSV early gene promoter. Baby hamster kidney (BHK) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were used as parental cell lines because the former is permissive for both HSV serotypes, HSV-1 and HSV-2, whereas the latter is susceptible to infection only by HSV-2. The DRCA permitted differential detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 by observation of EGFP-positive cells, as substantiated by screening a total of 35 samples. The BHK-based cell line is sensitive to a viral titer as low as a single plaque-forming unit with a robust assay window as measured by a chemiluminescent assay. Evaluations of the DRCA with representative acyclovir-sensitive and acyclovir-resistant HSV strains demonstrated that their drug susceptibilities were accurately determined by a 48-h format. In summary, this novel DRCA is a useful means for serotyping of HSV in real time as well as a rapid screening method for determining anti-HSV susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, China
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Galal SA, Naem SIE, Nezhawy AOE, Ali MA, Diwani HIE. Novel Benzimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazinone Derivatives with Potent Activity Against HSV-1. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:255-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Resistance of herpes simplex viruses to nucleoside analogues: mechanisms, prevalence, and management. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:459-72. [PMID: 21078929 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00615-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) type 1 and type 2 are responsible for recurrent orolabial and genital infections. The standard therapy for the management of HSV infections includes acyclovir (ACV) and penciclovir (PCV) with their respective prodrugs valacyclovir and famciclovir. These compounds are phosphorylated by the viral thymidine kinase (TK) and then by cellular kinases. The triphosphate forms selectively inhibit the viral DNA polymerase (DNA pol) activity. Drug-resistant HSV isolates are frequently recovered from immunocompromised patients but rarely found in immunocompetent subjects. The gold standard phenotypic method for evaluating the susceptibility of HSV isolates to antiviral drugs is the plaque reduction assay. Plaque autoradiography allows the associated phenotype to be distinguished (TK-wild-type, TK-negative, TK-low-producer, or TK-altered viruses or mixtures of wild-type and mutant viruses). Genotypic characterization of drug-resistant isolates can reveal mutations located in the viral TK and/or in the DNA pol genes. Recombinant HSV mutants can be generated to analyze the contribution of each specific mutation with regard to the drug resistance phenotype. Most ACV-resistant mutants exhibit some reduction in their capacity to establish latency and to reactivate, as well as in their degree of neurovirulence in animal models of HSV infection. For instance, TK-negative HSV mutants establish latency with a lower efficiency than wild-type strains and reactivate poorly. DNA pol HSV mutants exhibit different degrees of attenuation of neurovirulence. The management of ACV- or PCV-resistant HSV infections includes the use of the pyrophosphate analogue foscarnet and the nucleotide analogue cidofovir. There is a need to develop new antiherpetic compounds with different mechanisms of action.
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Luganini A, Caposio P, Mondini M, Landolfo S, Gribaudo G. New cell-based indicator assays for the detection of human cytomegalovirus infection and screening of inhibitors of viral immediate-early 2 protein activity. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 105:1791-801. [PMID: 19120629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Expression of early (E) genes of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is stimulated cooperatively by the activities of host cell transcription factors and the viral immediate-early 2 (IE2) protein. Taking advantage of the IE2-dependent inducibility of E gene promoters, in this study, we generated cell-based assays in which the expression of the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) reporter gene was driven by the UL54 or UL112/113 E promoters. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell clones derived from a stably transfected human cell line permissive to HCMV replication showed a specific and inducible dose- and time-dependent EGFP response to HCMV infection. The sensitivity of these indicator cells for detecting infectious particles of clinical isolates of HCMV was comparable to that of a conventional plaque assay. The HCMV-induced EGFP expression was completely prevented by treatment of indicator cells with fomivirsen, an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide designed to block IE2 expression, and this inhibitory activity was also observed when the IE2 protein alone was constitutively expressed in EGFP indicator cells. CONCLUSIONS The EGFP-based cell assays have proved to be a rapid, sensitive, quantitative and specific system for detection of HCMV and selection of antivirals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These new cell-based assays can be exploited as functional assays to detect infectious HCMV particles, as well as to screen antiviral compounds that interfere with IE2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luganini
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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RAMADAN MOHAMEDFAWZY, SELIM ASKER MOHSENMOHAMED. ANTIMICROBICAL AND ANTIVIRIAL IMPACT OF NOVEL QUERCETIN-ENRICHED LECITHIN. J Food Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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el-Sabbagh OI, Rady HM. Synthesis of new acridines and hydrazones derived from cyclic beta-diketone for cytotoxic and antiviral evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3680-6. [PMID: 19423201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic beta-diketone namely, dimedone was utilized to prepare different chemical entities whether cyclic such as acridines, thiadiazole and triazole or acyclic systems as hydrazide, hydrazones, thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide. The structures of the novel compounds were determined using elemental analyses and various spectroscopic methods. Most acyclic derivatives especially semicarbazide 19, hydrazide 9 and thiosemicarbazide 16 showed a higher in vitro cytotoxic activity against hepatoma cell line (HepG2) than the cyclized acridine derivatives. The antiviral activity of the new compounds against Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) using the plague infectivity reduction assay revealed that the acridine 4 and the hydrazone 12 were more active than the reference drug amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama I el-Sabbagh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Stránská R, Schuurman R, Scholl DR, Jollick JA, Shaw CJ, Loef C, Polman M, van Loon AM. ELVIRA HSV, a yield reduction assay for rapid herpes simplex virus susceptibility testing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2331-3. [PMID: 15155247 PMCID: PMC415590 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.6.2331-2333.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A colorimetric yield reduction assay, ELVIRA (enzyme-linked virus inhibitor reporter assay) HSV, was developed to determine the antiviral drug susceptibilities of herpes simplex virus (HSV). It uses an HSV-inducible reporter cell line. This simple and rapid assay has an objective readout, low inoculum size, and good reproducibility. The results correlate well with those of the plaque reduction assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzena Stránská
- Department of Virology, Eijkman-Winkler Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Davido DJ, Von Zagorski WF, Maul GG, Schaffer PA. The differential requirement for cyclin-dependent kinase activities distinguishes two functions of herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0. J Virol 2004; 77:12603-16. [PMID: 14610183 PMCID: PMC262587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.23.12603-12616.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP0 directs the degradation of cellular proteins associated with nuclear structures called ND10, a function thought to be closely associated with its broad transactivating activity. Roscovitine (Rosco), an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), inhibits the replication of HSV-1, HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by inhibiting specific steps or activities of viral regulatory proteins, indicating the broad and pleiotropic effects that cdks have on the replication of these viruses. We previously demonstrated that Rosco inhibits the transactivating activity of ICP0. In the present study, we asked whether Rosco also affects the ability of ICP0 to direct the degradation of ND10-associated proteins. For this purpose, WI-38 cells treated with cycloheximide (CHX) were mock infected or infected with wild-type HSV-1 or an ICP0(-) mutant (7134). After release from the CHX block, the infections were allowed to proceed for 2 h in the presence or absence of Rosco at a concentration known to inhibit ICP0's transactivating activity. The cells were then examined for the presence of ICP0 and selected ND10-associated antigens (promyelocytic leukemia antigen [PML], sp100, hDaxx, and NDP55) by immunofluorescence. Staining for the ND10-associated antigens was detected in </=20% of KOS-infected cells in the presence or absence of Rosco, demonstrating that Rosco-sensitive kinases are not required for ICP0's ability to direct the dispersal or degradation of these antigens. In contrast, >90% of 7134- and mock-infected cells stained positive for all ND10-associated antigens in the presence or absence of Rosco. Similar results were obtained with a non-ND10-associated antigen, DNA-PK(cs), a known target of ICP0-directed degradation. The results of the PML and DNA-PK(cs) immunofluorescence studies correlated with a decrease in the levels of these proteins as determined by Western blotting. Thus, the differential requirement for Rosco-sensitive cdk activities distinguishes ICP0's ability to direct the dispersal or degradation of cellular proteins from its transactivating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Davido
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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16
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Wang YC, Kao CL, Liu WT, Sun JR, Tai YE, Kung SH. A cell line that secretes inducibly a reporter protein for monitoring herpes simplex virus infection and drug susceptibility. J Med Virol 2002; 68:599-605. [PMID: 12376969 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A cell line modified genetically (Vero-ICP10-SEAP) that responds to infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) was established. The cell line was constructed by stable transfection of Vero cell with a plasmid encoding the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) driven by the promoter of the HSV-2 ICP10 gene. Following infection with HSV, the stable line secretes a high level of the SEAP in the supernatants as measured by a chemiluminescence-based assay. The detection system is sensitive to an HSV titer as low as a single plaque-forming unit (PFU), with a linear range up to the equivalent of 2.5 x 10(4) PFU inoculum after infection for 24 h. There was no detectable enhancement in SEAP activities following inoculations with several viruses other than HSV. The Vero-ICP10-SEAP cell line was also utilized to develop an assay for determination of antiviral susceptibility given that the induced SEAP activity appeared to reflect the numbers of plaque. Evaluations of the stable line with representative acyclovir (ACV)-sensitive and-resistant HSV isolates demonstrated that their drug susceptibilities were determined accurately. In summary, this novel SEAP reporter system is a sensitive means for rapid diagnosis, quantitation, and drug susceptibility testing for HSV, with potential to the development of an automated assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Wang
- Faculty of Medical Technology and Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Chutkowski C, Olson B, McDonough A, Mahoney J, McSharry JJ. Use of a single monoclonal antibody to determine the susceptibilities of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 clinical isolates to acyclovir. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:1379-81. [PMID: 12414779 PMCID: PMC130122 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.6.1379-1381.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a flow cytometry drug susceptibility assay that uses a single fluorochrome-labeled monoclonal antibody to determine the acyclovir susceptibilities of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or type 2 clinical isolates. This assay yields 50% effective doses (drug concentrations that reduce the number of antigen-positive cells by 50%) for HSV clinical isolates that are equivalent to those obtained with the plaque reduction assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chutkowski
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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18
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Stránská R, van Loon AM, Polman M, Schuurman R. Application of real-time PCR for determination of antiviral drug susceptibility of herpes simplex virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2943-7. [PMID: 12183251 PMCID: PMC127451 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.9.2943-2947.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay was developed for determination of antiviral drug susceptibility of herpes simplex virus (HSV). After short-time culture of the virus, the antiviral drug susceptibility of HSV isolates for acyclovir (ACV) was determined by measuring the reduction of the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) DNA levels in culture supernatants using real-time PCR. The 50% inhibitory concentration was reported as the concentration of antiviral drug that reduced the number of HSV-1 DNA copies by 50%. A total of 15 well-characterized ACV-sensitive or -resistant strains and clinical isolates were used for assay evaluation. The new assay with real-time PCR readout permitted rapid (3 days), objective, and reproducible determination of HSV-1 drug susceptibilities with no need for stringent control of initial multiplicity of infection. Furthermore, the real-time PCR assay results showed good correlation (r = 0.86) with those for the plaque reduction assay. In conclusion, the real-time PCR assay described here is a suitable quantitative method for determination of antiviral susceptibility of HSV-1, amenable for use in the routine diagnostic virology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Růzena Stránská
- Department of Virology, Eijkman-Winkler Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Davido DJ, Leib DA, Schaffer PA. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine inhibits the transactivating activity and alters the posttranslational modification of herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0. J Virol 2002; 76:1077-88. [PMID: 11773384 PMCID: PMC135868 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.3.1077-1088.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2001] [Accepted: 10/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor Roscovitine (Rosco) reduces transcription of herpes simplex virus early genes significantly, even in the presence of wild-type levels of immediate-early (IE) viral proteins, suggesting that the transactivating functions of IE proteins may require the activities of one or more Rosco-sensitive cdk (L. M. Schang, A. Rosenberg, and P. A. Schaffer, J. Virol. 73:2161-2172, 1999). Based on this observation, we sought to determine whether Rosco alters the transactivating activity and posttranslational modification state of the IE protein, infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), in KOS6beta-infected Vero cells. KOS6beta is a KOS-derived recombinant virus containing an ICP0-inducible ICP6 promoter::lacZ cassette. To monitor ICP0's transactivating activity, KOS6beta-infected cells were released from a cycloheximide (CHX)-mediated protein synthesis block into medium with or without Rosco, and beta-galactosidase activity was measured. Rosco inhibited the ability of ICP0 to transactivate the ICP6 promoter by 50-fold. This inhibition was shown not to be a consequence of inhibition of ICP6 basal promoter activity or aberrant nuclear localization of ICP0. Rosco also altered the electrophoretic mobility of a portion of ICP0 molecules derived from KOS-infected cells following reversal of a CHX block. Notably, however, Rosco had only a minimal effect on the phosphorylation state of ICP0. We conclude that ICP0's transactivating activity requires Rosco-sensitive cdks and hypothesize that these cdks regulate the functions of cellular enzymes which modify ICP0, and are, consequently, required for its transactivating activity. Thus, we propose that Rosco regulates ICP0's posttranslational state by mechanisms other than, or in addition to, phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Davido
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA
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Liu WT, Sun JR, Lin CH, Kuo RL, Kung SH. An indicator cell assay for detection of human cytomegalovirus based on enhanced green fluorescent protein. J Virol Methods 2001; 96:85-92. [PMID: 11516491 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An indicator cell line (ML-UL54-EGFP) for the detection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) by a simple and direct method was developed. The stable line was constructed by introducing into mink lung cells an expression cassette that contains the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene under the control of an HCMV-inducible promoter. The promoter was from the upstream region of the HCMV UL54 (pol) gene, an early gene promoter that is activated in the early phase of HCMV infection. Following infection with HCMV for 48 h, the stable line expressed well detectable level of the EGFP as observed under a fluorescence microscope. The sensitivity of the indicator cell assay is at least comparable with that of a plaque assay as assessed with a panel of HCMV strains. There were no detectable fluorescent cells after inoculations with several viruses other than HCMV, indicating high specificity. Analysis with flow cytometry revealed that the induced fluorescence from the infected cells was proportional to the titer of HCMV inoculated, making it possible to quantify HCMV infectious particles. In summary, the EGFP-based indicator cell line is of potential use for rapid detection and quantification of HCMV in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Liu
- Faculty of Medical Technology and Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Kung SH, Wang YC, Lin CH, Kuo RL, Liu WT. Rapid diagnosis and quantification of herpes simplex virus with a green fluorescent protein reporter system. J Virol Methods 2000; 90:205-12. [PMID: 11064120 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A genetically modified cell line (Vero-ICP10-EGFP) was constructed for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) by a simple, rapid and direct method. The cell line was developed by stable transfection of Vero cell with a plasmid encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the promoter of the HSV-2 ICP10 gene. As early as 6 h after infection with HSV, fluorescence-emitting cells can be observed under a fluorescence microscope. A single infected cell emitting fluorescence can be observed with soft agar overlay by inverted fluorescence microscopy. No induction of detectable fluorescence was seen following infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71. Analysis by flow cytometry also demonstrated that intensity of the triggered fluorescence is proportional to the titer of HSV inoculated. Taken together, this novel GFP reporter system could become a useful means for rapid detection and quantification of HSV in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kung
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, 112, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
Diagnostic virology has now entered the mainstream of medical practice. Multiple methods are used for the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections, including viral culture, antigen detection, nucleic acid detection, and serology. The role of culture is diminishing as new immunologic and molecular tests are developed that provide more rapid results and are able to detect a larger number of viruses. This review provides specific recommendations for the diagnostic approach to clinically important viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Storch
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Ashley RL, Dalessio J, Sekulovich RE. A novel method to assay herpes simplex virus neutralizing antibodies using BHKICP6LacZ-5 (ELVIS) cells. Viral Immunol 1998; 10:213-20. [PMID: 9473152 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1997.10.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel method for determining neutralizing serum antibody titers to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was developed based on reduction of infectivity in BHKICP6LacZ-5 (ELVIS) cells; baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells that have been genetically engineered to contain the Escherichia coli LacZ gene under the control of an inducible herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) promoter. The test has a semiautomated, colorimetric readout resulting in rapid, objective readings of infectivity reduction. Extent of neutralization is calculated against a calibration curve of virus infectivity generated in each run. HSV-2 neutralizing activity can be detected with serum dilutions in excess of 1:5120.
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McFadden DC, Seeber F, Boothroyd JC. Use of Toxoplasma gondii expressing beta-galactosidase for colorimetric assessment of drug activity in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1849-53. [PMID: 9303372 PMCID: PMC164023 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.9.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A microtiter assay for drug evaluation has been developed with a strain of Toxoplasma gondii that expresses bacterial beta-galactosidase. By using chlorophenol red-beta-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG) as the substrate for beta-galactosidase, the efficacy of a drug against the parasite can be determined with a colorimetric readout. Drugs known to have activity against T. gondii (specifically, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, atovaquone, and clindamycin) were tested, and efficacies were determined by CPRG cleavage. The 50% inhibitory concentrations determined by the CPRG-based colorimetric assay were similar to those determined by the traditional radiolabelled uracil incorporation assay. Since CPRG is nontoxic to the parasite, viable drug-treated parasites can be obtained at the conclusion of the assay for further evaluation if desired. This assay provides a high-throughput and nonradioactive alternative for the identification of anti-T. gondii compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C McFadden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402, USA
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26
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Abstract
Rapid diagnostic assays based on direct detection of viral antigen or nucleic acid are being used with increasing frequency in clinical virology laboratories. Virus culture, however, remains the only way to detect infectious virus and to analyze clinically relevant viral phenotypes, such as drug resistance. Growth of viruses in cell culture is labor intensive and time-consuming and requires the use of many different cell lines. Transgenic technology, together with increasing knowledge of the molecular pathways of virus replication, offers the possibility of using genetically modified cell lines to improve virus growth in cell culture and to facilitate detection of virus-infected cells. Genetically modifying cells so that they express a reporter gene only after infection with a specific virus can allow the detection of infectious virus by rapid and simple enzyme assays such as beta-galactosidase assays without the need for antibodies. Although transgenic cells have recently been successfully used for herpes simplex virus detection, much more work needs to be done to adapt this technology to other human viral pathogens such as cytomegalovirus and respiratory viruses. This review offers some strategies for applying this technology to a wide spectrum of animal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Olivo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Safrin S, Palacios E, Leahy BJ. Comparative evaluation of microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay versus plaque reduction assay for antiviral susceptibility testing of herpes simplex virus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1017-9. [PMID: 8849218 PMCID: PMC163250 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.4.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the antiviral susceptibilities of 30 clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus using the microplate in situ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MISE) and the plaque reduction assay (PRA). There was concordance for 26 of 30 acyclovir results and all 30 foscarnet results. MISE and PRA results each predicted the response to acyclovir in 12 of 14 instances and the response to foscarnet in 8 instances. MISE is more rapid than PRA, has an objective endpoint, and correlates well with the clinical response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Safrin
- Herpes Virus Research Laboratory, San Francisco General Hospital, CA 94110, USA
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