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Mohapatra S, Xian JLL, Galvez-Rodriguez A, Ekande OS, Drewes JE, Gin KYH. Photochemical fate of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and degradation pathways predication through computational analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133483. [PMID: 38232547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are commonly used in many products, such as disinfectants, detergents and personal care products. However, their widespread use has led to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, posing a potential risk to human and environmental health. Several methods, including direct and indirect photodegradation, have been explored to remove QACs such as benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs) and alkyltrimethyl ammonium compounds (ATMACs) from the environment. Hence, in this research, a systematic review of the literature was conducted using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) method to understand the fate of these QACs during direct and indirect photodegradation in UV/H2O2, UV/PS, UV/PS/Cu2+, UV/chlorine, VUV/UV/chlorine, O3/UV and UV/O3/TiO2 systems which produce highly reactive radicals that rapidly react with the QACs, leading to their degradation. As a result of photodegradation, several transformation products (TPs) of QACs are formed, which can pose a greater risk to the environment and human health than the parent QACs. Only limited research in this area has been conducted with fewer QACs. Hence, quantum mechanical calculations such as density functional theory (DFT)-based computational calculations using Gaussian09 software package were used here to explain better the photo-resistant nature of a specific type of QACs, such as BACs C12-18 and ATMACs C12, C14, C18, and their transformation pathways, providing insights into active sites participating in the phototransformation. Recognizing that different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) come with pros and cons in the elimination of QACs, this review also highlighted the importance of implementing each AOP concerning the formation of toxic transformation products and electrical energy per order (EEO), especially when QACs coexist with other emerging contaminants (ECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, 138602, Singapore; Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jovina Lew Li Xian
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | | | - Onkar Sudhir Ekande
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
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Petit M, Tessier J, Sahli C, Schmitzer AR. Confronting the Threat: Designing Highly Effective bis-Benzimidazolium Agents to Overcome Biofilm Persistence and Antimicrobial Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2202-2214. [PMID: 37882623 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to take the initial steps toward developing novel antibiotics to counteract the escalating problem of antimicrobial and bacterial persistence, particularly in relation to biofilms. Our approach involves emulating the structural characteristics of cationic antimicrobial peptides. To circumvent resistance development, we have designed a library of bis-benzimidazolium salts that selectively target the microbial membranes in a nonspecific manner. To explore their structure-activity relationship, we conducted experiments using these compounds on various pathogens known for their resistance to conventional antibiotics, including Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). Notably, two bis-benzimidazolium salts exhibited robust antimicrobial activity while maintaining a high level of selectivity compared with mammalian cells. Our investigations revealed significant antibiofilm activity, as these compounds rapidly acted against established biofilms. In addition, bis-benzimidazolium compounds exhibited consistent results in resistance development and cross-resistance studies. Consequently, amphiphilic bis-benzimidazolium salts hold promise as potential candidates to combat resistance-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Petit
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375, Ave. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jérémie Tessier
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375, Ave. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- Collège Bois-de-Boulogne, 10555 Ave. de Bois-de-Boulogne, Montréal H4N 1L4, Canada
| | - Célia Sahli
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375, Ave. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), Université Paris Cité, Paris 75013 , France
| | - Andreea R Schmitzer
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375, Ave. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2 V 0B3, Canada
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3
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Baig MIR, Kadu P, Bawane P, Nakhate KT, Yele S, Ojha S, Goyal SN. Mechanisms of emerging resistance associated with non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents: a state-of-the-art review. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:629-641. [PMID: 37605076 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the development of resistance by microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs has been recognized as a global public health concern, the contribution of various non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains largely neglected. The present review discusses various chemical substances and factors other than typical antibiotics, such as preservatives, disinfectants, biocides, heavy metals and improper chemical sterilization that contribute to the development of AMR. Furthermore, it encompasses the mechanisms like co-resistance and co-selection, horizontal gene transfer, changes in the composition and permeability of cell membrane, efflux pumps, transposons, biofilm formation and enzymatic degradation of antimicrobial chemicals which underlie the development of resistance to various non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents. In addition, the review addresses the resistance-associated changes that develops in microorganisms due to these agents, which ultimately contribute to the development of resistance to antibiotics. In order to prevent the indiscriminate use of chemical substances and create novel therapeutic agents to halt resistance development, a more holistic scientific approach might provide diversified views on crucial factors contributing to the persistence and spread of AMR. The review illustrates the common and less explored mechanisms contributing directly or indirectly to the development of AMR by non-antimicrobial agents that are commonly used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Ilyas Rahim Baig
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Pramod Kadu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
| | - Pradip Bawane
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, 424001, India
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, 424001, India
| | - Santosh Yele
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SVKM's NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Hyderabad, 509301, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, 424001, India
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Mohapatra S, Yutao L, Goh SG, Ng C, Luhua Y, Tran NH, Gin KYH. Quaternary ammonium compounds of emerging concern: Classification, occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130393. [PMID: 36455328 PMCID: PMC9663149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amplified hygiene and precautionary measures are of utmost importance to control the spread of COVID-19 and future infection; however, these changes in practice are projected to trigger a rise in the purchase, utilisation and hence, discharge of many disinfectants into the environment. While alcohol-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, and chlorine-based compounds have been used widely, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based disinfectants are of significant concern due to their overuse during this pandemic. This review presents the classification of disinfectants and their mechanism of action, focusing on QACs. Most importantly, the occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance due to QACs are covered in this paper. Here we collated evidence from multiple studies and found rising trends of concern, including an increase in the mass load of QACs at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by 331% compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as an increases in the concentration of 62% in residential dust, resulting in high concentrations of QACs in human blood and breast milk and suggesting that these could be potential sources of persistent QACs in infants. In addition to increased toxicity to human and aquatic life, increased use of QACs and accelerated use of antibiotics and antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic could multiply the threat to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lin Yutao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - You Luhua
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Mayfosh AJ, Day ZI, Unsworth NB, Liu CQ, Gupta R, Haynes S, Abraham R, Abraham S, Shaw ZL, Walia S, Elbourne A, Hulett MD, Rau TF. GS-2: A Novel Broad-Spectrum Agent for Environmental Microbial Control. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091293. [PMID: 36139131 PMCID: PMC9496126 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental control of microbial pathogens currently relies on compounds that do not exert long-lasting activity on surfaces, are impaired by soil, and contribute to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. This study presents the scientific development and characterization of GS-2, a novel, water-soluble ammonium carboxylate salt of capric acid and L-arginine that demonstrates activity against a range of bacteria (particularly Gram-negative bacteria), fungi, and viruses. In real-world surface testing, GS-2 was more effective than a benzalkonium chloride disinfectant at reducing the bacterial load on common touch-point surfaces in a high-traffic building (average 1.6 vs. 32.6 CFUs recovered from surfaces 90 min after application, respectively). Toxicology testing in rats confirmed GS-2 ingredients were rapidly cleared and posed no toxicities to humans or animals. To enhance the time-kill against Gram-positive bacteria, GS-2 was compounded at a specific ratio with a naturally occurring monoterpenoid, thymol, to produce a water-based antimicrobial solution. This GS-2 with thymol formulation could generate a bactericidal effect after five minutes of exposure and a viricidal effect after 10 min of exposure. Further testing of the GS-2 and thymol combination on glass slides demonstrated that the compound retained bactericidal activity for up to 60 days. Based on these results, GS-2 and GS-2 with thymol represent a novel antimicrobial solution that may have significant utility in the long-term reduction of environmental microbial pathogens in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoe I. Day
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nathan B. Unsworth
- Defence Science and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Chun-Qiang Liu
- Defence Science and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Defence Science and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Soraya Haynes
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Rebecca Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Zo L. Shaw
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Thomas F. Rau
- Ten Carbon Chemistry, PO Box 4317, Hawker, ACT 2614, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Agathokleous E, Barceló D, Iavicoli I, Tsatsakis A, Calabrese EJ. Disinfectant-induced hormesis: An unknown environmental threat of the application of disinfectants to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118429. [PMID: 34743965 PMCID: PMC8553406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Massive additional quantities of disinfectants have been applied during the COVID-19 pandemic as infection preventive and control measures. While the application of disinfectants plays a key role in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the effects of disinfectants applied during the ongoing pandemic on non-target organisms remain unknown. Here we collated evidence from multiple studies showing that chemicals used for major disinfectant products can induce hormesis in various organisms, such as plants, animal cells, and microorganisms, when applied singly or in mixtures, suggesting potential ecological risks at sub-threshold doses that are normally considered safe. Among other effects, sub-threshold doses of disinfectant chemicals can enhance the proliferation and pathogenicity of pathogenic microbes, enhancing the development and spread of drug resistance. We opine that hormesis should be considered when evaluating the effects and risks of such disinfectants, especially since the linear-no-threshold (LNT) and threshold dose-response models cannot identify or predict their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Ningliu Rd. 219, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA-CERCA, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | | | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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An efficient method to screen for the soil bacteria producing therapeutically effective antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:850-855. [PMID: 34493849 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of novel therapeutic antimicrobials has become an urgent issue in response to the global crisis of the spread of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. In this report, we propose an efficient screening method for antimicrobial agents with therapeutic potential from soil bacteria. With this method, colonies of the soil bacteria were formed first on agar plates containing only an extract of soil, followed by an overlay of soft agar containing the pathogens, an antibiotic target. Then, we selected the colonies that formed the inhibitory zones on soft agar and evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of their culture supernatants using a silkworm bacterial infection model. Using Staphylococcus aureus as an indicator strain to obtain bacteria that produce therapeutically effective antimicrobials, we succeeded in reducing the screening size by 20-fold compared to the conventional method. An analysis of 86 antibiotics producers identified in this study indicated that the majority belonged to Streptomyces sp. and Lysobacter sp., well-known producers of secondary metabolites. Besides, the presence of eight genera and 37 species among the identified species indicated the diversity of antibiotic producers. Based on the finding of our study, we propose this method as an efficient way to discover novel antimicrobial agents that are therapeutically effective.
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8
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Yang M, Feng Y, Yuan L, Zhao H, Gao S, Li Z. High Concentration and Frequent Application of Disinfection Increase the Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Psychiatric Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:722219. [PMID: 34778288 PMCID: PMC8578793 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.722219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tolerance of certain multi-drug resistant bacteria to disinfectants may be promoted while the requirements of environmental disinfection have been raised in the high-risk areas of medical institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current research addressed the mechanisms underlying a sharp increase in the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) observed in a closed-management unit of elderly patients with mental disorders in 2020 as compared with the previous 4 years. We first conducted microbial detection in staff-hand and environment and a molecular epidemiology analysis, rejecting the hypothesis that the MRSA increase was due to an outbreak. Afterward, we turned to disinfectant concentration and frequency of use and analyzed the varied MRSA detection rates with different concentrations and frequencies of disinfection in 2020 and the previous 4 years. The MRSA detection rate increased with elevated concentration and frequency of disinfection, with 1,000 or 500 mg/L two times per day since January in 2020 vs. 500 mg/L 2-3 times per week in 2016-2019. When the disinfectant concentration was reduced from 1,000 to 500 mg/L, the MRSA detection decreased which indicated a modulatory role of disinfectant concentration. With a sustained frequency of disinfection in 2020, the MRSA detection rate was still higher, even after May, than that in the previous years. This suggested that the frequency of disinfection also contributed to the MRSA increase. Overall, the MRSA detection was augmented with the increase in disinfection concentration and frequency during the COVID-19 epidemic, suggesting that highly-concentrated and highly-frequent preventive long-term disinfection is not recommended without risk assessments in psychiatric hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Huachang Zhao
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Gao
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Hamamoto H, Panthee S, Paudel A, Ishii K, Yasukawa J, Su J, Miyashita A, Itoh H, Tokumoto K, Inoue M, Sekimizu K. Serum apolipoprotein A-I potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of lysocin E against Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6364. [PMID: 34737305 PMCID: PMC8568920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysocin E is a lipopeptide with antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. For unclear reasons, the antibacterial activity of lysocin E in a mouse systemic infection model is higher than expected from in vitro results, and the in vitro activity is enhanced by addition of bovine serum. Here, we confirm that serum from various species, including humans, increases lysocin E antimicrobial activity, and identify apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) as an enhancing factor. ApoA-I increases the antibacterial activity of lysocin E when added in vitro, and the antibiotic displays reduced activity in ApoA-I gene knockout mice. Binding of ApoA-I to lysocin E is enhanced by lipid II, a cell-wall synthesis precursor found in the bacterial membrane. Thus, the antimicrobial activity of lysocin E is potentiated through interactions with host serum proteins and microbial components. Lysocin E is a lipopeptide with antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Here, the authors show that the antimicrobial activity of lysocin E is potentiated through interactions with host serum proteins (such as apolipoprotein A-I) and bacterial membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Sport and Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Care and Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suresh Panthee
- Drug Discoveries by Silkworm Models, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atmika Paudel
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jyunichiro Yasukawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jie Su
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | | | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tokumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Drug Discoveries by Silkworm Models, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Lobie TA, Roba AA, Booth JA, Kristiansen KI, Aseffa A, Skarstad K, Bjørås M. Antimicrobial resistance: A challenge awaiting the post-COVID-19 era. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:322-325. [PMID: 34508864 PMCID: PMC8425743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbe exposure to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical agents plays a role in the development of antibiotic resistance. The risks and consequences associated with extensive disinfectant use during the COVID-19 pandemic remain unclear. Some disinfectants, like sanitizers, contain genotoxic chemicals that damage microbial DNA, like phenol and hydrogen peroxide. This damage activates error-prone DNA repair enzymes, which can lead to mutations that induce antimicrobial resistance. Public health priority programs that have faced drug-resistance challenges associated with diseases, such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria, have given less attention to risks attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pathogen-specific programs, like the directly observed treatment strategy designed to fight resistance against anti-tuberculosis drugs, have become impractical because COVID-19 restrictions have limited in-person visits to health institutions. Here, we summarized the key findings of studies on the current state of antimicrobial resistance development from the perspective of current disinfectant use. Additionally, we provide a brief overview of the consequences of restricted access to health services due to COVID-19 precautions and their implications on drug resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekle Airgecho Lobie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Aklilu Abrham Roba
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - James Alexander Booth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Ivan Kristiansen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kirsten Skarstad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Chen B, Han J, Dai H, Jia P. Biocide-tolerance and antibiotic-resistance in community environments and risk of direct transfers to humans: Unintended consequences of community-wide surface disinfecting during COVID-19? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117074. [PMID: 33848900 PMCID: PMC8019131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
During the current pandemic, chemical disinfectants are ubiquitously and routinely used in community environments, especially on common touch surfaces in public settings, as a means of controlling the virus spread. An underappreciated risk in current regulatory guidelines and scholarly discussions, however, is that the persisting input of chemical disinfectants can exacerbate the growth of biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria on those surfaces and allow their direct transfers to humans. For COVID-19, the most commonly used disinfecting agents are quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and ethanol, which account for two-thirds of the active ingredients in current EPA-approved disinfectant products for the novel coronavirus. Tolerance to each of these compounds, which can be either intrinsic or acquired, has been observed on various bacterial pathogens. Of those, mutations and horizontal gene transfer, upregulation of efflux pumps, membrane alteration, and biofilm formation are the common mechanisms conferring biocide tolerance in bacteria. Further, the linkage between disinfectant use and antibiotic resistance was suggested in laboratory and real-life settings. Evidence showed that substantial bacterial transfers to hands could effectuate from short contacts with surrounding surfaces and further from fingers to lips. While current literature on disinfectant-induced antimicrobial resistance predominantly focuses on municipal wastes and the natural environments, in reality the community and public settings are most severely impacted by intensive and regular chemical disinfecting during COVID-19 and, due to their proximity to humans, biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerged in these environments may pose risks of direct transfers to humans, particularly in densely populated urban communities. Here we highlight these risk factors by reviewing the most pertinent and up-to-date evidence, and provide several feasible strategies to mitigate these risks in the scenario of a prolonging pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Han Dai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Puqi Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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12
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Marzoli F, Turchi B, Pedonese F, Torracca B, Bertelloni F, Cilia G, Cerri D, Fratini F. Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine bulk-tank milk: Effects of the exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants for teat-dipping. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101656. [PMID: 33915404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Teat-dipping is one of the most effective methods to prevent mammary infections in ruminants, including sub-clinical mastitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Improper disinfectant application could expose microorganisms to sub-inhibitory concentrations leading to phenotypic variations. In this study, 12 chlorhexidine-digluconate (CHDG)-tolerant (of which 4 qac positive) and 12 benzalkonium chloride (BC)-tolerant (of which 7 qac-positive) CoNS isolates from ovine milk were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of CHDG and BC, respectively. Changes in disinfectant susceptibility against BC and CHDG, antibiotic resistance against 12 antibiotics and biofilm production were then assessed for both groups. After CHDG stress, 67 % and 83 % of the CHDG-stressed isolates doubled their MICs for BC and CHDG, respectively and 2 qac-negative isolates showed a four-fold increase of their MBCs for CHDG. After BC stress, MICs for BC and CHDG doubled in 58 % and 83 % of the BC-stressed isolates, respectively, while one qac-positive isolate increased four-fold the MIC for BC. Cross-resistance to antibiotics was assessed by disc diffusion method. Some qac-positive isolates varied their resistance profile, while a blaZ-positive isolate showed a resistant phenotype against ampicillin only after the exposure to the disinfectant. As for qac-positive isolates, one CHDG-stressed and 2 BC-stressed increased their resistance to kanamycin and cefoxitin, respectively. The Congo Red Agar test was carried out to assess the in vitro slime production: all isolates were negative after stress. In conclusion, sub-inhibitory exposure to disinfectants may affect disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility, the latter in particular for qac-positive isolates and those hosting unexpressed antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pedonese
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Torracca
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
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13
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Hassan D, Omolo CA, Fasiku VO, Elrashedy AA, Mocktar C, Nkambule B, Soliman MES, Govender T. Formulation of pH-Responsive Quatsomes from Quaternary Bicephalic Surfactants and Cholesterol for Enhanced Delivery of Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1093. [PMID: 33202629 PMCID: PMC7696852 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human beings continue to be at high risk of infectious diseases caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); and current treatments are being depleted due to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the synthesis and formulation of novel materials is essential for combating antimicrobial resistance. The study aimed to synthesize a quaternary bicephalic surfactant (StBAclm) and thereof to formulate pH-responsive vancomycin (VCM)-loaded quatsomes to enhance the activity of the antibiotic against MRSA. The surfactant structure was confirmed using 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The quatsomes were prepared using a sonication/dispersion method and were characterized using various in vitro, in vivo, and in silico techniques. The in vitro cell biocompatibility studies of the surfactant and pH-responsive vancomycin-loaded quatsomes (VCM-StBAclm-Qt1) revealed that they are biosafe. The prepared quatsomes had a mean hydrodynamic diameter (MHD), polydispersity index (PDI), and drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE) of 122.9 ± 3.78 nm, 0.169 ± 0.02 mV, and 52.22 ± 8.4%, respectively, with surface charge switching from negative to positive at pH 7.4 and pH 6.0, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) characterization of the quatsomes showed spherical vesicles with MHD similar to the one obtained from the zeta-sizer. The in vitro drug release of VCM from the quatsomes was faster at pH 6.0 compared to pH 7.4. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug loaded quatsomes against MRSA was 32-fold and 8-fold lower at pH 6.0 and pH 7.4, respectively, compared to bare VCM, demonstrating the pH-responsiveness of the quatsomes and the enhanced activity of VCM at acidic pH. The drug-loaded quatsomes demonstrated higher electrical conductivity and a decrease in protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentrations as compared to the bare drug. This confirmed greater MRSA membrane damage, compared to treatment with bare VCM. The flow cytometry study showed that the drug-loaded quatsomes had a similar bactericidal killing effect on MRSA despite a lower (8-fold) VCM concentration when compared to the bare VCM. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the ability of the drug-loaded quatsomes to eradicate MRSA biofilms. The in vivo studies in a skin infection mice model showed that groups treated with VCM-loaded quatsomes had a 13-fold decrease in MRSA CFUs when compared to the bare VCM treated groups. This study confirmed the potential of pH-responsive VCM-StBAclm quatsomes as an effective delivery system for targeted delivery and for enhancing the activity of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hassan
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Calvin A. Omolo
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, P. O. Box 14634, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Victoria Oluwaseun Fasiku
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Ahmed A Elrashedy
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Chunderika Mocktar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Bongani Nkambule
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (D.H.); (V.O.F.); (A.A.E.); (C.M.); (M.E.S.S.)
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14
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Godfrey AR, Townsend R, Desbrow C, Felion C. QuEChERS: a simple extraction for monitoring quaternary ammonium biocide pollution in soils and antimicrobial resistance. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4387-4393. [PMID: 32940267 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01324b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are broad-spectrum disinfectants used in a range of everyday materials. Their high usage rates, limited regulation and reporting has meant their environmental release is largely uncontrolled and impact unknown. With links to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and adsorption to wastewater solids (that are recycled), there is a need for more controlled disposal measures and monitoring. These environmental matrices are highly complex requiring methods that are often laborious and costly to undertake. Using a robust quantitative reversed-phase LC-MS/MS method, we have shown that an 'off the shelf' QuEChERS product can reliably extract (<10% RSD) aromatic and aliphatic QACs anticipated within municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from water and soil, with reduced matrix effects of 95.7-104.4% for recoveries of up to 53% from soil when combined with extract dilution. Therefore, unlike current literature, this work has shown that, with minimal development, the QuEChERS product can provide a rapid, effective and low cost preparation for quantifying QAC pollution and monitoring AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruth Godfrey
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, UK.
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15
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Hora PI, Pati SG, McNamara PJ, Arnold WA. Increased Use of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Beyond: Consideration of Environmental Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:622-631. [PMID: 37566314 PMCID: PMC7341688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in over 200 disinfectants currently recommended by the U.S. EPA for use to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. The amounts of these compounds used in household, workplace, and industry settings has very likely increased, and usage will continue to be elevated given the scope of the pandemic. QACs have been previously detected in wastewater, surface waters, and sediments, and effects on antibiotic resistance have been explored. Thus, it is important to assess potential environmental and engineering impacts of elevated QAC usage, which may include disruption of wastewater treatment unit operations, proliferation of antibiotic resistance, formation of nitrosamine disinfection byproducts, and impacts on biota in surface waters. The threat caused by COVID-19 is clear, and a reasonable response is elevated use of QACs to mitigate spread of infection. Exploration of potential effects, environmental fate, and technologies to minimize environmental releases of QACs, however, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya I. Hora
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-
Engineering, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 500
Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sarah G. Pati
- Department of Environmental Sciences,
University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Patrick J. McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental
Engineering, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - William A. Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-
Engineering, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 500
Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Lee J, Iwasaki T, Ohtani S, Matsui H, Nejima R, Mori Y, Kagaya F, Yagi A, Yoshimura A, Hanaki H, Aihara M, Miyata K. Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis on the Ocular Surface of Glaucoma Patients Under Long-Term Administration of Eye Drops. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:9. [PMID: 32855856 PMCID: PMC7422782 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.8.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously reported the presence of multidrug-resistant staphylococci on the ocular surface of glaucoma patients using prostaglandin analog drops for more than 1 year. Here, we investigated the effect of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) on these multidrug-resistant staphylococci. Methods Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from the conjunctival sacs of 32 eyes of 32 patients comprised of 13 eyes treated with 0.005% latanoprost (Xalatan; Xa group) and 19 eyes treated with 0.004% travoprost (Travatan Z; Tz group). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of prostaglandin analogs and BAC were measured. The presence of efflux pump genes was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. Results No difference was found in the MIC values of prostaglandin analogs. In contrast, the MIC values of BAC were significantly higher for the isolates from the Xa group than for those from the Tz group (2.02 vs. 1.02 µg/mL; P = 0.001). One proton-motive efflux gene, qacC/smr, was detected more frequently in the Xa isolates than in the Tz isolates (P < 0.001). The prevalence of methicillin resistance was correlated with the presence of qacC/smr (P = 0.010), and the MIC of BAC was significantly correlated with the detection of qacA/B and qacC/smr sequences (P = 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions The long-term use of eye drops containing BAC might select BAC-resistant S. epidermidis harboring qacC/smr. Translational Relevance These findings suggest that the long-term use of eye drops containing BAC might be inappropriate in terms of avoiding antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences Research Organization for Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hidehito Matsui
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences Research Organization for Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nejima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan
| | - Yosai Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan
| | - Fumie Kagaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hanaki
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences Research Organization for Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan
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17
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Nwibo DD, Panthee S, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K. Molecular characterization of multi-drug resistant coagulase negative cocci in non-hospital environment. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 13:145-149. [PMID: 31231110 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance crisis occasioned by sporadic appearance of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in human pathogens to clinically applied antimicrobials is a serious threat to global health. In this study, we investigated the drug resistant phenotype of Gram-positive cocci isolates from environment. Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus colonies were isolated on mannitol-salt agar plates supplemented with tetracycline. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was examined. Isolates showed decreased sensitivity to clinically applied antimicrobial agents: tetracycline, kanamycin, erythromycin, norfloxacin, teicoplanin, and ampicillin. Genomic analysis demonstrated the presence of multiple antibiotic resistant genes in these bacteria, suggesting the origin of the multiple antimicrobials resistant phenotype. Tetracycline resistance of these isolates was transduced to Staphylococcus aureus-RN4220 strain. These findings indicate the presence of multiple antimicrobials resistant S. capitis and S. haemolyticus strain in a non-hospital setting. Moreover, the presence of plethora of genes responsible for MDR suggest that these strains could present potential threat to human health by serving as reservoir for lateral transference of antimicrobial resistance conferring foreign genetic elements to other clinically relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Don Nwibo
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology.,Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology.,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute
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18
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Benzalkonium Chlorides: Uses, Regulatory Status, and Microbial Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00377-19. [PMID: 31028024 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00377-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are chemicals with widespread applications due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review provides an overview of the market for BACs, as well as regulatory measures and available data on safety, toxicity, and environmental contamination. We focus on the effect of frequent exposure of microbial communities to BACs and the potential for cross-resistant phenotypes to emerge. Toward this goal, we review BAC concentrations in consumer products, their correlation with the emergence of tolerance in microbial populations, and the associated risk potential. Our analysis suggests that the ubiquitous and frequent use of BACs in commercial products can generate selective environments that favor microbial phenotypes potentially cross-resistant to a variety of compounds. An analysis of benefits versus risks should be the guidepost for regulatory actions regarding compounds such as BACs.
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19
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Staphylococcus aureus aggregation in the plasma fraction of silkworm hemolymph. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217517. [PMID: 31145754 PMCID: PMC6542516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus formed bacterial aggregates in the plasma fraction of the hemolymph of silkworm, the larva of Bombyx mori, in a growth-dependent manner. The addition of arabinose or galactose inhibited the formation of S. aureus aggregates in the silkworm plasma. Formation of the bacterial aggregates depended on S. aureus genes required for the synthesis of bacterial surface polysaccharides–ypfP and ltaA, which are involved in lipoteichoic acid synthesis, and the tagO gene, which is involved in wall teichoic acid synthesis. These findings suggest that S. aureus forms bacterial aggregates in the silkworm plasma via bacterial surface teichoic acids.
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20
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Nasr AM, Mostafa MS, Arnaout HH, Elshimy AAA. The effect of exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium compounds on antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Infect Control 2018; 46:e57-e63. [PMID: 29778432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2018.04.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas is a group of medically important species that inhabit a wide range of niches, including hospital environments. Controversies have emerged about the possible link between improper use of disinfectants and the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exposure of antibiotic-susceptible Pseudomonas isolates to sub-inhibitory concentrations of 2 disinfectants-didecyldimonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite-on their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. METHODS This study involved 50 Pseudomonas isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were assessed using broth microdilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of each antibiotic were compared before and after exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of didecyldimonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite. RESULTS After overnight incubation with sub-inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, a statistically significant increase was observed in the MICs of colistin (P = .012), ceftazidime (P < .001), amikacin (P < .001), meropenem (P < .001), gentamicin (P < .001), piperacillin-tazobactam (P = .003), and ciprofloxacin (P = .004). In contrast, exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of didecyldimonium chloride showed a statistically significant increase in the MICs of amikacin (P < .001), gentamicin (P < .001), meropenem (P = .041), and ciprofloxacin (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS The use of suboptimal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and didecyldimonium chloride can lead to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas strains.
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21
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Sharafutdinov IS, Trizna EY, Baidamshina DR, Ryzhikova MN, Sibgatullina RR, Khabibrakhmanova AM, Latypova LZ, Kurbangalieva AR, Rozhina EV, Klinger-Strobel M, Fakhrullin RF, Pletz MW, Bogachev MI, Kayumov AR, Makarewicz O. Antimicrobial Effects of Sulfonyl Derivative of 2(5 H)-Furanone against Planktonic and Biofilm Associated Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2246. [PMID: 29209288 PMCID: PMC5701942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive opportunistic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causatives of a variety of diseases including skin and skin structure infection or nosocomial catheter-associated infections. The biofilm formation that is an important virulence factor of this microorganism renders the antibiotic therapy ineffective, because biofilm-embedded bacteria exhibit strongly increased tolerance to antimicrobials. Here, we describe a novel 3-chloro-5(S)-[(1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyloxy]-4-[4-methylphenylsulfonyl]-2(5H)-furanone (F105), possessing a sulfonyl group and l-menthol moiety. Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentration values (MIC and MBC) of F105 were 10 and 40 mg/L, respectively, suggesting F105 biocidal properties. F105 exhibits pronounced activity against biofilm-embedded S. aureus and increases the efficacy of aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, and kanamycin) and benzalkonium chloride with fractional inhibitory concentration index values of 0.33–0.44 and 0.29, respectively, suggesting an alternative external treatment option, e.g., for wound infections. Moreover, low concentrations (0.5–1.3 mg/L) of F105 reduced the MICs of these antimicrobials twofold. By using confocal laser scanning microscopy and CFU counting, we show explicitly that F105 also restores the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin and ampicillin against S. aureus biofilms by several orders of magnitude. Biofilm structures were not destroyed but sterilized, with embedded cells being almost completely killed at twofold MBC. While F105 is quite toxic (CC50/MBC ratio 0.2), our data suggest that the F105 chemotype might be a promising starting point for the development of complex topical agents for combined anti-staphylococcal biofilm-therapies restoring the efficacy of some antibiotics against difficult to treat S. aureus biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Y Trizna
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Diana R Baidamshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria N Ryzhikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Regina R Sibgatullina
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alsu M Khabibrakhmanova
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liliya Z Latypova
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Almira R Kurbangalieva
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elvira V Rozhina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mareike Klinger-Strobel
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Rawil F Fakhrullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mikhail I Bogachev
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Airat R Kayumov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Impact of Exposure of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Polyhexanide In Vitro and In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00272-17. [PMID: 28784678 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00272-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to decolonization agents such as mupirocin and chlorhexidine increases the need for development of alternative decolonization molecules. The absence of reported severe adverse reactions and bacterial resistance to polyhexanide makes it an excellent choice as a topical antiseptic. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo capacity to generate strains with reduced polyhexanide susceptibility and cross-resistance with chlorhexidine and/or antibiotics currently used in clinic. Here we report the in vitro emergence of reduced susceptibility to polyhexanide by prolonged stepwise exposure to low concentrations in broth culture. Reduced susceptibility to polyhexanide was associated with genomic changes in the mprF and purR genes and with concomitant decreased susceptibility to daptomycin and other cell wall-active antibiotics. However, the in vitro emergence of reduced susceptibility to polyhexanide did not result in cross-resistance to chlorhexidine. During in vivo polyhexanide clinical decolonization treatment, neither reduced polyhexanide susceptibility nor chlorhexidine cross-resistance was observed. Together, these observations suggest that polyhexanide could be used safely for decolonization of carriers of chlorhexidine-resistant S. aureus strains; they also highlight the need for careful use of polyhexanide at low antiseptic concentrations.
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Nishida S, Ishii M, Nishiyama Y, Abe S, Ono Y, Sekimizu K. Lactobacillus paraplantarum 11-1 Isolated from Rice Bran Pickles Activated Innate Immunity and Improved Survival in a Silkworm Bacterial Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:436. [PMID: 28373863 PMCID: PMC5357627 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have high immune system-stimulating activity and are considered beneficial for human health as probiotics in the gut. The innate immune system is highly conserved between mammals and insects. Microbe-associated molecular patterns (e.g., peptidoglycan and β-glucan) induce cytokine maturation, which, in silkworm larvae, leads to muscle contraction. The purpose of this study is to find a novel probiotic by using silkworm muscle contraction assay. In the present study, we isolated LAB derived from rice bran pickles. We selected highly active LAB to activate the innate immune system of the silkworm, which was assayed based on silkworm muscle contraction. Of various LAB, L. paraplantarum 11-1 strongly stimulated innate immunity in the silkworm, leading to stronger silkworm contraction than a dairy-based LAB. Silkworms fed a diet containing L. paraplantarum 11-1 exhibited tolerance against the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings suggest that L. paraplantarum 11-1 could be a useful probiotic for activating innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishida
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd.Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Nishiyama
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Abe
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd.Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan; Teikyo University Institute of Medical MycologyTokyo, Japan
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Fluconazole-Pyridoxine Bis-Triazolium Compounds with Potent Activity against Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi Including Their Biofilm-Embedded Forms. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/4761650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel quaternary ammonium salts, bis-triazolium derivatives of fluconazole and pyridoxine, were synthesized by reaction of fluconazole with pyridoxine-based synthetic intermediates. The leading compound demonstrated pronounced antimycotic and antibacterialin vitroactivity, comparable to or exceeding that of the reference antifungal (fluconazole, terbinafine) and antibacterial/antiseptic (miramistin, benzalkonium chloride) agents. In contrast to many antimicrobials, the leading compound was also active against biofilm-embedded staphylococci andEscherichia coli. While no biofilm structure destruction occurred, all compounds were able to diffuse into the matrix and reduce the number of colony-forming units by three orders of magnitude at 16 × MBC. The leading compound was significantly less toxic than miramistin and benzalkonium chloride and more toxic than the reference antifungal drugs. The obtained results make the described chemotype a promising starting point for the development of new broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapies with powerful effect on fungal and bacterial pathogens including their biofilm-embedded forms.
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Nishida S, Ono Y, Sekimizu K. Lactic acid bacteria activating innate immunity improve survival in bacterial infection model of silkworm. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 10:49-56. [PMID: 26971556 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been thought to be helpful for human heath in the gut as probiotics. It recently was noted that activity of LAB stimulating immune systems is important. Innate immune systems are conserved in mammals and insects. Silkworm has innate immunity in response to microbes. Microbe-associated molecular pattern (ex. peptidoglycan and β-glucan) induces a muscle contraction of silkworm larva. In this study, we established an efficient method to isolate lactic acid bacteria derived from natural products. We selected a highly active LAB to activate the innate immunity in silkworm by using the silkworm muscle contraction assay, as well. The assay revealed that Lactococcus lactis 11/19-B1 was highly active on the stimulation of the innate immunity in silkworm. L. lactis 11/19-B1 solely fermented milk with casamino acid and glucose. This strain would be a starter strain to make yogurt. Compared to commercially available yogurt LAB, L. lactis 11/19-B1 has higher activity on silkworm contraction. Silkworm normally ingested an artificial diet mixed with L. lactis 11/19-B1 or a yogurt fermented with L. lactis 11/19-B1. Interestingly, silkworms that ingested the LAB showed tolerance against the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These data suggest that Lactococcus lactis 11/19-B1 would be expected to be useful for making yogurt and probiotics to activate innate immunity.
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Liu X, Lei Z, Liu D, Wang Z. Development of a sandwiched microarray platform for studying the interactions of antibiotics with Staphylococcus aureus. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 917:93-100. [PMID: 27026605 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It still confronts an outstanding challenge to screen efficient antibacterial drugs from millions of potential antibiotic candidates. In this regard, a sandwiched microarray platform has been developed to culture live bacteria and carry out high-throughput screening antibacterial drugs. The optimized lectin-hydrogel microarray can be used as an efficient bacterial capturing and culturing platform, which is beneficial to identify spots and collect data. At the same time, a matching drug-laden polyacrylamide microarray with Luria-Bertani (LB) culture medium can be generated automatically and accurately by using a standard non-contacting procedure. A large number of microscale culture chambers (more than 100 individual samples) between two microarrays can be formed by linking two aligned hydrogel spots using LB culture medium, where live bacteria can be co-cultured with drug candidates. Using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and four well-known antibiotics (amoxicillin, vancomycin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol) as model system, the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of the antibiotics can be determined by the drug induced change of bacterial growth, and the results demonstrate that the MIC values of amoxicillin, vancomycin and streptomycin are 1.7 μg mL(-1), 3.3 μg mL(-1) and 10.3 μg mL(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Zhen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Dianjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China.
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Gomes IB, Malheiro J, Mergulhão F, Maillard JY, Simões M. Comparison of the efficacy of natural-based and synthetic biocides to disinfect silicone and stainless steel surfaces. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw014. [PMID: 26926153 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New biocidal solutions are needed to combat effectively the evolution of microbes developing antibiotic resistance while having a low or no environmental toxicity impact. This work aims to assess the efficacy of commonly used biocides and natural-based compounds on the disinfection of silicone and stainless steel (SS) surfaces seeded with differentStaphylococcus aureusstrains. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for synthetic (benzalkonium chloride-BAC, glutaraldehyde-GTA,ortho-phthalaldehyde-OPA and peracetic acid-PAA) and natural-based (cuminaldehyde-CUM), eugenol-EUG and indole-3-carbinol-I3C) biocides by the microdilution method. The efficacy of selected biocides at MIC, 10 × MIC and 5500 mg/L (representative in-use concentration) on the disinfection of sessileS. aureuson silicone and SS was assessed by viable counting. Silicone surfaces were harder to disinfect than SS. GTA, OPA and PAA yielded complete CFU reduction of sessile cells for all test concentrations as well as BAC at 10 × MIC and 5500 mg/L. CUM was the least efficient compound. EUG was efficient for SS disinfection, regardless of strains and concentrations tested. I3C at 10 × MIC and 5500 mg/L was able to cause total CFU reduction of silicone and SS deposited bacteria. Although not so efficient as synthetic compounds, the natural-based biocides are promising to be used in disinfectant formulations, particularly I3C and EUG.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - J Malheiro
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - F Mergulhão
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - J-Y Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3NB, UK
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Ishii M, Matsumoto Y, Sekimizu K. Compounds in a particular production lot of tryptic soy broth inhibit Staphylococcus aureus cell growth. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:178-83. [PMID: 26193939 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus Newman strain and several methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates were grown on agar plates prepared with conventional lots of tryptic soy broth (TSB). Cell growth of these strains was inhibited on agar plates containing TSB of a particular product lot (lot A), whereas the cell growth of S. aureus RN4220 strain and several other MRSA clinical isolates was not inhibited. The cell growth of a strain of S. epidermidis was also inhibited on agar plates containing TSB of lot A, whereas the cell growth of Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was not inhibited. Although cell growth of the Newman strain was inhibited on agar plates containing TSB of lot A that was autoclaved in stainless steel or glass containers, cell growth inhibition was not observed when the medium was autoclaved in polypropylene containers. Compounds that inhibited the cell growth of the Newman strain were extracted from a polypropylene tube that was preincubated with liquid medium prepared from TSB of lot A. These findings suggest that polypropylene-binding compounds in TSB of lot A inhibited the cell growth of S. aureus Newman strain, some MRSA clinical isolates, and S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishii
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Ebrahimi A, Hemati M, Shabanpour Z, Habibian Dehkordi S, Bahadoran S, Lotfalian S, Khubani S. Effects of benzalkonium chloride on planktonic growth and biofilm formation by animal bacterial pathogens. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e16058. [PMID: 25793094 PMCID: PMC4353024 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.16058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance toward quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) is widespread among a diverse range of microorganisms and is facilitated by several mechanisms such as biofilm formation. OBJECTIVES In this study, the effects of benzalkonium chloride on planktonic growth and biofilm formation by some field isolates of animal bacterial pathogens were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella serotypes, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae (10 isolates of each) were examined for effects of benzalkonium chloride on biofilm formation and planktonic growth using microtiter plates. For all the examined strains in the presence of benzalkonium chloride, biofilm development and planktonic growth were affected at the same concentrations of disinfectant. RESULTS The means of strains growth increase after the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were significant in all the bacteria (except for E. coli in 1/32 and S. agalactiae in of 1/8 MIC). Biofilm formation increased with decrease of antiseptics concentration; a significant increase was found in all the samples. The most turbidity related to S. aureus and the least to Salmonella. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial resistance against quaternary ammonium compounds is increasing which can increase the bacterial biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizollah Ebrahimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Majid Hemati
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Majid Hemati, School of Veterinary Sciences, Shahrekord University, Postal Code: 88186/34141, Shahrekord, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9352611155, Fax: +98-2634340470, E-mail:
| | - Ziba Shabanpour
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Saeed Habibian Dehkordi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Shahab Bahadoran
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Sharareh Lotfalian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Shahin Khubani
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
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Blondeau JM, Borsos S, Hesje CK. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Gatifloxacin and Moxifloxacin with and without Benzalkonium Chloride Compared with Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin Against Methicillin- ResistantStaphylococcus aureus. J Chemother 2013; 19:146-51. [PMID: 17434822 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We compared the antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin with and without benzalkonium chloride (BAK) against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against clinical isolates of MRSA were evaluated. Approximately 10(5 )CFU/ml of methicillinresistant S. aureus was added to Mueller-Hinton broth containing two-fold concentration increments of drug. For the evaluation of gatifloxacin with BAK, 50 microg/ml of BAK were added to the first well of the plate with gatifloxacin or moxifloxacin and then serially diluted. The combination of gatifloxacin or moxifloxacin with BAK was more active than either fluoroquinolone without BAK. The MICs ranged from <or=0.008 microg/ml to 0.125 microg/ml for gatifloxacin plus BAK, from 0.063 microg/ml to (3)8 microg/ml with unpreserved gatifloxacin from <0.004 to 0.25 for moxifloxacin plus BAK, and from <or=0.016 microg/ml to 16.0 microg/ml with unpreserved moxifloxacin. The combinations of gatifloxacin or moxifloxacin and BAK were highly active against MRSA in vitro, providing MICs that were approximately 2- to 500-fold lower than the MICs provided by either gatifloxacin or moxifloxacin without BAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Blondeau
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and the Saskatoon, Health Region, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Valentine BK, Dew W, Yu A, Weese JS. In vitroevaluation of topical biocide and antimicrobial susceptibility ofStaphylococcus pseudintermediusfrom dogs. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:493-e95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fukuyama N, Shibuya M, Orihara Y. Antimicrobial polyacetylenes from Panax ginseng hairy root culture. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:377-80. [PMID: 22382419 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new polyacetylenes, 1-hydroxydihydropanaxacol (3) and 17-hydroxypanaxacol (4), were isolated from Panax ginseng hairy root culture, along with dihydropanaxacol (1), panaxacol (2) and ginsenoyne D (5). Highly hydroxylated compounds 1-4 were isolated from the medium and compound 5, which was a biosynthetic precursor of compound 1, was isolated from the roots. Compounds 1-4 showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus. It is suggested that P. ginseng plants release antimicrobial polyacetylenes into the surrounding soil from the roots as defense compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Fukuyama
- Experimental Station for Medicinal Plant Studies, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Emergence of resistance to antibacterial agents: the role of quaternary ammonium compounds--a critical review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 39:381-9. [PMID: 22421329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely distributed in hospitals, industry and cosmetics. Little attention has been focused on the potential impact of QACs on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in patients and the environment. To assess this issue, we conducted a literature review on QAC chemical structure, fields of application, mechanism of action, susceptibility testing, prevalence, and co- or cross-resistance to antibiotics. Special attention was paid to the effects of QACs on microflora; in particular, the issue of the potential of QACs for applying selective pressure on multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms was raised. It was found that there is a lack of standardised procedures for interpreting susceptibility test results. QACs have different impacts on the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibacterials depending on the antibacterial compound investigated, the resistance genes involved, the measuring methodology and the interpretative criteria. The unmet needs for adequate detection of reduced susceptibility to QACs and antibiotics include (i) a consensus definition for resistance, (ii) epidemiological cut-off values and (iii) clinical resistance breakpoints. This review advocates the design of international guidelines for QAC use.
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Privett BJ, Broadnax AD, Bauman SJ, Riccio DA, Schoenfisch MH. Examination of bacterial resistance to exogenous nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2012; 26:169-73. [PMID: 22349019 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While much research has been directed to harnessing the antimicrobial properties of exogenous NO, the possibility of bacteria developing resistance to such therapy has not been thoroughly studied. Herein, we evaluate potential NO resistance using spontaneous and serial passage mutagenesis assays. Specifically, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were systematically exposed to NO-releasing 75mol% MPTMS-TEOS nitrosothiol particles at or below minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels. In the spontaneous mutagenesis assay, bacteria that survived exposure to lethal concentrations of NO showed no increase in MIC. Similarly, no increase in MIC was observed in the serial passage mutagenesis assay after exposure of these species to sub-inhibitory concentrations of NO through 20 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Privett
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Chemistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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Thomas J, Linton S, Corum L, Slone W, Okel T, Percival SL. The affect of pH and bacterial phenotypic state on antibiotic efficacy. Int Wound J 2011; 9:428-35. [PMID: 22182197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are routinely used in woundcare for the treatment of local and systemic infections. Our goals in this paper were to (i) evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from burn and chronic wounds and (ii) evaluate the effect of pH and bacterial phenotype on the efficacy of antibiotics. Chronic and burn wound isolates, which had been routinely isolated from patients at West Virginia University Hospital, USA, were evaluated for their sensitivity to antibiotics. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a standardised disk diffusion assay on agar (quasi/non biofilm) and poloxamer (biofilm). Many of the Gram-positive and -negative isolates demonstrated changes in susceptibility to antibiotics when grown at different pH values and phenotypic states. Findings of this study highlight the clinical relevance that both pH and the phenotypic state of bacteria have on antibiotic performance. The study in particular has shown that bacteria exhibit an enhanced tolerance to antibiotics when grown in the biofilm phenotypic state. Such a finding suggests that more appropriate antibiotic sensitivity testing for woundcare and medicine is warranted to help assist in the enhancement of positive clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thomas
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Assadian O, Wehse K, Hübner NO, Koburger T, Bagel S, Jethon F, Kramer A. Minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of polihexanide and triclosan against antibiotic sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. GMS KRANKENHAUSHYGIENE INTERDISZIPLINAR 2011; 6:Doc06. [PMID: 22242087 PMCID: PMC3252646 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-vitro study was conducted investigating the antimicrobial efficacy of polihexanide and triclosan against clinical isolates and reference laboratory strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. METHODS The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) were determined following DIN 58940-81 using a micro-dilution assay and a quantitative suspension test following EN 1040. Polihexanide was tested in polyethylene glycol 4000, triclosan in aqueous solutions. RESULTS Against all tested strains the MIC of polihexanide ranged between 1-2 µg/mL. For triclosan the MICs varied depending on strains ranging between 0.5 µg/mL for the reference strains and 64 µg/mL for two clinical isolates. A logRF >5 without and logRF >3 with 0.2% albumin burden was achieved at 0.6 µg/mL triclosan. One exception was S. aureus strain H-5-24, where a triclosan concentration of 0.6 µg/mL required 1 minute without and 10 minutes with albumin burden to achieve the same logRFs. Polihexanide achieved a logRF >5 without and logRF >3 with albumin burden at a concentration of 0.6 µg/mL within 30 sec. The exception was the North-German epidemic MRSA strain, were an application time of 5 minutes was required. CONCLUSION The clinical isolates of E. coli generally showed higher MICs against triclosan, both in the micro-dilution assay as well in the quantitative suspension test than comparable reference laboratory strains. For polihexanide and triclosan strain dependant susceptibility was shown. However, both antimicrobial compounds are effective when used in concentrations common in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojan Assadian
- Clinical Institute for Hospital Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Wehse
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nils-Olaf Hübner
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Simone Bagel
- Antiinfectives Intelligence, Clinical Microbiological Research and Communication GmbH, Campus Fachhochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Jethon
- Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Fukuyama N, Ino C, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi N, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Orihara Y. Antimicrobial sesquiterpenoids from Laurus nobilis L. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:1295-303. [PMID: 21678158 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.502532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Activity-guided fractionations of leaf extracts from Laurus nobilis L. led to the isolation of a known sesquiterpene lactone, deacetyl laurenobiolide (1). Compound 1 showed antimicrobial activity against periopathic pathogens (Actinomyces viscosus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), opportunistic Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and fungi (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus). Furthermore, acetylation and cyclisation of deacetyl laurenobiolide (1) yielded laurenobiolide (2) and a new compound, (5S,6R,7S,8S,10R)-6,8-dihydroxyeudesma-4(15),11(13)-dien-12-oic acid 12,8-lactone (3), respectively. Compounds 2 and 3 also showed antimicrobial activities. All compounds 1-3 demonstrated growth inhibitory effects with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 31 to 1000 µg mL(-1). This is the first report of compounds 1-3 showing antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Fukuyama
- Experimental Station for Medicinal Plant Studies, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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Privett BJ, Deupree SM, Backlund CJ, Rao KS, Johnson CB, Coneski PN, Schoenfisch MH. Synergy of nitric oxide and silver sulfadiazine against gram-negative, gram-positive, and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2289-96. [PMID: 20939612 DOI: 10.1021/mp100248e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic activity between nitric oxide (NO) released from diazeniumdiolate-modified proline (PROLI/NO) and silver(I) sulfadiazine (AgSD) was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis using a modified broth microdilution technique and a checkerboard-type assay. The combination of NO and AgSD was defined as synergistic when the fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC) was calculated to be <0.5. Gram-negative species were generally more susceptible to the individual antimicrobial agents than the Gram-positive bacteria, while Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to combination therapy. The in vitro synergistic activity of AgSD and NO observed against a range of pathogens strongly supports future investigation of this therapeutic combination, particularly for its potential use in the treatment of burns and chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Privett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Mc Cay PH, Ocampo-Sosa AA, Fleming GTA. Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of benzalkonium chloride on the competitiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in continuous culture. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:30-38. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.029751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the link between adaptation to biocides and antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An enrichment continuous culture of P. aeruginosa NCIMB 10421 (MIC 25 mg BKC l−1) was operated (D=0.04 h−1, 792 h) with added benzalkonium chloride (BKC). A derivative, PA-29 (696 h), demonstrated a >12-fold decrease in sensitivity to the biocide (MIC >350 mg BKC l−1). The variant demonstrated a 256-fold increase in resistance to ciprofloxacin, with a mutation in the gyrA gene (Thr-83→Ile). Similarly, culturing of the original strain in a continuous-culture system with ciprofloxacin selection pressure led to the evolution of BKC-adapted populations (MIC 100 mg BKC l−1). Efflux pump activity predominantly contributed to the developed phenotype of PA-29. An amino acid substitution (Val-51→Ala) in nfxB, the Mex efflux system regulator gene, was observed for PA-29. Overexpression of both MexAB-OprM and MexCD-OprJ was recorded for PA-29. Similarly, mexR, a repressor of the Mex system, was downregulated. Competition studies were carried out in continuous culture between PA-29 and the original strain (in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of BKC). The outcome of competition was influenced by the concentration of biocide used and the nature of limiting nutrient. The inclusion of 1 mg BKC l−1 in the medium feed was sufficient to select (S=0.011) for the BKC-adapted strain in magnesium-limited culture. Conversely, the presence of 10 mg BKC l−1 in the medium supply was insufficient to select for the same organism (S=−0.017) in the glucose-limited culture. These results indicate the importance of environmental conditions on selection and maintenance of biocide adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Mc Cay
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alain A. Ocampo-Sosa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerard T. A. Fleming
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Wootton M, Walsh TR, Davies EM, Howe RA. Evaluation of the effectiveness of common hospital hand disinfectants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus, and heterogeneous glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:226-32. [PMID: 19199533 DOI: 10.1086/595691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) in hospitals poses a significant challenge to hospital infection control teams. The use of disinfectants for both surface and hand cleaning is an essential part of the infection control measures. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of common hospital hand disinfectants against MRSA, GISA, and heterogeneous GISA (hGISA). METHODS For methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), MRSA, GISA, and hGISA, the levels of susceptibility to hand disinfectants and their active ingredients were determined. Suspension tests were performed on commercial handwashing products. RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2-propanol, chlorhexidine, and hexachlorophene were similar for all phenotypes. The MICs of cetrimide and triclosan were higher for the MRSA, GISA, and hGISA strains than for the MSSA strain. The MICs for the chlorhexidine-containing agents Hibisol and Hibiscrub (AstraZeneca) and for the propanol-containing agent Sterillium (Medline) were 1-2-fold lower for the MSSA strains than for the MRSA, GISA, and hGISA strains. Suspension tests showed that the GISA and hGISA strains were less susceptible to the triclosan-containing agent Aquasept (SSL) than were the MRSA and MSSA strains, with resistance increasing with glycopeptide resistance. Products containing Betadine (Purdue) were more effective against the GISA and hGISA strains than against the MRSA and MSSA strains, especially after the strain was exposed to the product for 30 seconds. CONCLUSIONS Using the EN 1040 standard criteria for the performance of disinfectants, we determined that all agents, except 50% Aquasept for hGISA and 0.33% hexachlorophene for GISA, performed effectively. However, the GISA and hGISA strains were less susceptible to triclosan-containing products, compared with the MRSA stains, but were more susceptible to products containing Betadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Wootton
- NPHS Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital Wales, United Kingdom.
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Gant VA, Wren MWD, Rollins MSM, Jeanes A, Hickok SS, Hall TJ. Three novel highly charged copper-based biocides: safety and efficacy against healthcare-associated organisms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:294-9. [PMID: 17567632 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated three novel highly charged copper-based inorganic biocidal formulations for their activity against organisms highly relevant to healthcare-associated infection. METHODS The three copper-based formulations were tested: (i) against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Legionella pneumophila, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii (ACCB), glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus and spores of Clostridium difficile in time-kill assays; (ii) for their ability to decontaminate ultramicrofibre (UMF) cloths; and (iii) for their cytotoxicity to human skin and intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS All three copper-based formulations were potently biocidal down to concentrations of 1 ppm for both stationary- and log-phase organisms, and they were all active against C. difficile spores. At 150 ppm, they achieved a complete (>6 log10) kill of MRSA and ACCB mostly within 1 h. This biocidal activity was not achieved by copper sulphate or the inorganic binders used in the formulations. All three copper-based formulations completely decontaminated UMF cloths containing MRSA, ACCB or C. difficile spores, suggesting that any of these copper-based formulations would be highly beneficial in the healthcare environment. All three copper-based formulations and copper sulphate were not cytotoxic to human epithelial cells up to concentrations of 100-200 ppm. CONCLUSIONS All three of the novel copper-based biocidal formulations, but not their components (copper sulphate and inorganic binders), have potent activity against organisms highly relevant to healthcare-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya A Gant
- Department of Microbiology, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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Abstract
Wild-type Staphylococcus aureus rapidly expands on the surface of soft agar plates. The rates of expansion and the shapes of the resultant giant colonies were distinct for different strains of laboratory stocks and clinical isolates. The colony spreading abilities did not correlate with the biofilm-forming abilities in these strains. Insertional disruption of the dltABCD operon, which functions at the step of D-alanine addition to teichoic acids, and of the tagO gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of wall teichoic acids, decreased the colony spreading ability. The results indicate that wall teichoic acids and D-alanylation of teichoic acids are required for colony spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Kaito
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Use of germicides in the home and the healthcare setting: is there a relationship between germicide use and antibiotic resistance? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27:1107-19. [PMID: 17006819 DOI: 10.1086/507964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens represents an increasing threat in healthcare facilities. Concern has been expressed that the use of surface disinfectants and antiseptics may select for antibiotic-resistant pathogens. OBJECTIVE To review the scientific literature on whether there is a link between use of germicides (ie, disinfectants and antiseptics) and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In addition, we will review whether antibiotic-resistant bacteria exhibit altered susceptibility to germicides that are recommended for use as disinfectants or antiseptics. DESIGN A review of the appropriate scientific literature. RESULTS In the laboratory, it has been possible to develop bacterial mutants with reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and antiseptics that also demonstrate decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. However, the antibiotic resistance described was not clinically relevant because the test organism was rarely a human pathogen, the altered level of antimicrobial susceptibility was within achievable serum levels for the antibiotic, or the antibiotic tested was not clinically used to treat the study pathogen. Similarly, wild-type strains with reduced susceptibility to disinfectants (principally, quaternary ammonium compounds) and antiseptics (principally, triclosan) have been reported. However, because the concentration of disinfectants used in the healthcare setting greatly exceeds the concentration required to kill strains with reduced susceptibility to disinfectants, the clinical relevance of these observations is questionable. CONCLUSION To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature. Disinfectants and antiseptics should be used when there are scientific studies demonstrating benefit or when there is a strong theoretical rationale for using germicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, hapel Hill, NC 27599-7030, USA
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Allen UD, Allen UD. Antimicrobial products in the home: The evolving problem of antibiotic resistance. Paediatr Child Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/11.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Allen UD, Allen UD. Les produits antimicrobiens à domicile : Le problème de l’antibiorésistance. Paediatr Child Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/11.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Maillard JY. Antimicrobial biocides in the healthcare environment: efficacy, usage, policies, and perceived problems. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2005; 1:307-20. [PMID: 18360573 PMCID: PMC1661639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides are heavily used in the healthcare environment, mainly for the disinfection of surfaces, water, equipment, and antisepsis, but also for the sterilization of medical devices and preservation of pharmaceutical and medicinal products. The number of biocidal products for such usage continuously increases along with the number of applications, although some are prone to controversies. There are hundreds of products containing low concentrations of biocides, including various fabrics such as linen, curtains, mattresses, and mops that claim to help control infection, although evidence has not been evaluated in practice. Concurrently, the incidence of hospital-associated infections (HAIs) caused notably by bacterial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains high. The intensive use of biocides is the subject of current debate. Some professionals would like to see an increase in their use throughout hospitals, whereas others call for a restriction in their usage to where the risk of pathogen transmission to patients is high. In addition, the possible linkage between biocide and antibiotic resistance in bacteria and the role of biocides in the emergence of such resistance has provided more controversies in their extensive and indiscriminate usage. When used appropriately, biocidal products have a very important role to play in the control of HAIs. This paper discusses the benefits and problems associated with the use of biocides in the healthcare environment and provides a constructive view on their overall usefulness in the hospital setting.
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Hamamoto H, Kamura K, Razanajatovo IM, Murakami K, Santa T, Sekimizu K. Effects of molecular mass and hydrophobicity on transport rates through non-specific pathways of the silkworm larva midgut. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 26:38-42. [PMID: 15963696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that therapeutic drug effects in the silkworm infection model are largely influenced by midgut permeability. In this report, we describe the effects of drug molecular mass and hydrophobicity on transport through the silkworm larva midgut membrane. Hydrophilic compounds with a molecular mass of greater than 400Da did not permeate the silkworm larva midgut, and the hydrophobicity of similar-sized compounds had positive effects on the transport rate. Furthermore, we compared transport rates through the midgut membrane between cefcapene sodium (CFPN-Na) and cefcapene pivoxil (CFPN-PI), which is a CFPN-Na prodrug. The in vitro transport rate of CFPN-PI was three times faster than that of CFPN-Na. Moreover, when CFPN-PI and CFPN-Na were injected into the living silkworm larva midgut, CFPN-PI appeared rapidly in the haemolymph, whereas CFPN-Na did not. The 50% effective dose (ED50) of CFPN-PI administered via the midgut was one-sixth that of CFPN-Na. These findings suggest that the general features of the non-specific transport route are similar between silkworm larvae and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-Chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Abstract
Ionic silver exhibits antimicrobial activity against a broad range of micro-organisms. As a consequence, silver is included in many commercially available healthcare products. The use of silver is increasing rapidly in the field of wound care, and a wide variety of silver-containing dressings are now commonplace (e.g. Hydrofiber dressing, polyurethane foams and gauzes). However, concerns associated with the overuse of silver and the consequent emergence of bacterial resistance are being raised. The current understanding of the biochemical and molecular basis behind silver resistance has been documented since 1998. Despite the sporadic evidence of bacterial resistance to silver, there have been very few studies undertaken and documented to ascertain its prevalence. The risks of antibacterial resistance developing from the use of biocides may well have been overstated. It is proposed that hygiene should be emphasized and targeted towards those applications that have demonstrable benefits in wound care. It is the purpose of this review to assess the likelihood of widespread resistance to silver and the potential for silver to induce cross-resistance to antibiotics, in light of its increasing usage within the healthcare setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Percival
- ConvaTec Wound Therapeutics, Global Development Centre, Deeside Industrial Park, Deeside, Flintshire CH5 2NU, UK.
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