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Marzoli F, Bertola M, Pinarelli Fazion J, Cento G, Antonelli P, Dolzan B, Barco L, Belluco S. A systematic review on the occurrence of Salmonella in farmed Tenebrio molitor and Acheta domesticus or their derived products. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110464. [PMID: 37956634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Insects represent a sustainable and protein-rich food source. This new supply chain requires the study and monitoring of pathogens' presence and impact, as for other farmed animals. Among pathogens, Salmonella is of interest due to the well-established possibility for insects to harbor it. Since Acheta domesticus (cricket) and Tenebrio molitor (mealworm) are the most sold and farmed insect species, the present systematic review aimed to collect, select, and evaluate, in the available scientific literature, studies investigating the occurrence of Salmonella in these species sampled. All available studies published in peer-reviewed journals in English, French, Italian, Portuguese, German, and Spanish were considered. No time limits were imposed. We searched PUBMED, EMBASE, WEB of Science Core Collection, and Food Science and Technology Abstracts. The first date searched was May 10th, 2022; an update of the search was conducted on May 5th, 2023. The data synthesis was presented in tables reporting the number of positives on the number of total analyzed samples with other relevant characteristics of the study. The quality assessment was carried out considering relevant aspects for sampling and the method of analysis for Salmonella detection. At the end of the screening process, 10 and nine studies conducted on crickets and mealworms, respectively, were included for data extraction. The S. serovar Wandsworth and S. serovar Stanley were isolated only in one sample of ready-to-eat crickets. A second study detected OTUs related to S. enterica in cricket and mealworm powders. No studies detected Salmonella in mealworms according to cultural methods. The limitations of the present review are that few studies were retrieved and that included studies had important limitations in terms of study design as sampling was mostly based on convenience and not on a sound statistical basis. The present systematic review underlines the need to obtain reliable data about Salmonella presence in insects considering the growing market and the scaling up of existing farms. This research was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health - Ricerca Corrente IZSVe 03/21. The review protocol was published on the Systematic Reviews for Animals and Food (SYREAF) Web site (https://syreaf.org/protocols/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marzoli
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of the Food Chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100 Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Michela Bertola
- WOAH and Italian National Reference Laboratory for Diseases at the Animal/Human Interface and Laboratory of Parasitology, Micology and Sanitary Entomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Juliane Pinarelli Fazion
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of the Food Chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100 Vicenza, VI, Italy.
| | - Giulia Cento
- WOAH and Italian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Pietro Antonelli
- WOAH and Italian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dolzan
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of the Food Chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100 Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Lisa Barco
- WOAH and Italian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Simone Belluco
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of the Food Chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100 Vicenza, VI, Italy
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Pinarelli Fazion J, Marzoli F, Pezzuto A, Bertola M, Antonelli P, Dolzan B, Barco L, Belluco S. A systematic review of experimental studies on Salmonella persistence in insects. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:44. [PMID: 37640696 PMCID: PMC10462725 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of insects as food and feed has been recently suggested as a possible alternative to the rising global food need, thus it is crucial to monitor any potential food safety hazards in the insect supply chain. The aims of this systematic review were to collect, select, and evaluate studies investigating the persistence of Salmonella in insects. We searched PUBMED, EMBASE, WEB of Science Core Collection, and Food Science and Technology Abstracts. In total, 36 papers investigating the persistence of Salmonella in insects (both holometabolous and heterometabolous) were included after screening. Regarding complete metamorphosis insects, the longest Salmonella persistence was reported in Phormia regina, in which the pathogen persisted for 29 days at 5 °C. Similarly, Salmonella persisted in the feces of Alphitobius diaperinus for 28 days. The incomplete metamorphosis insect showing the longest Salmonella persistence (>10 months) was Blatella germanica. Periplaneta americana excreted Salmonella via feces for 44 days until all the insects were dead. The retrieved data on the persistence of Salmonella can be useful for further analysis by risk assessors and decision-makers involved in the safety of insect-based food, contributing to defining the sanitary requirements and risk mitigation measures along the supply chain. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO database (CRD42022329213).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Pinarelli Fazion
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of the Food Chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Filippo Marzoli
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of the Food Chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pezzuto
- WOAH and Italian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
- Laboratory of hygiene and safety of the food chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Calvecchia 4, 30027, San Donà di Piave (VE), Italy
| | - Michela Bertola
- WOAH and Italian National Reference Laboratory for Diseases at the Animal/Human Interface and Laboratory of Parasitology, Micology and Sanitary Entomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Pietro Antonelli
- WOAH and Italian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Beatrice Dolzan
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of the Food Chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Lisa Barco
- WOAH and Italian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Simone Belluco
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of the Food Chain, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100, Vicenza, Italy.
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Tata A, Marzoli F, Cordovana M, Tiengo A, Zacometti C, Massaro A, Barco L, Belluco S, Piro R. A multi-center validation study on the discrimination of Legionella pneumophila sg.1, Legionella pneumophila sg. 2-15 and Legionella non- pneumophila isolates from water by FT-IR spectroscopy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1150942. [PMID: 37125166 PMCID: PMC10133462 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1150942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study developed and validated a method, based on the coupling of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and machine learning, for the automated serotyping of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, Legionella pneumophila serogroups 2-15 as well as their successful discrimination from Legionella non-pneumophila. As Legionella presents significant intra- and inter-species heterogeneities, careful data validation strategies were applied to minimize late-stage performance variations of the method across a large microbial population. A total of 244 isolates were analyzed. In details, the method was validated with a multi-centric approach with isolates from Italian thermal and drinking water (n = 82) as well as with samples from German, Italian, French, and British collections (n = 162). Specifically, robustness of the method was verified over the time-span of 1 year with multiple operators and two different FT-IR instruments located in Italy and Germany. Moreover, different production procedures for the solid culture medium (in-house or commercial) and different culture conditions (with and without 2.5% CO2) were tested. The method achieved an overall accuracy of 100, 98.5, and 93.9% on the Italian test set of Legionella, an independent batch of Legionella from multiple European culture collections, and an extra set of rare Legionella non-pneumophila, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tata
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Tata,
| | - Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Tiengo
- OIE Italian Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Carmela Zacometti
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Massaro
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Lisa Barco
- OIE Italian Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Belluco
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
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Tata A, Massaro A, Marzoli F, Miano B, Bragolusi M, Piro R, Belluco S. Authentication of Edible Insects’ Powders by the Combination of DART-HRMS Signatures: The First Application of Ambient Mass Spectrometry to Screening of Novel Food. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152264. [PMID: 35954032 PMCID: PMC9368114 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This feasibility study reports the use of direct analysis in real-time high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) in profiling the powders from edible insects, as well as the potential for the identification of different insect species by classification modeling. The basis of this study is the revolution that has occurred in the field of analytical chemistry, with the improved capability of ambient mass spectrometry to authenticate food matrices. In this study, we applied DART-HRMS, coupled with mid-level data fusion and a learning method, to discriminate between Acheta domesticus (house cricket), Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm), Locusta migratoria (migratory locust), and Bombyx mori (silk moth). A distinct metabolic fingerprint was observed for each edible insect species, while the Bombyx mori fingerprint was characterized by highly abundant linolenic acid and quinic acid; palmitic and oleic acids are the statistically predominant fatty acids in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Our chemometrics also revealed that the amino acid proline is a discriminant molecule in Tenebrio molitor, whereas palmitic and linoleic acids are the most informative molecular features of the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). Good separation between the four different insect species was achieved, and cross-validation gave 100% correct identification for all training samples. The performance of the random forest classifier was examined on a test set and produced excellent results, in terms of overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. These results demonstrate the reliability of the DART-HRMS as a screening method in a future quality control scenario to detect complete substitution of insect powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tata
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.M.); (B.M.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Massaro
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.M.); (B.M.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Brunella Miano
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.M.); (B.M.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Marco Bragolusi
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.M.); (B.M.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberto Piro
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.M.); (B.M.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Simone Belluco
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.M.); (S.B.)
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Tassoni L, Cappellozza S, Dalle Zotte A, Belluco S, Antonelli P, Marzoli F, Saviane A. Nutritional Composition of Bombyx mori Pupae: A Systematic Review. Insects 2022; 13:insects13070644. [PMID: 35886820 PMCID: PMC9325104 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a domesticated insect traditionally reared to produce silk. Its pupae are historically eaten in Asian countries and are obtained as waste products from the silk reeling industry. Pupae are a promising novel food in Western countries as well as a source of proteins, lipids, and minerals. Several varied results are reported in the literature regarding the nutrient composition of silkworm pupa, and several factors must be considered when comparing the research. Some of the variables that could affect the pupal nutritional content include rearing techniques, diets, silkworm strains, killing, and drying techniques. This literature systematic review identifies the most important research areas and aids authorities and producers in the evaluation and development of silkworm pupae for novel uses. Abstract As insects have started to enter the eating habits of Western countries, an increasing amount of literature regarding the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) prospective application as food has been published. Despite this growing interest, there is currently no systematic review of silkworm nutritional composition available. In this paper, we performed a systematic review of the recent available literature on the nutrient composition of mulberry silkworm pupae. After screening the titles and abstracts of 14,008 studies retrieved from three scientific databases, data about nutrients was extracted from 29 selected papers, together with their related variables. This systematic review provides an overview of the variety of data reported in the literature and highlights that many elements contribute to hindering a sound comparison of the different nutritional values reported for silkworm pupae. The observed variability of the composition data reported could be due to differences in diet, strains, pretreatments, and origin of the silkworm analyzed. However, all these variables were not always available and should be reported in future studies to simplify the data comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tassoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), 35143 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), 35143 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonella Dalle Zotte
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Simone Belluco
- IZSVe, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Pietro Antonelli
- IZSVe, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Filippo Marzoli
- IZSVe, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessio Saviane
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), 35143 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
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Tata A, Marzoli F, Massaro A, Passabì E, Bragolusi M, Negro A, Cristaudo I, Piro R, Belluco S. Assessing direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry for the identification and serotyping of Legionella pneumophila. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1479-1488. [PMID: 34543502 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The efficacy of ambient mass spectrometry to identify and serotype Legionella pneumophila was assessed. To this aim, isolated waterborne colonies were submitted to a rapid extraction method and analysed by direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). METHODS AND RESULTS The DART-HRMS profiles, coupled with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were first evaluated for their ability to differentiate Legionella spp. from other bacteria. The resultant classification model achieved an accuracy of 98.1% on validation. Capitalising on these encouraging results, DART-HRMS profiling was explored as an alternative approach for the identification of L. pneumophila sg. 1, L. pneumophila sg. 2-15 and L. non-pneumophila; therefore, a different PLS-DA classifier was built. When tested on a validation set, this second classifier reached an overall accuracy of 95.93%. It identified the harmful L. pneumophila sg. 1 with an impressive specificity (100%) and slightly lower sensitivity (91.7%), and similar performances were reached in the classification of L. pneumophila sg. 2-15 and L. non-pneumophila. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show the DART-HMRS method has good accuracy, and it is an effective method for Legionella serogroup profiling. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These preliminary findings could open a new avenue for the rapid identification and quick epidemiologic tracing of L. pneumophila, with a consequent improvement to risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Massaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Passabì
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Bragolusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Negro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cristaudo
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Simone Belluco
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Marzoli F, Bortolami A, Pezzuto A, Mazzetto E, Piro R, Terregino C, Bonfante F, Belluco S. A systematic review of human coronaviruses survival on environmental surfaces. Sci Total Environ 2021; 778:146191. [PMID: 33714096 PMCID: PMC7927581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led people to implement preventive measures, including surface disinfection and use of alcohol-based hand gel, in order to avoid viral transmission via fomites. However, the role of surface transmission is still debated. The present systematic review aims to summarize all the evidence on surface survival of coronaviruses infecting humans. The analysis of 18 studies showed the longest coronavirus survival time is 28 days at room temperature (RT) on different surfaces: polymer banknotes, vinyl, steel, glass, and paper banknotes. Concerning SARS-CoV-2 human infection from contaminated surfaces, dangerous viral load on surfaces for up to 21 days was determined on polymer banknotes, steel, glass and paper banknotes. For viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, the longest period of survival was 14 days, recorded on glass. Environmental conditions can affect virus survival, and indeed, low temperatures and low humidity support prolonged survival of viruses on contaminated surfaces independently of surface type. Furthermore, it has been shown that exposure to sunlight significantly reduces the risk of surface transmission. Although studies are increasingly investigating the topic of coronavirus survival, it is difficult to compare them, given the methodology differences. For this reason, it is advisable to define a reference working protocol for virus survival trials, but, as an immediate measure, there is also a need for further investigations of coronavirus survival on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pezzuto
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Simone Belluco
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Marzoli F, Turchi B, Pedonese F, Torracca B, Bertelloni F, Cilia G, Cerri D, Fratini F. Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine bulk-tank milk: Effects of the exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants for teat-dipping. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101656. [PMID: 33915404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Teat-dipping is one of the most effective methods to prevent mammary infections in ruminants, including sub-clinical mastitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Improper disinfectant application could expose microorganisms to sub-inhibitory concentrations leading to phenotypic variations. In this study, 12 chlorhexidine-digluconate (CHDG)-tolerant (of which 4 qac positive) and 12 benzalkonium chloride (BC)-tolerant (of which 7 qac-positive) CoNS isolates from ovine milk were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of CHDG and BC, respectively. Changes in disinfectant susceptibility against BC and CHDG, antibiotic resistance against 12 antibiotics and biofilm production were then assessed for both groups. After CHDG stress, 67 % and 83 % of the CHDG-stressed isolates doubled their MICs for BC and CHDG, respectively and 2 qac-negative isolates showed a four-fold increase of their MBCs for CHDG. After BC stress, MICs for BC and CHDG doubled in 58 % and 83 % of the BC-stressed isolates, respectively, while one qac-positive isolate increased four-fold the MIC for BC. Cross-resistance to antibiotics was assessed by disc diffusion method. Some qac-positive isolates varied their resistance profile, while a blaZ-positive isolate showed a resistant phenotype against ampicillin only after the exposure to the disinfectant. As for qac-positive isolates, one CHDG-stressed and 2 BC-stressed increased their resistance to kanamycin and cefoxitin, respectively. The Congo Red Agar test was carried out to assess the in vitro slime production: all isolates were negative after stress. In conclusion, sub-inhibitory exposure to disinfectants may affect disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility, the latter in particular for qac-positive isolates and those hosting unexpressed antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pedonese
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Torracca
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Belluco S, Mancin M, Marzoli F, Bortolami A, Mazzetto E, Pezzuto A, Favretti M, Terregino C, Bonfante F, Piro R. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on inanimate surfaces: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:685-707. [PMID: 34313896 PMCID: PMC8313411 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease affecting many people and able to be transmitted through direct and perhaps indirect contact. Direct contact transmission, mediated by aerosols or droplets, is widely demonstrated, whereas indirect transmission is only supported by collateral evidence such as virus persistence on inanimate surfaces and data from other similar viruses. The present systematic review aims to estimate SARS-CoV-2 prevalence on inanimate surfaces, identifying risk levels according to surface characteristics. Data were obtained from studies in published papers collected from two databases (PubMed and Embase) with the last search on 1 September 2020. Included studies had to be papers in English, had to deal with coronavirus and had to consider inanimate surfaces in real settings. Studies were coded according to our assessment of the risk that the investigated surfaces could be contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. A meta-analysis and a metaregression were carried out to quantify virus RNA prevalence and to identify important factors driving differences among studies. Thirty-nine out of forty retrieved paper reported studies carried out in healthcare settings on the prevalence of virus RNA, five studies carry out also analyses through cell culture and six tested the viability of isolated viruses. Overall prevalences of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on high-, medium- and low-risk surfaces were 0.22 (CI95 [0.152-0.296]), 0.04 (CI95 [0.007-0.090]), and 0.00 (CI95 [0.00-0.019]), respectively. The duration surfaces were exposed to virus sources (patients) was the main factor explaining differences in prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Belluco
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Marzia Mancin
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pezzuto
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michela Favretti
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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10
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Marzoli F, Forzan M, Bortolotti L, Pacini MI, Rodríguez-Flores MS, Felicioli A, Mazzei M. Next generation sequencing study on RNA viruses of Vespa velutina and Apis mellifera sharing the same foraging area. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2261-2273. [PMID: 33063956 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The predator Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) represents one of the major threats to honeybee survival. Viral spillover from bee to wasp has been supposed in several studies, and this work aims to identify and study the virome of both insect species living simultaneously in the same foraging area. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on V. velutina and Apis mellifera samples, and replicative form of detected viruses was carried out by strand-specific RT-PCR. Overall, 6 and 9 different viral types were reported in V. velutina and A. mellifera, respectively, and five of these viruses were recorded in both hosts. Varroa destructor virus-1 and Cripavirus NB-1/2011/HUN (now classified as Triato-like virus) were the most represented viruses detected in both hosts, also in replicative form. In this investigation, Triato-like virus, as well as Aphis gossypii virus and Nora virus, was detected for the first time in honeybees. Concerning V. velutina, we report for the first time the recently detected honeybee La Jolla virus. A general high homology rate between genomes of shared viruses between V. velutina and A. mellifera suggests the efficient transmission of the virus from bee to wasp. In conclusion, our findings highlight the presence of several known and newly reported RNA viruses infecting A. mellifera and V. velutina. This confirms the environment role as an important source of infection and indicates the possibility of spillover from prey to predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mario Forzan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | | | - María Shantal Rodríguez-Flores
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa (PI), Italy
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11
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Pacini MI, Forzan M, Cilia G, Bernardini L, Marzoli F, Pedonese F, Bandecchi P, Fratini F, Mazzei M. Detection of Pseudorabies Virus in Wild Boar Foetus. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020366. [PMID: 32102385 PMCID: PMC7070533 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a worldwide pathogen primarily affecting domestic and wild swine. In wild boar, seroprevalence rates are high, but little information is available about the impact of the disease on reproduction in this wild species. Our aim s to investigate the presence of Pseudorabies virus in foetus samples collected from pregnant animals living in an endemic area. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive foetus sample is identified from a seropositive and viral shedding sow. Sequence analysis confirms the molecular result, describing for the first time the viral presence in wild boar foetus, suggesting an additional transmission route. Abstract Pseudorabies, or Aujeszky’s disease, is a notifiable worldwide infection of domestic and feral swine that causes economic losses for the swine industry. In domestic pigs, the virus is responsible for nervous and/or respiratory symptoms; in pregnant sows, it is one of the major causes of stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI). It is known that PRV infection in wild boar is associated with low pathogenicity and attenuated or absent symptomatology, but limited information is available about the ability of the virus to infect the foetuses of infected wild boar pregnant sows. Due to scarce information about the reproductive consequences, we investigate the possible intrauterine vertical transmission of the virus in wild boar pregnant sow living in a highly infected area. A number of 54 hunted wild boar were sampled during 2018–2019, and blood, genital and nasal swabs, placenta, and fetuses were collected for serological and molecular investigations. A seroprevalence of 74% (40/54) was detected, while 1/24 pregnant sow and 1/24 pooled foetuses tested positive by PCR (gene gB). This is the first evidence of viral detection in foetuses from seropositive pregnant wild boar. This finding suggests the possible pathogenetic role of PRV on pregnancy in wild boar and the existence of an additional transmission route.
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12
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Turchi B, Bertelloni F, Marzoli F, Cerri D, Tola S, Azara E, Longheu CM, Tassi R, Schiavo M, Cilia G, Fratini F. Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine milk: Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of susceptibility to antibiotics, disinfectants and biofilm production. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Lozupone F, Borghi M, Marzoli F, Azzarito T, Matarrese P, Iessi E, Venturi G, Meschini S, Canitano A, Bona R, Cara A, Fais S. TM9SF4 is a novel V-ATPase-interacting protein that modulates tumor pH alterations associated with drug resistance and invasiveness of colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2015; 34:5163-74. [PMID: 25659576 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An inverted pH gradient across the cell membranes is a typical feature of malignant cancer cells that are characterized by extracellular acidosis and cytosol alkalization. These dysregulations are able to create a unique milieu that favors tumor progression, metastasis and chemo/immune-resistance traits of solid tumors. A key event mediating tumor cell pH alterations is an aberrant activation of ion channels and proton pumps such as (H+)-vacuolar-ATPase (V-ATPase). TM9SF4 is a poorly characterized transmembrane protein that we have recently shown to be related to cannibal behavior of metastatic melanoma cells. Here, we demonstrate that TM9SF4 represents a novel V-ATPase-associated protein involved in V-ATPase activation. We have observed in HCT116 and SW480 colon cancer cell lines that TM9SF4 interacts with the ATP6V1H subunit of the V-ATPase V1 sector. Suppression of TM9SF4 with small interfering RNAs strongly reduces assembly of V-ATPase V0/V1 sectors, thus reversing tumor pH gradient with a decrease of cytosolic pH, alkalization of intracellular vesicles and a reduction of extracellular acidity. Such effects are associated with a significant inhibition of the invasive behavior of colon cancer cells and with an increased sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil. Our study shows for the first time the important role of TM9SF4 in the aberrant constitutive activation of the V-ATPase, and the development of a malignant phenotype, supporting the potential use of TM9SF4 as a target for future anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lozupone
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Borghi
- Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Marzoli
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - T Azzarito
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Matarrese
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Iessi
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Venturi
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Meschini
- Technology and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Canitano
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - R Bona
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Cara
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Fais
- Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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14
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Lozupone F, Borghi M, Marzoli F, Marino M, Logozzi A, Fais S. 385 Characterization and relevance of TM9SF4, a new protein associated to metastatic phenotype of human melanoma. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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15
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Lugaresi A, Caporale C, Farina D, Marzoli F, Bonanni L, Muraro PA, De Luca G, Iarlori C, Gambi D. Low-dose oral methotrexate treatment in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2001; 22:209-10. [PMID: 11603629 DOI: 10.1007/s100720170026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to further assess the safety and efficacy of low-dose oral methotrexate (LDOM) treatment for chronic progressive MS (CPMS). We studied 20 CPMS patients, including 16 with secondary progressive MS who had shown disease progression in the previous year. The mean follow-up was 23 months. The mean EDSS score was 6.3+/-1.1 before treatment and 6.4+/-1.1 after one year of treatment. At one year, 15 of 20 patients were still being treated, and 10 were stable. Twelve patients have completed 18 months of treatment, and eight are stable. Two patients stopped treatment because of side effects, two more because they did not perceive benefit, and one was lost to follow-up. Six patients had mild, transient increases in liver enzymes not requiring treatment interruption, and two had localized herpes zoster. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed before treatment and at one year remained unchanged in responders. We confirm that LDOM is safe in carefully selected and monitored CPMS patients. MTX is inexpensive and, given its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, may be used as add-on therapy in non-responders to interferon beta, although hepatic toxicity may be a problem in long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lugaresi
- Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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16
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De Luca G, Lugaresi A, Iarlori C, Marzoli F, Di Iorio A, Gambi D, Uncini A. Prednisone and plasma exchange improve suppressor cell function in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 95:190-4. [PMID: 10229130 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that ConA-induced suppressor cell function is defective in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). To assess whether this defect plays a role in disease activity and its reversal is important in recovery, we studied modifications of ConA-induced suppressor cell function induced by prednisone and plasma exchange in 20 patients with CIDP. We found a significant increase towards normal of ConA-induced suppressor cell function after treatment in concurrence with clinical improvement. Induction of suppression, presumably through favorable modifications of the cytokine network or other humoral mediators, might be one, among others, of the mechanisms through which prednisone and plasma exchange are effective in CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Luca
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, University of Chieti, Policlinico Clinicizzato Colle Dell'Ara, Italy
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