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Yashar M, Basarir KE, Tanriverdi ES, Celep S, Sirekbasan L, Rakici E, Ejder N, Musellim E, Cicek AC, Yilmaz M. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia outbreak originating from a pull-out faucet in a pediatric intensive care unit in Turkey: Insights from clinical records and molecular typing. Am J Infect Control 2024; 52:605-610. [PMID: 38043636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nosocomial Stenotrophomonas maltophilia-related cases are rising and pose a threat to immunocompromised patients. Twelve patients from our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) presented with S maltophilia-associated bloodstream infection. METHODS This outbreak investigation includes 12 patients from PICU between the ages of 2 months and 4 years (mean 16 months, 7 male). To identify the origin, samples from all possible sources throughout the hospital were collected and ran through DNA isolation and Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis. RESULTS 120 samples were collected during the outbreak. 31 samples (26%) were positive for S maltophilia. 30 S maltophilia isolates were analyzed, 10 different genotypes were identified. Clustering isolates were grouped into 3 different clusters (tolerance and optimization 1.0, cutoff 90%). The largest cluster was genotype 1, which included 19 isolates, those belong to patients' samples and a sample from a pull-out faucet inside the PICU. The Pull-out faucet was the origin of the bloodstream infection. DISCUSSION Pull-out faucets allow biofilm production, due its structure. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis identifies the transmission dynamics of the outbreak, with its high discriminatory power. CONCLUSIONS Water sources should be monitored on a regular basis. Pull-out faucets enable bacterial overgrowth; therefore, we recommend water surveillance during outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Yashar
- Department of School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Kerem E Basarir
- Department of International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, International School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif S Tanriverdi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Celep
- Istanbul Medipol Mega Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Sirekbasan
- Istanbul Medipol Mega Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erva Rakici
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Nebahat Ejder
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Eda Musellim
- Department of Infection control Unit, Istanbul Medipol Mega Hospital, Infection Control Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysegul C Cicek
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Yilmaz
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Halder G, Chaudhury BN, Mandal S, Denny P, Sarkar D, Chakraborty M, Khan UR, Sarkar S, Biswas B, Chakraborty A, Maiti S, Dutta S. Whole genome sequence-based molecular characterization of blood isolates of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex from ICU patients in Kolkata, India, during 2017-2022: emergence of phylogenetically heterogeneous Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0352923. [PMID: 38385742 PMCID: PMC10986559 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03529-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood-borne infections caused by the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex (CR-ECC) are major public threats with respect to the challenges encountered during treatment. This study describes the whole genome sequencing-based molecular characteristics of blood isolates (n = 70) of CR-ECC from patients admitted to the intensive care unit of tertiary care hospitals in Kolkata, India, during 2017-2022 with respect to species identification, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling, mechanism of drug resistance, and molecular subtypes. Vitek2 MALDI and species-specific PCR identified Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis (47.14%) as the emerging CR-ECC subspecies in Kolkata. The predominating carbapenemase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes found were blaNDM-1 (51.42%) and blaCTX-M-15 (27%), respectively. Besides, blaNDM-4, blaNDM-5, blaNDM-7, blaCMH-3, blaSFO-1, blaOXA-181, blaOXA-232, blaKPC-3, and blaDHA-7 genes were also detected, which were not previously reported from India. A multitude of Class 1 integrons (including In180, In4874, In4887, and In4888, which were novel) and plasmid replicon types (IncFIB, IncFII, IncX3, IncHI1-HI2, IncC, and IncR) involved in AMR dissemination were identified. Reverse transcription-PCR and western blot revealed that carbapenem resistance in non-carbapenemase-producing CR-ECC isolates was contributed by elevated levels of ampC, overexpression of acrAB, and loss of ompF. A total of 30 distinct sequence types (STs) were ascertained by multi-locus sequence typing; of which, ST2011, ST2018, ST2055, ST2721, and ST2722 were novel STs. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed heterogeneity (69 pulsotypes with a similarity coefficient of 48.40%) among the circulating isolates, suggesting multiple reservoirs of infections in humans. Phylogenetically and genetically diverse CR-ECC with multiple AMR mechanisms mandates close monitoring of nosocomial infections caused by these isolates to forestall the transmission and dissemination of AMR.IMPORTANCEThe emergence and extensive dissemination of the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex (CR-ECC) have positioned it as a critical nosocomial global pathogen. The dearth of a comprehensive molecular study pertaining to CR-ECC necessitated this study, which is the first of its kind from India. Characterization of blood isolates of CR-ECC over the last 6 years revealed Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis as the most prevalent subsp., exhibiting resistance to almost all antibiotics currently in use and harboring diverse transmissible carbapenemase genes. Besides the predominating blaNDM-1 and blaCTX-M-15, we document diverse carbapenemase and AmpC genes, such as blaNDM-4, blaNDM-7, blaOXA-181, blaOXA-232, blaKPC-3, blaCMH-3, blaSFO-1, and blaDHA-7, in CR-ECC, which were not previously reported from India. Furthermore, novel integrons and sequence types were identified. Our findings emphasize the need for strengthened vigilance for molecular epidemiological surveillance of CR-ECC due to the presence of epidemic clones with a phylogenetically diverse and wide array of antimicrobial resistance genes in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Priyanka Denny
- Collaborative Research Center for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama University, JICA Building, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Deotima Sarkar
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Mandira Chakraborty
- Division of Microbiology, Calcutta Medical College, College Square, Kolkata, India
| | - Ujjwayini Ray Khan
- Division of Microbiology, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Phool Bagan, Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Sarkar
- Division of Microbiology, NRS Medical College, Sealdah, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Sourav Maiti
- Division of Microbiology, Ruby General Hospital, Kasba, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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Guillén-Navarro D, González-Vázquez R, León-Ávila G, Giono-Cerezo S. Quorum Quenching with a Diffusible Signal Factor Analog in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Pathogens 2023; 12:1448. [PMID: 38133331 PMCID: PMC10746098 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacillus associated with nosocomial infections in intensive care units, and nowadays, its acquired resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) by sul genes within class 1 integrons is a worldwide health problem. Biofilm and motility are two of the major virulence factors in this bacterium and are auto-induced by the diffusible signal factor (DSF). In recent studies, retinoids have been used to inhibit (Quorum Quenching) these virulence factors and for their antimicrobial effect. The aim was to reduce biofilm formation and motility with retinoic acid (RA) in S. maltophilia SXT-resistant strains. Eleven SXT-resistant strains and two SXT-susceptible strains were tested for biofilm formation/reduction and planktonic/sessile cell viability with RA and SXT-MIC50/RA; motility (twitching, swimming, swarming) was measured with/without RA; and MLST typing was determined. The biofilm formation of the strains was classified as follows: 15.38% (2/13) as low, 61.54% (8/13) as moderate, and 23.08% (3/13) as high. It was significantly reduced with RA and SXT-MIC50/RA (p < 0.05); cell viability was not significantly reduced with RA (p > 0.05), but it was with SXT-MIC50/RA (p < 0.05); and swimming (p < 0.05) and swarming (p < 0.05) decreased significantly. MLST typing showed the first and novel strains of Mexican S. maltophilia registered in PubMLST (ST479-485, ST497, ST23, ST122, ST175, ST212, and ST300). In conclusion, RA reduced biofilm formation and motility without affecting cell viability; furthermore, antimicrobial synergism with SXT-MIC50/RA in different and novel STs of S. maltophilia was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Guillén-Navarro
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Rosa González-Vázquez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades “Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret”, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza. Seris y Zaachila S/N, Col. La Raza, Alcaldía Azcapotzalco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Gloria León-Ávila
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Zoología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Silvia Giono-Cerezo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
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Sabença C, Costa E, Sousa S, Barros L, Oliveira A, Ramos S, Igrejas G, Torres C, Poeta P. Evaluation of the Ability to Form Biofilms in KPC-Producing and ESBL-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1143. [PMID: 37508239 PMCID: PMC10376346 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and carbapenemase (KPC) has turned into a significant public health issue. ESBL- and KPC-producing K. pneumoniae's ability to form biofilms is a significant concern as it can promote the spread of antibiotic resistance and prolong infections in healthcare facilities. A total of 45 K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from human infections. Antibiograms were performed for 17 antibiotics, ESBL production was tested by Etest ESBL PM/PML, a rapid test was used to detect KPC carbapenemases, and resistance genes were detected by PCR. Biofilm production was detected by the microtiter plate method. A total of 73% of multidrug resistance was found, with the highest resistance rates to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and aztreonam. Simultaneously, the most effective antibiotics were tetracycline and amikacin. blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, aac(3)-II, aadA1, tetA, cmlA, catA, gyrA, gyrB, parC, sul1, sul2, sul3, blaKPC, blaOXA, and blaPER genes were detected. Biofilm production showed that 80% of K. pneumoniae strains were biofilm producers. Most ESBL- and KPC-producing isolates were weak biofilm producers (40.0% and 60.0%, respectively). There was no correlation between the ability to form stronger biofilms and the presence of ESBL and KPC enzymes in K. pneumoniae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Sabença
- MicroART-Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eliana Costa
- Hospital Centre of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Clinical Pathology Department, 5000-508 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sara Sousa
- Hospital Centre of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Clinical Pathology Department, 5000-508 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sónia Ramos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centro Universitário de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- MicroART-Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Abo-Almagd EE, Sabala RF, Abd-Elghany SM, Jackson CR, Ramadan H, Imre K, Morar A, Herman V, Sallam KI. β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli Encoding bla(CTX-M) and bla(CMY) Genes in Chicken Carcasses from Egypt. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36766128 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli with multidrug resistance and β-lactamase genes may constitute a great public health hazard due to the potential for their transmission to humans through the food chain. This study determined the prevalence, antibiotic resistance profiles, phylogroups, and β-lactamase genes of E. coli isolates from chicken carcasses marketed in Mansoura, Egypt. Interestingly, E. coli was detected in 98% (98/100) of the chicken carcasses examined, which seemed among the highest contamination rates by E. coli worldwide. From the 425 genetically verified uidA gene-positive E. coli, 85 isolates were further studied for antimicrobial resistance profiles, phylogroups, and β-lactamase genes. Interestingly, 89.41% of E. coli (76/85) strains tested against 24 different antibiotics were multidrug-resistant. Of the examined 85 E. coli isolates, 22 (25.88%) isolates harbored blaCTX-M and were resistant to ampicillin, cefazoline, and ceftriaxone, while three of them were resistant to ceftazidime besides. Nine (10.59%) E. coli strains harbored AmpC- β-lactamase blaCMY and were resistant to ampicillin. One isolate co-carried blaCMY and blaCTX-M genes, though it was negative for the blaTEM gene. Of the 35 isolates that harbored either extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or AmpC β-lactamase genes, six strains (17.14%) were assigned to pathogenic phylogroup F and one to phylogroup E, whereas 28 (80%) isolates belonged to commensal phylogenetic groups.
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Xu L, He Q, Tang Y, Wen W, Chen L, Li Y, Yi C, Fu B. Multi‑locus sequence and drug resistance analysis of Salmonella infection in children with diarrhea in Guangdong to identify the dominant ST and cause of antibiotic‑resistance. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:678. [PMID: 36337293 PMCID: PMC9623445 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) can be used to analyze the homology among the drug resistance gene cassettes in Salmonella and determine the prevalence. Information extracted using this technique can provide a theoretical basis for hospitals to devise protocols to control Salmonella infections. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between drug resistance and integrons in clinical isolates of Salmonella from human fecal samples. Therefore, in the present study, 52 clinical fecal isolates of non-duplicate (i.e., not genome contamination) Salmonella were harvested from children with diarrhea and used for bacterial identification using biochemical tests, drug susceptibility analysis by antibiotic susceptibility testing and serotype identification using an agglutination assay. In total, seven Salmonella housekeeping genes (chorismate synthase, β sliding clamp of DNA polymerase III, uroporphyrinogen-III synthase, histidinol dehydrogenase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase catalytic subunit, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component and homoserine dehydrogenase) were amplified and sequenced using MLST, before sequence alignment was performed against the Pub MLST database to determine the sequence-typed (ST) strains and construct genotypic evolutionary diagrams. Subsequently, the 52 Salmonella strains were subdivided into 11 serotypes and 11 sequence types. The dominant subtypes were found to be Salmonella typhimurium ST34 and ST19, which were diversely distributed. However, no new subtypes were found. Although the serotypes, including ST19, ST29, ST34, ST40, ST11, ST27, ST469, ST365, ST1499, ST413 and ST588, were closely associated with the MLST subtype, they did not correspond entirely. The detection rate of class I integrons was 38.46% (20/52), but no class II and III integrons were detected. The variable regions of three of 20 class I integrons were found to be amplified, whereas nine gene cassettes, including dihydrofolate reductase A12, open reading frame F, aminoglycoside-adenylyltransferase (aad)A2, aadA22, aadA23, aadA1, cadmium-translocating P-type ATPase 2, lincosamide and linF, were associated with drug resistance. These data suggest that Class I integrons are important factors underlying drug resistance in Salmonella, which may serve a role in the spread of drug resistance and warrant specific focus. In addition, MLST typing and serotyping should be applied cooperatively in epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Qianjun He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Yinxian Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Linjuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Changhong Yi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
| | - Bishi Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Panyu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
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Ferreira M, Leão C, Clemente L, Albuquerque T, Amaro A. Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles and Resistance Mechanisms to β-Lactams and Polymyxins of Escherichia coli from Broilers Raised under Intensive and Extensive Production Systems. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102044. [PMID: 36296320 PMCID: PMC9608943 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensive and extensive broiler production systems imply different veterinary interventions, including the use of antimicrobials. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from both systems, characterize resistance mechanisms to β-lactams and polymyxins, and identify genetic elements such as integrons. E. coli isolates recovered from broiler cecal samples were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility through the broth microdilution technique. The molecular characterization of acquired resistance mechanisms to β-lactams and colistin and the detection of integrons was performed by a multiplex PCR. For most antibiotics tested, the prevalence of reduced susceptibility is higher in commensal and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)/AmpC producers from broilers raised in the intensive system, compared with those raised under extensive conditions. SHV-12 was the most common ESBL enzyme found in both production systems. Other ESBL variants such as CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-32, CTX-M-9, TEM-52, and plasmid-encoded AmpC enzyme CMY-2 were also present. MCR-1 was identified in a colistin-resistant isolate from broilers raised under the intensive system. This study highlights the differences in E. coli antibiotic susceptibility from both production types and emphasizes that a great deal of work remains to decrease consumption and antimicrobial resistance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Célia Leão
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Clemente
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Amaro
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Chigor CB, Ibangha IAI, Nweze NO, Onuora VC, Ozochi CA, Titilawo Y, Enebe MC, Chernikova TN, Golyshin PN, Chigor VN. Prevalence of integrons in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from waters and vegetables in Nsukka and Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:60945-60952. [PMID: 35437658 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation of fresh produce with poorly treated wastewater or contaminated freshwater sources can lead to produce contamination and foodborne illnesses, as well as the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants. In this study, we assessed the presence of integrons in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent, tap water, vegetables from irrigated gardens and vegetables sold in selected markets from Nsukka and Enugu cities. E. coli was isolated following standard laboratory procedure and confirmed through beta-glucuronidase (uidA)-targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was determined using Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion assay, and multiplex PCR was used to determine the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons. Our result revealed a total of 188 E. coli isolates from WWTP effluent (n = 41), tap water (n = 10) and vegetables from greenhouse (n = 46), farms (n = 55) and market (n = 36). Multidrug resistance was detected in all the isolates, ranging from three-drug resistance in a single isolate to 7-drug resistance patterns in two different isolates. Of the total isolates, class 1 integrons were abundantly detected in 175 (93.1%) and class 2 in 5 (2.7%). All the class 2 integrons were found in isolates that were positive for class 1. The abundance of multidrug-resistant E. coli harbouring class 1 integrons in the effluent and vegetable samples is a potential public health risk. Therefore, the appropriate measures for the safe use of poorly treated wastewater for vegetable farm irrigation are required to be put in place to reduce the microbial load of the discharged effluent. Also, education of farmers and the community on the dangers of wastewater effluent-grown plants and proper methods for cleaning harvested vegetable is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere B Chigor
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ini-Abasi I Ibangha
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Nkechinyere O Nweze
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Valentino C Onuora
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chizoba A Ozochi
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Yinka Titilawo
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Matthew C Enebe
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | | | - Peter N Golyshin
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor Gwynedd, UK
| | - Vincent N Chigor
- Water and Public Health Research Group (WPHRG), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Kuzina ES, Novikova TS, Astashkin EI, Fedyukina GN, Kislichkina AA, Kurdyumova NV, Savin IA, Ershova ON, Fursova NK. Rectal and Tracheal Carriage of Carbapenemase Genes and Class 1 and 2 Integrons in Patients in Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:886. [PMID: 35884140 PMCID: PMC9312170 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, which is associated with the distribution of beta-lactamase genes and class 1 and 2 integrons, is a global problem. In this study, in the Moscow neurosurgery intensive care unit (neuro-ICU), the high prevalence of the above-stated genes was found to be associated with intestinal and tracheal carriage. Seven-point prevalence surveys, which included 60 patients in the neuro-ICU, were conducted weekly in the period from Oct. to Nov. 2019. A total of 293 clinical samples were analyzed, including 146 rectal and 147 tracheal swabs; 344 Gram-negative bacteria isolates were collected. Beta-lactamase genes (n = 837) were detected in the isolates, including beta-lactamase blaTEM (n = 162), blaSHV (n = 145), cephalosporinase blaCTX–M (n = 228), carbapenemase blaNDM (n = 44), blaKPC (n = 25), blaOXA–48 (n = 126), blaOXA–51–like (n = 54), blaOXA–40-like (n = 43), blaOXA–23-like (n = 8), and blaVIM (n = 2), as well as class 1 (n = 189) and class 2 (n = 12) integrons. One extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (sequence type ST39 and capsular type K23), simultaneously carried beta-lactamase genes, blaSHV–40 and blaTEM–1B, three carbapenemase genes, blaNDM, blaKPC, and blaOXA–48, the cephalosporinase gene blaCTX–M, and two class 1 integrons. Before this study, such heavily armed strains have not been reported, suggesting the ongoing evolution of antibiotic resistance.
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Rybak B, Krawczyk B, Furmanek-Blaszk B, Wysocka M, Fordon M, Ziolkowski P, Meissner W, Stepniewska K, Sikorska K. Antibiotic resistance, virulence, and phylogenetic analysis of Escherichia coli strains isolated from free-living birds in human habitats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262236. [PMID: 35020771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds can be colonized by bacteria, which are often resistant to antibiotics and have various virulence profiles. The aim of this study was to analyze antibiotic resistance mechanisms and virulence profiles in relation to the phylogenetic group of E. coli strains that were isolated from the GI tract of wildfowl. Out of 241 faecal samples, presence of E. coli resistant to a cephalosporin (ESBL/AmpC) was estimated for 33 isolates (13,7%). Based on the analysis of the coexistence of 4 genes encoding ESBLs/AmpC (blaCTX-M, blaTEM,blaSHV, blaAmpC) and class 1 and 2 integrons genes (intI1, intI2) a subset of two resistance profiles was observed among the investigated E. coli isolates carrying blaAmpC, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M, blaTEM, class 1 and 2 integrons, respectively. The E. coli isolates were categorized into 4 phylogenetic groups A (39.4%), B2 (24.25%), D (24.25%) and B1 (12.1%). The pathogenic B2 and D groups were mainly typical for the Laridae family. Among the 28 virulence factors (Vfs) detected in pathogenic phylogenetic groups B2 and D, 7 were exclusively found in those groups (sfa, vat, tosA, tosB, hly, usp, cnf), while 4 VFs (fecA, fyuA, irp2, kspMTII) showed a statistically significant association (P≤0.05) with phylogroups A and B1. Our results indicated that strains belonging to commensal phylogroups A/B1 possess extensive iron acquisition systems (93,9%) and autotransporters (60,6%), typical for pathogens, hence we suggest that these strains evolve towards higher levels of virulence. This study, which is a point assessment of the virulence and drug resistance potential of wild birds, confirms the importance of taking wild birds as a reservoir of strains that pose a growing threat to humans. The E. coli analyzed in our study derive from different phylogenetic groups and possess an arsenal of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors that contribute to their ability to cause diseases.
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Abd-Elmonsef MME, Maxwell SY. Class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Tanta University Hospitals, Egypt. J Chemother 2022; 34:241-246. [PMID: 35100950 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2031468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become a significant health threat, as it has developed resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs. In this study, we aimed to identify class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in clinical P. aeruginosa isolates for the first time in Egypt, and detect their relationship with antibiotic resistance. A total of 192 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were gathered from Tanta University Hospitals. One hundred and thirteen isolates (58.9%) were multidrug- resistant, and 38 isolates (19.8%) were resistant to all drugs tested. Class 1 integrons were detected in 87 isolates (45.3%), while class 2 and 3 integrons were not detected. This is the first report of a profile of integrons in P. aeruginosa from Egypt. The detection of only class 1 integrons in our isolates suggests that other genetic elements may be responsible for the distribution of antibiotic resistance in our setting. Aztreonam and colistin were the drugs of choice for the treatment of infections with P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Youssef Maxwell
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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12
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Ejaz H. Analysis of diverse β-lactamases presenting high-level resistance in association with OmpK35 and OmpK36 porins in ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3440-3447. [PMID: 35844436 PMCID: PMC9280233 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae due to the production of β-lactamases and porin loss is a substantial worldwide concern. This study aimed to elucidate the role of outer membrane porin (OMP) loss, AmpC, and carbapenemases among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae strains with XDR phenotype. This study analyzed 79 K. pneumoniae from several clinical sources and detected ESBLs in 29 strains co-harbored with other β-lactamases using standard microbiological practices and phenotypic procedures. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against several antibiotics using Microscan WalkAway plus. OMP analysis was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase genes were detected using molecular methods. The microbiological analysis discovered 29 (36.7%) ESBL strains of K. pneumoniae, which showed the co-existence of 7 (24.1%) AmpC β-lactamases and 22 (75.9%) carbapenemases. Porin loss of OmpK35 was observed in 13 (44.8%) and OmpK36 in 8 (27.5%) K. pneumoniae strains. The strains were significantly associated with the intensive care unit (ICU) (p = 0.006) and urinary sources (p = 0.004). The most commonly detected gene variants in each β-lactamase class included 16 (55.2%) blaCTX-M−1, 7 (100%) blaCYM-2, 11 (50%) blaNDM-1, and integron-1 was detected in 21/29 (72.4%) strains. MICs of cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, carbapenem, aminoglycoside, and β-lactam combinations demonstrated a high number of XDR strains. Tigecycline (2 µg/mL MIC50 and >32 µg/mL MIC90) and colistin (1 µg/mL MIC50 and 8 µg/mL MIC90) presented lower resistance. ESBL K. pneumoniae strains with OmpK35 and OmpK36 porin loss demonstrate conglomerate resistance mechanisms with AmpC and carbapenemases, leading to emerging XDR and pan drug resistance.
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Maclean K, Njamo FOJP, Serepa-dlamini MH, Kondiah K, Green E. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Professional SCUBA Divers with Otitis Externa, Swimming Pools and the Ocean at a Diving Operation in South Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:91. [PMID: 35056039 PMCID: PMC8777857 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SCUBA divers are predisposed to otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is becoming increasingly multi-drug resistant (MDR). The present work assessed the antibiotic resistance profiles of P. aeruginosa obtained from SCUBA divers and their environment in Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Bacterial isolates from a total of 137 random water and ear swab samples were identified using biochemical and molecular methods. P. aeruginosa strains were further evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby–Bauer assay. Double disk synergy test (DDST) to confirm metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production and PCR amplification of specific antibiotic resistance genes was performed. All (100%) 22 P. aeruginosa isolates recovered were resistant to 6 of the β-lactams tested including imipenem but exhibited susceptibility to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. MBL production was observed in 77% of isolates while the most prevalent extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes present included blaAmpC (86.9%) followed by blaTEM (82.6%). Sulfonamide resistance was largely encoded by sul1 (63.6%) and sul2 (77.3%) genes with a high abundance of class 1 integrons (77.3%) of which 18.2% carried both Intl1 and Intl2. P. aeruginosa found in Sodwana Bay exhibits multi-drug resistance (MDRce) to several pharmaceutically important drugs with the potential to transfer antibiotic resistance to other bacteria if the judicious use of antibiotics for their treatment is not practiced.
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Gonçalves D, Cecílio P, Faustino A, Iglesias C, Branca F, Estrada A, Ferreira H. Intra- and Extra-Hospital Dissemination of IMP-22-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Northern Portugal: The Breach of the Hospital Frontier Toward the Community. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:777054. [PMID: 34970236 PMCID: PMC8713047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infections (and colonization) with Enterobacteriaceae-producing carbapenemases is a threatening public health problem. In the last decades, we watched an isolated case becoming a brutal outbreak, a sporadic description becoming an endemic problem. The present study aims to highlight the dissemination of IMP-22-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the North of Portugal, through the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of isolates collected from hospitalized patients (n=5) and out-patients of the emergency ward of the same acute care hospital (n=2), and isolates responsible for the intestinal colonization of residents in a Long-Term Care Facility (n=4). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results, associated with conjugation experiments pointed to a pattern of both vertical and horizontal dissemination. Overall, and complementing other studies that give relevance to IMP-22-producing K. pneumoniae in the clinical settings, here we show for the first time the public health threatening breach of the hospital frontier of this resistance threat, toward the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gonçalves
- Microbiology Laboratory - Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, REQUIMTE, Porto, Portugal.,ISAVE - Instituto Superior de Saúde, Amares, Portugal.,CICS - Interdisciplinary Centre in Health Sciences, Amares, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cecílio
- Microbiology Laboratory - Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carmen Iglesias
- Clinical Pathology Service - Braga Hospital, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Branca
- Clinical Pathology Service - Braga Hospital, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Helena Ferreira
- Microbiology Laboratory - Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, REQUIMTE, Porto, Portugal
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Tudu R, Banerjee J, Habib M, Bandyopadhyay S, Biswas S, Kesh SS, Maity A, Batabyal S, Polley S. Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from dogs suffering from diarrhea in and around Kolkata. Iran J Vet Res 2022; 23:237-246. [PMID: 36425605 PMCID: PMC9681975 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2022.42543.6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are the favorite companion animals among humans. The close interaction between dogs and people increases the risk of antibiotic resistance spreading. Surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and the identification of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli as an indicator bacterium is an important tool for managing antimicrobial drug therapy. AIMS The present study targeted to identify and characterize ESBL-producing E. coli among dogs suffering from diarrhea in and around Kolkata. METHODS Isolation and identification of E. coli from dogs suffering from diarrhea (n=70) along with screening for the production of both ESBL and AmpC. The isolates were further characterized through antimicrobial resistance profiling, resistance genes (bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and bla SHV) screening, and phylogenetic group study. RESULTS Among the 70 isolates, 21 (30%) were confirmed ESBL producers. An antibiogram typing of ESBL-producing E. coli revealed that the majority of them were resistant to norfloxacin (85.7%) followed by tetracycline (61.90%), doxycycline (57.14%), piperacillin/tazobactam (52.38%), cotrimoxazole (47.62%), gentamicin (42.62%), amikacin (23.81%), and chloramphenicol (19.05%). Major resistance genes included bla CTX-M (100%), bla TEM (28.57%), and bla SHV (9.50%). The predominant phylogenetic groups were phylogroup A (76%) followed by phylogroup D (24%). CONCLUSION The current investigation reported a high prevalence of both ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC) producing E. coli, co-resistance to a distinct group of antibiotics, and co-existence of different ESBL genes in dogs. Our findings highlight the importance of diagnostic antimicrobial susceptibility testing for proper antimicrobial therapy and to prevent antimicrobial resistance from spreading to humans from dogs in Kolkata and the surrounding area.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tudu
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - J Banerjee
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Habib
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - S Bandyopadhyay
- Eastern Regional Station, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - S Biswas
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - S S Kesh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - A Maity
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - S Batabyal
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - S Polley
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
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Rameshkumar MR, Arunagirinathan N, Senthamilselvan B, Swathirajan CR, Solomon SS, Vignesh R, Balakrishnan P, Aljowaie RM, Almaary KS, Chen TW. Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase, AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing genes in gram-negative bacterial isolates from human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1881-1886. [PMID: 34810142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive decline of immune response in HIV patients makes them susceptible to frequent bacterial infections. High usage of antibiotics influences the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and worsens the clinical outcomes. In this study, the occurrence of drug-resistant genes in Gram-negative bacterial isolates from HIV patients in South India was analyzed. METHODS A total of 173 Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) isolates from HIV patients were screened for antibiotic susceptibility profile using the Kirby-Bauer diskdiffusion method. Positivity of drug-resistant genes was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS In this study, 72.8% of bacterial isolates were obtained from urine specimens, and Escherichia coli (47.4%) was the predominantly isolated bacterium. Overall, 87.3% and 83.2% of GNB were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime, respectively, 56.6% were resistant to cephamycin (cefoxitin) and 43% to carbapenem (imipenem) antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production was noted among 79.5% of GNB isolates, followed by AmpC (57.1%) and Metallo β-lactamases (37.3%). Molecular analysis revealed that ESBL genes such as blaTEM (94.1%), blaCTX-M (89.2%), and blaSHV (24.2%) were detected at higher levels among GNB isolates. Carbapenemase-producing genes such as blaOXA-48 (20%), blaOXA-23 (2.6%), and both blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 like genes (2.6%) and AmpC producing genes such as blaCIT (26.7%), blaDHA (3.6%), and blaACC (1.8%) were detected at low-level. CONCLUSIONS This study concludes that ESBL producing genes are detected at high level among gram-negative bacterial isolates from HIV patients in South India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Ragavan Rameshkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narasingam Arunagirinathan
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthamilselvan
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sunil Suhas Solomon
- HIV Clinic, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India; Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak (RCMP UniKL), Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Reem M Aljowaie
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Almaary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Clemente L, Leão C, Moura L, Albuquerque T, Amaro A. Prevalence and Characterization of ESBL/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli from Fresh Meat in Portugal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111333. [PMID: 34827270 PMCID: PMC8615096 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterize the extended-spectrum β-lactamases and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases (ESBL/PMAβ) among Escherichia coli producers isolated from beef, pork, and poultry meat collected at retail, in Portugal. A total of 638 meat samples were collected and inoculated on selective medium for the search of E. coli resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular assays targeting ESBL/AmpC, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) encoding genes. The highest frequency of E. coli non-wild type to 3rd generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones was observed in broiler meat (30.3% and 93.3%, respectively). Overall, a diversity of acquired resistance mechanisms, were detected: blaESBL [blaCTX-M-1 (n = 19), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 4), blaCTX-M-32 (n = 12), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 8), blaCTX-M-65 (n = 4), blaCTX-M-27 (n = 2), blaCTX-M-9 (n = 1), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 11), blaSHV-12 (n = 27), blaTEM-52 (n = 1)], blaPMAβ [blaCMY-2 (n = 8)], PMQR [qnrB (n = 27), qnrS (n = 21) and aac(6')-Ib-type (n = 4)] and PMCR [mcr-1 (n = 8)]. Our study highlights that consumers may be exposed through the food chain to multidrug-resistant E. coli carrying diverse plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes, posing a great hazard to food safety and a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurdes Clemente
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.L.); (L.M.); (T.A.); (A.A.)
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Célia Leão
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.L.); (L.M.); (T.A.); (A.A.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Laura Moura
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.L.); (L.M.); (T.A.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy Science, University of Lisbon, FFUL, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.L.); (L.M.); (T.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana Amaro
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.L.); (L.M.); (T.A.); (A.A.)
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Rakici E, Altunisik A, Sahin K, Ozgumus OB. Determination and molecular analysis of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from Pelophylax sp. in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:223-233. [PMID: 34570716 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and types of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from Pelophylax sp. Fifty-four frogs were collected from six provinces in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. In the cloacal swab cultures, bacteria from 160 different colonies were identified by biochemical tests, automated systems, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. The observed drug resistance rate was the highest to ampicillin and cefazolin, while the lowest against ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In the molecular assays, bla TEM (8 Citrobacter spp.), bla SHV (2 Escherichia coli, 1 Hafnia alvei, and a Serratia liquefaciens), tetA genes (E. coli and Klebsiella spp.) and a class 1 integron without any gene cassette (E. coli) were detected. Among the strains, no plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance [qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA and aac (6 ')-Ib-cr] was found. However, two of three quinolone-resistant Klebsiella strains showed the novel amino acid substitution in the gyrA gene resulting in Ser83Asp and Asp87Glu.The clonality between E. coli isolates was also examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. We consider that multidrug-resistant Gram-negative enteric bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of a cosmopolitan frog species might be a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erva Rakici
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53020 Rize, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Altunisik
- 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Kazim Sahin
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53020 Rize, Turkey
| | - Osman Birol Ozgumus
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53020 Rize, Turkey
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Fursova NK, Astashkin EI, Ershova ON, Aleksandrova IA, Savin IA, Novikova TS, Fedyukina GN, Kislichkina AA, Fursov MV, Kuzina ES, Biketov SF, Dyatlov IA. Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Causing Severe Infections in the Neuro-ICU. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080979. [PMID: 34439029 PMCID: PMC8389041 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was the identification of genetic lineages and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates associated with severe infections in the neuro-ICU. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined using the Vitek-2 instrument. AMR and virulence genes, sequence types (STs), and capsular types were identified by PCR. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on the Illumina MiSeq platform. It was shown that K. pneumoniae isolates of ST14K2, ST23K57, ST39K23, ST76K23, ST86K2, ST218K57, ST219KL125/114, ST268K20, and ST2674K47 caused severe systemic infections, including ST14K2, ST39K23, and ST268K20 that were associated with fatal incomes. Moreover, eight isolates of ST395K2 and ST307KL102/149/155 were associated with manifestations of vasculitis and microcirculation disorders. Another 12 K. pneumoniae isolates of ST395K2,KL39, ST307KL102/149/155, and ST147K14/64 were collected from patients without severe systemic infections. Major isolates (n = 38) were XDR and MDR. Beta-lactamase genes were identified: blaSHV (n = 41), blaCTX-M (n = 28), blaTEM (n = 21), blaOXA-48 (n = 21), blaNDM (n = 1), and blaKPC (n = 1). The prevalent virulence genes were wabG (n = 41), fimH (n = 41), allS (n = 41), and uge (n = 34), and rarer, detected only in the genomes of the isolates causing severe systemic infections-rmpA (n = 8), kfu (n = 6), iroN (n = 5), and iroD (n = 5) indicating high potential of the isolates for hypervirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda K. Fursova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia; (E.I.A.); (T.S.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Evgenii I. Astashkin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia; (E.I.A.); (T.S.N.)
| | - Olga N. Ershova
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery Named after Academician N.N. Burdenko, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (O.N.E.); (I.A.A.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Irina A. Aleksandrova
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery Named after Academician N.N. Burdenko, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (O.N.E.); (I.A.A.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Ivan A. Savin
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery Named after Academician N.N. Burdenko, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (O.N.E.); (I.A.A.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Tatiana S. Novikova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia; (E.I.A.); (T.S.N.)
| | - Galina N. Fedyukina
- Department of Immunobiochemistry of Pathogenic Microorganisms, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia; (G.N.F.); (S.F.B.)
| | - Angelina A. Kislichkina
- Department of Culture Collection, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia;
| | - Mikhail V. Fursov
- Department of Training and Improvement of Specialists, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia; (M.V.F.); (E.S.K.)
| | - Ekaterina S. Kuzina
- Department of Training and Improvement of Specialists, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia; (M.V.F.); (E.S.K.)
| | - Sergei F. Biketov
- Department of Immunobiochemistry of Pathogenic Microorganisms, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia; (G.N.F.); (S.F.B.)
| | - Ivan A. Dyatlov
- Department of Administration, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Territory “Kvartal A”, 142279 Obolensk, Russia;
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Ali GH, Yakout MA. Comparative Study of ESBL Production Among Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates from Pre- and Post-menopausal Women in Egypt. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3516-25. [PMID: 34283284 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is regarded one of the most frequent bacterial infections in women. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), as well as the degree of antimicrobial resistance among premenopausal (n = 44) and postmenopausal (n = 49) women suffering from uncomplicated UTI. Urinary samples (n = 93) collected from women with UTI were tested for their antimicrobial sensitivity and assessed for ESBL production by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Phenotypically, the presence of ESBL was observed in 64 isolates, while polymerase chain reaction detected ESBL-encoding genes in 57 isolates. The CTX-M gene was the most predominant (51.6%), followed by TEM (46.2%), and the SHV gene (17.2%). Surprisingly, all ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Egypt showing significant correlation between ESBL production, multidrug resistance and menopausal state in women. The results demonstrate alarming signal for the dissemination of ESBL genes among uropathogenic E. coli that are MDR in Egypt.
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Kanashenko ME, Mitzevich IP, Kartsev NN, Astashkin EI, Detusheva EV, Khramov MV, Svetoch EA, Fursova NK. A study of antibiotic and disinfectant susceptibility of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 66:242-247. [PMID: 33878247 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-4-242-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For the local health service, Elizabethkingia meningoseptica remains a relatively new and little-known pathogen, whereas in many countries of Europe, Asia and other continents it is considered as a potential causative agent of nosocomial infections, especially in premature infants and immunocompromised patients. An analysis of the literature data, as well as our results indicate that E. meningoseptica should be considered as a potential pathogen, which is characterized by a unique profile of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (AMP) and disinfectants. This article presents the results of a study of susceptibility to AMP and disinfectants of three isolates of E. meningoseptica, isolated during an investigation of an outbreak in one of the perinatal centers of the Russian Federation, where three cases of sepsis with a fatal outcome in premature infants caused by co-infection with Acinetobacter baumannii and E. meningoseptica were recorded between January and February 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Kanashenko
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
| | - I P Mitzevich
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
| | - N N Kartsev
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
| | - E I Astashkin
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
| | - E V Detusheva
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
| | - M V Khramov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
| | - E A Svetoch
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
| | - N K Fursova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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22
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Athanasakopoulou Z, Reinicke M, Diezel C, Sofia M, Chatzopoulos DC, Braun SD, Reissig A, Spyrou V, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Tsilipounidaki K, Giannakopoulos A, Petinaki E, Billinis C. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals in Greece. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:389. [PMID: 33916633 PMCID: PMC8067336 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of multidrug resistant, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is increasing worldwide. The present study aimed to provide an overview of the multidrug resistance phenotype and genotype of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates of livestock and wild bird origin in Greece. Nineteen phenotypically confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of cattle (n = 7), pigs (n = 11) and a Eurasian magpie that presented resistance to at least one class of non β-lactam antibiotics, were selected and genotypically characterized. A DNA-microarray based assay was used, which allows the detection of various genes associated with antimicrobial resistance. All isolates harbored blaCTX-M-1/15, while blaTEM was co-detected in 13 of them. The AmpC gene blaMIR was additionally detected in one strain. Resistance genes were also reported for aminoglycosides in all 19 isolates, for quinolones in 6, for sulfonamides in 17, for trimethoprim in 14, and for macrolides in 8. The intI1 and/or tnpISEcp1 genes, associated with mobile genetic elements, were identified in all but two isolates. This report describes the first detection of multidrug resistance genes among ESBL-producing E. coli strains retrieved from feces of cattle, pigs, and a wild bird in Greece, underlining their dissemination in diverse ecosystems and emphasizing the need for a One-Health approach when addressing the issue of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Martin Reinicke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marina Sofia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Sascha D. Braun
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Annett Reissig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut fuer Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultaet “Carl Gustav Carus”, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Efthymia Petinaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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23
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Yuan W, Zhang Y, Riaz L, Yang Q, Du B, Wang R. Multiple antibiotic resistance and DNA methylation in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from different environments. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123822. [PMID: 33254807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacteria with diverse resistance phenotypes and genotypes are ubiquitous in the environments that have become a global health concern. The role of DNA methylation in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among different environments is currently unclear. We recovered 646 Enterobacteriaceae (Eb) isolates from hospital, livestock manure, municipal wastewater-treatment plants, river sediment and soil for comprehensive analysis of resistance phenotypes, β-lactamase genes, integrons, integron-associated gene cassettes and the levels of DNA methylation. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that approximately 87.31 % isolates were multidrug resistant Eb. The β-lactamase genes were positively detected in 473 isolates with greater diversity in human or animal sourced Eb, while its prevalence was found to be highest in the Eb isolates from the natural environments. Forty-three gene cassettes (28 different types mediated by intI1) were detected in 53 (19.63 %) isolates, with greater diversity in Eb isolates from hospital and livestock manure. The multiple antibiotic resistance index of single strain was positively correlated with the 5-methylcytosine and showed a negative correlation with 6-methylademine. We conclude that the development of antibiotic resistance could possibly be coupled with DNA methylation, which might enhance the antimicrobial resistance and survival capacity of Eb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Luqman Riaz
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qingxiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Bingbing Du
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ruifei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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24
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Lundbäck IC, McDougall FK, Dann P, Slip DJ, Gray R, Power ML. Into the sea: Antimicrobial resistance determinants in the microbiota of little penguins (Eudyptula minor). Infect Genet Evol 2020; 88:104697. [PMID: 33370595 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial and aquatic birds have been proposed as sentinels for the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, but few species have been investigated specifically in the context of AMR in the marine ecosystem. This study contrasts the occurrence of class 1 integrons and associated antimicrobial resistance genes in wild and captive little penguins (Eudyptula minor), an Australian seabird with local population declines. PCR screening of faecal samples (n = 448) revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of class 1 integrons in wild and captive groups, 3.2% and 44.7% respectively, with genes that confer resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim and multidrug efflux pumps detected. Class 1 integrons were not detected in two clinically relevant bacterial species, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli, isolated from penguin faeces. The presence of class 1 integrons in the little penguin supports the use of marine birds as sentinels of AMR in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida C Lundbäck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona K McDougall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Dann
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Slip
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Taronga Conservation Society, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachael Gray
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Michelle L Power
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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25
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Ojemaye MO, Adefisoye MA, Okoh AI. Nanotechnology as a viable alternative for the removal of antimicrobial resistance determinants from discharged municipal effluents and associated watersheds: A review. J Environ Manage 2020; 275:111234. [PMID: 32866924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Effective and efficient utilization of antimicrobial drugs has been one of the important cornerstone of modern medicine. However, since antibiotics were first discovered by Alexander Fleming about a century ago, the time clock of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) started ticking somewhat leading to a global fear of a possible "post-antimicrobial era". Antibiotic resistance (AR) remains a serious challenge causing global outcry in both the clinical setting and the environment. The huge influence of municipal wastewater effluent discharges on the aquatic environment has made the niche a hotspot of research interest in the study of emergence and spread of AMR microbes and their resistance determinants/genes. The current review adopted a holistic approach in studying the proliferation of antibiotic resistance determinants (ARDs) as well as their impacts and fate in municipal wastewater effluents and the receiving aquatic environments. The various strategies deployed hitherto for the removal of resistance determinants in municipal effluents were carefully reviewed, while the potential for the use of nanotechnology as a viable alternative is explicitly explored. Also, highlighted in this review are the knowledge gaps to be filled in order to curtail the spread of AMR in aquatic environment and lastly, suggestions on the applicability of nanotechnology in eliminating AMR determinants in municipal wastewater treatment facilities are proffered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike O Ojemaye
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
| | - Martins A Adefisoye
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
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26
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Fayyazi A, Halaji M, Sadeghi A, Havaei SA. High frequency of integrons and efflux pump in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from Iranian kidney and non-kidney transplant patients. Gene Reports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Yakout MA, Ali GH. Multidrug Resistance in Integron Bearing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Alexandria University Hospitals, Egypt. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3897-3902. [PMID: 32975642 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is by far one of the most common Enterobacteriaceae associated with hospital-acquired infections. The dissemination of multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is causing difficulty to treat infections worldwide. Of additional concern, multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae acquires and transfers antibiotic resistance genes among other bacterial isolates. Integrons have the main role in the acquisition as well as dissemination of resistance genes. Accordingly we aimed to investigate the frequency of resistance genes sul1, sul2, tetA, tetB and aac (3) IIa, class one (int1 gene) and class two integrons(int2 gene) in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from four major hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt using Polymerase Chain Reaction. In addition we aimed to evaluate the association between multidrug resistance and presence of integrons in hospital-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae in our hospitals. To the best of our knowledge, there is little information about integrons and acquisition of multiple antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt. In this study 76 isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole /trimethoprim. Of these 38 isolates (50%) harbored both genes sul1 and sul2 genes. 42 isolates out of the 60 (70%) isolates that showed resistance to tetracycline were tetA or tetB positive. The prevalence of int1 gene among all isolates tested was 90%, while only one isolate harbored the int2 gene (1%). Our results were indicative of the high prevalence of multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae as well as integrons that were found to play an essential role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in our hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Atef Yakout
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Smouha, Mahmoudeya Canal, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt.
| | - Ghada Hani Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Smouha, Mahmoudeya Canal, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt
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28
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Xu L, Deng S, Wen W, Tang Y, Chen L, Li Y, Zhong G, Li J, Ting WJ, Fu B. Molecular typing, and integron and associated gene cassette analyses in Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1943-1952. [PMID: 32782503 PMCID: PMC7401295 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between drug resistance and class I, II and III integrons in Acinetobacter baumannii (ABA). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a tool used to analyze the homology among house-keeping gene clusters in ABA and ABA prevalence and further provides a theoretical basis for hospitals to control ABA infections. A total of 96 clinical isolates of non-repeating ABA were harvested, including 74 carbapenem-resistant ABA (CRABA) and 22 non-CRABA strains, and used for bacterial identification and drug susceptibility analysis. Variable regions were sequenced and analyzed. Then, 7 pairs of housekeeping genes were amplified and sequenced via MLST and sequence alignment was performed against the Pub MLST database to determine sequence types (STs) strains and construct different genotypic evolutionary diagrams. The detection rate of CRABA class I integrons was 13.51% (10/74); no class II and III integrons were detected. However, class I, II and III integrons were not detected in non-CRABA strains. The variable regions of 9 of 10 class I integrons were amplified and 10 gene cassettes including aacC1, aac1, aadDA1, aadA1a, aacA4, dfrA17, aadA5, aadA1, aadA22 and aadA23 were associated with drug resistance. The 96 ABA strains were divided into 21 STs: 74 CRABA strains containing 9 STs, primarily ST208 and ST1145 and 22 non-CRABA strains containing 18 STs, primarily ST1145. Class I integrons are a critical factor underlying drug resistance in ABA. CRABA and non-CRABA strains differ significantly; the former primarily contained ST208 and ST1145, and the latter contained ST1145. Most STs were concentrated in intensive care units (ICUs) and the department of Neurology, with the patients from the ICUs being the most susceptible to bacterial infection. In the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, ABA is potentially horizontally transmitted and MLST can be used for clinical ABA genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Shufei Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Linjuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Guoquan Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Jiehua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jen Ting
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Bishi Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
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Sütterlin S, Bray JE, Maiden MCJ, Tano E. Distribution of class 1 integrons in historic and contemporary collections of human pathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233315. [PMID: 32484827 PMCID: PMC7266292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrons play a major role in the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens, including Escherichia coli. This study describes the occurrence of class 1 integrons in human pathogenic E. coli, in three isolate collections involving three periods from the last 100 years (i) the Murray collection (n = 58 bacteria isolated from the 1910s to 1940s); (ii) the E. coli reference (ECOR) collection (n = 37 isolates mainly from the 1980s); and (iii) a recently assembled collection (n = 88 isolates obtained in 2016). High-quality whole genome sequences (WGSs) were available for all isolates. Integrons were detected in the WGSs with the program IntegronFinder and the results compared with three established methods: (i) polymerase chain reaction detection of the integrase gene; (ii) BLAST searching using draft genomes; and (iii) mapping of short reads. No integrons were found in any of the Murray Collection isolates; however, integrons were present in 3% of the isolates from ECOR collection, assembled in the 1980s, and 26% of the isolates from the 2010s. Similarly, antimicrobial resistance determinants were not present in the Murray Collection isolates, whereas they were present in 19% of the ECOR Collection isolates and in 55% of the isolates obtained in during the 2010s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sütterlin
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Women’s and Child’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - James E. Bray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eva Tano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Halaji M, Shahidi S, Atapour A, Ataei B, Feizi A, Havaei SA. Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Among Iranian Kidney Transplant Patients. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1429-1437. [PMID: 32523361 PMCID: PMC7237106 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s248572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and the presence of ESBLs among the uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from kidney transplant patients (KTP) and community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) using phenotypic and molecular methods. Materials and Methods A total of 111 pure cultures of UPEC isolates were collected from 65 and 46 of non-KTP and KTPs with UTIs. The pattern and ESBL production of the strains were evaluated. PCR reaction to detect the presence of bla SHV, bla TEM, and bla CTX-M genes was performed. Results The results revealed that most of UPEC isolates obtained from KTPs and control group were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (84.8% vs 46.2%), while carbapenems (100% sensitivity) were the most effective against UPEC isolates. ESBL-producing strains were significantly more frequent in KTPs compared with control group (43.5% vs 23.1%, P = 0.021). The molecular results revealed that 53.2% (59/111), 45% (50/111), and 5.4% (6/111) of isolates harbored bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and bla SHV genes, respectively. Of the genes investigated, bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes were significantly higher among KTP than the control group. Conclusion Our results showed a high proportion of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing isolates, which most of them harbor blaCTX-M. A significant high co-resistance to different classes of antibiotics was reported from ESBL-producing UPEC from KTPs, which remains a serious clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Halaji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Shahidi
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdolamir Atapour
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asghar Havaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Richter L, du Plessis EM, Duvenage S, Korsten L. Occurrence, Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum- and AmpC- β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From Selected Commercial Spinach Supply Chains in South Africa. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 32351477 PMCID: PMC7176360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) and/or AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in health care systems, the environment and fresh produce is a serious concern globally. Production practices, processing and subsequent consumption of contaminated raw fruit and vegetables represent a possible human transmission route. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in complete spinach supply chains and to characterize the isolated strains phenotypically (antimicrobial resistance profiles) and genotypically (ESBL/AmpC genetic determinants, detection of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons). Water, soil, fresh produce, and contact surface samples (n = 288) from two commercial spinach production systems were screened for ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae. In total, 14.58% (42/288) of the samples were found to be contaminated after selective enrichment, plating onto chromogenic media and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identity confirmation of presumptive ESBL/AmpC isolates. This included 15.28% (11/72) water and 12.12% (16/132) harvested- and processed spinach, while 25% (15/60) retail spinach samples were found to be contaminated with an increase in isolate abundance and diversity in both scenarios. Dominant species identified included Serratia fonticola (45.86%), Escherichia coli (20.83%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.75%). In total, 48 (81.36%) isolates were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae of which 98% showed a MDR phenotype. Genotypic characterization (PCR of ESBL/AmpC resistance genes and integrons) further revealed the domination of the CTX-M Group 1 ESBL type, followed by TEM and SHV; whilst the CIT-type was the only plasmid-mediated AmpC genetic determinant detected. Integrons were detected in 79.17% (n = 38) of the confirmed ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates, of which we highlight the high prevalence of class 3 integrons, detected in 72.92% (n = 35) of the isolates, mostly in S. fonticola. Class 2 integrons were not detected in this study. This is the first report on the prevalence of ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated throughout commercial spinach production systems harboring class 1 and/or class 3 integrons in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The results add to the global knowledge base regarding the prevalence and characteristics of ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in fresh vegetables and the agricultural environment required for future risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loandi Richter
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Erika M du Plessis
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stacey Duvenage
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, Bellville, South Africa
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Fursova NK, Astashkin EI, Gabrielyan NI, Novikova TS, Fedyukina GN, Kubanova MK, Esenova NM, Sharapchenko SO, Volozhantsev NV. Emergence of Five Genetic Lines ST395 NDM-1, ST13 OXA-48, ST3346 OXA-48, ST39 CTX-M-14, and Novel ST3551 OXA-48 of Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae in Russia. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:924-933. [PMID: 32155384 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The objective of this study was phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibacterial-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strains isolated in Moscow Transplantology Intensive Care Unit in 2017-2019. Results: Major strains among K. pneumoniae (n = 63) isolated from 30 patients were recognized as extensive drug-resistant (n = 55) pathogens, and remaining strains were recognized as multidrug-resistant (n = 8) pathogens. The beta-lactamase genes blaSHV-1,-2a,-11,-27,-67,-187 (n = 63), blaCTX-M-14,-15 (n = 61), blaTEM-1 (n = 54), blaOXA-48 (n = 52), and blaNDM-1 (n = 2), as well as class 1 integrons (n = 19) carried gene cassette arrays aacA4 (n = 2), dfrA1-orfC (n = 6), aadB-aadA1 (n = 9), dfrA15-aadA1 (n = 3), and dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 (n = 1) were identified in the strains. All strains carried four virulence genes: wabG, fimH, uge, and allS, but two strains had additionally kfu gene. Six known sequence types (STs) of K. pneumoniae ST395 (n = 44), ST377 (n = 3), ST307 (n = 4), ST13 (n = 2), ST39 (n = 2), ST3346 (n = 1), and a novel sequence-type ST3551 (n = 7) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ST3551 belonged to the cluster of clonal group CG147, and the remaining six STs to the another cluster consisting of four subgroups. The emergence of K. pneumoniae genetic lines carrying epidemiologically significant beta-lactamase genes ST395NDM-1, ST13OXA-48, ST3346OXA-48/CTX-M-14, ST3551OXA-48, and ST39CTX-M-14 was the first case of detection in Russia. Conclusion: The emergence of novel carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae genetic lines in Russia highlights the global negative tendency of multidrug-resistant pathogens spread in high-technological medical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda K Fursova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Evgeny I Astashkin
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Nina I Gabrielyan
- Academician V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Novikova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Galina N Fedyukina
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Madina Kh Kubanova
- Academician V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda M Esenova
- Academician V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia O Sharapchenko
- Academician V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
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Garcês A, Correia S, Silva V, Pereira JE, Amorim F, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance in Faecal Escherichia coli from European Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida teniotis) in Portugal. Acta Chiropterologica 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2019.21.2.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Garcês
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana Correia
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amorim
- CIBIO-InBIO – Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Agrarian Campus of Vairão, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Otero-Olarra JE, Curiel-Quesada E, Baltazar-Cruz J, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Pérez-Valdespino A. Low Cassette Variability in Class 2 and Class 1 Integrons of Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Environmental Samples. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:794-801. [PMID: 31990611 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrons are prokaryotic genetic elements known to carry and exchange antibiotic resistance gene cassettes through a site-specific recombinase called integrase. In this work, 107 Aeromonas isolates from environmental origin, including fish, water, and sediments, were investigated for the presence of integrons. Using specific primers for Class 1, 2 and 3 integrases, only Class 1 and Class 2 integrons were detected. Detection of Class 2 integrases and their associated variable regions required two rounds of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of the intI2 amplicons confirmed them as integrase-derived products. Class 1 integrons were detected in 26 out of 107 isolates. PCR amplification of the variable regions associated to these integrons revealed an outstanding homogeneity, 25 of them having variable regions with an identical dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 cassette array and one integron carrying only the dfrA16 cassette. To assess clone diversity, chromosomal DNA from isolates was subjected to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR), which discarded clonality in all instances. Class 2 integrons were surprisingly more prevalent than Class1 integrons, being detected in 60 out of 107 isolates. Forty-six of them showed a unique ERIC profile, while the remaining 14 strains displayed profiles that could be grouped in five different patterns. Cassette arrangements of all Class 2 variable regions were those described as the most prevalent (dfrA1-sat2-aadA1). A rather startling result of this work is the sensitivity to trimethoprim, streptomycin, and streptothricin of most strains, despite the presence of the cognate resistance genes. To know the integron distribution in environmental Aeromonas species, a phylogenetic reconstruction was done using rpoD/gyrB or rpoD/gyrA gene sequences. Isolates bearing these elements corresponded to Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas dhakensis, Aeromonas sanarellii, Aeromonas taiwanensis, Aeromonas media, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas jandaei, and Aeromonas sp. This work revealed an unusual high incidence of Class 2 integrons and a low variability of cassette arrangements in environmental Aeromonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Erick Otero-Olarra
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Everardo Curiel-Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Baltazar-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ma Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Pérez-Valdespino
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Karami P, Ghazalibina M, Khaledi A, Saburi E. Frequency of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates; a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Gene Reports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tayh G, Al Laham N, Ben Yahia H, Ben Sallem R, Elottol AE, Ben Slama K. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:4041801. [PMID: 31737661 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4041801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing organisms causing urinary tract infections are increasing in incidence and pose a major impendence to health-care facility, having limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing urinary tract infections in Gaza strip, Palestine, and to characterize β-lactamase types and associated resistance genes. Methods Eighty-five Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from urinary tract infections within three months in Gaza Strip hospitals. The characterization of β-lactamase genes and the genetic environments of CTX-M, the identification of associated resistance genes, and the presence and characterization of integrons were tested by PCR and sequencing. Results The occurrence rate of ESBL among tested isolates was 30 (35.3%), and among ESBL-positive isolates, blaCTX-M was the highest followed by blaTEM. ESBL-CTX-M-1 group was confirmed in 93.3%, and the remaining carried CTX-M-9 group. CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-27, and CTX-M-37 enzymes were demonstrated among the isolates with the majority (73%) being CTX-M-15. ISEcp-1 was demonstrated in 27 (90%, high incidence) of ESBL isolates. Class 1 integrons have been detected in higher rates (53.3%) in ESBL-positive isolates in comparison with non-ESBL isolates (6, 33.3%). Cassettes of integron-1 contain (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, and dfrA17) genes. The aac(6′)-Ib-cr gene was demonstrated in 36.7% of ESBL-positive isolates. Conclusions This study indicates that blaCTX-M-15 was the most prevalent β-lactamase in this region. Our study demonstrates for the first time in Palestine the identification of blaCTX-M-15 in P. rettgeri and S. liquefaciens, also blaCTX-M-37 in E. cloacae. The coexpression of multiple β-lactamase genes with aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qnr in the presence of ISEcp-1 and integrons in individual strains will increase the dissemination of highly resistant strains. ESBL producers were more resistant than non-ESBLs producers for almost all tested antibiotics.
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Akya A, Chegene Lorestani R, Rostamian M, Elahi A, Baakhshii S, Aliabadi M, Ghadiri K. The Relationship of Class I Integron Gene Cassettes and the Multidrug-Resistance in Extended -Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Isolates of Escherichia coli. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 2019; 7. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.87961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garcês A, Correia S, Amorim F, Pereira JE, Igrejas G, Poeta P. First report on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli from European free-tailed bats (Tadarida teniotis) in Portugal: A one-health approach of a hidden contamination problem. J Hazard Mater 2019; 370:219-224. [PMID: 29290482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli isolates from European free tailed-bats (Tadarida teniotis) in Portugal. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were recovered from 14 of 146 faecal samples (9.6%) and a total of 19 isolates were completely characterized. The more prevalent beta-lactamase genes detected were blaCTX-M-1 (57.9%) and blaCTX-M-3 (36.8%), followed by blaSHV (31.6%), blaTEM (21.1%), blaOXA (10.5%) and blaCTX-M-9 (10.5%). Among other associated resistance genes studied, tet(A) and tet(B) were predominant and fimA was the main virulence factor detected. Phylogroups D (47.4%) and A (31.6%) were the more prevalent, followed by group B2 (21.1%). Bats are reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance determinants and is important in further studies to identify the main sources of pollution in the environment, such as water or insects that may contain these multiresistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Garcês
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Susana Correia
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Amorim
- CIBIO-InBIO - Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; CEABN-InBIO, Centre for Applied Ecology 'Professor Baeta Neves', Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Adelowo OO, Idowu Osuntade A. Class 1 Integron, Sulfonamide and Florfenicol Resistance Genes in Bacteria from Three Unsanitary Landfills, Ibadan, Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.5799/jmid.537165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mobasseri G, Teh CSJ, Ooi PT, Tan SC, Thong KL. Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Swine Farms in Malaysia. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1087-1098. [PMID: 30844323 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with nosocomial infections has caused serious therapeutic challenges. The objectives of this study were to determine the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of K. pneumoniae strains isolated from Malaysian swine farms and the transferability of ESBL genes by plasmids. Results: A total of 50 K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 389 samples, which were collected from healthy and unhealthy pigs (swine rectum and oral cavities), healthy farmers (human rectum, urine, and nasal cavities), farm's environment, and animal feeds from seven Malaysian swine farms. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of these 50 K. pneumoniae strains showed that the majority (86%) were resistant to tetracycline, while 44% and 36% of these strains were MDR and ESBL producers, respectively. PCR and DNA sequencing of the amplicons showed the occurrence of blaTEM (15/18), blaSHV (15/18), blaCTX-M-1 group (7/18), and blaCTX-M-2 group (2/18), while only class 1 integron-encoded integrase was detected. Conjugation experiments and plasmid analysis indicated that the majority of the ESBL genes were plasmid encoded and the plasmids in 11 strains were conjugative. Genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and repetitive extragenic palindrome-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) showed that these 50 strains were genetically diverse with 44 pulsotypes and 43 REP-PCR subtypes. Conclusions: ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains showed high resistance to tetracycline as this antibiotic is used for prophylaxis and therapeutic purposes at the swine farms. The findings in this study have drawn attention to the issue of increasing MDR in animal husbandry and it should be taken seriously to prevent the spread and treatment failure due to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Mobasseri
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Shiang Chiet Tan
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Langata LM, Maingi JM, Musonye HA, Kiiru J, Nyamache AK. Antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from chicken droppings in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:22. [PMID: 30642404 PMCID: PMC6332563 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increase in antimicrobial resistance is a threat to health sector globally. Surveillance on the spread and emergence of antimicrobial resistance is therefore invertible. This study investigated prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli, molecularly characterized their antimicrobial resistance patterns and spread among resistant isolates from chicken droppings. RESULTS A total of 150 chicken households were selected randomly within Nairobi and fresh chicken droppings collected. Salmonella and Escherichia coli were isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility test carried out. Beta-lactamase genes and class 1 integrons were determined among amoxicillin resistant isolates. Isolates carrying TEM gene were further subjected to (GTG)5 PCR genotyping. Of the analysed samples, 57% and 12% contained Escherichia coli and Salmonella respectively. Most of the isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics with exemption of 53% of the isolates that were resistant to amoxicillin. The isolates were detected with TEM (46%), CTX-M (18%) resistance genes and class 1 integrons (25%). The study reveals presence of beta-lactamase genes and class 1 integrons across Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from droppings of reared chicken. Therefore, the wide distribution of chicken and their fecal waste is likely to increase development of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Mali Langata
- Department of Microbiology, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - John M Maingi
- Department of Microbiology, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Harry Asena Musonye
- Department of Microbiology, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - John Kiiru
- Centre of Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
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Moghadampour M, Salari-Jazi A, Faghri J. High rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae detected from hospital equipments in Iran. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2018; 65:529-538. [PMID: 30111161 DOI: 10.1556/030.65.2018.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, antibiogram, and related genes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) among hospital environment samples. A total of 250 samples were taken from different surfaces and medical devices of three hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. All samples were cultured and K. pneumoniae strains were identified by conventional microbiological methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram of isolates was performed by disk diffusion method and production of carbapenemases and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) was confirmed using modified Hodge test and E-test, respectively. Molecular detection of the related genes was carried out by PCR. Overall, 37 (14.8%) K. pneumoniae strains were isolated, of which 34 (91.9%) strains were resistant to carbapenems. Twenty-eight (82.4%) isolates were positive for carbapenemases and seven (20.6%) isolates were phenotypically MBL producers. The results of PCR showed that the prevalence of blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and class 1 integron among CRKP isolates was 70.6%, 52.9%, 2.9%, 100%, 82.4%, 55.9%, and 76.5%, respectively. However, blaKPC, blaGES, blaIMI, blaVIM, and class 2 integron were not detected in any of the isolates. This study showed that the environment of our hospitals is contaminated with CRKP and it emphasizes the importance of using standard methods for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moghadampour
- 1 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azhar Salari-Jazi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Faghri
- 1 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Adelowo OO, Helbig T, Knecht C, Reincke F, Mäusezahl I, Müller JA. High abundances of class 1 integrase and sulfonamide resistance genes, and characterisation of class 1 integron gene cassettes in four urban wetlands in Nigeria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208269. [PMID: 30496274 PMCID: PMC6264143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information about environmental contamination with antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in Sub-Saharan Africa, home to about 1 billion people. In this study we measured the abundance of three genes (sul1, sul2, and intI1) used as indicators of environmental contamination with ARGs in the sediments of four urban wetlands in southwestern Nigeria by qPCR. In addition, we characterised the variable regions of class 1 integrons in sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX/TRI)-resistant bacteria isolated from the wetlands by PCR and DNA sequencing. The indicator ARGs were present in all wetlands with mean absolute copy numbers/gram of sediment ranging between 4.7x106 and 1.2x108 for sul1, 1.1x107 and 1x108 for sul2, and 5.3x105 and 1.9x107 for intI1. The relative abundances (ARG/16S rRNA copy number) ranged from about 10-3 to 10-1. These levels of ARG contamination were similar to those previously reported for polluted environments in other parts of the world. The integrase genes intI1 and intI2 were detected in 72% and 11.4% SMX/TRI-resistant isolates, respectively. Five different cassette array types (dfrA7; aadA2; aadA1|dfrA1; acc(6')lb-cr|arr3|dfrA27; arr3|acc(6')lb-cr|dfrA27) were detected among 34 (59.6%) intI1-positive isolates. No gene cassettes were found in the nine intI2-positive isolates. These results show that African urban ecosystems impacted by anthropogenic activities are reservoirs of bacteria harbouring transferable ARG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Olufemi Adelowo
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Therese Helbig
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Microbiology Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Camila Knecht
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Instrumental & Environmental Technology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Reincke
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Mäusezahl
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen A. Müller
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Rameshkumar MR, Arunagirinathan N, Swathirajan CR, Vignesh R, Balakrishnan P, Solomon SS. Do the clonally different Escherichia coli isolates causing different infections in a HIV positive patient affect the selection of antibiotics for their treatment? Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:341-344. [PMID: 30425226 PMCID: PMC6251270 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_730_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Ragavan Rameshkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous); Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Narasingam Arunagirinathan
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous); Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | | | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India; Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Sunil Suhas Solomon
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Faghri J, Nouri S, Jalalifar S, Zalipoor M, Halaji M. Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility, class I and II integrons among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from hospitalized patients in Isfahan, Iran. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:806. [PMID: 30419962 PMCID: PMC6233361 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The role of integrons in the transfer of antibiotic resistance is one of the important issues, therefore, this study is aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance pattern and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in P. aeruginosa isolated. Results Out of 72 confirmed P. aeruginosa isolates, 50% were from ICU patients. Antibacterial susceptibility pattern showed that isolates were most resistant to ceftazidime (76.4%) and colistin was the most effective antibiotic (100%) and molecular analysis of class I and II integrons showed 55.5% and 29.1% of isolates were positive, respectively and the proportions of MDR isolates were significantly higher among integron-positive isolates with 73.6% compared to negative isolates with 22.9%. Our results showed that there was a correlation among class 1 and 2 integrons with MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. According to the importance of integrons in acquisition and dissemination of antibiotics resistance genes, the performance of antibiotic surveillance programs and investigating the role of integrons is recommended to control the spreading of antibiotics resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faghri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samereh Nouri
- Department of Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory of ALZAHRA Medical Center, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Zalipoor
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Halaji
- Students Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib St, Isfahan, Iran.
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Pérez-Etayo L, Berzosa M, González D, Vitas AI. Prevalence of Integrons and Insertion Sequences in ESBL-Producing E. coli Isolated from Different Sources in Navarra, Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E2308. [PMID: 30347800 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria among human and environmental sources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and patterns of integrons and insertion sequences of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from different sources in Navarra, northern Spain. A total of 150 isolates coming from food products, farms and feeds, aquatic environments, and humans (healthy people and hospital inpatients), were analyzed. PCRs were applied for the study of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons (intI1, intI2, and intI3), as well as for the determination of insertion sequences (IS26, ISEcp1, ISCR1, and IS903). Results show the wide presence and dissemination of intI1 (92%), while intI3 was not detected. It is remarkable, the prevalence of intI2 among food isolates, as well as the co-existence of class 1 and class 2 (8% of isolates). The majority of isolates have two or three IS elements, with the most common being IS26 (99.4%). The genetic pattern IS26⁻ISEcp1 (related with the pathogen clone ST131) was present in the 22% of isolates (including human isolates). In addition, the combination ISEcp1⁻IS26⁻IS903⁻ISCR1 was detected in 11 isolates being, to our knowledge, the first study that describes this genetic complex. Due to the wide variability observed, no relationship was determined among these mobile genetic elements and β-lactam resistance. More investigations regarding the genetic composition of these elements are needed to understand the role of multiple types of integrons and insertion sequences on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes among different environments.
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Silva I, Tacão M, Tavares RDS, Miranda R, Araújo S, Manaia CM, Henriques I. Fate of cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and ESBL-producers over a full-scale wastewater treatment process with UV disinfection. Sci Total Environ 2018; 639:1028-1037. [PMID: 29929272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by UV radiation is one of the most promising solutions to reduce the bacterial load and antibiotic resistance in the final effluents of urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTP). Our aim was to evaluate the fate of cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producers in a full-scale system that includes UV-C disinfection. Over treatment, the abundance of cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was reduced, with reductions of 1.9 log units after secondary treatment (STW samples) and 1.8 log following UV disinfection (UTW samples). These reductions, did not reflect the variations in the prevalence of cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, estimated to be of 3% in raw wastewater (RW), 18% in STW and 3% in UTW. A significant increase of cefotaxime-resistant bacterial counts (0.5 log; p < 0.05) was observed after 3 days of storage. In a total of 1799 cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 15% harboured blaCTX-M (n = 274), 11% blaTEM (n = 194) and 4% blaSHV (n = 72). While the ESBL gene prevalence decreased over treatment, the prevalence of the intI1 gene decreased after ST but slightly increased in UTW samples. The blaCTX-M-carriers were identified as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, mostly multi-drug resistant (90.5%) and carrying integrase genes (82.8%). The blaCTX-M gene variants (48 blaCTX-M-15, 9 blaCTX-M-32, 8 blaCTX-M-1, 5 blaCTX-M-27, and 2 blaCTX-M-14) were flanked by ISEcp1, ISEcp1/IS26, IS903 and ORF477 in 8 different arrangements. The IncF plasmid replicon type was highly prevalent among blaCTX-M-carrying Escherichia coli (74.5%) while IncR predominated among K. pneumoniae (54.5%). Our results confirmed the potential of UV-C disinfection to remove antibiotic resistant bacteria. Still, resistant Enterobacteriaceae (about 30 × 106 cells per m3 of water), presenting traits that might potentiate antibiotic resistance spread, are released in the final effluent. In addition, a significant regrowth was observed after storage. These results suggest that improvements of wastewater disinfection are still required to minimize the risks associated with UWTP discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Silva
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Tacão
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rafael D S Tavares
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Miranda
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Araújo
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Célia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Phoon HY, Hussin H, Hussain BM, Thong KL. Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase- and Carbapenemase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains from a Malaysian Tertiary Hospital. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1108-1116. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Y.P. Phoon
- Pathology Department, Ampang Hospital, Ampang, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Alves TDS, Lara GHB, Maluta RP, Ribeiro MG, Leite DDS. Carrier flies of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli as potential dissemination agent in dairy farm environment. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:1345-1351. [PMID: 29758886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of synanthropic flies and their behavior, allows them to serve as mechanical vectors of several pathogens. Given that flies can carry multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, this study aimed to investigate the spread of genes of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from flies collected in two dairy farms in Brazil. Besides antimicrobial resistance determinants, the presence of virulence genes related to bovine colibacillosis was also assessed. Of 94 flies collected, Musca domestica was the most frequently found in the two farms. We isolated 198 E. coli strains (farm A=135 and farm B=63), and >30% were MDR E. coli. We found an association between blaTEM and phenotypical resistance to ampicillin, or chloramphenicol, or tetracycline; and blaCTX-M and resistance to cefoperazone. A high frequency (86%) of phylogenetic group B1 among MDR strains and the lack of association between multidrug resistance and virulence factors suggest that antimicrobial resistance possibly is associated with the commensal bacteria. Clonal relatedness of MDR E. coli performed by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis showed wide genomic diversity. Different flies can carry clones, but with distinct antimicrobial resistance pattern. Sanger sequencing showed that the same class 1 integron arrangement is displayed by apparently unrelated strains, carried by different flies. Our conjugation results indicate class 1 integron transfer associated with tetracycline resistance. We report for the first time, in Brazil, that MDR E. coli is carried by flies in the milking environment. Therefore, flies can act as carriers for MDR strains and contribute to dissemination routes of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taila Dos Santos Alves
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Postal address 6109, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Batista Lara
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Postal address 560, CEP 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Pariz Maluta
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Postal address 6109, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Postal address 560, CEP 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Domingos da Silva Leite
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Postal address 6109, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ebrahim-Saraie HS, Nezhad NZ, Heidari H, Motamedifar A, Motamedifar M. Detection of Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Integrons Among Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Producing Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates in Southwestern Iran. Oman Med J 2018; 33:218-223. [PMID: 29896329 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2018.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent infectious diseases and can lead to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of multiple-drug resistant strains, particularly extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing strains, has become a global healthcare concern. Our study sought to investigate the antimicrobial resistance pattern and presence of integrons and fimH determinants among uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates obtained from hospitalized Iranian patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 121 E. coli isolates recovered from patients with clinical symptoms of UTIs, referred to Shiraz Nemazee Hospital, in 2016-17. The isolates were identified by standard microbiologic tests and confirmed by API 20E strip. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined using the disk diffusion method. The presence of fimH and classes 1-3 integron encoding genes was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. Results Ampicillin (9.1%) and nalidixic acid (19.0%) showed the lowest level of antibiotic susceptibility. The highest level of susceptibility was toward imipenem (77.7%). The rate of ESBL-producing isolates was 42.1%. There was a significant association between production of ESBLs and higher antibiotic resistance in the tested isolates. Of the investigated virulence and resistance genes, fimH, intI1, and intI2 were positive in 98.3%, 59.5%, and 7.4% of isolates, respectively. Conclusions The remarkable rate of ESBL-producing UPEC isolates accompanied with the presence of integrons suggest the necessity of restricted infection control policies to prevent further dissemination of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Sedigh Ebrahim-Saraie
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Heidari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ashkan Motamedifar
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Motamedifar
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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