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Tipper HJ, Stanton IC, Payne RA, Read DS, Singer AC. Do storm overflows influence AMR in the environment and is this relevant to human health? A UK perspective on a global issue. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121952. [PMID: 38906083 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, and the environment has been identified as an important reservoir for resistant microorganisms and genes. Storm overflows (SOs) discharge wastewater and stormwater, and are found throughout many wastewater networks. While there are no data currently showing the impact of SOs on the environment with respect to AMR in the UK, there is a small but growing body of evidence globally highlighting the potential role of SOs on environmental AMR. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of SOs, describe global data investigating the impact of SOs on environmental AMR, and discuss the implications of SOs regarding AMR and human health. In addition, the complexities of studying the effects of SOs are discussed and a set of priority research questions and policy interventions to tackle a potentially emerging threat to public health are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J Tipper
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, England.
| | - Isobel C Stanton
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, England
| | - Rachel A Payne
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, England
| | - Daniel S Read
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, England
| | - Andrew C Singer
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, England
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2
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Tettey R, Egyir B, Tettey P, Arko-Mensah J, Addo SO, Owusu-Nyantakyi C, Boateng W, Fobil J. Genomic analysis of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from Urban Environmental water sources in Accra, Ghana, Provides Insights into public health implications. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301531. [PMID: 38787855 PMCID: PMC11125565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater discharge into the environment in resource-poor countries poses a threat to public health. Studies in this area within these countries are limited, and the use of high-throughput whole-genome sequencing technologies is lacking. Therefore, understanding of environmental impacts is inadequate. The present study investigated the antibiotic resistance profiles and diversity of beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli strains isolated from environmental water sources in Accra, Ghana. Microbiological analyses were conducted on wastewater samples from three hospitals, a sewage and wastewater treatment plant, and water samples from two urban surface water bodies. Confirmed isolates (N = 57) were selected for phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles. Multi-drug-resistant isolates (n = 25) were genome sequenced using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology and screened for sequence types, antibiotic resistance, virulence and beta-lactamase genes, and mobile genetic elements. Isolates were frequently resistant to ampicillin (63%), meropenem (47%), azithromycin (46%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (42%). Twenty different sequence types (STs) were identified, including clinically relevant ones such as ST167 and ST21. Five isolates were assigned to novel STs: ST14531 (n = 2), ST14536, ST14537, and ST14538. The isolates belonged to phylogroups A (52%), B1 (44%), and B2 (4%) and carried β-lactamase (TEM-1B, TEM-1C, CTX-M-15, and blaDHA-1) and carbapenemase (OXA-1, OXA-181) resistance genes. Dominant plasmid replicons included Col440I (10.2%) and IncFIB (AP001918) (6.8%). Polluted urban environments in Accra are reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a substantial public health risk. The findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions to mitigate the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tettey
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Beverly Egyir
- West African Center for Global Environmental & Occupational Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prudence Tettey
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West African Center for Global Environmental & Occupational Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Ofori Addo
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian Owusu-Nyantakyi
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Boateng
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julius Fobil
- West African Center for Global Environmental & Occupational Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Pozzi ACM, Petit S, Marjolet L, Youenou B, Lagouy M, Namour P, Schmitt L, Navratil O, Breil P, Branger F, Cournoyer B. Ecological assessment of combined sewer overflow management practices through the analysis of benthic and hyporheic sediment bacterial assemblages from an intermittent stream. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167854. [PMID: 37848137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Combined sewer overflows (CSO) are used to avoid overloading unitary sewers and wastewater treatment plants. Following the European Council Directive on Urban Wastewater Treatment (UWT), CSO discharges are regulated using guidelines that aim to reduce their ecological impact on aquatic systems. A model CSO, which is part of a long-term experimental field observatory, was modified according to these guidelines and used to evaluate the benefits of compliance through analyses of the bacteriological and chemical states of the receiving intermittent stream. The benthic and hyporheic sediments of similar geomorphic units located upstream and downstream of a monitored CSO outlet were compared before and after changes in CSO regimes. Hydrological, pollutants (Metal Trace Elements, MTE; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAH; fecal indicator bacteria, FIB), and tpm-based DNA meta-barcoding datasets resolving the occurrences of >700 bacterial species of nearly 200 genera were studied. The frequency of overflow was confirmed to have significantly decreased following the application of the UWT guidelines. Overflows became almost limited to periods of heavy summer thunderstorm events. These changes were not associated with a significant decrease in most of the surveyed MTE, PAH, and FIB among stream sediments, except for chromium. Ecological benefits were highlighted by significant changes in tpm-based meta-barcoding community patterns between the UWT compliant sampling period and the previous one. Bacterial community change point analyses confirmed this segregation in the meta-barcoding dataset according to hydrological indices such as the number of CSO events and discharged volumes. A significant decline in CSO bacterial taxa in the benthic and hyporheic sediments was observed. Thirty-four CSO indicator species were identified, including Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas media, and Pseudomonas oleovorans. These indicators, often documented as opportunistic pathogens (to humans, animals or plants) and/or pollutant degraders, were proposed as ecological sentinels for the assessment of CSO impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien C M Pozzi
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | - Stéphanie Petit
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Laurence Marjolet
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Benjamin Youenou
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Mickaël Lagouy
- UR RiverLy, INRAE Centre Lyon-Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Namour
- UR RiverLy, INRAE Centre Lyon-Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7362 Unistra-CNRS-ENGEES, Faculté de Géographie et d'Aménagement, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Oldrich Navratil
- UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société, Université Lyon 2, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Breil
- UR RiverLy, INRAE Centre Lyon-Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Flora Branger
- UR RiverLy, INRAE Centre Lyon-Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Benoit Cournoyer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
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Ishaq S, Sadiq R, Chhipi-Shrestha G, Farooq S, Hewage K. Developing an Integrated "Regression-QMRA method" to Predict Public Health Risks of Low Impact Developments (LIDs) for Improved Planning. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:633-649. [PMID: 35543727 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide Low Impact Developments (LIDs) are used for sustainable stormwater management; however, both the stormwater and LIDs carry microbial pathogens. The widespread development of LIDs is likely to increase human exposure to pathogens and risk of infection, leading to unexpected disease outbreaks in urban communities. The risk of infection from exposure to LIDs has been assessed via Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) during the operation of these infrastructures; no effort is made to evaluate these risks during the planning phase of LID treatment train in urban communities. We developed a new integrated "Regression-QMRA method" by examining the relationship between pathogens' concentration and environmental variables. Applying of this methodology to a planned LID train shows that the predicted disease burden of diarrhea from Campylobacter is highest (i.e. 16.902 DALYs/1000 persons/yr) during landscape irrigation and playing on the LID train, followed by Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Norovirus. These results illustrate that the risk of microbial infection can be predicted during the planning phase of LID treatment train. These predictions are of great value to municipalities and decision-makers to make informed decisions and ensure risk-based planning of stormwater systems before their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ishaq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Shaukat Farooq
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kasun Hewage
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Poopipattana C, Suzuki M, Furumai H. Impact of long-duration CSO events under different tidal change conditions on distribution of microbial indicators and PPCPs in Sumida river estuary of Tokyo Bay, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:7212-7225. [PMID: 33029770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Sumida river estuary of Tokyo bay is often affected by fecal contamination from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). This study monitored the surface water quality from the upstream of the Sumida river to the estuary in October 2017, June 2018, and July 2018 after three long-duration rainfall events. Several types of sewage markers, including fecal bacteria and two types of bacteriophages as microbial markers, and five pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as chemical markers were used to evaluate fecal contamination. CSO discharge was estimated separately from pumping stations and overflow chambers. The dominant contribution from overflow chambers was estimated to be as high as 86 - 91% of total discharge volume indicating their significance in controlling CSO pollution. High concentrations of sewage marker were observed in a wide area due to CSO discharge of more than 30 h in all 3 events. Escherichia coli was found to be as high as 4.00 - 4.57 log10 (CFU/100 mL). Meanwhile, caffeine showed the highest concentration of 2105 ng/L among PPCPs. It was found to be a useful indicator of recent contamination that captured a unique spatial distribution tendency. On the other hand, crotamiton, a conservative PPCP, was found to be highly diluted and might not be appropriate for tracking pollutants under heavy rainfall events. The effect of CSO discharge pattern and tidal change on the distribution of sewage markers, including dispersion degree and pollutants travel time, was described. CSO pollutants were found to accumulate in the river mouth areas during high tide before being discharged into the estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chomphunut Poopipattana
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Motoaki Suzuki
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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6
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Wu T, Liu Z, Zhu D, Chen Y. Effect of the particle size and surface area on Escherichia coli attachment to mineral particles in fresh water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1219-1226. [PMID: 31230514 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1632625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the particle size and specific surface area (SSA) on the attachment of Escherichia coli to sediment particles. To exclude the effect of different sediment mineral compositions, pure minerals were used, and three typical suspended sediment (<62 μm) components, quartz, K-feldspar and calcite, were separated into four groups with different grain size distributions. Equilibrium attachment experiments covering common E. coli concentrations in surface water were conducted for each group. The results show that the finer fractions of each pure mineral had the greatest attachment capacity. Different mineral properties were measured, as well as an author-defined parameter (SSA_a), which was calculated by integrating the particle size distribution and only reflected the microscopic surface areas accessible to E. coli cells (∼1 μm) while excluding the effects of nanoscopic pores (5-10 nm). Pearson correlation and partial correlation analyses suggested that the partition coefficient (Kd) was positively correlated with the clay content (CC) and SSA_a (P < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis suggested that SSA_a was the dominant factor (P < 0.01) and was a better explanatory variable than CC. Moreover, in addition to SSA_a, the zeta potential and SSA also partially explained the results (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhongxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Dejun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Yongcan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
- Southwest University of Science and Technology , 59 Qinglong Road , Mianyang , Sichuan , China
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7
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Study on the Attachment of Escherichia coli to Sediment Particles at a Single-Cell Level: The Effect of Particle Size. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The attachment of bacteria to sediment particles has a significant impact on the level of bacterial contamination in water. In this work, the attachment of Escherichia coli to particles was investigated with emphasis on the effect of particle size. To exclude the impact of other facts, e.g., the irregularity of particles, we used regular spherical glass particles in addition to natural sediment particles. Both types of particles are mainly composed of SiO2 and are similar in density. Through a bacterial tracking method together with microfluidic techniques, the attachment of single Escherichia coli cells on the particles was observed. The results showed that only a small portion of the cells that approach the particles remain attached and that the attachment probability per approach increases with surface area for both sediment and glass particles within the size range (8–62 μm) examined in this study. Therefore, finer sediments with more surface area have a higher E. coli attachment capacity. The attachment probability is higher on sediment particles than on glass microspheres of equivalent size, indicating preferential attachment of E. coli to sediment particles. The partition coefficient of the commonly used linear partition model was calculated based on microscopic measurements and the obtained relation of the partition coefficient with attachment probability and particle size was validated with data from the published literature.
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O'Mullan GD, Juhl AR, Reichert R, Schneider E, Martinez N. Patterns of sediment-associated fecal indicator bacteria in an urban estuary: Benthic-pelagic coupling and implications for shoreline water quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1168-1177. [PMID: 30625648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine and coastal waterways are commonly monitored for fecal and sewage contamination to protect recreator health and ecosystem functions. Such monitoring programs commonly rely on cultivation-based counts of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in water column samples. Recent studies demonstrate that sediments and beach sands can be heavily colonized by FIB, and that settling and resuspension of colonized particles may significantly influence the distribution of FIB in the water column. However, measurements of sediment FIB are rarely incorporated into monitoring programs, and geographic surveys of sediment FIB are uncommon. In this study, the distribution of FIB and the extent of benthic-pelagic FIB coupling were examined in the urbanized, lower Hudson River Estuary. Using cultivation-based enumeration, two commonly-measured FIB, enterococci and Escherichia coli, were widely distributed in both sediment and water, and were positively correlated with each other. The taxonomic identity of FIB isolates from water and sediment was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The geometric mean of FIB concentration in sediment was correlated with both the geometric mean of FIB in water samples from the same locations and with sediment organic carbon. These two positive associations likely reflect water as the FIB source for underlying sediments, and longer FIB persistence in the sediments compared to the water, respectively. The relative representation of other fecal associated bacterial genera in sediment, determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, increased with the sequence representation of the two FIB, supporting the value of these FIB for assessing sediment contamination. Experimental resuspension of sediment increased shoreline water column FIB concentrations, which may explain why shoreline water samples had higher average FIB concentrations than samples collected nearby but further from shore. In combination, these results demonstrate extensive benthic-pelagic coupling of FIB in an urbanized estuary and highlight the importance of sediment FIB distribution and ecology when interpreting water quality monitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D O'Mullan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queen College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | - Andrew R Juhl
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Roman Reichert
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queen College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Erin Schneider
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queen College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Natalia Martinez
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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Abstract
In this paper, a study of the potential causes of the occurrence of high concentration of Enterococcus Faecalis in surface water within urban areas in dry-weather conditions (DWCs) is presented. Two hypotheses were formulated: (1) undersized sewer system; and (2) groundwater infiltration into damaged sewer pipes. In both cases, more frequent combined sewer overflows (CSOs) may occur discharging untreated sewage into surface water. To evaluate the first hypothesis, a hydraulic model of a sewer was developed assuming a water-tight system. The simulation results show that CSOs never occur in DWCs but a rain event of intensity equal to 1/3 of one-year return period may trigger them. To evaluate the second hypothesis, a model combining sewer failure with groundwater level was developed to identify the sections of damaged sewer below the water table and, therefore, potentially affected by infiltration. The risk of infiltration exceeds 50% in almost half of the entire network even at the lowest calculated water table. Considering 50% of infiltration distributed throughout that part of the network, CSOs can occur also in DWCs.
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Stocker MD, Penrose M, Pachepsky YA. Spatial Patterns of Escherichia coli Concentrations in Sediment before and after High-Flow Events in a First-Order Creek. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:958-966. [PMID: 30272771 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.11.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding spatial patterns of in freshwater sediments is necessary to characterize sediments as microbial reservoirs and to evaluate the impact of sediment resuspension on microbial water quality in watersheds. Sediment particle size distributions and streambed concentrations were measured along a 500-m-long reach of a first-order creek 1 d before and on Days 1, 3, 6, and 10 after each of two artificial high-flow events, with natural high-flow events also occurring within the sampling periods. Spatial variability of was greater in sediments than in water within any given sampling; however, variation between sampling days was greater for water than for sediment. The mean relative difference analysis revealed temporally stable patterns of concentrations in sediments. rich locations along the reach corresponded to areas with higher organic matter and fine particle contents. Although low ( < 0.5 d) or negative survival rates were observed at most locations along the reach during times where no precipitation was recorded, a small number of locations showed such large concentration increase that on average the survival rate remained positive at the reach scale. The studied creek appears to have hot spots of concentration increase, where conditions for populations to increase are much more favorable than in most other locations across the reach. The effect of this increase can be seen at the reach scale but is difficult to discern without individual sampling that is dense in space and time.
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Ekwanzala MD, Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Keshri J, Momba NBM. Genetic relatedness of faecal coliforms and enterococci bacteria isolated from water and sediments of the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa. AMB Express 2017; 7:20. [PMID: 28063147 PMCID: PMC5218955 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the microbiological quality of river sediments and its impact on water resources are not included in the water quality monitoring assessment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish genetic relatedness between faecal coliforms and enterococci isolated from the river water and riverbed sediments of Apies River to better understand the genetic similarity of microorganisms between the sediment and water phases. Indicator bacteria were subjected to a molecular study, which consisted of PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene using specific primers for faecal coliforms and enterococci, respectively. Results revealed that the Apies River had high faecal pollution levels with enterococci showing low to moderate correlation coefficient (r2 values ranged from 0.2605 to 0.7499) compared to the faecal coliforms which showed zero to low correlation (r2 values ranged from 0.0027 to 0.1407) indicating that enterococci may be better indicator than faecal coliforms for detecting faecal contamination in riverbed sediments. The phylogenetic tree of faecal coliforms revealed a 98% homology among their nucleotide sequences confirming the close genetic relatedness between river water and riverbed sediment isolates. The phylogenetic tree of the enterococci showed that Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the predominant species found in both river water and riverbed sediments with bootstrap values of ≥99%. A high degree of genetic relatedness between sediment and water isolates indicated a possible common ancestry and transmission pathway. We recommend the microbial monitoring of riverbed sediments as it harbours more diverse microbial community and once resuspended may cause health and environmental problems.
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UV Disinfection of Wastewater and Combined Sewer Overflows. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:267-275. [PMID: 29124707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater contains bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that adversely affect the environment, human health, and economic activity. One way to mitigate these effects is a final disinfection step using ultraviolet light (UVL). The advantages of UVL disinfection, when compared to the more traditional chlorine, include no chlorinated by-products, no chemical residual, and relatively compact size. The design of most UV reactors is complex. It involves lamp selection, power supply design, optics, and hydraulics. In general, medium pressure lamps are more compact, powerful, and emit over a wider range of light than the more traditional low pressure lamps. Low pressure lamps, however, may be electrically more efficient. In UV disinfection, the fraction of surviving organisms (e.g. E. coli) will decrease exponentially with increasing UV dose. However, the level of disinfection that can be achieved is often limited by particle-associated organisms. Efforts to remove or reduce the effects of wastewater particles will often improve UV disinfection effectiveness. Regrowth, photoreactivation, or dark repair after UV exposure are sometimes cited as disadvantages of UV disinfection. Research is continuing in this area, however there is little evidence that human pathogens can photoreactivate in environmental conditions, at doses used in wastewater treatment. The UV disinfection of combined sewer overflows, a form of wet weather pollution, is challenging and remains largely at the research phase. Pre-treatment of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) with a cationic polymer to induce fast settling, and a low dose of alum to increase UV transmittance, has shown promise at the bench scale.
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Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Momba MNB. Competitive Survival of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae in Riverbed Sediments. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:881-889. [PMID: 27193001 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the survival of bacterial enteric pathogens in riverbed sediments have mostly focused on individual organisms. Reports on the competitive survival of these pathogens in riverbed sediments under the same experimental setup are limited. We investigated the survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella dysenteriae in riverbed sediments of the Apies River. Experiments were performed in flow chambers containing three sediment types and connected to aquarium pumps immersed in river water to maintain continuous water circulation. Each chamber was inoculated with ~107 CFU/mL (final concentration) of each microorganism and kept at 4, 20 and 30 °C. Chambers were sampled on days 0, 1, 2, 7, 14 and 28. At 4 °C, only E. coli and S. typhimurium survived throughout the 28 experimental days. V. cholerae had the shortest survival time at this temperature and was not detected in any of the sediment chambers 24 h after inoculation. S. dysenteriae only survived until day 7. At an increased temperature of 20 °C, only S. dysenteriae was not detected on day 28 of the experiment. At 30 °C, V. cholerae and Salmonella survived longer (28 days) than E. coli (14 days) and S. dysenteriae (4 days). Vibrio cholerae was shown to have the highest T 90 values (32 days) in all sediment types at 20 and 30 °C. We conclude that the sediments of the Apies River present a favourable environment for the survival of indicator and pathogenic bacteria depending on the prevailing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akebe Luther King Abia
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Chooaksorn W, Nitisoravut R, Polprasert C, Babel S, Laohhasurayotin K, Kangwansupamonkon W. Enhancement of Cr(VI) Ion Removal Using Nanochitosan Coated on Bituminous Activated Carbon. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2016; 88:2150-2158. [PMID: 28661331 DOI: 10.2175/106143016x14733681695528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bituminous activated carbon (AC) has been widely used as a sorbent for adsorption of non-polar species, but its performance for removal of ionic species such as heavy metals has not been as efficient. In this study, AC was modified with chitosan nanoparticles (CN) using facile methods of dip coating and wet impregnation. The CN-coated AC demonstrated an increase in Cr(VI) removal efficiency in both kinetics and adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of the CN-coated AC (mg/g) was more than twice that of the uncoated AC (36.36 mg/g), or pure chitosan (32.57 mg/g). The sizes of the synthesized CN (160-2,000 nm) can be controlled by varying the concentration of the chitosan/reagents used. The adsorption isotherms are better described using the Freundlich rather than the Langmuir model and are in agreement with the heterogeneity of the surfaces. Adsorption kinetics followed that of the pseudo-second-order kinetics, suggesting chemisorption as a rate limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanida Chooaksorn
- School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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15
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Chidamba L, Korsten L. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from roof-harvested rainwater tanks and urban pigeon faeces as the likely source of contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:405. [PMID: 26045040 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the risks associated with the use of roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) and the implication of pigeons as the most likely source of contamination by testing for antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli. A total of 239 E. coli were isolated from thirty fresh pigeon faecal samples (130 isolates), 11 RHRW tanks from three sites in Pretoria (78) and two in Johannesburg (31). E. coli isolates were tested against a panel of 12 antibiotics which included ampicillin, amoxicillin, amikacin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. In all samples, resistance to ampicillin (22.7.9%), gentamicin (23.6%), amikacin (24%), tetracycline (17.4) and amoxicillin (16.9%) were the most frequently encountered form of resistance. However, a relatively higher proportion of isolates from pigeon faeces (67.3%) were antibiotic resistant than those from RHRW (53.3%). The highest number of phenotypes was observed for single antibiotics, and no single antibiotic resistance was observed for chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, cefoxitin, cotrimoxazole, although they were detected in multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes. The highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes were observed for a combination of four antibiotics, on isolates from JHB (18.8%), pigeon faeces (15.2%) and Pretoria (5.1%). The most abundant resistance phenotype to four antibiotics, Ak-Gm-Cip-T was dominated by isolates from pigeon faeces (6.8%) with Pretoria and Johannesburg isolates having low proportions of 1.3 and 3.1%, respectively. Future studies should target isolates from various environmental settings in which rainwater harvesting is practiced and the characterisation of the antibiotic resistance determinant genes among the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizyben Chidamba
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa,
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Brinkmeyer R, Amon RMW, Schwarz JR, Saxton T, Roberts D, Harrison S, Ellis N, Fox J, DiGuardi K, Hochman M, Duan S, Stein R, Elliott C. Distribution and persistence of Escherichia coli and Enterococci in stream bed and bank sediments from two urban streams in Houston, TX. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 502:650-658. [PMID: 25305326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine if Escherichia coli and enterococci in streambed and bank sediments from two urban bayous, Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou, in Houston, TX, USA are a significant source of the chronically high levels of these bacteria in the overlying water. The watersheds of the bayous lie within highly urbanized areas of Greater Houston and there is primary recreational contact with the public. Extensive sampling of the watersheds was conducted from 2008 to 2010. Both fecal indicator bacteria were found at ≥ 10(4)MPNgdry wt.(-1) concentrations in the upper 1cm of sediment cores with declines by orders of magnitude at 15 and 30 cm sediment horizons and in some cases 60 cm, but, nonetheless, indicating that they can remain viable even at depth. No interannual variation was observed. And, there was no correlation with percent organic matter, however there was moderate correlation (R(2)=0.12; p=0.001) of E. coli with sediment moisture. In sediments, most E. coli and enterococci in Buffalo Bayou (76%) and White Oak Bayou (87.5%) were associated with fine sand grains (60 to 250 μm). In the water column, E. coli was associated, in roughly equal percentages, with particle sizes <10, 10-25, 25-63, and ≥ 63 μm (21.9, 25.6, 30.4, and 32.9%, respectively). Enterococci were mostly attached to particle sizes in the ranges of 10-25μm (36.0%) and 25-63 μm (31.1%) as well as ≥ 63 μm (37.7%) (p=0.0001). Fingerprinting of E. coli isolates from both bayous with Rep-PCR and the BOX A1R primer was used to demonstrate translocation of sediments from the upper to lower watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Brinkmeyer
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Rainer M W Amon
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - John R Schwarz
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Tara Saxton
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Dustin Roberts
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Sarah Harrison
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Nicholas Ellis
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Jessica Fox
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Katherine DiGuardi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Mona Hochman
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Shuiwang Duan
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Ron Stein
- Total Maximum Daily Loads Program, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX 78753, USA
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Petit SMC, Lavenir R, Colinon-Dupuich C, Boukerb AM, Cholley P, Bertrand X, Freney J, Doléans-Jordheim A, Nazaret S, Laurent F, Cournoyer B. Lagooning of wastewaters favors dissemination of clinically relevant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:856-66. [PMID: 23792168 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The significance of wastewater treatment lagoons (WWTLs) as point sources of clinically relevant Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can disseminate through rural and peri-urban catchments was investigated. A panel of P. aeruginosa strains collected over three years from WWTLs and community-acquired infections was compared by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) DNA fingerprinting and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Forty-four distantly related PFGE profiles and four clonal complexes were found among the WWTL strains analyzed. Some genotypes were repeatedly detected from different parts of WWTLs, including the influent, suggesting an ability to migrate and persist over time. MLST showed all investigated lineages to match sequence types described in other countries and strains from major clinical clones such as PA14 of ST253 and "C" of ST17 were observed. Some of these genotypes matched isolates from community-acquired infections recorded in the WWTL geographic area. Most WWTL strains harbored the main P. aeruginosa virulence genes; 13% harbored exoU-encoded cytoxins, but on at least six different genomic islands, with some of these showing signs of genomic instability. P. aeruginosa appeared to be highly successful opportunistic colonizers of WWTLs. Lagooning of wastewaters was found to favor dissemination of clinically relevant P. aeruginosa among peri-urban watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M-C Petit
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Doua Campus, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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González-Fernández D, Garrido-Pérez MC, Nebot-Sanz E, Sales-Márquez D. Fecal pollution in coastal marine sediments from a semi-enclosed deep embayment subjected to anthropogenic activities: an issue to be considered in environmental quality management frameworks development. ECOHEALTH 2010; 7:473-484. [PMID: 21225312 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sewage discharge is a major source of pollution in marine environments. Urban wastewaters can directly enter marine environments carrying pathogen organisms, organic loads, and nutrients. Because marine sediments can act as the ultimate fate of a wide range of pollutants, environmental quality assessment in this compartment can help to identify pollution problems in coastal areas. In the present study, characterization of surficial marine sediments allowed assessment of fecal pollution in a semi-enclosed deep embayment that is subjected to anthropogenic activities. Physicochemical parameters and fecal indicators presented a great spatial heterogeneity. Fecal coliform and Clostridium perfringens showed accumulation in an extensive area, not only in proximity to sewage discharge points, but also in sediments at 100 meters depth. Results included herein demonstrated that, in coastal areas, urban wastewater discharge can affect the whole ecosystem through accumulation of fecal matter in bottom sediments. Application of multivariate techniques provided useful information with applicability for management of coastal areas in such complex systems. Environmental implications of wastewater discharge in coastal areas indicate the need to implement and include sediment quality control strategies in legislative frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D González-Fernández
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Centro Andaluz de Ciencia y Tecnología Marinas (CACYTMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, C.P.11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Extraintestinal Escherichia coli carrying virulence genes in coastal marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5659-68. [PMID: 20601507 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03138-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recognized potential of long-term survival or even growth of fecal indicators bacteria (FIB) in marine sediments, this compartment is largely ignored by health protection authorities. We conducted a large-scale study over approximately 50 km of the Marche coasts (Adriatic Sea) at depths ranging from 2 to 5 m. Total and fecal coliforms (FC) were counted by culture-based methods. Escherichia coli was also quantified using fluorescence in situ hybridization targeting specific 16S rRNA sequences, which yielded significantly higher abundances than culture-based methods, suggesting the potential importance of viable but nonculturable E. coli cells. Fecal coliforms displayed high abundances at most sites and showed a prevalence of E. coli. FC isolates (n = 113) were identified by API 20E, additional biochemical tests, and internal transcribed spacer-PCR. E. coli strains, representing 96% of isolates, were then characterized for genomic relatedness and phylogenetic group (A, B1, B2, and D) of origin by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and multiplex-PCR. The results indicated that E. coli displayed a wide genotypic diversity, also among isolates from the same station, and that 44 of the 109 E. coli isolates belonged to groups B2 and D. Further characterization of B2 and D isolates for the presence of 11 virulence factor genes (pap, sfa/foc, afa, eaeA, ibeA, traT, hlyA, stx(1), stx(2), aer, and fyuA) showed that 90% of B2 and 65% of D isolates were positive for at least one of these. Most of the variance of both E. coli abundance and assemblage composition (>62%) was explained by a combination of physical-chemical and trophic variables. These findings indicate that coastal sediments could represent a potential reservoir for commensal and pathogenic E. coli and that E. coli distribution in marine coastal sediments largely depends upon the physical and trophic status of the sediment. We conclude that future sampling designs aimed at monitoring the microbiological quality of marine coastal areas should not further neglect the analysis of the sediment and that monitoring of these environments can be improved by including molecular methods as a complement of culture-based techniques.
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Nonaka L, Inubushi A, Shinomiya H, Murase M, Suzuki S. Differences of genetic diversity and antibiotics susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospital, river and coastal seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:465-472. [PMID: 23766122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, and ubiquitously found in natural environments. However, details on difference between clinical and environmental isolates have not been reported enough. In this study, we defined existence of marine specific genogroup and different drug susceptibility among isolates from clinical, river and coastal seawaters. Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated by using cetrimide kanamycin nalidixic acid agar media and incubation at 42°C, which was specific selection method of this bacterium from the natural aquatic samples. Pulse field gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the levels of genetic variation within P. aeruginosa were different among environmental sites. Pulse field gel electrophoresis also showed a lower diversity within P. aeruginosa in the coastal waters; and coastal strains isolated different sampling points were positioned closely in the same cluster. Most of the aquatic isolates were sensitive to most of the drugs tested and 'intermediate' to panipenem on the contrast to the clinical isolates, suggesting that the clinical use of antibiotics affect significantly to the emergence of the drug-resistant P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nonaka
- Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan. Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan. Department of Immunology and Host Defenses, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. Division of Medical Technology, Ehime University Hospital, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Urban JD, Tachovsky JA, Haws LC, Wikoff Staskal D, Harris MA. Assessment of human health risks posed by consumption of fish from the Lower Passaic River, New Jersey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 408:209-224. [PMID: 19395001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Lower Passaic River (LPR) in New Jersey has been impacted by variety of human activities over the course of the last two centuries. In this risk assessment, we assessed potential human health risks associated with consumption of fish from the LPR, the human exposure pathway of greatest concern when addressing contaminated sediments. Our risk assessment incorporates fish consumption information gathered during a year-long, intercept-style creel angler survey and representative fish tissue concentrations for 156 chemicals of potential concern (COPCs) obtained from USEPA's public database (OurPassaic website: http://www.ourpassaic.org/projectsites/premis_public/index.cfm?fuseaction=contaminants). Due to the large number of COPCs investigated, this risk assessment was divided into two phases: (1) identification of COPCs that contribute to the majority of overall excess cancer risk and hazard estimates using deterministic and probabilistic methods, and (2) probabilistic characterization of risk using distributions of chemical concentration and cooking loss for those compounds identified in Phase 1. Phase 1 relied on point estimates of COPC concentrations and demonstrated that PCDD/Fs and PCBs (dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like) are the greatest contributors to cancer risk, while non-dioxin-like PCBs are the primary contributors to non-cancer hazard estimates. Total excess cancer risks for adult and child and receptors estimated in Phase 1 were within USEPA's acceptable excess cancer risk range, with the exception of RME child (3.0 x 10(-4) and 1.3 x 10(-4) for deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively). Phase 2 focused on PCDD, PCDF, and PCBs and used distributions of chemical concentrations in fish. The results showed that all excess cancer risk estimates were within the acceptable risk range, although non-cancer hazard estimates for PCBs slightly exceeded a Hazard Index of 1. This HHRA of LPR fish ingestion represents the most comprehensive evaluation conducted to date, and demonstrates that measured concentrations of COPCs are not likely to pose a health risk to people who currently consume fish from the LPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Urban
- ToxStrategies, Inc., 3420 Executive Center Drive, Suite 114, Austin, TX 78731, USA
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Abstract
Human fecal matter contains a large number of viruses, and current bacterial indicators used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogenic viruses. Adenoviruses and enteroviruses have often been used to identify fecal pollution in the environment; however, other viruses shed in fecal matter may more accurately detect fecal pollution. The purpose of this study was to develop a baseline understanding of the types of viruses found in raw sewage. PCR was used to detect adenoviruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis B viruses, herpesviruses, morbilliviruses, noroviruses, papillomaviruses, picobirnaviruses, reoviruses, and rotaviruses in raw sewage collected throughout the United States. Adenoviruses and picobirnaviruses were detected in 100% of raw sewage samples and 25% and 33% of final effluent samples, respectively. Enteroviruses and noroviruses were detected in 75% and 58% of raw sewage samples, respectively, and both viral groups were found in 8% of final effluent samples. This study showed that adenoviruses, enteroviruses, noroviruses, and picobirnaviruses are widespread in raw sewage. Since adenoviruses and picobirnaviruses were detected in 100% of raw sewage samples, they are potential markers of fecal contamination. Additionally, this research uncovered previously unknown sequence diversity in human picobirnaviruses. This baseline understanding of viruses in raw sewage will enable educated decisions to be made regarding the use of different viruses in water quality assessments.
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