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Song HJ, Yang SW, Jo JW, Choi YK, Lee IS, Lee BU, Lee SH, Kim HH, Kim KJ, Kim HJ. Submerged leaves of live indoor foliage plants adsorb H1N1 influenza virus from suspension. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2163869. [PMID: 36635991 PMCID: PMC9851199 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2163869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Control of hazardous indoor particles using plants has attracted interest due to the increasing worldwide air pollution and spread of pandemic-causing viruses. However, the interaction between human pathogenic viruses (HPVs) and live plants has not been examined largely due to issues in detecting tiny amounts of infectious viruses in a carrier (such as an aerosol) and the lack of suitable examination methods. In this study, as a novel evaluation method, the effect of submerged leaves of live plants on HPVs in water was examined, using the H1N1 influenza virus as a model. Selected plant foliage of a live plant was immersed in a small bag containing HPV water suspension. In an initial screening test, the activities of 20 different plant species on the virus suspension were evaluated using a rapid virus detection kit. Ten plant species had the capability to decrease virus concentrations in the water suspension within 72 h. Among the experimental plant species, Epipremnum aureum showed the highest virus decreasing characteristics when examined using both the kit and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. The capacity of immersed leaf of live E. aureum to decrease viral content was enhanced when the plant-containing pot was electrically grounded to the earth (approximately 70% decrease in virus concentration). The foliage sample analysis showed that virus adsorption to the plant foliage surface could be the major reason for the decrease in the suspension. These results suggest that the proposed method can be applied to select plants to further investigate plant-HPV interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Jin Song
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea, South Korea
| | - Sung Woo Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea, South Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Jo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea, South Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea, South Korea
| | - Im-Soon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Korea, South Korea
| | - Byung Uk Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea, South Korea
| | - Ho Hyun Kim
- Department of Nano-chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Urban Agriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Chungjoo, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea, South Korea
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2
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Palma-Salgado S, Ku KM, Juvik JA, Nguyen TH, Feng H. Artificial phylloplanes resembling physicochemical characteristics of selected fresh produce and their potential use in bacterial attachment/removal studies. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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3
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NMR-based metabolomic investigation on antimicrobial mechanism of Salmonella on cucumber slices treated with organic acids. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Yi J, Leveau JH, Nitin N. Role of multiscale leaf surface topography in antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine-based sanitizers. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Fuzawa M, Duan J, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Peracetic Acid Sanitation on Arugula Microgreens Contaminated with Surface-Attached and Internalized Tulane Virus and Rotavirus. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:401-411. [PMID: 33871810 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic production of vegetables is becoming more common, especially in regions with unfavorable climate for year-round crop production. However, if viruses are present in the hydroponics feed water, then there is a chance that infectious viruses will be internalized into the tissues of hydroponically grown vegetables. When this happens, surface sanitization of postharvest vegetables may not be effective because the sanitizer cannot disinfect the internalized viruses. In this study, we determined if the effectiveness of peracetic acid (PAA), a sanitizer used in the vegetable industry, is affected by the location of viruses (produce surface or interior tissue) in microgreen arugula. Either internally or externally contaminated hydroponically grown microgreen arugula was then treated with PAA at either 30 or 80 ppm for up to 3 min. The PAA disinfection efficacy was higher when the RV was on the arugula surface (approximately 5-log10 in PFU after 3 min of exposure), instead of the arugula interior (1.5-log10 in PFU after 3 min of exposure). However, PAA disinfection efficacy of TV was not dependent on the virus location in arugula. For both internalized TV and RV, the disinfection efficacy was less than 2-log10 in PFU using all the tested PAA concentrations and exposure times examined here. Thus, both the type and location of virus in fresh vegetables may influence the virus disinfection of postharvest vegetables. Therefore, the optimization of sanitation for postharvest fresh vegetables is needed to reduce foodborne viral infection risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Fuzawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Jinglin Duan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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6
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Effectiveness of water and sanitizer washing solutions for removing enteric viruses from blueberries. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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7
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Palma-Salgado S, Ku KM, Dong M, Nguyen TH, Juvik JA, Feng H. Adhesion and removal of E. coli K12 as affected by leafy green produce epicuticular wax composition, surface roughness, produce and bacterial surface hydrophobicity, and sanitizers. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 334:108834. [PMID: 32861985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated leafy vegetables have been associated with high-profile outbreaks causing severe illnesses. A good understanding of the interactions between human pathogen and produce is important for developing improved food safety control strategies. Currently, the role played by produce surface physiochemical characteristics in such interactions is not well-understood. This work was performed to examine the effects of produce physiochemical characteristics, including surface roughness, epicuticular wax composition, and produce and bacteria surface hydrophobicity on attachment and removal of vegetative bacteria. Escherichia coli K12 was used as a model microorganism to evaluate attachment to and removal from five leafy green vegetables after washing with selected sanitizers. A detailed epicuticular wax component analysis was conducted and the changes of wax composition after sanitation were also evaluated. The results showed that E. coli K12 removal is positively correlated with alkanes, ketones, and total wax content on leaf surfaces. Vegetables with high surface wax content had less rough leaf surfaces and more bacterial removal than the low wax produce. Produce surface roughness positively correlated to E. coli K12 adhesion and negatively correlated to removal. The cells preferentially attached to cut vegetable surfaces, with up to 1.49 times more attachment than on leaf adaxial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Palma-Salgado
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America; Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mengyi Dong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
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Fuzawa M, Bai H, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. The Basis of Peracetic Acid Inactivation Mechanisms for Rotavirus and Tulane Virus under Conditions Relevant for Vegetable Sanitation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01095-20. [PMID: 32709728 PMCID: PMC7499037 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01095-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the disinfection efficacy and inactivation mechanisms of peracetic acid (PAA)-based sanitizer using pH values relevant for vegetable sanitation against rotavirus (RV) and Tulane virus (TV; a human norovirus surrogate). TV was significantly more resistant to PAA disinfection than RV: for a 2-log10 reduction of virus titer, RV required 1 mg/liter PAA for 3.5 min of exposure, while TV required 10 mg/liter PAA for 30 min. The higher resistance of TV can be explained, in part, by significantly more aggregation of TV in PAA solutions. The PAA mechanisms of virus inactivation were explored by quantifying (i) viral genome integrity and replication using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and (ii) virus-host receptor interactions using a cell-free binding assay with porcine gastric mucin conjugated with magnetic beads (PGM-MBs). We observed that PAA induced damage to both RV and TV genomes and also decreased virus-receptor interactions, with the latter suggesting that PAA damages viral proteins important for binding its host cell receptors. Importantly, the levels of genome-versus-protein damage induced by PAA were different for each virus. PAA inactivation correlated with higher levels of RV genome damage than of RV-receptor interactions. For PAA-treated TV, the opposite trends were observed. Thus, PAA inactivates each of these viruses via different molecular mechanisms. The findings presented here potentially contribute to the design of a robust sanitation strategy for RV and TV using PAA to prevent foodborne disease.IMPORTANCE In this study, we examined the inactivation mechanisms of peracetic acid (PAA), a sanitizer commonly used for postharvest vegetable washing, for two enteric viruses: Tulane virus (TV) as a human norovirus surrogate and rotavirus (RV). PAA disinfection mechanisms for RV were mainly due to genome damage. In contrast, PAA disinfection in TV was due to damage of the proteins important for binding to its host receptor. We also observed that PAA triggered aggregation of TV to a much greater extent than RV. These studies demonstrate that different viruses are inactivated via different PAA mechanisms. This information is important for designing an optimal sanitation practice for postharvest vegetable washing to minimize foodborne viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Fuzawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hezi Bai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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9
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Fuzawa M, Smith RL, Ku KM, Shisler JL, Feng H, Juvik JA, Nguyen TH. Roles of Vegetable Surface Properties and Sanitizer Type on Annual Disease Burden of Rotavirus Illness by Consumption of Rotavirus-Contaminated Fresh Vegetables: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:741-757. [PMID: 31742761 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are often detected in water used for crop irrigation. One concern is foodborne viral disease via the consumption of fresh produce irrigated with virus-contaminated water. Although the food industry routinely uses chemical sanitizers to disinfect post-harvest fresh produce, it remains unknown how sanitizer and fresh produce properties affect the risk of viral illness through fresh produce consumption. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model was conducted to estimate (i) the health risks associated with consumption of rotavirus (RV)-contaminated fresh produce with different surface properties (endive and kale) and (ii) how risks changed when using peracetic acid (PAA) or a surfactant-based sanitizer. The modeling results showed that the annual disease burden depended on the combination of sanitizer and vegetable type when vegetables were irrigated with RV-contaminated water. Global sensitivity analyses revealed that the most influential factors in the disease burden were RV concentration in irrigation water and postharvest disinfection efficacy. A postharvest disinfection efficacy of higher than 99% (2-log10 ) was needed to decrease the disease burden below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold, even in scenarios with low RV concentrations in irrigation water (i.e., river water). All scenarios tested here with at least 99.9% (3-log10 ) disinfection efficacy had a disease burden lower than the WHO threshold, except for the endive treated with PAA. The disinfection efficacy for the endive treated with PAA was only about 80%, leading to a disease burden 100 times higher than the WHO threshold. These findings should be considered and incorporated into future models for estimating foodborne viral illness risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Fuzawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee Smith
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61886, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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10
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Screening of non-pathogenic surrogates of Listeria monocytogenes applicable for chemical antimicrobial interventions of fresh apples. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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UV Inactivation of Rotavirus and Tulane Virus Targets Different Components of the Virions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02436-19. [PMID: 31811032 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02436-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are shed in fecal material by humans and other animals and are common contaminants in wastewater and surface water. Wastewater treatment plants often disinfect this effluent with low-pressure and medium-pressure UV lamps, which emit 254-nm and 220- to 280-nm irradiation, respectively. It is not known whether this treatment is efficacious against enteric viruses or how such treatments may inactivate these enteric viruses. This study examined UV disinfection for two enteric viruses: rotavirus (RV) (strain OSU with double-stranded RNA and a three-layer capsid) and Tulane virus (TV) (a cultivable surrogate for human norovirus with single-stranded RNA and a single-layer capsid). Viruses were treated with UV irradiation at 220 or 254 nm under conditions relevant to wastewater stabilization ponds, whose water is often used for irrigation. TV was susceptible to 220- or 254-nm UV at similar levels. It appears that UV irradiation inactivated TV by mutagenizing both its genome and capsid binding proteins. RV was more susceptible to UV at 220 nm than to UV at 254 nm. UV irradiation of RV at either 220 or 254 nm resulted in a virus that retained its ability to bind to its host cell receptor. After 220-nm treatment, the VP7 segment of the RV genome could not be amplified by PCR, suggesting that this treatment mutagenized the viral genome. However, this correlation was not observed when UV at 254 nm was used. Thus, RV and TV, with different genome and capsid contents, are targeted by UV irradiation in different ways.IMPORTANCE UV irradiation is becoming common for disinfection in water treatment plants, but little is known about the effectiveness of this treatment for enteric RNA viruses. Here, we observed that 220-nm UV irradiation was efficacious against rotavirus (RV) and Tulane virus (TV). UV irradiation at 254 nm inactivated TV to a greater extent than RV. Additional assays showed that UV irradiation compromised different portions of the RV and TV life cycles. UV irradiation decreased the binding of TV to its host receptor and mutagenized the TV genome. UV irradiation at 220 nm appeared to allow RV-host receptor interaction but halted RV genome replication. These findings provide knowledge about the disinfection of waterborne viruses, information that is important for the safe reuse or release of treated wastewater.
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12
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Leaf cuticular waxes of lettuce are associated with reduced attachment of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella spp. at harvest and after postharvest storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Fuzawa M, Araud E, Li J, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Free Chlorine Disinfection Mechanisms of Rotaviruses and Human Norovirus Surrogate Tulane Virus Attached to Fresh Produce Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11999-12006. [PMID: 31517478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To fill the knowledge gap on how effective free chlorine is against viral-contaminated produce, we inoculated the surfaces of outdoor- or greenhouse-grown kale and mustard with Rotavirus (RV) or a human norovirus surrogate (Tulane virus, TV) and then disinfected the leaves with free chlorine. Disinfection efficacies for RV strain OSU and Wa were approximately 1-log10 higher when attached to mustard than to kale. Similar disinfection efficacies were observed for TV attached to mustard or kale. When examining TV and RV OSU in suspension (not attached to leaf surfaces), TV was more resistant to free chlorine than RV OSU. Inactivation efficacies were higher for these viruses in suspension versus viruses attached to produce the surface. We also found that free chlorine damaged viral capsids, allowing free chlorine access to viral RNA to damage viral genomes. Exposure to free chlorine at 1.7 ppm over 1 min caused VP8* of RV OSU to lose its ability to bind to its host receptors. TV lost its ability to bind to its receptor only after exposure to free chlorine at 29 ppm over 1 min. Thus, to reduce foodborne viral infections, it is important to consider the differences in virus' reactivity and inactivation mechanisms with free chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences , The Ohio State University , Columbus 43210 , Ohio , United States
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14
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Araud E, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Inactivation Mechanisms of Human and Animal Rotaviruses by Solar UVA and Visible Light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5682-5690. [PMID: 29671592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two rotavirus (RV) strains (sialidase-resistant Wa and sialidase-sensitive OSU) were irradiated with simulated solar UVA and visible light in sensitizer-free phosphate buffered solution (PBS) (lacking exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS)) or secondary effluent wastewater (producing ROS). Although light attenuated for up to 15% through the secondary effluent wastewater (SEW), the inactivation efficacies increased by 0.7 log10 for Wa and 2 log10 for OSU compared to those in sensitizer-free phosphate buffered solution (PBS) after 4 h of irradiation. A binding assay using magnetic beads coated with porcine gastric mucin containing receptors for rotaviruses (PGM-MB) was developed to determine if inactivation influenced RV binding to its receptors. The linear correlation between the reduction in infectivity and the reduction in binding after irradiation in sensitizer-free solution suggests that the main mechanism of RV inactivation in the absence of exogenous ROS was due to damage to VP8*, the RV protein that binds to host cell receptors. For a given reduction in infectivity, greater damage in VP8* was observed with sialidase-resistant Wa compared to sialidase-sensitive OSU. The lack of correlation between the reduction in infectivity and the reduction in binding, in SEW, led us to include RNase treatment before the binding step to quantify virions with intact protein capsids and exclude virions that can bind to the receptors but have their capsid permeable after irradiation. This assay showed a linear correlation between the reduction in RV infectivity and RV-receptor interactions, suggesting that RV inactivation in SEW was due to compromised capsid proteins other than the VP8* protein. Thus, rotavirus inactivation by UVA and visible light irradiation depends on both the formation of ROS and the stability of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elbashir Araud
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Pathobiology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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15
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Alborzi S, Bastarrachea LJ, Ding Q, Tikekar RV. Inactivation of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Listeria Innocua by Benzoic Acid, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Their Combination in Model Wash Water and Simulated Spinach Washing. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1032-1040. [PMID: 29488632 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An antimicrobial effect of benzoic acid (BA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was evaluated as a potential antimicrobial treatment against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria innocua. A 30 min exposure to the combination of 15 mM BA and 1 mM EDTA at 22 °C resulted in approximately 3 logarithmic reductions in stationary phase E. coli O157:H7. Logarithmic phase E. coli O157:H7 was more sensitive (P < 0.05) to the treatment and 1 mM EDTA alone caused more than 5 logarithmic reductions. L. innocua was also sensitive to a treatment with 15 mM BA alone, which induced 5 logarithmic reductions. By increasing the temperature of the solution containing 15 mM BA and 1 mM EDTA to 40 °C, more than 5 logarithmic reductions in stationary phase E. coli O157:H7 was observed after 5 min of treatment. However, the antimicrobial effect was attenuated (reaching less than 1 logarithmic reductions) at 4 °C. In addition, the combined BA and EDTA treatment retained its antimicrobial effect against E. coli O157:H7 for at least 6 cycles of treatment over 6 days at room temperature (22 °C). In a simulated spinach washing study, 15 mM BA and 1 mM EDTA together were able to prevent cross-contamination of E. coli O157:H7. The results highlight the potential use of combination of BA (15 mM) and EDTA (1 mM) to address microbial risk from E. coli O157:H7 and L. innocua in fresh produce industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study demonstrates the effectiveness of benzoic acid (BA) and EDTA mixture in inactivating bacteria in the water used for produce washing and reducing the incidence of cross-contamination during washing of fresh produce. Use of BA + EDTA mixture has significant benefits such as: (a) ability to be reused, (b) effectiveness in the presence of organic matter, and (c) reduced need of monitoring wash water conditions such as pH, concentration and organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Alborzi
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - Luis J Bastarrachea
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322, U.S.A
| | - Qiao Ding
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - Rohan V Tikekar
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
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16
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Huang K, Tian Y, Salvi D, Karwe M, Nitin N. Influence of Exposure Time, Shear Stress, and Surfactants on Detachment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Fresh Lettuce Leaf Surfaces During Washing Process. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-2038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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