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Jahan H, Khudr MS, Arafeh A, Hager R. Exposure to heat stress leads to striking clone-specific nymph deformity in pea aphid. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282449. [PMID: 37883483 PMCID: PMC10602343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Climatic changes, such as heatwaves, pose unprecedented challenges for insects, as escalated temperatures above the thermal optimum alter insect reproductive strategies and energy metabolism. While thermal stress responses have been reported in different insect species, thermo-induced developmental abnormalities in phloem-feeding pests are largely unknown. In this laboratory study, we raised two groups of first instar nymphs belonging to two clones of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, on fava beans Vicia faba. The instars developed and then asexually reproduced under constant exposure to a sub-lethal heatwave (27°C) for 14 days. Most mothers survived but their progenies showed abnormalities, as stillbirths and appendageless or weak nymphs with folded appendages were delivered. Clone N116 produced more deceased and appendageless embryos, contrary to N127, which produced fewer dead and more malformed premature embryos. Interestingly, the expression of the HSP70 and HSP83 genes differed in mothers between the clones. Moreover, noticeable changes in metabolism, e.g., lipids, were also detected and that differed in response to stress. Deformed offspring production after heat exposure may be due to heat injury and differential HSP gene expression, but may also be indicative of a conflict between maternal and offspring fitness. Reproductive altruism might have occurred to ensure some of the genetically identical daughters survive. This is because maintaining homeostasis and complete embryogenesis could not be simultaneously fulfilled due to the high costs of stress. Our findings shine new light on pea aphid responses to heatwaves and merit further examination across different lineages and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawa Jahan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mouhammad Shadi Khudr
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Arafeh
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chemical Engineering, James Chadwick Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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2
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Štarhová Serbina L, Corretto E, Enciso Garcia JS, Berta M, Giovanelli T, Dittmer J, Schuler H. Seasonal wild dance of dual endosymbionts in the pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Sci Rep 2023; 13:16038. [PMID: 37749181 PMCID: PMC10519999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most sap-feeding insects maintain obligate relationships with endosymbiotic bacteria that provide their hosts with essential nutrients. However, knowledge about the dynamics of endosymbiont titers across seasons in natural host populations is scarce. Here, we used quantitative PCR to investigate the seasonal dynamics of the dual endosymbionts "Candidatus Carsonella ruddii" and "Ca. Psyllophila symbiotica" in a natural population of the pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae). Psyllid individuals were collected across an entire year, covering both summer and overwintering generations. Immatures harboured the highest titers of both endosymbionts, while the lowest endosymbiont density was observed in males. The density of Carsonella remained high and relatively stable across the vegetative period of the pear trees, but significantly dropped during the non-vegetative period, overlapping with C. pyricola's reproductive diapause. In contrast, the titer of Psyllophila was consistently higher than Carsonella's and exhibited fluctuations throughout the sampling year, which might be related to host age. Despite a tightly integrated metabolic complementarity between Carsonella and Psyllophila, our findings highlight differences in their density dynamics throughout the year, that might be linked to their metabolic roles at different life stages of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Štarhová Serbina
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Erika Corretto
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Juan Sebastian Enciso Garcia
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Michela Berta
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tobia Giovanelli
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- UMR 1345, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR Quasav, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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3
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Li S, Wang J, Tian X, Toufeeq S, Huang W. Immunometabolic regulation during the presence of microorganisms and parasitoids in insects. Front Immunol 2023; 14:905467. [PMID: 37818375 PMCID: PMC10560992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.905467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms live in environments containing diverse nutrients and a wide variety of microbial communities. On the one hand, the immune response of organisms can protect from the intrusion of exogenous microorganisms. On the other hand, the dynamic coordination of anabolism and catabolism of organisms is a necessary factor for growth and reproduction. Since the production of an immune response is an energy-intensive process, the activation of immune cells is accompanied by metabolic transformations that enable the rapid production of ATP and new biomolecules. In insects, the coordination of immunity and metabolism is the basis for insects to cope with environmental challenges and ensure normal growth, development and reproduction. During the activation of insect immune tissues by pathogenic microorganisms, not only the utilization of organic resources can be enhanced, but also the activated immune cells can usurp the nutrients of non-immune tissues by generating signals. At the same time, insects also have symbiotic bacteria in their body, which can affect insect physiology through immune-metabolic regulation. This paper reviews the research progress of insect immune-metabolism regulation from the perspective of insect tissues, such as fat body, gut and hemocytes. The effects of microorganisms (pathogenic bacteria/non-pathogenic bacteria) and parasitoids on immune-metabolism were elaborated here, which provide guidance to uncover immunometabolism mechanisms in insects and mammals. This work also provides insights to utilize immune-metabolism for the formulation of pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, China
| | - Xing Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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4
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Santos J, Matos M, Flatt T, Chelo IM. Microbes are potential key players in the evolution of life histories and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10537. [PMID: 37753311 PMCID: PMC10518755 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes can have profound effects on host fitness and health and the appearance of late-onset diseases. Host-microbe interactions thus represent a major environmental context for healthy aging of the host and might also mediate trade-offs between life-history traits in the evolution of host senescence. Here, we have used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to study how host-microbe interactions may modulate the evolution of life histories and aging. We first characterized the effects of two non-pathogenic and one pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, together with the pathogenic Serratia marcescens DB11 strain, on population growth rates and survival of C. elegans from five different genetic backgrounds. We then focused on an outbred C. elegans population, to understand if microbe-specific effects on the reproductive schedule and in traits such as developmental rate and survival were also expressed in the presence of males and standing genetic variation, which could be relevant for the evolution of C. elegans and other nematode species in nature. Our results show that host-microbe interactions have a substantial host-genotype-dependent impact on the reproductive aging and survival of the nematode host. Although both pathogenic bacteria reduced host survival in comparison with benign strains, they differed in how they affected other host traits. Host fertility and population growth rate were affected by S. marcescens DB11 only during early adulthood, whereas this occurred at later ages with the pathogenic E. coli IAI1. In both cases, these effects were largely dependent on the host genotypes. Given such microbe-specific genotypic differences in host life history, we predict that the evolution of reproductive schedules and senescence might be critically contingent on host-microbe interactions in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Santos
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteLisboaPortugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Margarida Matos
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteLisboaPortugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ivo M. Chelo
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteLisboaPortugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
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Tougeron K, Iltis C, Rampnoux E, Goerlinger A, Dhondt L, Hance T. Still standing: The heat protection delivered by a facultative symbiont to its aphid host is resilient to repeated thermal stress. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:100061. [PMID: 37304568 PMCID: PMC10250925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2023.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insects have evolved diverse strategies to resist extreme high temperatures (EHT). The adaptive value of such strategies has to be evaluated when organisms experience multiple EHT events during their lifetime, as predicted in a changing climate. This is particularly the case for associations with facultative microbial partners involved in insect heat tolerance, the resilience of which to repeated heat stress has never been studied. We compared two artificial lines of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) differing by the absence or presence of the heat-protective facultative bacterium Serratia symbiotica. We exposed insect nymphs to a varying number of EHT events (between 0 and 3), and recorded fitness parameters. Except survival traits, fitness estimates were affected by the interaction between aphid infection status (absence/presence of S. symbiotica) and thermal treatment (number of heat shocks applied). Costs of bacterial infection were detected in the absence of thermal stress: symbiont-hosting aphids incurred longer development, decreased fecundity and body size. However, symbiotic infection turned neutral, and even beneficial for some traits (development and body size), as the number of heat shocks increased, and compared to the aposymbiotic strain. Conversely, symbiotic infection mediated aphid response to heat shock(s): fitness decreased only in the uninfected group. These findings suggest that (i) the facultative symbiont may alternatively act as a pathogen, commensal or mutualist depending on thermal environment, and (ii) the heat protection it delivered to its host persists under frequent EHT. We discuss eco-evolutionary implications and the role of potentially confounding factors (stage-specific effects, genetic polymorphism displayed by the obligate symbiont).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institut de Recherche en Biosciences, Université de Mons, Av. du Champ de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Corentin Iltis
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Eliott Rampnoux
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Goerlinger
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Linda Dhondt
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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6
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Liu S, Liu X, Zhang T, Bai S, He K, Zhang Y, Francis F, Wang Z. Secondary symbionts affect aphid fitness and the titer of primary symbiont. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1096750. [PMID: 36818877 PMCID: PMC9933779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1096750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts associated with aphids are important for their ecological fitness. The corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), is one of the most damaging aphid pests on maize and has been reported to harbor Hamiltonella defensa and Regiella insecticola while the effects of the secondary symbionts (S-symbionts) on host ecology and primary symbiont Buchnera aphidicola remain unclear. Here, four aphid strains were established, two of which were collected from Langfang - Hebei Province, China, with similar symbiont pattern except for the presence of H. defensa. Two other aphid strains were collected from Nanning - Guangxi Province, China, with the same symbiont infection except for the presence of R. insecticola. Phylogenetic analysis and aphid genotyping indicated that the S-symbiont-infected and free aphid strains from the same location had identical genetic backgrounds. Aphid fitness measurement showed that aphid strain infected with H. defensa performed shortened developmental duration for 1st instar and total nymph stages, reduced aphid survival rate, offspring, and longevity. While the developmental duration of H-infected strains was accelerated, and the adult weight was significantly higher compared to the H-free strain. Infection with R. insecticola did not affect the aphid's entire nymph stage duration and survival rate. As the H-strain does, aphids infected with R. insecticola also underwent a drop in offspring, along with marginally lower longevity. Unlike the H-infected strain, the R-infected strain performed delayed developmental duration and lower adult weight. The B. aphidicola titers of the H-infected strains showed a steep drop during the aphid 1st to 3rd instar stages, while the augmentation of B. aphidicola titers was found in the R-infected strain during the aphid 1st to 3rd instar. Our study investigated for the first time the effect of the S-symbionts on the ecology fitness and primary symbiont in R. maidis, indicating that infection with secondary symbionts leads to the modulation of aphid primary symbiont abundance, together inducing significant fitness costs on aphids with further impact on environmental adaptation and trophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Chen R, Luo J, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Li D, Gao X, Niu L, Huangfu N, Ma X, Ji J, Cui J. Dynamic changes in species richness and community diversity of symbiotic bacteria in five reproductive morphs of cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1086728. [PMID: 36713208 PMCID: PMC9877530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1086728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reproductive polymorphism and symbiotic bacteria are commonly observed in aphids, but their interaction remains largely unclear. In polymorphic aphid species (Aphis gossypii), offspring of parthenogenetic females (PFs) develops into sexuparae which produces gynoparae and males successively. Gynoparae further produces sexual females (SFs), and these sexual females mate with males to produce offspring. Methods In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of symbiotic bacteria during the above-mentioned five reproductive morph switch in A. gossypii via 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Results The results showed that species richness and community diversity of symbiotic bacteria in males were the highest. Proteobacteria was absolutely dominant bacterial phylum (with relative abundance of more than 90%) in the five reproductive morphs of A. gossypii, and Buchnera was absolutely dominant genus (with relative abundance of >90%), followed by Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Pantoea. Male-killing symbiont Arsenophonus presented the highest relative abundance in gynoparae, a specific morph whose offsprings were exclusively sexual females. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis showed trans-generation similarity in microbial community structure between sexuparae and sexual females, between PFs and gynoparae. PICRUSt 2 analysis showed that symbiotic bacteria in the five reproductive morphs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways. Discussion Reproductive morph switch induced by environmental changes might be associated with bacterial community variation and sexual polymorphism of aphids. This study provides a new perspective for further deciphering the interactions between microbes and reproductive polymorphism in host aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Chen
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China,Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China,Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China,Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Lin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Ningbo Huangfu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China,Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China,Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China,*Correspondence: Jichao Ji,
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China,Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China,Jinjie Cui,
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8
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Drew GC, King KC. More or Less? The Effect of Symbiont Density in Protective Mutualisms. Am Nat 2021; 199:443-454. [DOI: 10.1086/718593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Whittle M, Barreaux AMG, Bonsall MB, Ponton F, English S. Insect-host control of obligate, intracellular symbiont density. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211993. [PMID: 34814751 PMCID: PMC8611330 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects rely on intracellular bacterial symbionts to supplement their specialized diets with micronutrients. Using data from diverse and well-studied insect systems, we propose three lines of evidence suggesting that hosts have tight control over the density of their obligate, intracellular bacterial partners. First, empirical studies have demonstrated that the within-host symbiont density varies depending on the nutritional and developmental requirements of the host. Second, symbiont genomes are highly reduced and have limited capacity for self-replication or transcriptional regulation. Third, several mechanisms exist for hosts to tolerate, regulate and remove symbionts including physical compartmentalization and autophagy. We then consider whether such regulation is adaptive, by discussing the relationship between symbiont density and host fitness. We discuss current limitations of empirical studies for exploring fitness effects in host-symbiont relationships, and emphasize the potential for using mathematical models to formalize evolutionary hypotheses and to generate testable predictions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilda Whittle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Michael B Bonsall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.,St Peter's College, Oxford, OX1 2DL
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sinead English
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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10
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Goodrich-Blair H. Interactions of host-associated multispecies bacterial communities. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:14-31. [PMID: 33690897 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiome comprises microbial communities colonizing biotic (epithelia, mucosa) and abiotic (enamel) surfaces. Different communities are associated with health (eg, immune development, pathogen resistance) and disease (eg, tooth loss and periodontal disease). Like any other host-associated microbiome, colonization and persistence of both beneficial and dysbiotic oral microbiomes are dictated by successful utilization of available nutrients and defense against host and competitor assaults. This chapter will explore these general features of microbe-host interactions through the lens of symbiotic (mutualistic and antagonistic/pathogenic) associations with nonmammalian animals. Investigations in such systems across a broad taxonomic range have revealed conserved mechanisms and processes that underlie the complex associations among microbes and between microbes and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Cator LJ, Johnson LR, Mordecai EA, Moustaid FE, Smallwood TRC, LaDeau SL, Johansson MA, Hudson PJ, Boots M, Thomas MB, Power AG, Pawar S. The Role of Vector Trait Variation in Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics. Front Ecol Evol 2020; 8:189. [PMID: 32775339 PMCID: PMC7409824 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many important endemic and emerging diseases are transmitted by vectors that are biting arthropods. The functional traits of vectors can affect pathogen transmission rates directly and also through their effect on vector population dynamics. Increasing empirical evidence shows that vector traits vary significantly across individuals, populations, and environmental conditions, and at time scales relevant to disease transmission dynamics. Here, we review empirical evidence for variation in vector traits and how this trait variation is currently incorporated into mathematical models of vector-borne disease transmission. We argue that mechanistically incorporating trait variation into these models, by explicitly capturing its effects on vector fitness and abundance, can improve the reliability of their predictions in a changing world. We provide a conceptual framework for incorporating trait variation into vector-borne disease transmission models, and highlight key empirical and theoretical challenges. This framework provides a means to conceptualize how traits can be incorporated in vector borne disease systems, and identifies key areas in which trait variation can be explored. Determining when and to what extent it is important to incorporate trait variation into vector borne disease models remains an important, outstanding question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J. Cator
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Leah R. Johnson
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Fadoua El Moustaid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- BresMed America Inc, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | | | - Shannon L. LaDeau
- The Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Michael Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matthew B. Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Alison G. Power
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Samraat Pawar
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
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12
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Kirfel P, Vilcinskas A, Skaljac M. Lysine Acetyltransferase p300/CBP Plays an Important Role in Reproduction, Embryogenesis and Longevity of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECTS 2020; 11:E265. [PMID: 32357443 PMCID: PMC7290403 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CREB-binding protein (p300/CBP) is a universal transcriptional co-regulator with lysine acetyltransferase activity. Drosophila melanogaster p300/CBP is a well-known regulator of embryogenesis, and recent studies in beetles and cockroaches have revealed the importance of this protein during post-embryonic development and endocrine signaling. In pest insects, p300/CBP may therefore offer a useful target for control methods based on RNA interference (RNAi). We investigated the role of p300/CBP in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), a notorious pest insect used as a laboratory model for the analysis of complex life-history traits. The RNAi-based attenuation of A. pisum p300/CBP significantly reduced the aphid lifespan and number of offspring, as well as shortening the reproductive phase, suggesting the manipulation of this gene contributes to accelerated senescence. Furthermore, injection of p300/CBP dsRNA also reduced the number of viable offspring and increased the number of premature nymphs, which developed in abnormally structured ovaries. Our data confirm the evolutionarily conserved function of p300/CBP during insect embryogenesis and show that the protein has a critical effect on longevity, reproduction and development in A. pisum. The potent effect of p300/CBP silencing indicates that this regulatory protein is an ideal target for RNAi-based aphid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Kirfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (A.V.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marisa Skaljac
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (A.V.)
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13
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Heyworth ER, Smee MR, Ferrari J. Aphid Facultative Symbionts Aid Recovery of Their Obligate Symbiont and Their Host After Heat Stress. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Glowska E, Filutowska ZK, Dabert M, Gerth M. Microbial composition of enigmatic bird parasites: Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are the most important bacterial associates of quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae). Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e964. [PMID: 32141700 PMCID: PMC7221428 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiome is an integral component of many animal species, potentially affecting behavior, physiology, and other biological properties. Despite this importance, bacterial communities remain vastly understudied in many groups of invertebrates, including mites. Quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) are a poorly known group of permanent bird ectoparasites that occupy quills of feathers and feed on bird subcutaneous tissue and fluids. Most of the known species have strongly female‐biased sex ratio, and it was hypothesized that this is caused by endosymbiotic bacteria. Previously, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie) and a high diversity of Wolbachia strains were detected in quill mites via targeted PCR screens. Here, we use an unbiased 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approach to determine other bacteria that potentially impact quill mite biology. Results We performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of 126 quill mite individuals from eleven species parasitizing twelve species (four families) of passeriform birds. In addition to Wolbachia, we found Spiroplasma as potential symbiont of quill mites. Consistently, high Spiroplasma titers were only found in individuals of two mite species associated with finches of the genus Carduelis, suggesting a history of horizontal transfers of Spiroplasma via the bird host. Furthermore, there was evidence for Spiroplasma negatively affecting Wolbachia titers. We found no evidence for the previously reported Anaplasma in quill mites, but detected sequences of high similarity to the potential pathogens Brucella and Bartonella at low abundances. Other amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) could be assigned to a diverse number of bacterial taxa, including several that were previously isolated from bird skin. Further, many frequently found ASVs were assigned to taxa that show a very broad distribution with no strong prior evidence for symbiotic association with animals. We interpret these findings as evidence for a scarcity of resident microbial associates (other than inherited symbionts) in quill mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Glowska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Animal Morphology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Karolina Filutowska
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznan, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznan, Poland
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michael Gerth
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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15
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Zhao F, Xing K, Hoffmann AA, Ma CS. The importance of timing of heat events for predicting the dynamics of aphid pest populations. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1866-1874. [PMID: 30663223 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heatwaves are increasing in frequency and there is growing interest in their impact on pest organisms. Previous work indicates that effects depend on the timing of the stress event, whose impact needs to be characterized across the full set of developmental stages and exposure periods of an organism. Here, we undertake such a detailed assessment using heat stress (20-35 °C diurnal cycle) across the nymph and adult stages of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). RESULTS Stress-related mortality increased with stress duration at all stages; effects were less severe at the late nymphal stage. Effects on longevity adults after stress showed a complex pattern with nymphal heat stress, increasing with stress duration at the late nymphal stage, but decreasing with duration at the early nymphal stage. Longevity was also reduced by adult stress although to a lesser extent, and patterns were not connected to duration. Post-stress productivity decreased following adult and nymphal stress and the decrease tended to be correlated with stress duration. The rate of offspring production was more affected by adult stress than nymphal stress. Productivity and longevity effects, when combined, showed that the largest effect of heat stress occurred at the early nymphal stage. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the complex ways in which heat stress at a particular life stage influences later fitness and they also emphasize the importance of considering multiple fitness components when assessing stress effects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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New Insights into the Nature of Symbiotic Associations in Aphids: Infection Process, Biological Effects, and Transmission Mode of Cultivable Serratia symbiotica Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02445-18. [PMID: 30850430 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02445-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms are widespread in nature and can play a major role in the ecology and evolution of animals. The aphid-Serratia symbiotica bacterium interaction provides a valuable model to study the mechanisms behind these symbiotic associations. The recent discovery of cultivable S. symbiotica strains with a free-living lifestyle allowed us to simulate their environmental acquisition by aphids to examine the mechanisms involved in this infection pathway. Here, after oral ingestion, we analyzed the infection dynamics of cultivable S. symbiotica during the host's lifetime using quantitative PCR and fluorescence techniques and determined the immediate fitness consequences of these bacteria on their new host. We further examined the transmission behavior and phylogenetic position of cultivable strains. Our study revealed that cultivable S. symbiotica bacteria are predisposed to establish a symbiotic association with a new aphid host, settling in its gut. We show that cultivable S. symbiotica bacteria colonize the entire aphid digestive tract following infection, after which the bacteria multiply exponentially during aphid development. Our results further reveal that gut colonization by the bacteria induces a fitness cost to their hosts. Nevertheless, it appeared that the bacteria also offer an immediate protection against parasitoids. Interestingly, cultivable S. symbiotica strains seem to be extracellularly transmitted, possibly through the honeydew, while S. symbiotica is generally considered a maternally transmitted bacterium living within the aphid body cavity and bringing some benefits to its hosts, despite its costs. These findings provide new insights into the nature of symbiosis in aphids and the mechanisms underpinning these interactions.IMPORTANCE S. symbiotica is one of the most common symbionts among aphid populations and includes a wide variety of strains whose degree of interdependence on the host may vary considerably. S. symbiotica strains with a free-living capacity have recently been isolated from aphids. By using these strains, we established artificial associations by simulating new bacterial acquisitions involved in aphid gut infections to decipher their infection processes and biological effects on their new hosts. Our results showed the early stages involved in this route of infection. So far, S. symbiotica has been considered a maternally transmitted aphid endosymbiont. Nevertheless, we show that our cultivable S. symbiotica strains occupy and replicate in the aphid gut and seem to be transmitted over generations through an environmental transmission mechanism. Moreover, cultivable S. symbiotica bacteria are both parasites and mutualists given the context, as are many aphid endosymbionts. Our findings give new perception of the associations involved in bacterial mutualism in aphids.
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17
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Blow F, Douglas AE. The hemolymph microbiome of insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 115:33-39. [PMID: 30953618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hemolymph has long been recognized as a key mediator of nutritional and immunological homeostasis in insects, with the tacit understanding that hemolymph is a hostile environment for microorganisms, and microbiologically sterile in healthy insects. Recent research is overturning the conventional wisdom, and there is now overwhelming evidence that various non-pathogenic microorganisms can stably or transiently inhabit hemolymph in a diversity of insects. Most is known about Spiroplasma, especially in Drosophila species, and secondary symbionts of the Enterobacteriaceae, notably Hamiltonella defensa, in aphids. These bacteria require many nutrients, representing a likely drain on host nutritional resources, and they persist in the hemolymph by a combination of evasion and tolerance of insect immune effectors. These traits can be costly to the insect host. For some hemolymph microorganisms, these costs are balanced by other traits beneficial to the insect, notably protection against natural enemies mediated by specific toxins or competition for key nutrients. Three key priorities for future research are: to investigate the prevalence and taxonomic diversity of hemolymph microorganisms in insects; to establish the role of host nutritional and immune factors as determinants of the abundance and proliferation rates of hemolymph microorganisms; and to integrate the developing understanding of these microorganisms and their impacts (both costs and benefits) on insect nutrition and immune function into the wider study of insect physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Blow
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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18
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Skaljac M, Vogel H, Wielsch N, Mihajlovic S, Vilcinskas A. Transmission of a Protease-Secreting Bacterial Symbiont Among Pea Aphids via Host Plants. Front Physiol 2019; 10:438. [PMID: 31057424 PMCID: PMC6479166 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are economically important pest insects that damage plants by phloem feeding and the transmission of plant viruses. Their ability to feed exclusively on nutritionally poor phloem sap is dependent on the obligatory symbiotic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola, but additional facultative symbionts may also be present, a common example of which is Serratia symbiotica. Many Serratia species secrete extracellular enzymes, so we hypothesised that S. symbiotica may produce proteases that help aphids to feed on plants. Molecular analysis, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), revealed that S. symbiotica colonises the gut, salivary glands and mouthparts (including the stylet) of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, providing a mechanism to transfer the symbiont into host plants. S. symbiotica was also detected in plant tissues wounded by the penetrating stylet and was transferred to naïve aphids feeding on plants containing this symbiont. The maintenance of S. symbiotica by repeated transmission via plants may explain the high frequency of this symbiont in aphid populations. Proteomic analysis of the supernatant from a related but cultivable S. symbiotica strain cultured in liquid medium revealed the presence of known and novel proteases including metalloproteases. The corresponding transcripts encoding these S. symbiotica enzymes were detected in A. pisum and in plants carrying the symbiont, although the mRNA was much more abundant in the aphids. Our data suggest that enzymes from S. symbiotica may facilitate the digestion of plant proteins, thereby helping to suppress plant defense, and that the symbionts are important mediators of aphid–plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Skaljac
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Entomology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Entomology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sanja Mihajlovic
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Guo J, Liu X, Poncelet N, He K, Francis F, Wang Z. Detection and geographic distribution of seven facultative endosymbionts in two Rhopalosiphum aphid species. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00817. [PMID: 30912316 PMCID: PMC6692527 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of the mutualistic associations between facultative symbionts and aphids are developed only in a few models. That survey on the situation and distribution of the symbionts in a certain area is helpful to obtain clues for the acquisition and spread of them as well as their roles played in host evolution. To understand the infection patterns of seven facultative symbionts (Serratia symbiotica, Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, Wolbachia, and Arsenophonus) in Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), we collected 882 R. maidis samples (37 geographical populations) from China and 585 R. padi samples (32 geographical populations) from China and Europe. Results showed that both species were widely infected with various symbionts and totally 50.8% of R. maidis and 50.1% of R. padi were multi‐infected with targeted symbionts. However, very few Rhopalosiphum aphids were infected with S. symbiotica. The infection frequencies of some symbionts were related to the latitude of collecting sites, suggesting the importance of environmental factors in shaping the geographic distribution of facultative symbionts. Also, R. maidis and R. padi were infected with different H. defensa strains based on phylogenetic analysis which may be determined by host ×symbiont genotype interactions. According to our results, the ubiquitous symbionts may play important roles in the evolution of their host aphid and their impacts on adaptation of R. padi and R. maidis were discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.,College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas Poncelet
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Shi PQ, Wang L, Liu Y, An X, Chen XS, Ahmed MZ, Qiu BL, Sang W. Infection dynamics of endosymbionts reveal three novel localization patterns of Rickettsia during the development of whitefly Bemisia tabaci. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5076031. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuan An
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmed
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wen Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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21
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Skaljac M, Kirfel P, Grotmann J, Vilcinskas A. Fitness costs of infection with Serratia symbiotica are associated with greater susceptibility to insecticides in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1829-1836. [PMID: 29443436 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are agricultural pests that damage crops by direct feeding and by vectoring important plant viruses. Bacterial symbionts can influence aphid biology, e.g. by providing essential nutrients or facilitating adaptations to biotic and abiotic stress. RESULTS We investigated the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) and its commonly associated secondary bacterial symbiont Serratia symbiotica to study the effect of this symbiont on host fitness and susceptibility to the insecticides imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos methyl, methomyl, cyantraniliprole and spirotetramat. There is emerging evidence that members of the genus Serratia can degrade and/or detoxify diverse insecticides. Therefore, we hypothesized that S. symbiotica may promote resistance to these artificial stress agents in aphids. Our results showed that Serratia-infected aphids were more susceptible to most of the tested insecticides than non-infected aphids. This probably reflects the severe fitness costs associated with S. symbiotica, which negatively affects development, reproduction and body weight. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that S. symbiotica plays an important role in the ability of aphid hosts to tolerate insecticides. These results provide insight into the potential changes in tolerance to insecticides in the field because there is a continuous and dynamic process of symbiont acquisition and loss that may directly affect host biology. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Skaljac
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Phillipp Kirfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Grotmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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22
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López-Madrigal S, Maire J, Balmand S, Zaidman-Rémy A, Heddi A. Effects of symbiotic status on cellular immunity dynamics in Sitophilus oryzae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:259-269. [PMID: 28802841 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many insects maintain intracellular symbiosis with mutualistic bacteria that improve their adaptive capabilities in nutritionally poor habitats. Adaptation of insect immune systems to such associations has been shown in several symbiotic consortia, including that of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae with the gammaproteobacterium Sodalis pierantonius. Although authors have mostly focused on the role of humoral immunity in host-symbiont interactions, recent studies suggest that symbiotic bacteria may also interfere with the cellular, hemocyte-based, immunity. Here, we have explored hemocyte dynamics in S. oryzae in the presence or absence of S. pierantonius, and in response to bacterial challenges. We have identified five morphotypes within larval hemocytes, whose abundance and morphometry drastically change along insect development. We show that hemocytes make part of the weevil immune system by responding to pathogenic infections. In contrast with previous results on other insect species, however, our analyses did not reveal any symbiotic-dependent modulation of the hemocyte global population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Maire
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Séverine Balmand
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
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23
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Skidmore IH, Hansen AK. The evolutionary development of plant-feeding insects and their nutritional endosymbionts. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:910-928. [PMID: 28371395 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects have evolved diverse mechanisms enabling them to feed on plants with suboptimal nutrient availability. Low nutrient availability negatively impacts insect herbivore development and fitness. To overcome this obstacle numerous insect lineages have evolved intimate associations with nutritional endosymbionts. This is especially true for insects that specialize on nitrogen-poor substrates, as these insects are highly dependent on intracellular symbionts to provide nitrogen lacking in their insect host's diet. Emerging evidence in these systems suggest that the symbiont's and/or the insect's biosynthetic pathways are dynamically regulated throughout the insect's development to potentially cope with the insect's changing nutritional demands. In this review, we evaluate the evolutionary development of symbiotic insect cells (bacteriocytes) by comparing and contrasting genes and mechanisms involved in maintaining and regulating the nutritional symbiosis throughout insect development in a diversity of insect herbivore-endosymbiont associations. With new advances in genome sequencing and functional genomics, we evaluate to what extent nutritional symbioses are shaped by (i) the regulation of symbiont titer, (ii) the regulation of insect symbiosis genes, and (iii) the regulation of symbiont genes. We discuss how important these mechanisms are for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids and vitamins across insect life stages in divergent insect-symbiont systems. We conclude by suggesting future directions of research to further elucidate the evolutionary development of bacteriocytes and the impact of these nutritional symbioses on insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel H Skidmore
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Allison K Hansen
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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24
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Leclair M, Polin S, Jousseaume T, Simon JC, Sugio A, Morlière S, Fukatsu T, Tsuchida T, Outreman Y. Consequences of coinfection with protective symbionts on the host phenotype and symbiont titres in the pea aphid system. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:798-808. [PMID: 27514019 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic associations between microbes and insects are widespread, and it is frequent that several symbionts share the same host individual. Hence, interactions can occur between these symbionts, influencing their respective abundance within the host with consequences on its phenotype. Here, we investigate the effects of multiple infections in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, which is the host of an obligatory and several facultative symbionts. In particular, we study the influence of a coinfection with 2 protective symbionts: Hamiltonella defensa, which confers protection against parasitoids, and Rickettsiella viridis, which provides protection against fungal pathogens and predators. The effects of Hamiltonella-Rickettsiella coinfection on the respective abundance of the symbionts, host fitness and efficacy of enemy protection were studied. Asymmetrical interactions between the 2 protective symbionts have been found: when they coinfect the same aphid individuals, the Rickettsiella infection affected Hamiltonella abundance within hosts but not the Hamiltonella-mediated protective phenotype while the Hamiltonella infection negatively influences the Rickettsiella-mediated protective phenotype but not its abundance. Harboring the 2 protective symbionts also reduced the survival and fecundity of host individuals. Overall, this work highlights the effects of multiple infections on symbiont abundances and host traits that are likely to impact the maintenance of the symbiotic associations in natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Leclair
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Sarah Polin
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Akiko Sugio
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | | | | | - Tsutomu Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yannick Outreman
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, Rennes, France
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25
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McLean AHC, Parker BJ, Hrček J, Kavanagh JC, Wellham PAD, Godfray HCJ. Consequences of symbiont co-infections for insect host phenotypes. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:478-488. [PMID: 28542979 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most animals host communities of symbiotic bacteria. In insects, these symbionts may have particularly intimate interactions with their hosts: many are intracellular and can play important roles in host ecology and evolution, including protection against natural enemies. We investigated how interactions between different species or strains of endosymbiotic bacteria within an aphid host influence the outcome of symbiosis for both symbiont and host. We first asked whether different combinations of facultative symbiont species or strains can exist in stable co-infections. We then investigated whether the benefits that facultative bacteria confer on their hosts (protection against natural enemies) are enhanced, reduced or unaltered by the presence of a co-infecting symbiont. We asked this both for co-infecting symbionts that confer different phenotypes on their hosts (protection against fungal pathogens vs. parasitoid wasps) and symbionts with overlapping functions. Finally, we investigated the additional survival costs to aphids of carrying multiple infections of symbiont species or strains, and compared symbiont titres in double and single infections. We found that stable co-infections were possible between all of the combinations of facultative symbiont species (Regiella insecticola + Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella + Rickettsiella sp., Regiella + Spiroplasma sp.) and strains (Hamiltonella) that we studied. Where symbionts provided protection against different natural enemies, no alteration in protection was observed in the presence of co-infections. Where symbionts provided protection against the same natural enemy, the level of protection corresponded to the higher of the two symbionts present. In some instances, aphid hosts suffered additional survival costs when hosting double infections. In the case of Hamiltonella, however, infection with multiple strains of the same symbiont led to lower symbiont titres than single infections, and actually improved aphid survival. We conclude that the long-term maintenance of symbiont co-infections in aphids is likely to be determined primarily by costs of co-infections and in some instances by redundancy of symbiont benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Hrček
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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26
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Zhao F, Hoffmann AA, Xing K, Ma CS. Life stages of an aphid living under similar thermal conditions differ in thermal performance. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 99:1-7. [PMID: 28283383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat responses can vary ontogenetically in many insects with complex life cycles, reflecting differences in thermal environments they experience. Such variation has rarely been considered in insects that develop incrementally and experience common microclimates across stages. To test if there is a low level of ontogenetic variation for heat responses in one such species, the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae, basal tolerance [upper lethal temperature (ULT50) and maximum critical temperature (CTmax)], hardening capacity (CTmax) and hardening costs (adult longevity and fecundity) were measured across five stages (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th-instar nymphs and newly moulted adults). We found large tolerance differences among stages of this global pest species, and a tendency for the stage with lower heat tolerance to show a stronger hardening response. There were also substantial reproductive costs of hardening responses, with the level of stress experienced, and not the proximity of the exposed stage to the reproductive adult stage, influencing the magnitude of this cost. Hence hardening in this aphid may counter inherently low tolerance levels of some life stages but at a cost to adult longevity and fecundity. Our findings highlight the significance of ontogenetic variation in predicting responses of a species to climate change, even in species without a complex life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 81 Longcheng Street, CN-030031 Taiyuan, PR China; Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, CN-100193 Beijing, PR China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Disease Vector Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 81 Longcheng Street, CN-030031 Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, CN-100193 Beijing, PR China.
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27
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Saberski ET, Diamond JD, Henneman NF, Levitis DA. Post-reproductive parthenogenetic pea aphids ( Acyrthosiphon pisum) are visually identifiable and disproportionately positioned distally to clonal colonies. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2631. [PMID: 27812427 PMCID: PMC5088610 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of kin-selection in the evolution of post-reproductive life is controversial. While anthropological and demographic studies strongly suggest that humans and a few other species experience kin selection for significant post-reproductive survival, these results are necessarily correlational. Understanding could therefore be advanced by the development of a globally available, field and laboratory tractable experimental model of kin-selected post-reproductive survival. In only one invertebrate (Quadrartus yoshinomiyai, a gall-forming aphid endemic to Japan) have individuals too old to reproduce been shown to be both numerous in natural habitats and able to help close relatives survive or reproduce. Pea aphids, (Acyrthosiphon pisum), common, tractable organisms, frequently outlive their reproductive ages in laboratories, live in tight interacting groups that are often clonal, and therefore should be evaluated as potential model organisms for the study of adaptive post-reproductive life. The first major step in this process is to identify an optimal method for assessing if a parthenogenetic adult is post-reproductive. We evaluated three methods, relying respectively on isolation in clip cages, visual examination for embryonic eyespots, and dissection. In every case each method identified the same individuals as reproductive versus post-reproductive. While the clip-cage method requires a multi-day wait to produce data, and dissection is inevitably fatal, the eyespot method is quick (under one minute per individual) easy, and non-invasive. This method makes it possible to accurately assess the post-reproductive status of a large number of parthenogenetic pea aphids. We demonstrate the usefulness of the eyespot method in showing that while reproductively valuable adults tend to place themselves near the centers of clonal colonies, less valuable post-reproductive adults are more often at or beyond the edges of colonies. These encouraging early results provide both impetuous and aid for further investigations into the post-reproductive lives of pea aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T. Saberski
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel A. Levitis
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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28
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Laughton AM, Garcia JR, Gerardo NM. Condition-dependent alteration of cellular immunity by secondary symbionts in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 86:17-24. [PMID: 26699661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbionts can fundamentally alter host physiology. Whether such changes are beneficial or detrimental to one or both partners may depend on the dynamics of the symbiotic relationship. Here we investigate the relationship between facultative symbionts and host immune responses. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, maintains an obligate primary symbiont, but may also harbour one or more facultative, secondary symbionts. Given their more transient nature and relatively recent adoption of a symbiotic lifestyle compared to primary symbionts, secondary symbionts may present a challenge for the host immune system. We assessed the response of several key components of the cellular immune system (phenoloxidase activity, encapsulation, immune cell counts) in the presence of alternative secondary symbionts, investigating the role of host and secondary symbiont genotype in specific responses. There was no effect of secondary symbiont presence on the phenoloxidase response, but we found variation in the encapsulation response and in immune cell counts based largely on the secondary symbiont. Host genotype was less influential in determining immunity outcomes. Our results highlight the importance of secondary symbionts in shaping host immunity. Understanding the complex physiological responses that can be propagated by host-symbiont associations has important consequences for host ecology, including symbiont and pathogen transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Laughton
- Biology Department, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Justine R Garcia
- Biology Department, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Biology Department, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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29
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Parkinson JF, Gobin B, Hughes WOH. Heritability of symbiont density reveals distinct regulatory mechanisms in a tripartite symbiosis. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2053-60. [PMID: 27099709 PMCID: PMC4831439 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial eukaryotic–bacterial partnerships are integral to animal and plant evolution. Understanding the density regulation mechanisms behind bacterial symbiosis is essential to elucidating the functional balance between hosts and symbionts. Citrus mealybugs, Planococcus citri (Risso), present an excellent model system for investigating the mechanisms of symbiont density regulation. They contain two obligate nutritional symbionts, Moranella endobia, which resides inside Tremblaya princeps, which has been maternally transmitted for 100–200 million years. We investigate whether host genotype may influence symbiont density by crossing mealybugs from two inbred laboratory‐reared populations that differ substantially in their symbiont density to create hybrids. The density of the M. endobia symbiont in the hybrid hosts matched that of the maternal parent population, in keeping with density being determined either by the symbiont or the maternal genotype. However, the density of the T. princeps symbiont was influenced by the paternal host genotype. The greater dependency of T. princeps on its host may be due to its highly reduced genome. The decoupling of T. princeps and M. endobia densities, in spite of their intimate association, suggests that distinct regulatory mechanisms can be at work in symbiotic partnerships, even when they are obligate and mutualistic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Gobin
- PCS-Ornamental Plant Research Schaessestraat 18 Destelbergen 9070 Belgium
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30
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Direct flow cytometry measurements reveal a fine-tuning of symbiotic cell dynamics according to the host developmental needs in aphid symbiosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19967. [PMID: 26822159 PMCID: PMC4731799 DOI: 10.1038/srep19967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic associations constitute a driving force in the ecological and evolutionary diversification of metazoan organisms. Little is known about whether and how symbiotic cells are coordinated according to host physiology. Here, we use the nutritional symbiosis between the insect pest, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and its obligate symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, as a model system. We have developed a novel approach for unculturable bacteria, based on flow cytometry, and used this method to estimate the absolute numbers of symbionts at key stages of aphid life. The endosymbiont population increases exponentially throughout nymphal development, showing a growing rate which has never been characterized by indirect molecular techniques. Using histology and imaging techniques, we have shown that the endosymbiont-bearing cells (bacteriocytes) increase significantly in number and size during the nymphal development, and clustering in the insect abdomen. Once adulthood is reached and the laying period has begun, the dynamics of symbiont and host cells is reversed: the number of endosymbionts decreases progressively and the bacteriocyte structure degenerates during insect aging. In summary, these results show a coordination of the cellular dynamics between bacteriocytes and primary symbionts and reveal a fine-tuning of aphid symbiotic cells to the nutritional demand imposed by the host physiology throughout development.
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31
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Cayetano L, Rothacher L, Simon JC, Vorburger C. Cheaper is not always worse: strongly protective isolates of a defensive symbiont are less costly to the aphid host. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142333. [PMID: 25473015 PMCID: PMC4286048 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Defences against parasites are typically associated with costs to the host that contribute to the maintenance of variation in resistance. This also applies to the defence provided by the facultative bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which protects its aphid hosts against parasitoid wasps while imposing life-history costs. To investigate the cost–benefit relationship within protected hosts, we introduced multiple isolates of H. defensa to the same genetic backgrounds of black bean aphids, Aphis fabae, and we quantified the protection against their parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum as well as the costs to the host (reduced lifespan and reproduction) in the absence of parasitoids. Surprisingly, we observed the opposite of a trade-off. Strongly protective isolates of H. defensa reduced lifespan and lifetime reproduction of unparasitized aphids to a lesser extent than weakly protective isolates. This finding has important implications for the evolution of defensive symbiosis and highlights the need for a better understanding of how strain variation in protective symbionts is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cayetano
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Rothacher
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, UMR 1349 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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32
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Mortzfeld BM, Urbanski S, Reitzel AM, Künzel S, Technau U, Fraune S. Response of bacterial colonization inNematostella vectensisto development, environment and biogeography. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1764-81. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt M. Mortzfeld
- Zoological Institute; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel; Olshausenstrasse 40 Kiel 24098 Germany
| | - Szymon Urbanski
- Zoological Institute; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel; Olshausenstrasse 40 Kiel 24098 Germany
| | - Adam M. Reitzel
- Department of Biological Sciences; The University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Woodward Hall 245 Charlotte NC 28223 USA
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön 24306 Germany
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre for Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 Wien 1090 Austria
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Zoological Institute; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel; Olshausenstrasse 40 Kiel 24098 Germany
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33
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Vigneron A, Masson F, Vallier A, Balmand S, Rey M, Vincent-Monégat C, Aksoy E, Aubailly-Giraud E, Zaidman-Rémy A, Heddi A. Insects Recycle Endosymbionts when the Benefit Is Over. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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