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Baev V, Iliev I, Stefanov Y, Tsankova M, Marhova M, Apostolova E, Gozmanova M, Yahubyan G, Kostadinova S. Exploring the Genomic Landscape of Bacillus paranthracis PUMB_17 as a Proficient Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C Producer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2497-2513. [PMID: 38534774 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases find versatile applications across industries, including detergent production, food modification, pharmaceuticals (especially in drug delivery systems), and cell signaling research. In this study, we present a strain of Bacillus paranthracis for the first time, demonstrating significant potential in the production of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC). The investigation thoroughly examines the B. paranthracis PUMB_17 strain, focusing on the activity of PC-PLC and its purification process. Notably, the PUMB_17 strain displays extracellular PC-PLC production with high specific activity during the late exponential growth phase. To unravel the genetic makeup of PUMB_17, we employed nanopore-based whole-genome sequencing and subsequently conducted a detailed genome annotation. The genome comprises a solitary circular chromosome spanning 5,250,970 bp, featuring a guanine-cytosine ratio of 35.49. Additionally, two plasmids of sizes 64,250 bp and 5845 bp were identified. The annotation analysis reveals the presence of 5328 genes, encompassing 5186 protein-coding sequences, and 142 RNA genes, including 39 rRNAs, 103 tRNAs, and 5 ncRNAs. The aim of this study was to make a comprehensive genomic exploration that promises to enhance our understanding of the previously understudied and recently documented capabilities of Bacillus paranthracis and to shed light on a potential use of the strain in the industrial production of PC-PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesselin Baev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Iliev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Marinela Tsankova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mariana Marhova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Apostolova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mariyana Gozmanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Galina Yahubyan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Sonya Kostadinova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Abreu R, Martinho A, Noiva R, Pissarra H, Cota J, Cunha E, Tavares L, Oliveira M. Osteomyelitis caused by Aspergillus terreus complex in a dog: a case report. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:76. [PMID: 37291542 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs, the most frequently reported mycosis associated with Aspergillus spp. are respiratory infections. Systemic aspergillosis is uncommon, with reported cases been associated with several Aspergillus species. Aspergillus terreus species complex are ubiquitous organisms, unfrequently associated with local or systemic disease in animals and humans, and treatment of osteomyelitis caused by this species is usually unfavorable. CASE PRESENTATION This case report describes the case of a 5-year-old dog, referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Portugal, with a history of lameness of the right thoracic limb. Radiographs and CT scan revealed two different lesions on right humerus and radio, which were biopsied. The samples collected were submitted to cytological and histopathological evaluation and bacterial and mycological culture. Environmental samples, including of the surgery room and of the biopsy needle were also evaluated for the presence of fungi. Regarding biopsy samples, bacterial culture was negative, but mycological analysis originated a pure culture of a fungal species later identified as Aspergillus terreus by Sanger sequencing. Results were compatible with histopathologic examination, which revealed periosteal reaction and invasion of hyphae elements. Also, mycological analysis of both environmental samples evaluated were negative. The virulence profile of the fungal isolate was phenotypically characterized using specific media, allowing to reveal its ability to produce several enzymes involved in its pathogenicity, namely lipase, hemolysin and DNAse, corresponding to a Virulence Index (V. Index.) of 0.43. The patient was submitted to itraconazole therapy for 8 weeks. After 3 weeks, the patient showed significant clinical improvement, and after 6 weeks no radiographic signs were observed. CONCLUSIONS Antifungal therapy with itraconazole can contribute to the remission of canine infections promoted by Aspergillus terreus complex with a relevant V. Index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Abreu
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - António Martinho
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rute Noiva
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pissarra
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Cota
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
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Fernandes M, Nóbrega Carneiro C, Villada Rosales AM, Grilo M, Ramiro Y, Cunha E, Nunes T, Tavares L, Sandi J, Oliveira M. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of Enterobacterales isolated from two-finger and three-finger sloths ( Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus variegatus) of Costa Rica. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12911. [PMID: 35295556 PMCID: PMC8919844 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wildlife has been recently recognized as an environmental reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, less information on this topic is available in animals released back into the wild after rehabilitation in wildlife facilities, compared with studies performed exclusively in captive or free-ranging wildlife. This study aimed to evaluate the potential influence of captivity and/or treatment while in captivity of wild sloths on the AMR and virulence profiles of sloths' Enterobacterales. Methods Oral and rectal swab samples were collected from 39 two-finger (Choloepus hoffmanni) and three-finger sloths (Bradypus variegatus) of Costa Rica (n = 78) and analyzed using conventional bacteriological techniques. A generalized linear mixed model was applied to estimate the isolates' multiple antimicrobial resistance and virulence indices as a function of animal status. Results A considerable level of resistance was detected, especially for Citrobacter youngae and Escherichia coli, with 17.5% of isolates classified as multidrug-resistant. Virulence indices of isolates from rehabilitated sloths were significantly higher than the ones from sloths being hand-reared for shorter periods. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first description of sloths' antimicrobial resistant Enterobacterales, suggesting that sloths' rehabilitation and consequent exposure to humans, may promote the selection of bacteria with higher virulence. Ultimately, these bacteria may represent a threat to human and animal health due to their zoonotic potential and AMR and virulence profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Fernandes
- CIISA–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Nóbrega Carneiro
- CIISA–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Grilo
- CIISA–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yolanda Ramiro
- Toucan Rescue Ranch (TRR), Heredia, San Josecito, Costa Rica
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- CIISA–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Janet Sandi
- Toucan Rescue Ranch (TRR), Heredia, San Josecito, Costa Rica
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Fernandes M, Grilo ML, Carneiro C, Cunha E, Tavares L, Patino-Martinez J, Oliveira M. Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta) of the Island of Maio, Cape Verde. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070771. [PMID: 34202799 PMCID: PMC8300689 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), describing this species as prime reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to characterise, for the first time, the AMR and virulence profiles of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from 33 nesting loggerhead turtles of the island of Maio, Cape Verde. Cloacal, oral, and egg content swab samples (n = 99) were collected and analysed using conventional bacteriological techniques. Shewanella putrefaciens, Morganella morganii, and Vibrio alginolyticus were isolated from the samples under study. The isolates obtained from this loggerhead subpopulation (North-East Atlantic) revealed lower levels of AMR, compared with the results of studies performed in other subpopulations (e.g., Mediterranean). However, the detection of resistance to carbapenems and multiple antimicrobial resistance indices higher than 0.20, raises concern about the potential association of these animals to points of high antimicrobial exposure. Furthermore, virulence phenotypic characterisation revealed that the isolates presented complex virulence profiles, including the ability to produce biofilms. Finally, due to their pathogenic potential, and considering the evidence of illegal consumption of turtle-related products on the island of Maio, the identified bacteria may represent a significant threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Fernandes
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (M.L.G.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (L.T.)
- Veterinários Sem Fronteiras, Av. Da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel L. Grilo
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (M.L.G.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Carla Carneiro
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (M.L.G.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (M.L.G.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (M.L.G.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Juan Patino-Martinez
- Maio Biodiversity Foundation (FMB), Cidade Porto Inglês, Ilha do Maio 6110, Cape Verde;
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.F.); (M.L.G.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-213602052
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5
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Kiran GS, Sajayan A, Gopal Priyadharshini, Balakrishnan A, Prathiviraj R, Sabu A, Selvin J. A novel anti-infective molecule nesfactin identified from sponge associated bacteria Nesterenkonia sp. MSA31 against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104923. [PMID: 34000302 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overuse of antibiotics coupled with biofilm-forming ability has led to the emergence of multi-drug P. aeruginosa strains worldwide. Quorum sensing is a bacterial cell-cell communication system that regulates the expression of genes, including virulence factors, through production of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phenotypic expression of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa is mediated by quorum sensing systems (las and rhl). In this study an anti-infective molecule produced by a marine actinomycetes Nesterenkonia sp. MSA31 was elucidated as lipopeptide by NMR and LC-MS/MS analysis. The new lipopeptide molecule was named Nesfactin. This molecule effectively inhibited virulence phenotypes including production of hemolysin, protease, lipase, phospholipase, esterase, elastase, rhamnolipid, alginate, and pyocyanin, as well as motility and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. The high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed that the lipopeptide (50 μg/mL) inhibited production of the AHLs produced by the las and rhl quorum sensing systems (3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL, respectively). Docking analysis showed the binding affinity of the ligand towards the quorum sensing receptor molecules. The confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed the anti-biofilm effect of lipopeptide against P. aeruginosa. Nesfactin based hydrogel showed a significant antibiofilm effect on the catheter. This study suggests that the lipopeptide may be an effective anti-virulence treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Seghal Kiran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Arya Sajayan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Gopal Priyadharshini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Aarthy Balakrishnan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - R Prathiviraj
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Abdulhameed Sabu
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kannur, India
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India.
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Cui Z, Dang G, Song N, Cui Y, Li Z, Zang X, Liu H, Wang Z, Liu S. Rv3091, An Extracellular Patatin-Like Phospholipase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Prolongs Intracellular Survival of Recombinant Mycolicibacterium smegmatis by Mediating Phagosomal Escape. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2204. [PMID: 33042041 PMCID: PMC7517356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.532371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipases (PLPs) are important virulence factors of many pathogens. However, there are no prevailing studies regarding PLPs as a virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Analysis of Rv3091, a putative protein of Mtb, shows that it belongs to the PLPs family. Here, we cloned and expressed the rv3091 gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis and, subsequently, conducted protein purification and characterization. We show that it possesses phospholipase A1, phospholipase A2, and lipase activity. We confirm the putative active site residues, namely, Ser214 and Asp407, using site directed mutagenesis. The Rv3091 is an extracellular protein that alters the colony morphology of M. smegmatis. The presence of Rv3091 enhances the intracellular survival capability of M. smegmatis in murine peritoneal macrophages. Additionally, it promotes M. smegmatis phagosomal escape from macrophages. Moreover, Rv3091 significantly increased the survival of M. smegmatis and aggravated lesions in C57BL/6 J murine lungs in vivo. Taken together, our results indicate that Rv3091 as an extracellular PLP that is critical to the pathogenicity of mycobacterium as it allows mycobacterium to utilize phospholipids for its growth and provides resistance to phagosome killing, resulting in its enhanced intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinxin Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Park J, Tae Eom G, Young Oh J, Hyun Park J, Chang Kim S, Kwang Song J, Hoon Ahn J. High-Level Production of Bacteriotoxic Phospholipase A1 in Bacterial Host Pseudomonas fluorescens Via ABC Transporter-Mediated Secretion and Inducible Expression. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020239. [PMID: 32053917 PMCID: PMC7074900 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is used in various industrial fields because it can catalyze the hydrolysis, esterification, and transesterification of phospholipids to their functional derivatives. It also has a role in the degumming process of crude plant oils. However, bacterial expression of the foreign PLA1-encoding gene was generally hampered because intracellularly expressed PLA1 is inherently toxic and damages the phospholipid membrane. In this study, we report that secretion-based production of recombinant PlaA, a bacterial PLA1 gene, or co-expression of PlaS, an accessory gene, minimizes this harmful effect. We were able to achieve high-level PlaA production via secretion-based protein production. Here, TliD/TliE/TliF, an ABC transporter complex of Pseudomonas fluorescens SIK-W1, was used to secrete recombinant proteins to the extracellular medium. In order to control the protein expression with induction, a new strain of P. fluorescens, which had the lac operon repressor gene lacI, was constructed and named ZYAI strain. The bacteriotoxic PlaA protein was successfully produced in a bacterial host, with help from ABC transporter-mediated secretion, induction-controlled protein expression, and fermentation. The final protein product is capable of degumming oil efficiently, signifying its application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Korea Science Academy of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Busan 47162, Korea;
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea;
| | - Gyeong Tae Eom
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 1, Ulsan 44429, Korea;
| | - Joon Young Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.Y.O.); (J.H.P.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.Y.O.); (J.H.P.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Song
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (J.Y.O.); (J.H.P.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Jung Hoon Ahn
- Korea Science Academy of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Busan 47162, Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-606-2335
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8
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Mehta DS, Metzger LE, Hassan AN, Nelson BK, Patel HA. The ability of spore formers to degrade milk proteins, fat, phospholipids, common stabilizers, and exopolysaccharides. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10799-10813. [PMID: 31521346 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spore formers are common spoilage-causing microorganisms in dairy products; however, their modes of spoilage (proteolysis, lipolysis, etc.) have not been described in detail for cultured dairy products such as sour cream and yogurt. The objective of the present study was to test the ability of spore-forming strains isolated from dairy environments for their spoilage-causing activities at typical sour cream (24°C) and yogurt (42°C) fermentation temperatures. A total of 25 spore-forming strains were isolated from different sources, including raw milk, pasteurizer balance tank, biofilms formed on heat exchangers, and milk powder. These strains were tested for proteolytic and lipolytic activities and for their ability to degrade phospholipids, common stabilizers (starch, gelatin, xanthan gum, pectin), and exopolysaccharides (EPS) at sour cream and yogurt fermentation temperatures. A higher percentage of positive strains was observed for selected activities at yogurt fermentation temperature compared with sour cream fermentation temperature. Identified proteolytic spore-forming strains, based on a skim milk agar method, were subsequently quantified for their level of proteolysis using non-casein nitrogen (NCN) content and sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE (SDS-PAGE). The proteolytic strains that showed the highest levels of proteolysis (highest percentages of NCN content) at 24°C were Bacillus mojavensis BC, Bacillus cereus DBC, Bacillus subtilis DBC, B. mojavensis DBC1, and Paenibacillus polymyxa DBC1. At 42°C the strains with the highest levels of proteolysis (highest percentages of NCN content) were B. subtilis DBC, B. mojavensis BC, B. mojavensis DBC1, B. cereus DBC, and Bacillus licheniformis DBC6. Results of SDS-PAGE demonstrated that proteolytic strains had primarily hydrolyzed β- and κ-CN. A viscometric method was used to evaluate the susceptibility of exopolysaccharides (EPS) to degradation by selected spore formers. This method helped to determine that EPS produced by commercial yogurt and sour cream cultures is susceptible to degradation by spore formers present in dairy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Mehta
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; Research and Development, Wells Enterprises Inc., Le Mars, IA 51031
| | - L E Metzger
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007.
| | - A N Hassan
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; Daisy Brand, Garland, TX 75041
| | | | - H A Patel
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; Dairy Foods Research and Development, Land O'Lakes Inc., Arden Hills, MN 55126
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Munsch-Alatossava P, Käkelä R, Ibarra D, Youbi-Idrissi M, Alatossava T. Phospholipolysis Caused by Different Types of Bacterial Phospholipases During Cold Storage of Bovine Raw Milk Is Prevented by N 2 Gas Flushing. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1307. [PMID: 29971053 PMCID: PMC6018212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold storage aims to preserve the quality and safety of raw milk from farms to dairies; unfortunately, low temperatures also promote the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria, some of which produce heat-stable enzymes that cause spoilage of milk or dairy products. Previously, N2 gas flushing of raw milk has demonstrated significant potential as a method to hinder bacterial growth at both laboratory and pilot plant scales. Using a mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approach, we examined the impact of cold storage [at 6°C for up to 7 days, the control condition (C)], on the relative amounts of major phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine/PE, phosphatidylcholine/PC, phosphatidylserine/PS, phosphatidylinositol/PI, and sphingomyelin/SM) in three bovine raw milk samples, and compared it to the condition that received additional N2 gas flushing (N). As expected, bacterial growth was hindered by the N2-based treatment (over 4 log-units lower at day 7) compared to the non-treated control condition. At the end of the cold storage period, the control condition (C7) revealed higher hydrolysis of PC, SM, PE, and PS (the major species reached 27.2, 26.7, 34.6, and 9.9 μM, respectively), compared to the N2-flushed samples (N7) (the major species reached 55.6, 35.9, 54.0, and 18.8 μM, respectively). C7 samples also exhibited a three-fold higher phosphatidic acid (PA) content (6.8 μM) and a five-fold higher content (17.3 μM) of lysophospholipids (LPE, LPC, LPS, and LPI) whereas both lysophospholipids and PA remained at their initial levels for 7 days in N7 samples. Taking into consideration the significant phospholipid losses in the controls, the lipid profiling results together with the microbiological data suggest a major role of phospholipase (PLase) C (PLC) in phospholipolysis during cold storage. However, the experimental data also indicate that bacterial sphingomyelinase C, together with PLases PLD and PLA contributed to the degradation of phospholipids present in raw milk as well, and potential contributions from PLB activity cannot be excluded. Altogether, this lipidomics study highlights the beneficial effects of N2 flushing treatment on the quality and safety of raw milk through its ability to effectively hinder phospholipolysis during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique Ibarra
- Air Liquide, Centre de Recherches Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Tapani Alatossava
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Rungsa P, Peigneur S, Daduang S, Tytgat J. Purification and biochemical characterization of VesT1s, a novel phospholipase A1 isoform isolated from the venom of the greater banded wasp Vespa tropica. Toxicon 2018; 148:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Anderson MT, Mitchell LA, Mobley HLT. Cysteine Biosynthesis Controls Serratia marcescens Phospholipase Activity. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:e00159-17. [PMID: 28559296 PMCID: PMC5527384 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00159-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens causes health care-associated opportunistic infections that can be difficult to treat due to a high incidence of antibiotic resistance. One of the many secreted proteins of S. marcescens is the PhlA phospholipase enzyme. Genes involved in the production and secretion of PhlA were identified by screening a transposon insertion library for phospholipase-deficient mutants on phosphatidylcholine-containing medium. Mutations were identified in four genes (cyaA, crp, fliJ, and fliP) that are involved in the flagellum-dependent PhlA secretion pathway. An additional phospholipase-deficient isolate harbored a transposon insertion in the cysE gene encoding a predicted serine O-acetyltransferase required for cysteine biosynthesis. The cysE requirement for extracellular phospholipase activity was confirmed using a fluorogenic phospholipase substrate. Phospholipase activity was restored to the cysE mutant by the addition of exogenous l-cysteine or O-acetylserine to the culture medium and by genetic complementation. Additionally, phlA transcript levels were decreased 6-fold in bacteria lacking cysE and were restored with added cysteine, indicating a role for cysteine-dependent transcriptional regulation of S. marcescens phospholipase activity. S. marcescenscysE mutants also exhibited a defect in swarming motility that was correlated with reduced levels of flhD and fliA flagellar regulator gene transcription. Together, these findings suggest a model in which cysteine is required for the regulation of both extracellular phospholipase activity and surface motility in S. marcescensIMPORTANCESerratia marcescens is known to secrete multiple extracellular enzymes, but PhlA is unusual in that this protein is thought to be exported by the flagellar transport apparatus. In this study, we demonstrate that both extracellular phospholipase activity and flagellar function are dependent on the cysteine biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, a disruption of cysteine biosynthesis results in decreased phlA and flagellar gene transcription, which can be restored by supplying bacteria with exogenous cysteine. These results identify a previously unrecognized role for CysE and cysteine in the secretion of S. marcescens phospholipase and in bacterial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Anderson
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lindsay A Mitchell
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Harry L T Mobley
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Optimization of Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) Production from a Soil Isolate Bacillus subtilis subsp. inaquosorum RG1 via Solid State Fermentation. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Rungsa P, Incamnoi P, Sukprasert S, Uawonggul N, Klaynongsruang S, Daduang J, Patramanon R, Roytrakul S, Daduang S. Comparative proteomic analysis of two wasps venom, Vespa tropica and Vespa affinis. Toxicon 2016; 119:159-67. [PMID: 27288895 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vespid venom is composed of many bioactive compounds. The venom of the banded tiger wasp (Vespa affinis, or VA) and the great banded wasp (Vespa tropica, or VT)-which are locally found in the northeastern part of Thailand and are well known for their life-threatening venom potency-were comparatively studied in terms of potency, composition and biological activity. Clinical studies that included word-of-mouth information shared by traditional healers in local areas noted that the venom of VT is more potent than that of VA. Our previous study showed that the venom of VA is lower in potency (PD50 = 12.5 μg/g body weight) than that of VT (PD50 = 3 μg/g body weight). Analysis with the PAGE technique showed that these two venoms showed similar patterns of active proteins. Most protein spots were basic proteins at an isoelectric point (pI) ranging from 5 to 10, with molecular weights between 27 and 50 kDa. These spots were identified as hyaluronidase, phospholipase, antigen 5, dipeptidyl peptidase and albumin-like protein. The proportion of hyaluronidase was 2.5 times higher in VT than in VA. VT also showed higher hyaluronidase, phospholipase and dipeptidyl peptidase activities, suggesting that these components made VT venom more potent than VA venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapenpuksiri Rungsa
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Paroonkorn Incamnoi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Sophida Sukprasert
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nunthawun Uawonggul
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
| | - Sompong Klaynongsruang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jureerut Daduang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rina Patramanon
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Incamnoi P, Patramanon R, Thammasirirak S, Chaveerach A, Uawonggul N, Sukprasert S, Rungsa P, Daduang J, Daduang S. Heteromtoxin (HmTx), a novel heterodimeric phospholipase A2 from Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom. Toxicon 2013; 61:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chatterjee AK, Thurn KK, Feese DA. Tn5-Induced Mutations in the Enterobacterial Phytopathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 45:644-50. [PMID: 16346212 PMCID: PMC242338 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.2.644-650.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (2492/pJB4JI) matings with Erwinia chrysanthemi produced kanamycin resistant (Km) transconjugants, a majority of which were gentamicin sensitive (Gm). A small proportion (about 0.8%) of the Km Gm clones were either auxotrophic or failed to catabolize galacturonate (Gtu). The R plasmid (pJB4JI) DNA was detected in the parent E. coli strain and in a Km Gm transconjugant, but not in Km GmE. chrysanthemi strains carrying Tn5-induced mutations. In Hfr crosses, Km (Tn5) was found linked with most mutations. A majority (>95%) of prototrophic recombinants were Km, except for Leu and Arg recombinants which were 30 to 50% Km. Spontaneous revertants were obtained for all markers except car, gtu, lys, thr, and trp. Prototrophic revertants, with the exception of Met, Leu, or His clones, were Km. We conclude from both genetic and physical data that Tn5 transposed from pJB4JI into different sites on the chromosome of E. chrysanthemi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Chatterjee
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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Flieger A, Neumeister B, Cianciotto NP. Characterization of the gene encoding the major secreted lysophospholipase A of Legionella pneumophila and its role in detoxification of lysophosphatidylcholine. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6094-106. [PMID: 12379686 PMCID: PMC130422 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6094-6106.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that Legionella pneumophila secretes, via its type II secretion system, phospholipase A activities that are distinguished by their specificity for certain phospholipids. In this study, we identified and characterized plaA, a gene encoding a phospholipase A that cleaves fatty acids from lysophospholipids. The plaA gene encoded a 309-amino-acid protein (PlaA) which had homology to a group of lipolytic enzymes containing the catalytic signature GDSL. In Escherichia coli, the cloned gene conferred trypsin-resistant hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylglycerol. An L. pneumophila plaA mutant was generated by allelic exchange. Although the mutant grew normally in standard buffered yeast extract broth, its culture supernatants lost greater than 80% of their ability to release fatty acids from lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylglycerol, implying that PlaA is the major secreted lysophospholipase A of L. pneumophila. The mutant's reduced lipolytic activity was confirmed by growth on egg yolk agar and thin layer chromatography and was complemented by reintroduction of an intact copy of plaA. Overexpression of plaA completely protected L. pneumophila from the toxic effects of lysophosphatidylcholine, suggesting a role for PlaA in bacterial detoxification of lysophospholipids. The plaA mutant grew like the wild type in U937 cell macrophages and Hartmannella vermiformis amoebae, indicating that PlaA is not essential for intracellular infection of L. pneumophila. In the course of characterizing plaA, we discovered that wild-type legionellae secrete a phospholipid cholesterol acyltransferase activity, highlighting the spectrum of lipolytic enzymes produced by L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Flieger
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, Germany
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Critical evaluation of p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine (p-NPPC) as artificial substrate for the detection of phospholipase C*. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 26:451-458. [PMID: 10713220 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) activity secreted by bacteria as a virulence factor is commonly detected by use of the artificial substrate p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine (p-NPPC). We examined several commercially available enzymes (phosphodiesterases, phosphomonoesterases, phospholipase A, lipase, protease) for their hydrolytic activity towards p-NPPC and compared these results with those of PLC tests using phospholipid substrates. Our data indicate that, in addition to PLC, several other enzymes which can affect phosphate esters are able to hydrolyze p-NPPC. We therefore suggest to use lipid substrates for correct characterization of bacterial PLCs, especially when whole bacteria or crude enzyme preparations are investigated.
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Lindberg AM, Ljungh A, Ahrné S, Löfdahl S, Molin G. Enterobacteriaceae found in high numbers in fish, minced meat and pasteurised milk or cream and the presence of toxin encoding genes. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 39:11-7. [PMID: 9562874 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(97)00104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae were found in high numbers after storage at 7 degrees C in 6% of consumers packs of pasteurised milk or cream, in 31% of retailed fish and in 100% of retail packs of minced meat. Seventy two fresh-water fishes, 40 packs of minced meat and 430 milk packs were sampled. One hundred and eighty four isolates were randomly picked from Tryptone glucose extract (TGE) agar (30 degrees C for 3d) or Violet red bile glucose (VRBG) agar (37 degrees C for 1d). In minced meat, Serratia liquefaciens, Hafnia alvei, Rahnella aquatilis were frequently encountered. On fish, the most frequently found species were R. aquatilis, and in milk, the dominating species were S. liquefaciens, H. alvei and R. aquatilis. One to three isolates of Citrobacter freundii were found in all three food categories. Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, the gene of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (lt) was indicated in one fish isolate of R. aquatilis whereas heat-stable toxin genes (s.t.) were indicated in four H. alvei isolates, two originating from fish and two from minced meat. Positive PCR-reaction for vero cytotoxin genes were found in one H. alvei strain originating from fish (vt1), in two S. liquefaciens strains from minced meat (vt2), and in a C. freundii reference strain. One of the st-positive H. alvei strains from meat harboured the eaeA gene involved in the attaching phenotype of enteropathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lindberg
- Department of Food Technology, Lund University, Sweden
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Ingham AB, Pemberton JM. A lipase of Aeromonas hydrophila showing nonhemolytic phospholipase C activity. Curr Microbiol 1995; 31:28-33. [PMID: 7767226 DOI: 10.1007/bf00294630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular lipase activity detected on tributyrin agar has been identified in a cosmid clone, JM3084, constructed from the chromosome of Aeromonas hydrophila and vector pHC79. This lipase, named apl-1, also exhibits nonhemolytic phospholipase C activity on lecithin and p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine. Subcloning of the cosmid JMP3084 with partial Sau3a1 digestion localized the lipase gene to a 3.4-kb DNA fragment. Southern blot analysis shows the gene apl-1 to exist in single copy on the A. hydrophila chromosome. Expression of apl-1 in the pT7 system identified a single protein of molecular weight 70 kDa. Nucleotide sequencing of apl-1 has identified an open reading frame of 2055 bases predicting a protein of 73 kDa. The presence of an amino terminal signal sequence of 18 amino acids accounts for this molecular weight disparity. Further analysis of the lipase amino acid sequence revealed the presence of a classical serine active lipase site (Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly) located between residues 561 and 570. The A. hydrophila chromosomal copy of apl-1 has been inactivated by use of the mutagenesis vector pJP5603, resulting in the complete removal of phospholipase C activity and lowered levels of lipase activity detected on tributyrin agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Ingham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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20
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Cox JM, Mac Rae IC. A numerical taxonomic study of proteolytic and lipolytic psychrotrophs isolated from caprine milk. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 66:137-52. [PMID: 2496069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipolytic and proteolytic psychrotrophs were isolated from raw and pasteurized goats' milk, which had been stored at 5 degrees C for 7 d. The 241 strains isolated and 20 reference strains were examined by 149 biochemical, physiological, and morphological tests. The results yielded 195 characters suitable for taxonomic analysis. Computer-assisted complete linkage analysis, using the Jaccard coefficient, produced 22 phenons at 75% S. The results showed that Pseudomonas fluorescens was the predominant psychrotrophic bacterium, but that Pseudomonas fragi was dominant in some milk samples. Strains of Serratia liquefaciens and Flavobacterium balustinum were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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21
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Shelley AW, Deeth HC, MacRae IC. A numerical taxonomic study of psychrotrophic bacteria associated with lipolytic spoilage of raw milk. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1987; 62:197-207. [PMID: 3110117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Raw milk samples were stored for 1-4 d and examined for bacterial growth and lipase activity. Thirty-six samples in which an increase in the heat-stable lipase activity was observed during storage were selected for further study. From these raw milk samples 205 lipolytic psychrotrophic strains were selected using butterfat agar and subsequently characterized with 86 taxonomic tests. Complete linkage cluster analysis of the taxonomic data produced two major and six minor clusters at the 83% similarity level. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Ps. fragi accounted for 63.9 and 31.2%, respectively, of the isolates.
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Thurn KK, Chatterjee AK. Single-site chromosomal Tn5 insertions affect the export of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50:894-8. [PMID: 3002271 PMCID: PMC296101 DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.4.894-898.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exponentially growing cells of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 usually export about 98% of their pectate lyase (PL) and protease, about 40% of their polygalacturonase (PG), and about 60% of their cellulase (endoglucanase or carboxymethyl cellulase; CL). By using the R plasmid, pJB4JI (pPH1JI::Mu::Tn5), three independent Tn5 insertion mutants were obtained that exported normal levels of protease but 10% or less of PL, PG, and CL. Physical analysis revealed that single copies of Tn5 had inserted into the E. chrysanthemi chromosome, producing a similar export-defective (Out-) phenotype. The synthesis of PL, PG, and CL was not affected by the Tn5 insertions. These enzymes were released from the mutants on spheroplast formation, indicating that they were located in the periplasmic space. Tn5 insertions caused the loss of a 35-kilodalton periplasmic protein, but did not alter the outer membrane protein composition. The findings are discussed with respect to the current knowledge on protein export in gram-negative bacteria.
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Abstract
Proteolytic pseudomonads isolated from raw milk were classified by numerical taxonomy. Unweighted pair-group average-linkage cluster analysis was used to cluster 49 bacterial strains, of which 26 were Pseudomonas species, as described in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, based on 52 characters. The milk isolates resided in two clusters; one containing Pseudomonas fluorescens and the other Pseudomonas fragi. The isolates identified with Pseudomonas fluorescens hydrolyzed milk proteins and milk fat and produced phospholipase. The Pseudomonas fragi-like isolates hydrolyzed milk proteins and milk fat but did not produce phospholipase and fluorescent pigment. The hydrolytic characteristics of milk isolates showed that the nature of the substrate and conditions under which the test was conducted were critical.
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Abstract
Since last thoroughly evaluated over three decades ago, the clinical spectrum of chronic blepharitis has changed. The relative prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with seborrheic blepharitis has decreased. The relative prevalence has increased of seborrheic blepharitis with or without associated excess meibomian secretions (meibomian seborrhea) or inflammation (meibomitis). Primary meibomitis appears not to be a primarily infectious entity but to represent a facet of generalized sebaceous gland dysfunction and to be found in association with seborrheic dermatitis or acne rosacea. The keratoconjunctivitis found in association with primary meibomitis may be contributed to by the production of bacterial lypolytic exoenzymes that split neutral lipids, resulting in an increased level of free fatty acids in the tears. A frequent finding of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in this patient population, especially the S. aureus group (50%), is of note. Of particular importance is that these entities be recognized as chronic diseases requiring control and ones for which there is no "cure."
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Chatterjee AK, Brown MA. Chromosomal location of a gene (idg) that specifies production of the blue pigment indigoidine inErwinia chrysanthemi. Curr Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01566875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
All strains of Legionella pneumophila tested produced detectable levels of extracellular protease, phosphatase, lipase, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and beta-lactamase activity. Weak starch hydrolysis was also demonstrated for all strains. Elastase, collagenase, phospholipase C, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, neuraminidase, or coagulase were not detected in any of these laboratory-maintained strains.
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Saheb SA, Massicotte L, Picard B. Purification and characterization of Treponema hyodysenteriae hemolysin. Biochimie 1980; 62:779-85. [PMID: 7470509 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(80)80133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A hemolysin produced by Treponema hyodysenteriae ATCC27164 was purified from broth filtrates by acetic and (NH4)2SO4 precipitations followed by ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel and gel filtration using Ultrogel AcA44. The purified hemolysin displayed only one band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By gel filtration the molecular weight was estimated as 74,000 daltons. The isolated hemolysin was oxygen resistant, heat labile and was not inactivated over a wide range of pH values. Further analysis indicated that this hemolysin was probably a polypeptide or a protein associated with lipids and nucleotides. Its action on rabbit erythrocytes which did not require any divalent cations could not be related to a lipolytic or proteolytic activity.
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Raetz CR. Enzymology, genetics, and regulation of membrane phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Rev 1978; 42:614-59. [PMID: 362151 PMCID: PMC281446 DOI: 10.1128/mr.42.3.614-659.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chrisope G, Marshall R. Combined Action of Lipase and Microbial Phospholipase C on a Model Fat Globule Emulsion and Raw Milk. J Dairy Sci 1976. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(76)84483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fox CW, Chrisope GL, Marshall RT. Incidence and identification of phospholipase C-producing bacteria in fresh and spoiled homogenized milk. J Dairy Sci 1976; 59:1857-64. [PMID: 1036497 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(76)84453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria which produced phospholipase C were isolated from 13 of 34 fresh and 15 of 35 spoiled samples of homogenized milk. No single off flavor was assigned consistently to samples with phospholipase producers, but 75% of them were bitter. Pseudomonads constituted 62% of the isolates. Other phospholipase C-producing genera and their numbers were Acinetobacter, two; Alcaligenes, three; Bacillus, two; Citrobacter, one; Enterobacter, three; and Flavobacterium, two. Two unidentified yeasts also were isolated.
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