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Lootens O, Vermeulen A, Croubels S, De Saeger S, Van Bocxlaer J, De Boevre M. Possible Mechanisms of the Interplay between Drugs and Mycotoxins-Is There a Possible Impact? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120873. [PMID: 36548770 PMCID: PMC9787578 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is a global food safety issue leading to major public health concerns. Repeated exposure to multiple mycotoxins not only has repercussions on human health but could theoretically also lead to interactions with other xenobiotic substances-such as drugs-in the body by altering their pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics. The combined effects of chronic drug use and mycotoxin exposure need to be well understood in order to draw valid conclusions and, in due course, to develop guidelines. The aim of this review is to focus on food contaminants, more precisely on mycotoxins, and drugs. First, a description of relevant mycotoxins and their effects on human health and metabolism is presented. The potential for interactions of mycotoxins with drugs using in vitro and in vivo animal experiments is summarized. Predictive software tools for unraveling mycotoxin-drug interactions are proposed and future perspectives on this emerging topic are highlighted with a view to evaluate associated risks and to focus on precision medicine. In vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that mycotoxins affect CYP450 enzyme activity. An impact from drugs on mycotoxins mediated via CYP450-enzymes is plausible; however, an impact of mycotoxins on drugs is less likely considering the much smaller dose exposure to mycotoxins. Drugs that are CYP450 perpetrators and/or substrates potentially influence the metabolism of mycotoxins, metabolized via these CYP450 enzymes. To date, very little research has been conducted on this matter. The only statistically sound reports describe mycotoxins as victims and drugs as perpetrators in interactions; however, more analysis on mycotoxin-drug interactions needs to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orphélie Lootens
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (O.L.); (M.D.B.)
| | - An Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- MYTOX-SOUTH, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Jan Van Bocxlaer
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (O.L.); (M.D.B.)
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Ackerman A, Wenndt A, Boyles R. The Sorghum Grain Mold Disease Complex: Pathogens, Host Responses, and the Bioactive Metabolites at Play. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660171. [PMID: 34122480 PMCID: PMC8192977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grain mold is a major concern in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production systems, threatening grain quality, safety, and nutritional value as both human food and livestock feed. The crop's nutritional value, environmental resilience, and economic promise poise sorghum for increased acreage, especially in light of the growing pressures of climate change on global food systems. In order to fully take advantage of this potential, sorghum improvement efforts and production systems must be proactive in managing the sorghum grain mold disease complex, which not only jeopardizes agricultural productivity and profitability, but is also the culprit of harmful mycotoxins that warrant substantial public health concern. The robust scholarly literature from the 1980s to the early 2000s yielded valuable insights and key comprehensive reviews of the grain mold disease complex. Nevertheless, there remains a substantial gap in understanding the complex multi-organismal dynamics that underpin the plant-pathogen interactions involved - a gap that must be filled in order to deliver improved germplasm that is not only capable of withstanding the pressures of climate change, but also wields robust resistance to disease and mycotoxin accumulation. The present review seeks to provide an updated perspective of the sorghum grain mold disease complex, bolstered by recent advances in the understanding of the genetic and the biochemical interactions among the fungal pathogens, their corresponding mycotoxins, and the sorghum host. Critical components of the sorghum grain mold disease complex are summarized in narrative format to consolidate a collection of important concepts: (1) the current state of sorghum grain mold in research and production systems; (2) overview of the individual pathogens that contribute to the grain mold complex; (3) the mycotoxin-producing potential of these pathogens on sorghum and other substrates; and (4) a systems biology approach to the understanding of host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlyn Ackerman
- Cereal Grains Breeding and Genetics, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, United States
| | - Anthony Wenndt
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, The School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Richard Boyles
- Cereal Grains Breeding and Genetics, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, United States
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Wang L, Liao Y, Peng Z, Chen L, Zhang W, Nüssler AK, Shi S, Liu L, Yang W. Food raw materials and food production occurrences of deoxynivalenol in different regions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Baines R, Manning L, Soon J. Mycotoxin incidents associated with cereals: lessons learnt and risk reduction strategies. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.N. Baines
- School of Agriculture, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester, GL7 6JS, United Kingdom
| | - L. Manning
- Department of Food Science and Agri-Food Supply Chain Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Soon
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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Saint-Cyr MJ, Perrin-Guyomard A, Manceau J, Houée P, Delmas JM, Rolland JG, Laurentie M. Risk Assessment of Deoxynivalenol by Revisiting Its Bioavailability in Pig and Rat Models to Establish Which Is More Suitable. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5167-81. [PMID: 26633505 PMCID: PMC4690123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its toxic properties, high stability, and prevalence, the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the food chain is a major threat to food safety and therefore a health risk for both humans and animals. In this study, experiments were carried out with sows and female rats to examine the kinetics of DON after intravenous and oral administration at 100 µg/kg of body weight. After intravenous administration of DON in pigs, a two-compartment model with rapid initial distribution (0.030 ± 0.019 h) followed by a slower terminal elimination phase (1.53 ± 0.54 h) was fitted to the concentration profile of DON in pig plasma. In rats, a short elimination half-life (0.46 h) and a clearance of 2.59 L/h/kg were estimated by sparse sampling non-compartmental analysis. Following oral exposure, DON was rapidly absorbed and reached maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 42.07 ± 8.48 and 10.44 ± 5.87 µg/L plasma after (tmax) 1.44 ± 0.52 and 0.17 h in pigs and rats, respectively. The mean bioavailability of DON was 70.5% ± 25.6% for pigs and 47.3% for rats. In the framework of DON risk assessment, these two animal models could be useful in an exposure scenario in two different ways because of their different bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jimmy Saint-Cyr
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jacqueline Manceau
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Paméla Houée
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Delmas
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Analysis of Residues and Contaminants Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jean-Guy Rolland
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Michel Laurentie
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
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Yin X, Zhu Z, Zhou Y, Ji F, Yao Z, Shi J, Xu J. Complete genome sequence of deoxynivalenol-degrading bacterium Devosia sp. strain A16. J Biotechnol 2015; 218:21-2. [PMID: 26630999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The strain A16, capable of degrading deoxynivalenol was isolated from a wheat field and identified preliminarily as Devosia sp. Here, we present the genome sequence of the Devosia sp. A16, which has a size of 5,032,994 bp, with 4913 coding sequences (CDSs). The annotated full genome sequence of the Devosia sp. A16 strain might shed light on the function of its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Yin
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ziwei Zhu
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yidong Zhou
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Oh SY, Quinton VM, Boermans HJ, Swamy HVLN, Karrow NA. In vitro exposure of Penicillium mycotoxins with or without a modified yeast cell wall extract (mYCW) on bovine macrophages (BoMacs). Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:167-75. [PMID: 26358170 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium mycotoxins (PMs) are contaminants that are frequently found in grain or crop-based silage for animal feed. Previously, we have characterized the potential immunotoxicity of the following PMs: citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and penicillic acid (PA) by using a bovine macrophage cell line (BoMacs). In the present study, cell proliferation was used as a bioassay endpoint to evaluate the efficacy of a modified yeast cell wall extract (mYCW), for preventing PM toxicity under various in vitro conditions such as the following: pH (3, 5, 7), incubation time (1, 2, 4, 6 h), percentage of mYCW (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 %), and PM concentration. mYCW was most effective in preventing the toxicity of 12.88 and 25.8 μM OTA at pH 3.0 (p < 0.0001), regardless of incubation time (p < 0.0001) and the percentage of mYCW (p < 0.0001). An incubation time of 6 h (p < 0.05) or 0.5 and 1.0 % mYCW (p < 0.0001) significantly improved the efficacy of mYCW for preventing CIT toxicity. In contrast, 0.5 and 1.0 % of mYCW appeared to exacerbate the PAT toxicity (p < 0. 0001). This effect on PAT toxicity was constantly observed with higher PAT concentrations, and it reached significance at a concentration of 0.70 μM (p < 0.0001). mYCW had no effect on PA toxicity. These results suggest that mYCW may reduce OTA toxicity and, to some extent, CIT toxicity at pH 3.0. Although PAT toxicity was increased by mYCW treatment, PAT is readily degraded during heat treatment and may therefore be dealt with using other preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Oh
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock (CGIL), Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - V Margaret Quinton
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Herman J Boermans
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College (OVC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - H V L N Swamy
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock (CGIL), Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Evaluation of an oral subchronic exposure of deoxynivalenol on the composition of human gut microbiota in a model of human microbiota-associated rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80578. [PMID: 24260424 PMCID: PMC3832427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins present in cereal crops worldwide. Due to its toxic properties, high stability and prevalence, the presence of DON in the food chain represents a health risk for both humans and animals. The gastrointestinal microbiota represents potentially the first target for these food contaminants. Thus, the effects of mycotoxins on the human gut microbiota is clearly an issue that needs to be addressed in further detail. Using a human microbiota-associated rat model, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a chronic exposure of DON on the composition of human gut microbiota. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Four groups of 5 germ free male rats each, housed in 4 sterile isolators, were inoculated with a different fresh human fecal flora. Rats were then fed daily by gavage with a solution of DON at 100 µg/kg bw for 4 weeks. Fecal samples were collected at day 0 before the beginning of the treatment; days 7, 16, 21, and 27 during the treatment; and 10 days after the end of the treatment at day 37. DON effect was assessed by real-time PCR quantification of dominant and subdominant bacterial groups in feces. Despite a different intestinal microbiota in each isolator, similar trends were generally observed. During oral DON exposure, a significant increase of 0.5 log10 was observed for the Bacteroides/Prevotella group during the first 3 weeks of administration. Concentration levels for Escherichia coli decreased at day 27. This significant decrease (0.9 log10 CFU/g) remained stable until the end of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have demonstrated an impact of oral DON exposure on the human gut microbiota composition. These findings can serve as a template for risk assessment studies of food contaminants on the human gut microbiota.
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Nocardioides sp. strain WSN05-2, isolated from a wheat field, degrades deoxynivalenol, producing the novel intermediate 3-epi-deoxynivalenol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:419-27. [PMID: 20857291 PMCID: PMC3291841 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) causes serious problems worldwide in the production of crops such as wheat and barley because of its toxicity toward humans and livestock. A bacterial culture capable of degrading DON was obtained from soil samples collected in wheat fields using an enrichment culture procedure. The isolated bacterium, designated strain WSN05-2, completely removed 1,000 μg/mL of DON from the culture medium after incubation for 10 days. On the basis of phylogenetic studies, WSN05-2 was classified as a bacterium belonging to the genus Nocardioides. WSN05-2 showed significant growth in culture medium with DON as the sole carbon source. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated the presence of a major initial metabolite of DON in the culture supernatant. The metabolite was identified as 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON) by mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The amount of DON on wheat grain was reduced by about 90% at 7 days after inoculation with WSN05-2. This is the first report of a Nocardioides sp. strain able to degrade DON and of the yet unknown 3-epi-DON as an intermediate in the degradation of DON by a microorganism.
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Lincy SV, Chandrashekar A, Narayan MS, Sharma R, Thakur RP. Natural occurrence of trichothecene-producing Fusaria isolated from India with particular reference to sorghum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Fungal infections in travelers are rare. Fusariosis has recently become an important infection of immunocompromised patients. Herein, we describe the case of an immunocompetent traveler who contracted Fusarium keratitis while in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zaigraykina
- Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Bhat R, Rai RV, Karim A. Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:57-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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The Trichothecenes and Their Biosynthesis. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-49389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect Fusarium species in foods. Antibodies to proteins extracted from the mycelia of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium moniliforme (verticillioides) were produced in New Zealand white rabbits. These antibodies detected 13 Fusarium species in addition to the producer strains. Levels of Fusarium semitectum and Fusarium tricinctum strains were below the detection threshold. The specificity of the assay was tested against 70 molds and yeasts belonging to 23 genera. One strain of Monascus species and one strain of Phoma exigua were detected; however, these two molds are not common contaminants of cereal grains or foods and should not interfere with the assay. The indirect ELISA's detection limits for F. graminearum and F. moniliforme were 0.1 and 1 microg of mold mycelium per ml of a cornmeal mixture, respectively. When spores of each mold were added individually to cornmeal mixtures (at ca. 10 spores per g) and incubated at 25 degrees C, these spores were detected by the indirect ELISA when they reached levels of 10(2) to 10(3) CFU/ml after 24 to 36 h. The indirect ELISA developed here shows promise for the detection of Fusarium species in grains or foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Iyer
- Department of Food Science, 1160 Food Science Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
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Al-Julaifi MZ, Al-Falih AM. Detection of trichothecenes in animal feeds and foodstuffs during the years 1997 to 2000 in Saudi Arabia. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1603-6. [PMID: 11601712 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.10.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 843 commercial animal feed and foodstuff samples (465 samples of agricultural commodities and 378 samples of animal feeds) from all over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were collected during the years 1997 to 2000 and analyzed for type A and type B trichothecenes (diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, nivalenol, fusarenon-x, deoxynivalenol). Levels of mycotoxins detected ranged from <2 to 4,000 microg/kg deoxynivalenol, 3.25 to 500 microg/kg fusarenon-x, 3.13 to 600 microg/kg nivalenol, 3.13 to 50 microg/kg diacetoxyscirpenol, 6.25 to 200 microg/kg neosolaniol, 3.13 to 18.75 microg/kg HT-2 toxin, and 6.25 microg/kg T-2 toxin. The study reflected the need for routine surveillance of agricultural commodities to minimize potential hazards to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Al-Julaifi
- National Agriculture and Water Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Waniska RD, Venkatesha RT, Chandrashekar A, Krishnaveni S, Bejosano FP, Jeoung J, Jayaraj J, Muthukrishnan S, Liang GH. Antifungal proteins and other mechanisms in the control of sorghum stalk rot and grain mold. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:4732-4742. [PMID: 11600015 DOI: 10.1021/jf010007f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on antifungal proteins and other mechanisms that provide the biochemical basis for host-plant resistance to stalk rot and grain molds is reviewed in this paper. Stalk rot caused by Fusarium species leads to substantial yield loss due to poor grain filling and/or lodging. A transgenic sorghum expressing high levels of chitinase exhibited less stalk rot development when exposed to conidia of F. thapsinum. Grain mold of sorghum is associated with warm humid environments and results from colonization by several fungi (F. thapsinum, Curvularia lunata, and Alternaria alternata) of the developing caryopsis. The roles of several biochemical mechanisms (tannins, phenolic compounds, red pericarp, proteins, hard endosperm, and antifungal proteins) on grain mold resistance are discussed. Resistance mechanisms related to these compounds appear to be additive, and pyramiding of genes is a feasible approach to limit grain deterioration. Several experimental approaches are proposed to extend current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Waniska
- Cereal Quality Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2474, USA
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Shima J, Takase S, Takahashi Y, Iwai Y, Fujimoto H, Yamazaki M, Ochi K. Novel detoxification of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by a soil bacterium isolated by enrichment culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3825-30. [PMID: 9327545 PMCID: PMC168691 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.10.3825-3830.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A mixed microbial culture capable of metabolizing deoxynivalenol was obtained from soil samples by an enrichment culture procedure. A bacterium (strain E3-39) isolated from the enrichment culture completely removed exogenously supplied deoxynivalenol from culture medium after incubation for 1 day. On the basis of morphological, physiological, and phylogenetic studies, strain E3-39 was classified as a bacterium belonging to the Agrobacterium-Rhizobium group. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of one major and two minor metabolites of deoxynivalenol in ethyl acetate extracts of the E3-39 culture filtrates. The main metabolite was identified as 3-keto-4-deoxynivalenol by mass spectroscopy and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The immunosuppressive toxicity of 3-keto-4-deoxynivalenol was evaluated by means of a bioassay based on the mitogen-induced and mitogen-free proliferations of mouse spleen lymphocytes. This compound exhibited a remarkably decreased (to less than one tenth) immunosuppressive toxicity relative to deoxynivalenol, indicating that the 3-OH group in deoxynivalenol is likely to be involved in exerting its immunosuppressive toxicity. Strain E3-39 was also capable of transforming 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol but not nivalenol and fusarenon-X.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shima
- National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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