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Sasson E, Agazani O, Malka E, Reches M, Margel S. Engineered Cross-Linked Silane with Urea Polymer Thin Durable Coatings onto Polymeric Films for Controlled Antiviral Release of Activated Chlorine and Essential Oils. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050270. [PMID: 37233380 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization announced a pandemic attributed to SARS-CoV-2, a novel beta-coronavirus, which spread widely from China. As a result, the need for antiviral surfaces has increased significantly. Here, the preparation and characterization of new antiviral coatings on polycarbonate (PC) for controlled release of activated chlorine (Cl+) and thymol separately and combined are described. Thin coatings were prepared by polymerization of 1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] urea (TMSPU) in ethanol/water basic solution by modified Stöber polymerization, followed by spreading the formed dispersion onto surface-oxidized PC film using a Mayer rod with appropriate thickness. Activated Cl-releasing coating was prepared by chlorination of the PC/SiO2-urea film with NaOCl through the urea amide groups to form a Cl-amine derivatized coating. Thymol releasing coating was prepared by linking thymol to TMSPU or its polymer via hydrogen bonds between thymol hydroxyl and urea amide groups. The activity towards T4 bacteriophage and canine coronavirus (CCV) was measured. PC/SiO2-urea-thymol enhanced bacteriophage persistence, while PC/SiO2-urea-Cl reduced its amount by 84%. Temperature-dependent release is presented. Surprisingly, the combination of thymol and chlorine had an improved antiviral activity, reducing the amount of both viruses by four orders of magnitude, indicating synergistic activity. For CCV, coating with only thymol was inactive, while SiO2-urea-Cl reduced it below a detectable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisheva Sasson
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) and Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Omer Agazani
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Eyal Malka
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) and Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) and Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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2
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An L, Hu X, Perkins P, Ren T. A Sustainable and Antimicrobial Food Packaging Film for Potential Application in Fresh Produce Packaging. Front Nutr 2022; 9:924304. [PMID: 35873444 PMCID: PMC9301339 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.924304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-halamines are a group of compounds containing one or more nitrogen-halogen covalent bond(s). This high-energy halide bond provides a strong oxidative state so that it is able to inactivate microorganisms effectively. In this study, a sustainable film was developed based on polylactic acid (PLA) with incorporated N-halamine compound 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone (MC), as a promising antimicrobial food packaging material. Results showed that the incorporation of MC prevented the crystallization of PLA and improved the physical properties of the films. In addition, both the moisture barrier and the oxygen permeability were improved with the presence of MC. Importantly, the antimicrobial film was able to inactivate inoculated microorganisms by a factor of seven log cycles in as little as 5 min of contact. Films that contained higher levels of MC further enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy. Fresh strawberries packed with the fabricated films maintained the quality for up to 5 days. Due to the ease of fabrication and the effective biocidal property, these films have a wide range of potential applications in the field of food packaging to extend the shelf life of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling An
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinzhong Hu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Tian Ren
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Tian Ren
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3
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Ren T, Dormitorio TV, Qiao M, Huang TS, Weese J. N-halamine incorporated antimicrobial nonwoven fabrics for use against avian influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 218:78-83. [PMID: 29685225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens are one of the most common avenues leading to poultry diseases. Preventing the avian influenza (AI) virus from entering the chicken hatchery house is critical for reducing the spread and transmission of AI disease. Many studies have investigated the incorporation of antimicrobials into air filters to prevent viruses from entering the indoor environment. N-halamines are one of the most effective antimicrobial agents against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. In this study, 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone (MC, a variety of N-halamine) was coated on nonwoven fabrics to give the fabric antimicrobial activity against the AI virus. Results showed that MC exhibited potent antiviral activity either in suspension or in the air. Higher concentrations of MC completely inactivated AI viruses and disrupted their RNA, preventing them from being detected by the real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Coating the fabrics with MC resulted in remarkably reduced presence of AI virus on the MC-treated fabric in a short period of time. Furthermore, aerosolized AI viruses were completely inactivated when they passed through filters coated with the MC compound. In addition, MC is not volatile and does not release any gaseous chlorine. The active chlorine in the MC compound is stable, and the coating procedure is straightforward and inexpensive. Therefore, this study validates a novel approach to reducing airborne pathogens in the poultry production environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ren
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States.
| | - Teresa V Dormitorio
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States.
| | - Mingyu Qiao
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States.
| | - Tung-Shi Huang
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States.
| | - Jean Weese
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States.
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4
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Ren T, Hayden M, Qiao M, Huang TS, Ren X, Weese J. Absorbent Pads Containing N-Halamine Compound for Potential Antimicrobial Use for Chicken Breast and Ground Chicken. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1941-1948. [PMID: 29397709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
N-Halamines are a group of compounds containing one or more nitrogen-halogen covalent bond(s), and the high-energy halide bond provides a strong oxidative state so that it is able to inactivate microorganisms effectively. In this study, the shelf life of chicken breast and ground chicken packed with 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone (MC, a member oft the N-halamines) treated absorbent pads was investigated during refrigerated storage. Fresh, processed chicken meat in packaging trays loaded with or without MC treated absorbent pads were stored at 4 °C for 11 days. The microbial counts in chicken meat as well as in the food pads were analyzed on days 1, 4, 7, and 11. MC treated pads reduced the levels of the main spoilage-related microorganisms (aerobic plate counts, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophs, and Pseudomonas spp.) present in the absorbent pads by an average of 3.5 log CFU/g compared to the control. Microbial loads in chicken breast packed with MC coated absorbent pads were 0.3 log CFU/g lower than those in the control, and an approximate 0.2 log CFU/g reduction was observed for ground chicken. Neither the color nor the pH of the meat was negatively impacted by the presence of MC. The populations of inoculated Salmonella and Campylobacter in meat loaded with MC treated absorbent pads were on average lower than those in the controls. Pathogens in the control pads increased to 3.7 and 4.9 log CFU/g, while the MC treated absorbent pads lowered these two bacteria to under the detection limit (l.7 log CFU/g) throughout 11 days of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ren
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Mitchelle Hayden
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Mingyu Qiao
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Tung-Shi Huang
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Xuehong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jean Weese
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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5
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Ren T, Qiao M, Huang TS, Weese J, Ren X. Efficacy of N-halamine compound on reduction of microorganisms in absorbent food pads of raw beef. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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6
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Ren T, Qiao M, Zhang L, Weese J, Huang TS, Ren X. Antimicrobial Activity of N-Halamine-Coated Materials in Broiler Chicken Houses. J Food Prot 2018; 81:195-201. [PMID: 29315030 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazoidinone (MC), a nonbleaching N-halamine compound, was investigated on materials commonly used in broiler production, including stainless steel, galvanized metal, aluminum, plastic, and pressure-treated wood. MC aqueous solutions at 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06% were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni at 6 log CFU/mL, resulting in complete inactivation of both bacteria in 30 min with 0.06% MC. Follow-up experiments were performed using test materials treated with 0.1 and 1% MC and challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and C. jejuni at 6 log CFU per coupon. Stability of MC on the various surfaces of testing materials was assessed, and the chlorine content of the materials was measured using iodometric thiosulfate titration over a 4-week period. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by a sandwich test on each sampling day during 4 weeks of storage. On the samples treated with 1% MC, bacteria at 6 log CFU per coupon were completely inactivated within 2 h of contact time. The antimicrobial activity extended to 4 weeks, and the active chlorine atoms in the treated materials decreased from the initial 1016 to 1015 atoms per cm2. Overall, MC had high stability and long-lasting antimicrobial activity, which suggests that MC has high potential for use as a novel antimicrobial agent to lower the microbial load on broiler house materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ren
- 1 Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA; and
| | - Mingyu Qiao
- 1 Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA; and
| | - Lei Zhang
- 1 Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA; and
| | - Jean Weese
- 1 Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA; and
| | - Tung-Shi Huang
- 1 Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA; and
| | - Xuehong Ren
- 2 Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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7
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Dong A, Wang YJ, Gao Y, Gao T, Gao G. Chemical Insights into Antibacterial N-Halamines. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4806-4862. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alideertu Dong
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jie Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Yangyang Gao
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Gao
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Gao
- College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Li L, Zhou H, Gai F, Chi X, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Zhao (Kent) Z. Synthesis of quaternary phosphonium N-chloramine biocides for antimicrobial applications. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24954j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a phosphoniumN-chloramine biocide which has distinctively higher antimicrobial efficacy than the previously developed ammonium counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdong Li
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Panjin
- China
| | - Hao Zhou
- School of Food and Environment
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Fangyuan Gai
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Panjin
- China
| | - Xiaofang Chi
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Panjin
- China
| | - Yuebiao Zhao
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Panjin
- China
| | - Fengxiang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Panjin
- China
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9
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Bastarrachea LJ, Goddard JM. Antimicrobial coatings with dual cationic and N-halamine character: characterization and biocidal efficacy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4243-4251. [PMID: 25871333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A method to prepare an antimicrobial coating for food-handling materials is reported. Alternating layers of branched polyethylenimine and styrene maleic anhydride copolymer were applied onto the surface of polypropylene. The resulting coatings had low surface energy and presented enhanced antimicrobial character due to the presence of both cationic and N-halamine forming structures. In its unchlorinated form, the coating inactivated Listeria monocytogenes by ∼3 logarithmic cycles. In the form of N-halamines >5 logarithmic cycles were reached. Microbial inactivation kinetics showed a Weibullian behavior when the coating was unchlorinated and a sigmoidal behavior when chlorinated. Microscopy confirmed that the reduction in the microbial load was due to biocidal effects of the coating and not bacterial adhesion onto the modified surface. The modified surface was able to be repeatedly rechlorinated. Such rechargeable antimicrobial coatings may support improving food safety by reducing cross-contamination of microorganisms from food-processing equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Bastarrachea
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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10
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Bastarrachea LJ, Denis-Rohr A, Goddard JM. Antimicrobial Food Equipment Coatings: Applications and Challenges. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2015; 6:97-118. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022814-015453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis J. Bastarrachea
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
| | - Anna Denis-Rohr
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
| | - Julie M. Goddard
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
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11
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Natan M, Gutman O, Lavi R, Margel S, Banin E. Killing mechanism of stable N-halamine cross-linked polymethacrylamide nanoparticles that selectively target bacteria. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1175-1188. [PMID: 25602279 DOI: 10.1021/nn507168x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased resistance of bacteria to disinfection and antimicrobial treatment poses a serious public health threat worldwide. This has prompted the search for agents that can inhibit both bacterial growth and withstand harsh conditions (e.g., high organic loads). In the current study, N-halamine-derivatized cross-linked polymethacrylamide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by copolymerization of the monomer methacrylamide (MAA) and the cross-linker monomer N,N-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAA) and were subsequently loaded with oxidative chlorine using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The chlorinated NPs demonstrated remarkable stability and durability to organic reagents and to repetitive bacterial loading cycles as compared with the common disinfectant NaOCl (bleach), which was extremely labile under these conditions. The antibacterial mechanism of the cross-linked P(MAA-MBAA)-Cl NPs was found to involve generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) only upon exposure to organic media. Importantly, ROS were not generated upon suspension in water, revealing that the mode of action is target-specific. Further, a unique and specific interaction of the chlorinated NPs with Staphylococcus aureus was discovered, whereby these microorganisms were all specifically targeted and marked for destruction. This bacterial encircling was achieved without using a targeting module (e.g., an antibody or a ligand) and represents a highly beneficial, natural property of the P(MAA-MBAA)-Cl nanostructures. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism of action of P(MAA-MBAA)-Cl NPs and demonstrate the superior efficacy of the NPs over bleach (i.e., stability, specificity, and targeting). This work underscores the potential of developing sustainable P(MAA-MBAA)-Cl NP-based devices for inhibiting bacterial colonization and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Natan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, ‡The Department of Chemistry, and §The Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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12
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Facile preparation of surface N -halamine chitin nanofiber to endow antibacterial and antifungal activities. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 115:342-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Dong A, Xue M, Lan S, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Gao G, Liu F, Harnoode C. Bactericidal evaluation of N-halamine-functionalized silica nanoparticles based on barbituric acid. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 113:450-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Sun X, Cao Z, Porteous N, Sun Y. An N-halamine-based rechargeable antimicrobial and biofilm controlling polyurethane. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:1498-506. [PMID: 22244984 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An N-halamine precursor, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH), was covalently linked to the surface of polyurethane (PU) with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the coupling agent. The reaction pathways were investigated using propyl isocyanate (PI) as a model compound. The results suggested that the imide and amide groups of DMH have very similar reactivities toward the isocyanate groups on PU surfaces activated with HDI. After bleach treatment the covalently bound DMH moieties were transformed into N-halamines. The new N-halamine-based PU provided potent antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacterium), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacterium), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, drug-resistant Gram-positive bacterium), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE, drug-resistant Gram-positive bacterium), and Candida albicans (fungus), and successfully prevented bacterial and fungal biofilm formation. The antimicrobial and biofilm controlling effects were stable for longer than 6 months under normal storage in open air. Furthermore, if the functions were lost due to prolonged use they could be recharged by another chlorination treatment. The recharging could be repeated as needed to achieve long-term protection against microbial contamination and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of South Dakota, 4800 North Career Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
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15
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Akdag A, Okur S, McKee ML, Worley SD. The Stabilities of N−Cl Bonds in Biocidal Materials. J Chem Theory Comput 2006; 2:879-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ct060007s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akin Akdag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Serife Okur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Michael L. McKee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - S. D. Worley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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16
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Davies R, Breslin M. Observations on Salmonella contamination of commercial laying farms before and after cleaning and disinfection. Vet Rec 2003; 152:283-7. [PMID: 12650470 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.10.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effectiveness of the cleaning and disinfection methods in use on commercial laying farms in Great Britain. Samples were taken from poultry house structures and equipment of five cage layer flocks, five barn egg production flocks and two free-range flocks. In the free-range houses there was a decrease in Salmonella after cleaning and disinfection, although the soil in the paddocks remained contaminated. In the barn and especially the cage layer houses, significant residual contamination remained on the surfaces of buildings and equipment. Wildlife pests were also found to be carrying Salmonella in the disinfected houses and free-range paddocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Davies
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
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17
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Russell S. Chemical Sanitizing Agents and Spoilage Bacteria on Fresh Broiler Carcasses. J APPL POULTRY RES 1998. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/7.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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18
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Inactivation ofSalmonella enteritidis on shell eggs by novelN-halamine biocidal compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01583730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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