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A successful defense of the narrow-leafed lupin against anthracnose involves quick and orchestrated reprogramming of oxidation-reduction, photosynthesis and pathogenesis-related genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8164. [PMID: 35581248 PMCID: PMC9114385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrow-leafed lupin (NLL, Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a legume plant cultivated for grain production and soil improvement. Worldwide expansion of NLL as a crop attracted various pathogenic fungi, including Colletotrichum lupini causing a devastating disease, anthracnose. Two alleles conferring improved resistance, Lanr1 and AnMan, were exploited in NLL breeding, however, underlying molecular mechanisms remained unknown. In this study, European NLL germplasm was screened with Lanr1 and AnMan markers. Inoculation tests in controlled environment confirmed effectiveness of both resistance donors. Representative resistant and susceptible lines were subjected to differential gene expression profiling. Resistance to anthracnose was associated with overrepresentation of "GO:0006952 defense response", "GO:0055114 oxidation-reduction process" and "GO:0015979 photosynthesis" gene ontology terms. Moreover, the Lanr1 (83A:476) line revealed massive transcriptomic reprogramming quickly after inoculation, whereas other lines showed such a response delayed by about 42 h. Defense response was associated with upregulation of TIR-NBS, CC-NBS-LRR and NBS-LRR genes, pathogenesis-related 10 proteins, lipid transfer proteins, glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidases, glycine-rich cell wall proteins and genes from reactive oxygen species pathway. Early response of 83A:476, including orchestrated downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes, coincided with the successful defense during fungus biotrophic growth phase, indicating effector-triggered immunity. Mandelup response was delayed and resembled general horizontal resistance.
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2
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Shaw B, Carroll G, Hoch H. Generality of the prerequisite of conidium attachment to a hydrophobic substratum as a signal for germination amongPhyllostictaspecies. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.D. Shaw
- Program for the Biology of Filamentous Fungi, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - G.C. Carroll
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - H.C. Hoch
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456
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3
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Kou Y, Naqvi NI. Surface sensing and signaling networks in plant pathogenic fungi. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Pinedo C, Moraga J, Barua J, González-Rodríguez VE, Aleu J, Durán-Patrón R, Macías-Sánchez AJ, Hanson JR, Viaud M, Hernández-Galán R, Garrido C, Collado IG. Chemically Induced Cryptic Sesquiterpenoids and Expression of Sesquiterpene Cyclases in Botrytis cinerea Revealed New Sporogenic (+)-4-Epieremophil-9-en-11-ols. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1391-400. [PMID: 26900713 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sequencing of the genomes of the B05.10 and T4 strains of the fungus Botrytis cinerea revealed an abundance of novel biosynthetic gene clusters, the majority of which were unexpected on the basis of the previous analyses of the fermentation of these and closely related species. By systematic alteration of easy accessible cultivation parameters, using chemical induction with copper sulfate, we have found a cryptic sesquiterpenoid family with new structures related to eremophil-9-ene, which had the basic structure of the sesquiterpene (+)-5-epiaristolochene ((+)-4-epieremophil-9-ene). An expression study of the sesquiterpene cyclase genes present in the Botrytis cinerea genome, under culture conditions, is reported. In general, a 3 day delay and a higher BcSTC genes expression were observed when copper (5 ppm) was fed to the fermentation broth. In addition, to the observed effect on the BcBOT2 (BcSTC1) gene, involved in the biosynthesis of the botrydial toxin, a higher expression level for BcSTC3 and BcSTC4 was observed with respect to the control in the strain B05.10. Interestingly, under copper conditions, the BcSTC4 gene was the most expressed gene in the Botrytis cinerea UCA992 strain. In vitro evaluation of the biological role of these metabolites indicates that they contributed to the conidial development in B. cinerea and appear to be involved in self-regulation of the production of asexual spores. Furthermore, they promoted the formation of complex appressoria or infection cushions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pinedo
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n,
Torre sur, 4° planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Moraga
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n,
Torre sur, 4° planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Barua
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n,
Torre sur, 4° planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Victoria E. González-Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Microbiología,
Facultad de Ciencias de Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Josefina Aleu
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n,
Torre sur, 4° planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa Durán-Patrón
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n,
Torre sur, 4° planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Macías-Sánchez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n,
Torre sur, 4° planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - James R. Hanson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, BN1
9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Viaud
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, Avenue
Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Rosario Hernández-Galán
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n,
Torre sur, 4° planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Departamento
de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Microbiología,
Facultad de Ciencias de Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n,
Torre sur, 4° planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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5
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Schmoll M, Dattenböck C, Carreras-Villaseñor N, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Tisch D, Alemán MI, Baker SE, Brown C, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Cetz-Chel J, Cristobal-Mondragon GR, Delaye L, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Frischmann A, Gallardo-Negrete JDJ, García-Esquivel M, Gomez-Rodriguez EY, Greenwood DR, Hernández-Oñate M, Kruszewska JS, Lawry R, Mora-Montes HM, Muñoz-Centeno T, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Nogueira Lopez G, Olmedo-Monfil V, Osorio-Concepcion M, Piłsyk S, Pomraning KR, Rodriguez-Iglesias A, Rosales-Saavedra MT, Sánchez-Arreguín JA, Seidl-Seiboth V, Stewart A, Uresti-Rivera EE, Wang CL, Wang TF, Zeilinger S, Casas-Flores S, Herrera-Estrella A. The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:205-327. [PMID: 26864432 PMCID: PMC4771370 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Tisch
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Ivan Alemán
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Scott E Baker
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - José Cetz-Chel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Delaye
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alexa Frischmann
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Monica García-Esquivel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - David R Greenwood
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miguel Hernández-Oñate
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Lawry
- Lincoln University, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kyle R Pomraning
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Aroa Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Chih-Li Wang
- National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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6
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Proteomic analysis of conidia germination in Colletotrichum acutatum. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:227-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Oh Y, Donofrio N, Pan H, Coughlan S, Brown DE, Meng S, Mitchell T, Dean RA. Transcriptome analysis reveals new insight into appressorium formation and function in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R85. [PMID: 18492280 PMCID: PMC2441471 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice blast disease is caused by the filamentous Ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and results in significant annual rice yield losses worldwide. Infection by this and many other fungal plant pathogens requires the development of a specialized infection cell called an appressorium. The molecular processes regulating appressorium formation are incompletely understood. RESULTS We analyzed genome-wide gene expression changes during spore germination and appressorium formation on a hydrophobic surface compared to induction by cAMP. During spore germination, 2,154 (approximately 21%) genes showed differential expression, with the majority being up-regulated. During appressorium formation, 357 genes were differentially expressed in response to both stimuli. These genes, which we refer to as appressorium consensus genes, were functionally grouped into Gene Ontology categories. Overall, we found a significant decrease in expression of genes involved in protein synthesis. Conversely, expression of genes associated with protein and amino acid degradation, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolism and cellular transportation exhibited a dramatic increase. We functionally characterized several differentially regulated genes, including a subtilisin protease (SPM1) and a NAD specific glutamate dehydrogenase (Mgd1), by targeted gene disruption. These studies revealed hitherto unknown findings that protein degradation and amino acid metabolism are essential for appressorium formation and subsequent infection. CONCLUSION We present the first comprehensive genome-wide transcript profile study and functional analysis of infection structure formation by a fungal plant pathogen. Our data provide novel insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms that will directly benefit efforts to identify fungal pathogenicity factors and aid the development of new disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonyee Oh
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Nicole Donofrio
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: University of Delaware, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Huaqin Pan
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: RTI international, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Sean Coughlan
- Agilent Technologies, Little Falls, DE 19808-1644, USA
| | - Douglas E Brown
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Shaowu Meng
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Thomas Mitchell
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralph A Dean
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
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8
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Breuninger M, Requena N. Recognition events in AM symbiosis: analysis of fungal gene expression at the early appressorium stage. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:794-804. [PMID: 15219563 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is induced upon a series of recognition events involving the reorganization of both plant and fungal cellular programs culminating in the formation of appressoria on the epidermal root cells. In this work we monitored for the first time the genetic changes occurring in the fungal partner during early appressorium development. We established an in vitro system of Glomus mosseae and Petroselinum crispum for studying appressorium formation and found that after 120 h first appressoria developed in the root epidermis. We have constructed a fungal subtractive suppressive library enriched in genes up-regulated at this stage. Our aim was to identify early signaling events during plant recognition leading to appressoria formation. The library contains 375 clones with an average size of 500 bp. From these, 200 clones were sequenced and most of them represent gene fragments with no known homologues (63%) and therefore putative new genes specific to the mycorrhiza symbiosis. Reverse-Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses confirmed that ca. 30% of the genes present in the library were up-regulated upon plant induction after 120 h. Among the genes with homologues in other organisms we found several genes common to other plant-microbe interactions including some genes related to Ca2+-dependent signaling. The up-regulation of these genes opens the possibility that Ca2+ plays a role in the early stages of mycorrhiza formation as it has been found in other plant-microbe interactions such as the Rhizobium symbiosis or the Magnaporthe grisea/rice pathogenic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magadalene Breuninger
- Physiological Ecology of Plant Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Apoga D, Barnard J, Craighead HG, Hoch HC. Quantification of substratum contact required for initiation of Colletotrichum graminicola appressoria. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:1-12. [PMID: 14643254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola, like many plant pathogenic fungi develop appressoria on germling apices, to facilitate penetration of their host. Induction of these structures occurs after contact with the host surface has been established by the germling. Surface contact and subsequent development of appressoria by germlings of C. graminicola was assessed using interference-reflection microscopy (IRM) and microfabricated pillared silicon substrata. Observations with IRM revealed that under low nutrient conditions, 90% of the germlings developed appressoria once they established 4.5 microm of continuous contact with the substratum. Substrata bearing pillars < or =5 microm in width supported < or =10% appressoria; however, as pillar width was increased the percentage of appressoria formed increased in a sigmoid fashion to a maximum of 80%. The percentage of appressoria produced experimentally on these surfaces was compared to data sets generated from a model designed to calculate the probability of appressorium development on similar pillar arrays at various germ tube contact lengths. These results indicate that germ tubes of C. graminicola require more than 4microm of continuous contact with a hydrophobic substratum for induction of appressoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Apoga
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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10
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Sacadura NT, Saville BJ. Gene expression and EST analyses of Ustilago maydis germinating teliospores. Fungal Genet Biol 2003; 40:47-64. [PMID: 12948513 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(03)00078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis grows in its host Zea mays eliciting the formation of obvious tumors that are full of black teliospores. Teliospores are thick-walled, dormant, diploid cells that have evolved for dispersal and survival of the pathogen. Their germination leads to new rounds of infection and is temporally linked to meiosis. We are investigating gene expression during teliospore germination to gain insight into the control of this process. Here we identify genes expressed through creation of an expressed sequence tag (EST) library. We generated 2871 ESTs that are assembled into 1293 contiguous sequences. Based upon a blast search similarity cutoff of E < or =10(-5) 38% of all contigs were orphans while 62% showed similarity to sequences in the protein database. Analyses of blast searches were used to functionally classify genes. Northern hybridizations using specific cDNA clones reveal a relative level of expression consistent with the number of sequences per contig. Identified genes and expression information provide a base for genome annotation of U. maydis and further investigation of teliospore germination and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno T Sacadura
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ont., Canada L5L 1C6
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11
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Dickman MB, Ha YS, Yang Z, Adams B, Huang C. A protein kinase from Colletotrichum trifolii is induced by plant cutin and is required for appressorium formation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:411-21. [PMID: 12744512 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.5.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
When certain phytopathogenic fungi contact plant surfaces, specialized infection structures (appressoria) are produced that facilitate penetration of the plant external barrier; the cuticle. Recognition of this hydrophobic host surface must be sensed by the fungus, initiating the appropriate signaling pathway or pathways for pathogenic development. Using polymerase chain reaction and primers designed from mammalian protein kinase C sequences (PKC), we have isolated, cloned, and characterized a protein kinase from Colletotrichum trifolii, causal agent of alfalfa anthracnose. Though sequence analysis indicated conserved sequences in mammalian PKC genes, we were unable to induce activity of the fungal protein using known activators of PKC. Instead, we show that the C. trifolii gene, designated LIPK (lipid-induced protein kinase) is induced specifically by purified plant cutin or long-chain fatty acids which are monomeric constituents of cutin. PKC inhibitors prevented appressorium formation and, to a lesser extent, spore germination. Overexpression of LIPK resulted in multiple, abnormally shaped appressoria. Gene replacement of lipk yielded strains which were unable to develop appressoria and were unable to infect intact host plant tissue. However, these mutants were able to colonize host tissue following artificial wounding, resulting in typical anthracnose lesions. Taken together, these data indicate a central role in triggering infection structure formation for this protein kinase, which is induced specifically by components of the plant cuticle. Thus, the fungus is able to sense and use host surface chemistry to induce a protein kinase-mediated pathway that is required for pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Dickman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0722, USA.
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12
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Kim YK, Wang Y, Liu ZM, Kolattukudy PE. Identification of a hard surface contact-induced gene in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia as a sterol glycosyl transferase, a novel fungal virulence factor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 30:177-187. [PMID: 12000454 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hard surface contact has been known to be necessary to induce infection structure (appressorium) formation in many phytopathogenic fungi. However, the molecular basis of this requirement is unknown. We have used a differential display approach to clone some of the genes induced in the conidia by hard surface contact. We report that one of the genes induced by hard-surface contact of the conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, chip6, encodes a protein with homology to sterol glycosyl transferases. chip6 expressed in E. coli catalyses glucosyl transfer from UDP-glucose to cholesterol. Disruption of chip6 causes a marked decrease in the transferase activity and a drastic reduction in virulence on its natural host, avocado fruits, although the mutant is capable of normal growth and appressorium formation. The requirement for sterol glycosyl transferase for pathogenicity suggests a novel biological function for this transferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ki Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular-Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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Warwar V, Oved S, Dickman MB. Antisense expression of the calmodulin gene from Colletotrichum trifolii impairs prepenetration development(1). FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 191:213-9. [PMID: 11024266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin is a ubiquitous highly conserved calcium binding protein involved in cell signalling. Previous studies in our laboratory suggested a role for calmodulin in prepenetration morphogenesis in Colletotrichum trifolii, the causal agent of alfalfa anthracnose. In this report, we describe the cloning, sequencing and partial characterization of the calmodulin gene from C. trifolii. The gene is present as a single copy in the genome of C. trifolii and its predicted amino acid sequence shows considerable homology to other fungal calmodulins. The gene is most highly expressed during conidial germination and appressorial development. Using a Neurospora crassa inducible promoter driving the calmodulin gene in antisense orientation, transformants were obtained with constitutive levels of antisense calmodulin expression. Upon induction, transformants did not develop appressoria and were not pathogenic on alfalfa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Warwar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
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14
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Kim YK, Liu ZM, Li D, Kolattukudy PE. Two novel genes induced by hard-surface contact of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:4688-95. [PMID: 10940006 PMCID: PMC111342 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.17.4688-4695.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinating conidia of many phytopathogenic fungi must differentiate into an infection structure called the appressorium in order to penetrate into their hosts. This differentiation is known to require contact with a hard surface. However, the molecular basis for this requirement is not known. Induction of this differentiation in the avocado pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, by chemical signals such as the host's surface wax or the fruit-ripening hormone, ethylene, requires contact of the conidia with a hard surface for about 2 h. To study molecular events triggered by hard-surface contact, we isolated several genes expressed during the early stage of hard-surface treatment by a differential-display method. The genes that encode Colletotrichum hard-surface induced proteins are designated chip genes. In this study, we report the characterization of CHIP2 and CHIP3 genes that would encode proteins with molecular masses of 65 and 64 kDa, respectively, that have no homology to any known proteins. The CHIP2 product would contain a putative nuclear localization signal, a leucine zipper motif, and a heptad repeat region which might dimerize into coiled-coil structure. The CHIP3 product would be a nine-transmembrane-domain-containing protein. RNA blots showed that CHIP2 and CHIP3 are induced by a 2-h hard-surface contact. However, disruption of these genes did not affect the appressorium-forming ability and did not cause a significant decrease in virulence on avocado or tomato fruits suggesting that C. gloeosporioides might have genes functionally redundant to CHIP2 and CHIP3 or that these genes induced by hard-surface contact control processes not directly involved in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, and Neurobiotechnology Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Perfect SE, Hughes HB, O'Connell RJ, Green JR. Colletotrichum: A model genus for studies on pathology and fungal-plant interactions. Fungal Genet Biol 1999; 27:186-98. [PMID: 10441444 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1999.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Species of Colletotrichum use diverse strategies for invading host tissue, ranging from intracellular hemibiotrophy to subcuticular intramural necrotrophy. In addition, these pathogens develop a series of specialized infection structures, including germ tubes, appressoria, intracellular hyphae, and secondary necrotrophic hyphae. Colletotrichum species provide excellent models for studying the molecular basis of infection structure differentiation and fungal-plant interactions. In this review we cover the various stages of the infection processes of Colletotrichum species, including spore adhesion and germination, germ tube and appressorium differentiation and functions, and biotrophic and necrotrophic development. The contribution of molecular, biochemical, and immunological approaches to the identification of genes and proteins relevant to each stage of fungal development will be considered. As well as reviewing results from several groups, we also describe our own work on the hemibiotrophic pathogen, C. lindemuthianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Perfect
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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16
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Liu ZM, Kolattukudy PE. Early expression of the calmodulin gene, which precedes appressorium formation in Magnaporthe grisea, is inhibited by self-inhibitors and requires surface attachment. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:3571-7. [PMID: 10348871 PMCID: PMC93826 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.11.3571-3577.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal conidia contain chemicals that inhibit germination and appressorium formation until they are well dispersed in a favorable environment. Recently, such self-inhibitors were found to be present on the conidia of Magnaporthe grisea, and plant surface waxes were found to relieve this self-inhibition. To determine whether the self-inhibitors suppress the expression of early genes involved in the germination and differentiation of conidia, the calmodulin gene was chosen as a representative early gene, because it was found to be expressed early in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum trifolii differentiation. After calmodulin cDNA and genomic DNA from M. grisea were cloned, the promoter of the calmodulin gene was fused to a reporter gene, that for green fluorescent protein (GFP), and transformed into the M. grisea genome. Confocal microscopic examination and quantitation of expression of GFP green fluorescence showed (i) that the expression of the calmodulin gene decreased significantly when self-inhibition of M. grisea appressorium formation occurred because of high conidial density or addition of exogenous self-inhibitors and (ii) that the expression level of this gene was restored when self-inhibition was relieved by the addition of plant surface waxes. The increase in fluorescence correlated with the percentage of conidia that formed appressoria. The induction of calmodulin was also confirmed by RNA blotting. Concanavalin A inhibited surface attachment of conidia, GFP expression, and appressorium formation without affecting germination. The high correlation between GFP expression and appressorium formation strongly suggests that calmodulin gene expression and appressorium formation require surface attachment.
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MESH Headings
- Biological Factors/pharmacology
- Biological Factors/physiology
- Calmodulin/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Concanavalin A/pharmacology
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects
- Genes, Fungal/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Lipids/pharmacology
- Lipids/physiology
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Magnaporthe/drug effects
- Magnaporthe/genetics
- Magnaporthe/growth & development
- Magnaporthe/physiology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Leaves/microbiology
- Plant Leaves/physiology
- Plant Lectins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spores, Fungal/physiology
- Waxes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Biochemistry and Neurobiotechnology Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Signal transduction and gene expression during early stages of fungal phytopathogenesis in the rice blast fungus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5218-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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