1
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Fan X, Gurtler JB, Mattheis JP. Possible sources of Listeria monocytogenes contamination of fresh-cut apples and antimicrobial interventions during antibrowning treatments: a review. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100100. [PMID: 37150354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fresh-cut apples, being rich in antioxidants and other nutrients, have emerged as popular snacks in restaurants, at home and in school lunch programs, partially due to freshness, convenience, and portion size availability. Two major challenges in processing fresh-cut apples are browning of cut surfaces and contamination with human pathogens. Regarding human pathogens, contamination by Listeria monocytogenes is a major concern, as evidenced by two recent outbreaks of whole apples and numerous recalls of fresh-cut apples. Antibrowning agents currently used by the industry have little to no antimicrobial properties. The present review discusses possible origins of L. monocytogenes in fresh-cut apples, including contaminated whole apples, and contamination via the processing environment and the equipment in fresh-cut facilities. Treatment with antibrowning solutions could be an opportunity for Listeria contamination and represents the last chance to inactivate pathogens. The discussion is focused on the antibrowning treatments where formulations and coatings with antibrowning and antimicrobial properties have been developed and evaluated against Listeria and other microorganisms. In addition, several research needs and considerations are discussed to further reduce the chance of pathogen contamination on fresh-cut apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Fan
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Joshua B Gurtler
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - James P Mattheis
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801
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2
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Doren J, Hadad R, McKEAG L, Tucker C, Newbold E. Food Safety Risks of Harvesting Dropped and Drooping Produce: A Review. J Food Prot 2022; 85:571-582. [PMID: 34914837 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Produce Safety Rule of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) sets forth minimum standards for fruit and vegetable production in the United States. One provision states that growers must not harvest dropped produce because damage or ground contact may contaminate produce. In an unpublished survey of 2020 food safety inspections conducted by the Northeast Center to Advance Food Safety, handling of dropped produce covered by the FSMA was a common misunderstood and noncompliance issue among growers in the Northeast. In consideration of this provision's on-farm practicality, this review was conducted to evaluate the risks associated with dropped and drooping produce, to guide growers in making informed risk management decisions, and to answer the following questions: (i) what are the risk factors that influence transferability of pathogens from touching the ground to produce and (ii) what are the risks associated with harvesting dropped or drooping produce covered under the Produce Safety Rule? A search of online databases revealed 12 relevant publications, which highlighted moisture, contact time, and crop features as affecting contamination rates from a ground surface to a crop surface. Soil and mulch posed a differential risk, with bare soil generally presenting a lower risk than plastic mulch. The effects of other mulch types are unclear. Mulches may promote pathogen persistence in soil, although they may also protect produce from contaminated soils. These studies were limited in their scope and applicability and most did not directly address dropped produce. Research is needed to clarify the various effects of dropped and drooping produce, the impact of ground surface type on pathogen survivability and transfer, soil and crop features that facilitate contamination, and postharvest risks of harvesting dropped or drooping produce. A comprehensive understanding of these issues will guide growers in implementing preventive measures and better managing risk in a way practicable to each farm's unique conditions. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Doren
- Northeast Center to Advance Food Safety, University of Vermont Extension, Bennington, Vermont 05201
| | - Robert Hadad
- Cornell Vegetable Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Rochester, New York 14617
| | - Lisa McKEAG
- Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, University of Massachusetts Extension, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Caitlin Tucker
- Cornell Vegetable Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Rochester, New York 14617
| | - Elizabeth Newbold
- Northeast Center to Advance Food Safety, University of Vermont Extension, Bennington, Vermont 05201
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3
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Saravanakumar K, Sathiyaseelan A, Mariadoss AVA, Chelliah R, Shin S, Park S, Oh DH, Wang MH. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water combination with antioxidants and fumaric acid treatment to maintain the quality of fresh-cut bell peppers. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Hamilton AM, Paulsen DJ, Trout Fryxell RT, Orta VE, Gorman SJ, Smith DM, Buchanan JR, Wszelaki AL, Critzer FJ. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Flies on a Diversified Cattle and Fresh Produce Farm across Two Growing Seasons. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1009-1015. [PMID: 33465237 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Flies are a vector for spreading foodborne pathogens pertinent to fresh produce, such as Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella; however, most studies focus on concentrated animal feeding operations, which do not reflect low-density animal farming practices that often adjoin fruit and vegetable acreage. In this study, we determined the prevalence of Salmonella in flies collected biweekly on an integrated animal and produce operation over two growing seasons. Eleven of 889 pooled samples tested positive for Salmonella. Flies from the Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, and Tachinidae families were associated with Salmonella carriage, but fly family was not a significant factor for isolation of Salmonella (P = 0.303). Fly species were a significant factor (P = 0.026), with five Pentacricia aldrichii pools testing positive for Salmonella. With the exception of single specimen isolation, prevalence ranged from 2.2 to 15.2%. With the exception of the Tachinidae family, these results reflect a strong association of flies that are commonly associated with feces or are pests of animals. Trap location was not significantly associated with isolation of Salmonella-positive flies (P = 0.236). Overall, the population of flies was not as abundant as studies conducted with produce grown close to concentrated animal feeding operations, indicating a reduced risk of transmission; however, similar to these studies, fly families that are commonly isolated from fecal and decaying matter were most frequently associated with Salmonella isolation. Further work is warranted to elucidate the foodborne pathogen transmission rates to produce and subsequent survival over time. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Hamilton
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Experiment Center, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington 99350
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annette L Wszelaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Faith J Critzer
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Experiment Center, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington 99350
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5
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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6
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Microwave pasteurization of apple juice: Modeling the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium at 80–90 °C. Food Microbiol 2020; 87:103382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Noman MS, Liu L, Bai Z, Li Z. Tephritidae bacterial symbionts: potentials for pest management. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:1-14. [PMID: 31223102 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tephritidae is a large family that includes several fruit and vegetable pests. These organisms usually harbor a variegated bacterial community in their digestive systems. Symbiotic associations of bacteria and fruit flies have been well-studied in the genera Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Rhagoletis. Molecular and culture-based techniques indicate that many genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family, especially the genera of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pectobacterium, Citrobacter, Erwinia, and Providencia constitute the most prevalent populations in the gut of fruit flies. The function of symbiotic bacteria provides a promising strategy for the biological control of insect pests. Gut bacteria can be used for controlling fruit fly through many ways, including attracting as odors, enhancing the success of sterile insect technique, declining the pesticide resistance, mass rearing of parasitoids and so on. New technology and recent research improved our knowledge of the gut bacteria diversity and function, which increased their potential for pest management. In this review, we discussed the diversity of bacteria in the economically important fruit fly and the use of these bacteria for controlling fruit fly populations. All the information is important for strengthening the future research of new strategies developed for insect pest control by the understanding of symbiotic relationships and multitrophic interactions between host plant and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Noman
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Z Bai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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8
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Carstens CK, Salazar JK, Darkoh C. Multistate Outbreaks of Foodborne Illness in the United States Associated With Fresh Produce From 2010 to 2017. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2667. [PMID: 31824454 PMCID: PMC6883221 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has increased during recent years as consumers seek to make healthier lifestyle choices. However, the number of outbreaks associated with fresh produce that involve cases in more than one state (multistate) has increased concomitantly. As the distance along the farm-to-fork continuum has lengthened over time, there are also more opportunities for fresh produce contamination with bacterial pathogens before it reaches the consumer. This review provides an overview of the three bacterial pathogens (i.e., pathogenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica) associated with multistate fresh produce outbreaks that occurred between 2010 and 2017 in the U.S. Possible routes of fresh produce contamination, including pre- and post-harvest, are summarized and outcomes of selected outbreaks within this timeframe are highlighted. Eighty-five multistate outbreaks linked to fresh produce with a confirmed etiology occurred from 2010 to 2017. Cross-contamination within the distribution chain and poor agricultural practices, along with the production of sprouts and importation of fresh produce were frequently implicated contributors to these events. The evolution of the food supply chain in the U.S. necessitates an examination of multistate outbreaks to shed light on factors that increase the scale of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Carstens
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joelle K Salazar
- Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Charles Darkoh
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Program, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Microbiota and potential opportunistic pathogens associated with male and female fruit flies of Malaysian Bactrocera carambolae (Insecta: Tephritidae). Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Control of apple surface microflora for fresh-cut produce by post-harvest hot-water treatment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Swinscoe I, Oliver DM, Gilburn AS, Quilliam RS. The seaweed fly (Coelopidae) can facilitate environmental survival and transmission of E. coli O157 at sandy beaches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:275-285. [PMID: 29933143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable management of recreational beaches is essential for minimising risk of human exposure to microbial pathogens whilst simultaneously maintaining valuable ecosystem services. Decaying seaweed on public beaches is gaining recognition as a substrate for microbial contamination, and is a potentially significant reservoir for human pathogens in close proximity to beach users. Closely associated with beds of decaying seaweed are dense populations of the seaweed fly (Coelopidae), which could influence the spatio-temporal fate of seaweed-associated human pathogens within beach environments. Replicated mesocosms containing seaweed inoculated with a bioluminescent strain of the zoonotic pathogen E. coli O157:H7, were used to determine the effects of two seaweed flies, Coelopa frigida and C. pilipes, on E. coli O157:H7 survival dynamics. Multiple generations of seaweed flies and their larvae significantly enhanced persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in simulated wrack habitats, demonstrating that both female and male C. frigida flies are capable of transferring E. coli O157:H7 between individual wrack beds and into the sand. Adult fly faeces can contain significant concentrations of E. coli O157:H7, which suggests they are capable of acting as biological vectors and bridge hosts between wrack habitats and other seaweed fly populations, and facilitate the persistence and dispersal of E. coli O157:H7 in sandy beach environments. This study provides the first evidence that seaweed fly populations inhabiting natural wrack beds contaminated with the human pathogen E. coli O157:H7 have the capacity to amplify the hazard source, and therefore potential transmission risk, to beach users exposed to seaweed and sand in the intertidal zone. The risk to public health from seaweed flies and decaying wrack beds is usually limited by human avoidance behaviour; however, seaweed fly migration and nuisance inland plagues in urban areas could increase human exposure routes beyond the beach environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Swinscoe
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Andre S Gilburn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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12
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Black EP, Hinrichs GJ, Barcay SJ, Gardner DB. Fruit Flies as Potential Vectors of Foodborne Illness. J Food Prot 2018; 81:509-514. [PMID: 29474149 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fruit flies are a familiar sight in many food service facilities. Although they have been long considered as "nuisance pests," some of their typical daily activities suggest they may pose a potential public health threat. The aim of this study was to provide evidence of the ability of small flies to transfer bacteria from a contaminated source, food, or waste to surfaces or ready-to-eat food. Laboratory experiments were conducted by using purpose-built fly enclosures to assess the bacterial transfer capability of fruit flies. Drosophila repleta were capable of transferring Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Saint Paul, and Listeria innocua from an inoculated food source to the surface of laboratory enclosures. In addition, using an inoculated doughnut and noncontaminated lettuce and doughnut surfaces, fly-mediated cross-contamination of ready-to-eat food was demonstrated. Fruit flies were shown to be capable of accumulating approximately 2.9 × 103 log CFU of E. coli per fly within 2 h of exposure to a contaminated food source. These levels of bacteria did not decrease over an observation period of 48 h. Scanning electron micrographs were taken of bacteria associated with fly food and contact body parts and hairs during a selection of these experiments. These data, coupled with the feeding and breeding behavior of fruit flies in unsanitary areas of the kitchen and their propensity to land and rest on food preparation surfaces and equipment, indicate a possible role for fruit flies in the spread of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Black
- Ecolab Inc., Ecolab Research Center, 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121, USA
| | - G J Hinrichs
- Ecolab Inc., Ecolab Research Center, 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121, USA
| | - S J Barcay
- Ecolab Inc., Ecolab Research Center, 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121, USA
| | - D B Gardner
- Ecolab Inc., Ecolab Research Center, 655 Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, Minnesota 55121, USA
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13
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Differential Microbial Diversity in Drosophila melanogaster: Are Fruit Flies Potential Vectors of Opportunistic Pathogens? Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:8526385. [PMID: 29234354 PMCID: PMC5694983 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8526385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has become a model system to study interactions between innate immunity and microbial pathogens, yet many aspects regarding its microbial community and interactions with pathogens remain unclear. In this study wild D. melanogaster were collected from tropical fruits in Puerto Rico to test how the microbiota is distributed and to compare the culturable diversity of fungi and bacteria. Additionally, we investigated whether flies are potential vectors of human and plant pathogens. Eighteen species of fungi and twelve species of bacteria were isolated from wild flies. The most abundant microorganisms identified were the yeast Candida inconspicua and the bacterium Klebsiella sp. The yeast Issatchenkia hanoiensis was significantly more common internally than externally in flies. Species richness was higher in fungi than in bacteria, but diversity was lower in fungi than in bacteria. The microbial composition of flies was similar internally and externally. We identified a variety of opportunistic human and plant pathogens in flies such as Alcaligenes faecalis, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Fusarium equiseti/oxysporum, Geotrichum candidum, Klebsiella oxytoca, Microbacterium oxydans, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Despite its utility as a model system, D. melanogaster can be a vector of microorganisms that represent a potential risk to plant and public health.
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14
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Abstract
Foods of animal origin, including beef and dairy products, are nutritious and important to global food security. However, there are important risks to human health from hazards that are introduced to beef and dairy products on the farm. Food safety hazards may be chemical, biological, or physical in nature. Considerations about protecting the safety of beef and dairy products must begin prior to harvest because some potential food safety hazards introduced at the farm (e.g., chemical residues) cannot be mitigated by subsequent postharvest food processing steps. Also, some people have preferences for consuming food that has not been through postharvest processing even though those foods may be unsafe because of microbiological hazards originating from the farm. Because of human fallibility and complex microbial ecologies, many of the preharvest hazards associated with beef and dairy products cannot entirely be eliminated, but the risk for most can be reduced through systematic interventions taken on the farm. Beef and dairy farms differ widely in production practices because of differences in natural, human, and capital resources. Therefore, the actions necessary to minimize on-farm food safety hazards must be farm-specific and they must address scientific, political, economic, and practical aspects. Notable successes in controlling and preventing on-farm hazards to food safety have occurred through a combination of voluntary and regulatory efforts.
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15
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Singh T, Das S, Ramachandran VG, Wani S, Shah D, Maroof KA, Sharma A. Distribution of Integrons and Phylogenetic Groups among Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Children <5 Years of Age in Delhi, India. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:561. [PMID: 28443072 PMCID: PMC5385330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrons by means of horizontal gene transfer carry multidrug resistance genes (MDR) among bacteria, including E. coli. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles and the genes associated with them, to gain insights in the distribution of phylogroups, prevalence, and characterization of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons among Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolates, from children upto 5 years of age from Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), India. A total of 120 E. coli isolates, including 80 from diarrheagenic E. coli (cases) and 40 from healthy isolates (controls) were recruited in this study. After isolation of E. coli, screening for EPEC was done by conventional multiplex PCR. Antibiotic suseptibility test was performed using disk diffusion method and further confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) by E-test. The presence and characterization of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes were performed by PCR and DNA sequencing. Phylogeny determination was carried out by quadruplex PCR. EPEC strains were found in 64 of the 80 diarrheagenic cases, out of which 38 were MDR. In the 40 healthy controls, 23 were found to be EPEC strain, out of which only 2 were MDR. Amongst 80 diarrheagenic cases, class 1 integron were observed in 43 isolates, class 2 integron in 12 isolates and 9 isolates were found with co-existence of both. Similarly, in healthy controls; class 1 integron in 9 and class 2 integron in 7 isolates were observed with co-existence in 3 isolates. None of the isolates included class 3 integron. The dfr was the most commonly identified gene cassette within the integron-positive isolates. Phylogenetic studies showed considerable representation of phylogroup B2 in both diarrheagenic cases and healthy controls. This study reiterates the importance of class 1 integron predominantly for acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes among EPEC isolates. Furthermore, it also ascertains the possible association between multidrug resistance and presence of integrons. Approximately 91% of isolates were easily assigned to their respective phylogroups. Assessment of the relationship between antibiotic resistance and dominant phylogroups detected was also attempted. This study also highlights the increased burden of antimicrobial resistance in healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Singh
- Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Shukla Das
- Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - V G Ramachandran
- Dermatology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India.,Department of Minimal Access and Bariatric Surgery, Fortis Flt. Rajan Dhall HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Sayim Wani
- Dermatology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India.,Department of Minimal Access and Bariatric Surgery, Fortis Flt. Rajan Dhall HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Dheeraj Shah
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Khan A Maroof
- Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Sardarjung HospitalNew Delhi, India
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16
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Augimeri RV, Varley AJ, Strap JL. Establishing a Role for Bacterial Cellulose in Environmental Interactions: Lessons Learned from Diverse Biofilm-Producing Proteobacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1282. [PMID: 26635751 PMCID: PMC4646962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) serves as a molecular glue to facilitate intra- and inter-domain interactions in nature. Biosynthesis of BC-containing biofilms occurs in a variety of Proteobacteria that inhabit diverse ecological niches. The enzymatic and regulatory systems responsible for the polymerization, exportation, and regulation of BC are equally as diverse. Though the magnitude and environmental consequences of BC production are species-specific, the common role of BC-containing biofilms is to establish close contact with a preferred host to facilitate efficient host-bacteria interactions. Universally, BC aids in attachment, adherence, and subsequent colonization of a substrate. Bi-directional interactions influence host physiology, bacterial physiology, and regulation of BC biosynthesis, primarily through modulation of intracellular bis-(3'→5')-cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) levels. Depending on the circumstance, BC producers exhibit a pathogenic or symbiotic relationship with plant, animal, or fungal hosts. Rhizobiaceae species colonize plant roots, Pseudomonadaceae inhabit the phyllosphere, Acetobacteriaceae associate with sugar-loving insects and inhabit the carposphere, Enterobacteriaceae use fresh produce as vehicles to infect animal hosts, and Vibrionaceae, particularly Aliivibrio fischeri, colonize the light organ of squid. This review will highlight the diversity of the biosynthesis and regulation of BC in nature by discussing various examples of Proteobacteria that use BC-containing biofilms to facilitate host-bacteria interactions. Through discussion of current data we will establish new directions for the elucidation of BC biosynthesis, its regulation and its ecophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janice L. Strap
- Molecular Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of TechnologyOshawa, ON, Canada
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Feng Y, Yang Q, Wang L, Li G, Lv X, Han Q, Liu X, Xia X. Survey of Microbial Contamination and Characterization ofEscherichia coliin Kiwifruit Orchards in Shaanxi, China, 2013. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:857-63. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinnan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingfang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi'an Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Esseili MA, Chin A, Saif L, Miller SA, Qu F, Lewis Ivey ML, Wang Q. Postharvest Survival of Porcine Sapovirus, a Human Norovirus Surrogate, on Phytopathogen-Infected Leafy Greens. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1472-80. [PMID: 26219360 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leafy greens are increasingly being recognized as an important vehicle for human noroviruses (HuNoV), which cause recurring gastroenteritis outbreaks. Leafy greens often become infected by phytopathogens in the field, which may cause symptoms on the edible parts. Whether plant pathogen infections enhance the survival of HuNoV on leafy greens is unknown. Lettuce and spinach plants were infected with a bacterium, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians strain 701a, and with Cucumber mosaic virus strain Fny, respectively. The survival rate of porcine sapovirus (SaV), a HuNoV surrogate, on infected and noninfected postharvest leaves was then assessed. In addition, acibenzolar-S-methyl, a commercial chemical elicitor of plant systemic defense, was used to assess whether stimulating the plant host defense affects the postharvest survival of SaV. Leaves harvested from control and treated plants were inoculated with SaV and incubated for 7 days at 4°C. The infectivity (tissue culture infectious dose affecting 50% of the culture [TCID50]/ml) and RNA (genomic equivalent/ml) titers of SaV were assayed using immunohistochemistry staining and SaV-specific TaqMan real-time reverse transcription PCR. Our results showed that cucumber mosaic virus Fny induced mild, nonnecrotic symptoms on spinach leaves and had no effect on SaV survival. In contrast, X. campestris pv. vitians 701a induced small localized necrotic lesions and significantly enhanced SaV survival on lettuce leaves. Treatment with acibenzolar-S-methyl was effective in reducing X. campestris pv. vitians 701a-induced lesions on infected lettuce plants but had no direct effect on SaV survival when used on healthy lettuce plants. These findings indicate that phytopathogen-induced necrotic lesions may enhance the postharvest survival of HuNoV on lettuce leaves. Therefore, preventive measures aiming to maintain healthy plants and minimize preharvest biological damage are expected to improve the safety of leafy greens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A Esseili
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Ashlina Chin
- The Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Linda Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Sally A Miller
- The Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Feng Qu
- The Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Melanie L Lewis Ivey
- The Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA; The Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
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Ordax M, Piquer-Salcedo JE, Santander RD, Sabater-Muñoz B, Biosca EG, López MM, Marco-Noales E. Medfly Ceratitis capitata as Potential Vector for Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora: Survival and Transmission. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127560. [PMID: 25978369 PMCID: PMC4433354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the ability of bacterial plant pathogens to survive in insects is required for elucidating unknown aspects of their epidemiology and for designing appropriate control strategies. Erwinia amylovora is a plant pathogenic bacterium that causes fire blight, a devastating disease in apple and pear commercial orchards. Studies on fire blight spread by insects have mainly focused on pollinating agents, such as honeybees. However, the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), one of the most damaging fruit pests worldwide, is also common in pome fruit orchards. The main objective of the study was to investigate whether E. amylovora can survive and be transmitted by the medfly. Our experimental results show: i) E. amylovora can survive for at least 8 days inside the digestive tract of the medfly and until 28 days on its external surface, and ii) medflies are able to transmit the bacteria from inoculated apples to both detached shoots and pear plants, being the pathogen recovered from lesions in both cases. This is the first report on E. amylovora internalization and survival in/on C. capitata, as well as the experimental transmission of the fire blight pathogen by this insect. Our results suggest that medfly can act as a potential vector for E. amylovora, and expand our knowledge on the possible role of these and other insects in its life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ordax
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime E Piquer-Salcedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo D Santander
- Universitat de València, Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sabater-Muñoz
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena G Biosca
- Universitat de València, Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María M López
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ester Marco-Noales
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Uyttendaele M, Jaykus LA, Amoah P, Chiodini A, Cunliffe D, Jacxsens L, Holvoet K, Korsten L, Lau M, McClure P, Medema G, Sampers I, Rao Jasti P. Microbial Hazards in Irrigation Water: Standards, Norms, and Testing to Manage Use of Water in Fresh Produce Primary Production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Dept. of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences; North Carolina State Univ; U.S.A
| | | | - Alessandro Chiodini
- ILSI Europe, Intl. Life Sciences Inst; European Branch; 83 Ave. E. Mounier, B6, B-1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - David Cunliffe
- Dept. of Health; Public Health; P.O. Box 6, Rundle Mall 5000 South Australia
| | | | - Kevin Holvoet
- Dept. Food Safety & Food Quality; Ghent Univ; Ghent Belgium
| | - Lise Korsten
- Dept. of Plant and Crop Sciences; Univ. of Pretoria; 0002 Pretoria South Africa
| | - Mathew Lau
- School of Chemical & Life Sciences; Nanyang Polytechnic; Singapore
| | - Peter McClure
- Mondelez Intl., Bayerwaldstrasse 8; 81737 München; Germany
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR, Watercycle Research Inst; Delft Univ. of Technology; Postbus 1072 3430 BB Nieuwegein The Netherlands
| | - Imca Sampers
- Dept. of Industrial Biological Sciences; Ghent Univ. Campus Kortrijk; Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Pratima Rao Jasti
- ILSI Europe, Intl. Life Sciences Inst; European Branch; 83 Ave. E. Mounier, B6, B-1200 Brussels Belgium
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21
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Suppression of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) using the lowbush blueberry agroecosystem as a model system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120904. [PMID: 25849430 PMCID: PMC4388438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife as a source of microbial contamination is a food safety concern. Deer feces (scat) have been determined as a point source for Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of fresh produce. The ecological role of the scooped scarab (Onthophagus hecate (Panzer)), a generalist dung beetle species common in Maine blueberry fields, was explored as a biological control agent and alternatively as a pathogen vector between deer scat and food. A large-scale field survey of wildlife scat indicated that pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 was present, albeit at a low prevalence (1.9% of samples, n = 318), in the Maine lowbush blueberry agroecosystem. A manipulative field experiment verified that, should contact occur between deer scat and blueberry plants and fruit during the summer, contamination with E. coli O157:H7 can occur and persist for more than 72 h. For both the positive control and an experimental scat inoculation treatment, the levels of the bacterial population decreased over time, but at different rates (treatment x time interaction: F (1.9,18.8) = 358.486, P < 0.0001). The positive control inoculation, which resulted in a higher initial E. coli level on fruit, decayed at a faster rate than inoculation of fruit via scat in the experimental treatment. We conducted 2 laboratory studies to elucidate aspects of dung beetle feeding ecology as it relates to suppression of E. coli O157:H7 from deer scat to lowbush blueberry fruit. In both experiments, dung beetles buried the same amount of scat whether or not the scat was inoculated with the pathogen (F(1,6) = 0.001; P = 0.999 and (F (2,17) = 4.10, P = 0.147). Beetles feeding on E. coli inoculated deer scat were not found to vector the pathogen to fruit. In two studies, beetles lowered the amount of pathogenic E. coli persisting in soils compared to soils without beetles (F (2,9) = 7.757; P = 0.05 and F (2,17) = 8.0621, P = 0.004). Our study suggests that the dung beetle species, Onthophagus hecate, has the potential to contribute to the suppression of E. coli O157:H7 in agricultural landscapes.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Human infection with Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 (STEC O157) is relatively rare, but the consequences can be serious, especially in the very young and the elderly. Efforts to control the flow of STEC O157 during beef processing have meaningfully reduced the incidence of human STEC O157 infection, particularly prior to 2005. Unfortunately, despite early progress, the incidence of STEC O157 infection has not changed meaningfully or statistically in recent years, suggesting that additional actions, for example, targeting the cattle reservoir, are necessary to further reduce STEC O157 illness. Ideally, preharvest interventions against STEC O157 should reduce the likelihood that cattle carry the organism, have practical application within the beef production system, and add sufficient value to the cattle to offset the cost of the intervention. A number of STEC O157 antigens are being investigated as potential vaccine targets. Some vaccine products have demonstrated efficacy to reduce the prevalence of cattle carrying STEC O157 by making the gut unfavorable to colonization. However, in conditions of natural exposure, efficacy afforded by vaccination depends on how the products are used to control environmental transmission within groups of cattle and throughout the production system. Although cattle vaccines against STEC O157 have gained either full or preliminary regulatory approval in Canada and the United States, widespread use by cattle feeders is unlikely until there is an economic signal to indicate that cattle vaccinated against STEC O157 are valued over other cattle.
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De Simone S, Lombardi FA, Paladini F, Starace G, Sannino A, Pollini M. Development of antibacterial silver treatments on HDPE nets for agriculture. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena De Simone
- Dhitech Scarl, Technological District Hi-Tech, Via S. Trinchese; 61-73100 Lecce Italy
| | | | - Federica Paladini
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Giuseppe Starace
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Mauro Pollini
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; 73100 Lecce Italy
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Fresh-cut pineapple as a new carrier of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:309183. [PMID: 25093163 PMCID: PMC4100397 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing interest for healthy foods, the feasibility of using fresh-cut fruits to vehicle probiotic microorganisms is arising scientific interest. With this aim, the survival of probiotic lactic acid bacteria, belonging to Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum species, was monitored on artificially inoculated pineapple pieces throughout storage. The main nutritional, physicochemical, and sensorial parameters of minimally processed pineapples were monitored. Finally, probiotic Lactobacillus were further investigated for their antagonistic effect against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on pineapple plugs. Our results show that at eight days of storage, the concentration of L. plantarum and L. fermentum on pineapples pieces ranged between 7.3 and 6.3 log cfu g−1, respectively, without affecting the final quality of the fresh-cut pineapple. The antagonistic assays indicated that L. plantarum was able to inhibit the growth of both pathogens, while L. fermentum was effective only against L. monocytogenes. This study suggests that both L. plantarum and L. fermentum could be successfully applied during processing of fresh-cut pineapples, contributing at the same time to inducing a protective effect against relevant foodborne pathogens.
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25
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Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones in fresh culinary herbs imported from Southeast Asia. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 177:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Gomes TA, Filho MRS, Zielinski AAF, Pietrowski GDAM, Nogueira A. Microbial Levels in Apple Must and Their Association with Fruit Selection, Washing and Sanitization. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Aparecida Gomes
- Food Science and Technology Master Programme; State University of Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Uvaranas Campus CEP 84.030-900 Ponta Grossa PR Brazil
| | - Mauro Rodrigues Salvador Filho
- Food Science and Technology Master Programme; State University of Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Uvaranas Campus CEP 84.030-900 Ponta Grossa PR Brazil
| | - Acácio Antonio Ferreira Zielinski
- Food Science and Technology Master Programme; State University of Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Uvaranas Campus CEP 84.030-900 Ponta Grossa PR Brazil
| | | | - Alessandro Nogueira
- Food Science and Technology Master Programme; State University of Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Uvaranas Campus CEP 84.030-900 Ponta Grossa PR Brazil
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28
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Smith DR. Cattle Production Systems: Ecology of Existing and Emerging Escherichia coli Types Related to Foodborne Illness. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2014; 2:445-68. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly STEC O157, cause rare but potentially serious human infections. Infection with STEC occurs by fecal-oral transmission, most commonly through food. Cattle are the most important reservoir for human STEC exposure, and efforts to control the flow of STEC through beef processing have reduced rates of human illness. However, further reduction in human incidence of STEC may require control of the pathogen in cattle populations. The ecology of STEC in cattle production systems is complex and explained by factors that favor (a) colonization in the gut, (b) survival in the environment, and (c) ingestion by another cattle host. Although nature creates seasonal environmental conditions that do not favor STEC transmission in cattle, human efforts to control STEC by environmental manipulation have not succeeded. Vaccines and direct-fed microbial products have reduced the carriage of STEC by cattle, and other interventions are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Smith
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-6100
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29
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Alegre I, Viñas I, Usall J, Teixidó N, Figge MJ, Abadias M. Control of foodborne pathogens on fresh-cut fruit by a novel strain of Pseudomonas graminis. Food Microbiol 2013; 34:390-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Wasala L, Talley JL, Desilva U, Fletcher J, Wayadande A. Transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to spinach by house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:373-380. [PMID: 23425236 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-12-0217-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Filth flies are known mechanical vectors of pathogenic bacteria in hospital and restaurant settings, but their role as vectors for disseminating microbes to plants has not been demonstrated. Escherichia coli O157:H7 deposition by flies onto spinach was studied using molecular, microbiological, and microscopy techniques. Relative quantitative polymerase chain reaction studies showed that bacteria acquired by flies from contaminated cattle manure and deposited in regurgitation spots on leaves survived and multiplied. Scanning electron microscopy of the regurgitation spots of flies exposed to manure inoculated with E. coli suggested the multiplication of bacteria-like organisms within the spots. This finding implies that the bacteria were active and is consistent with a hypothesis that regurgitation spots serve as a nutrition source allowing E. coli O157:H7 to survive on the spinach phylloplane. E. coli O157:H7 persisted on fly body surfaces up to 13 days after exposure to acquisition sources, suggesting that fly cuticular surfaces are conducive to the growth of this pathogen. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of bioenhanced transmission of human pathogens by house flies and suggest that filth flies may affect the microbial safety of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmini Wasala
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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31
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Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in strawberry puree by high hydrostatic pressure with/without subsequent frozen storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 160:337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Growth potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh-cut fruits (melon and pineapple) and vegetables (carrot and escarole) stored under different conditions. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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GUERRERO-BELTRÁN JOSÉÁ, BARBOSA-CÁNOVAS GUSTAVOV, WELTI-CHANES JORGE. HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE EFFECT ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, ESCHERICHIA COLI AND LISTERIA INNOCUA IN PEAR NECTAR. J FOOD QUALITY 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2011.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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34
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Alegre I, Abadias M, Anguera M, Usall J, Viñas I. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria innocua on minimally-processed peaches under different storage conditions. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:862-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Erickson MC, Liao J, Payton AS, Riley DG, Webb CC, Davey LE, Kimbrel S, Ma L, Zhang G, Flitcroft I, Doyle MP, Beuchat LR. Preharvest internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into lettuce leaves, as affected by insect and physical damage. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1809-16. [PMID: 21067668 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.10.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pests may serve as reservoirs and vectors of zoonotic pathogens to leafy greens; however, it is unknown whether insect pests feeding on plant tissues could redistribute these pathogens present on the surface of leaves to internal sites. This study sought to differentiate the degree of tissue internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 when applied at different populations on the surface of lettuce and spinach leaves, and to ascertain whether lettuce-infesting insects or physical injury could influence the fate of either surface or internalized populations of this enteric pathogen. No internalization of E. coli O157:H7 occurred when lettuce leaves were inoculated with 4.4 log CFU per leaf, but it did occur when inoculated with 6.4 log CFU per leaf. Internalization was statistically greater when spinach leaves were inoculated on the abaxial (underside) than when inoculated on the adaxial (topside) side, and when the enteric pathogen was spread after surface inoculation. Brief exposure (∼18 h) of lettuce leaves to insects (5 cabbage loopers, 10 thrips, or 10 aphids) prior to inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 resulted in significantly reduced internalized populations of the pathogen within these leaves after approximately 2 weeks, as compared with leaves not exposed to insects. Surface-contaminated leaves physically injured through file abrasions also had significantly reduced populations of both total and internalized E. coli O157:H7 as compared with nonabraded leaves 2 weeks after pathogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety, 1109 Experiment Street, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA.
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36
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Rasooly R, Do PM, Levin CE, Friedman M. Inhibition of Shiga Toxin 2 (Stx2) in Apple Juices and its Resistance to Pasteurization. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M296-301. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Aruscavage D, Phelan PL, Lee K, LeJeune JT. Impact of Changes in Sugar Exudate Created by Biological Damage to Tomato Plants on the Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M187-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Alegre I, Abadias M, Anguera M, Oliveira M, Viñas I. Factors affecting growth of foodborne pathogens on minimally processed apples. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Vegetables and fruits are staple food for the human mankind, and they are also considered as the symbol of healthy nutrition. They are consumed fresh and cooked, in salad mixes, freshly pressed, fermented, minimally processed form, stored under different conditions, etc. Since they are in close contact with the environment, natural or artificial, and have a natural microbiota on their surface highly variable as a function of the surrounding, they are prone to get contaminated with human pathogens, too. More attention is paid to the food-borne outbreaks in the last 10 years related to the consumption of contaminated plant foods, and it is also in the focus of our interest. The main activities of the Unit cover the following areas: microbial contamination of fruits and vegetables, also in relation to the soil, the methods of cell count reduction using also non-thermal methods, the biofilm formation and the response ofBacillus cereusto the technological stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Beczner
- 1 Central Food Research Institute Unit of Microbiology, Department of Food Safety H-1021 Budapest Herman Ottó u.15. Hungary
| | - I. Bata-Vidács
- 1 Central Food Research Institute Unit of Microbiology, Department of Food Safety H-1021 Budapest Herman Ottó u.15. Hungary
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Raybaudi-Massilia RM, Mosqueda-Melgar J, Soliva-Fortuny R, Martín-Belloso O. Control of Pathogenic and Spoilage Microorganisms in Fresh-cut Fruits and Fruit Juices by Traditional and Alternative Natural Antimicrobials. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009; 8:157-180. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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The growing burden of foodborne outbreaks due to contaminated fresh produce: risks and opportunities. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:307-15. [PMID: 19200406 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268808001969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne outbreaks from contaminated fresh produce have been increasingly recognized in many parts of the world. This reflects a convergence of increasing consumption of fresh produce, changes in production and distribution, and a growing awareness of the problem on the part of public health officials. The complex biology of pathogen contamination and survival on plant materials is beginning to be explained. Adhesion of pathogens to surfaces and internalization of pathogens limits the usefulness of conventional processing and chemical sanitizing methods in preventing transmission from contaminated produce. Better methods of preventing contamination on the farm, or during packing or processing, or use of a terminal control such as irradiation could reduce the burden of disease transmission from fresh produce. Outbreak investigations represent important opportunities to evaluate contamination at the farm level and along the farm-to-fork continuum. More complete and timely environmental assessments of these events and more research into the biology and ecology of pathogen-produce interactions are needed to identify better prevention strategies.
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42
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Piyankarage SC, Augustin H, Featherstone DE, Shippy SA. Hemolymph amino acid variations following behavioral and genetic changes in individual Drosophila larvae. Amino Acids 2009; 38:779-88. [PMID: 19360460 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different sampling environments on hemolymph amino acid content of individual Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Hemolymph was collected from individual third instar larvae under cold-anesthetized, awake, and stress conditions. Qualitative and quantitative hemolymph amino acid analyses were performed via capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. The hemolymph amino acid concentrations, particularly arginine, glutamate, and taurine, changed significantly depending on the prior-to-sample-collection environments. Hemolymph amino acid analyses of six different Drosophila genotypes including two control genotypes and four mutant alleles were also carried out. Two mutant genotypes with over and under expression of a putative cystine-glutamate exchanger subunit were significantly different from each other with respect to their hemolymph glutamate, glycine, lysine, and taurine levels. Hemolymph amino acid analyses of stressed larvae of two control and two mutant genotypes indicated that behavior-related hemolymph chemical changes are also genotype dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeewa C Piyankarage
- Department of Chemistry MC 111, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Barker-Reid F, Harapas D, Engleitner S, Kreidl S, Holmes R, Faggian R. Persistence of Escherichia coli on injured iceberg lettuce in the field, overhead irrigated with contaminated water. J Food Prot 2009; 72:458-64. [PMID: 19343931 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.3.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fresh produce is increasingly implicated in food-related illnesses. Escherichia coli can survive in soil and water and can be transferred onto plant surfaces through farm management practices such as irrigation. A trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of field conditions on E. coli persistence on iceberg lettuce irrigated with contaminated water, and the impact of plant injury on the persistence of E. coli. Lettuce heads were injured at 14, 7, 3, 2, 1, and 0 days before inoculation, with uninjured heads used as a control. All lettuce heads (including controls) were overhead irrigated with a mixture of nonpathogenic E. coli strains (10(7) CFU/ml). E. coli counts were measured on the day of inoculation and 5 days after, and E. coli was detected on all lettuce head samples. Injury immediately prior to inoculation and harvest significantly (P = 0.00067) increased persistence of E. coli on lettuce plants. Harsh environmental conditions (warm temperatures, limited rainfall) over 5 days resulted in a 2.2-log reduction in E. coli counts on uninjured lettuce plants, and lettuce plants injured more than 2 days prior to inoculation had similar results. Plants with more recent injuries (up to 2 days prior to inoculation) had significantly (P = 7.6 x 10(-6)) greater E. coli persistence. Therefore, growers should postpone contaminated water irrigation of lettuce crops with suspected injuries for a minimum of 2 days, or if unavoidable, use the highest microbiological quality of water available, to minimize food safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Barker-Reid
- Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 4166, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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44
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Hanning IB, Johnson MG, Ricke SC. Precut prepackaged lettuce: a risk for listeriosis? Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:731-46. [PMID: 18847382 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent outbreaks of listeriosis have been traced back to contaminated ready-to-eat (RTE) poultry and meat products. However, Listeria monocytogenes can be isolated from every food group, including fresh vegetables. This review is focused on one of the most popular RTE vegetable products, precut prepackaged lettuce. The available literature concerning Listeria contamination of vegetables is reviewed, and possible reasons why no recent outbreaks or sporadic cases of listeriosis due to contaminated precut prepackaged lettuce are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene B Hanning
- Center for Food Safety-IFSE and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA.
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45
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Aruscavage D, Miller SA, Ivey MLL, Lee K, LeJeune JT. Survival and dissemination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on physically and biologically damaged lettuce plants. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2384-8. [PMID: 19244888 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.12.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ecology of the vegetable leaf surface is important to the survival of enteric pathogens. Understanding changes in ecological parameters during the preharvest stages of production can lead to development of approaches to minimize the hazard of contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables with foodborne pathogens. In this study, survival levels of Escherichia coli O157 over a 10-day period were compared among traumatically injured, phytopathogen-damaged, and healthy lettuce plants. Leaves from lettuce plants cracked along the central vein, plants infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, and healthy plants were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. The presence of E. coli O157:H7 populations on inoculated leaves and non-inoculated leaves of these same plants was determined for 10 days. The density of E. coli O157:H7 decreased over time on the inoculated leaves regardless of the treatment. The population of E. coli O157:H7 remained higher on traumatically injured leaves than on healthy plants (P < 0.001). E. coli O157:H7 was detected on leaves other than the direct inoculation site of the enteric pathogen in all three treatments groups. Preharvest damage, especially that caused by traumatic injury, impacted the survivability of E. coli O157:H7. Maintaining healthy plants and minimizing physical damage around the time of harvest might improve the safety of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aruscavage
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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47
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Heaton J, Jones K. Microbial contamination of fruit and vegetables and the behaviour of enteropathogens in the phyllosphere: a review. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:613-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Vojdani JD, Beuchat LR, Tauxe RV. Juice-associated outbreaks of human illness in the United States, 1995 through 2005. J Food Prot 2008; 71:356-64. [PMID: 18326187 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of illness associated with consumption of fruit juice have been a growing public health problem since the early 1990s. In response to epidemiologic investigations of outbreaks in which juice was implicated, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration implemented process control measures to regulate the production of fruit juice. The final juice regulation, which became effective in 2002, 2003, and 2004, depending on the size of the business, requires that juice operations comply with a hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) plan. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) receives reports of food-associated outbreaks of illness. We reviewed fruit juice-associated outbreaks of illness reported to the CDC's Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System. From 1995 through 2005, 21 juice-associated outbreaks were reported to CDC; 10 implicated apple juice or cider, 8 were linked to orange juice, and 3 involved other types of fruit juice. These outbreaks caused 1,366 illnesses, with a median of 21 cases per outbreak (range, 2 to 398 cases). Among the 13 outbreaks of known etiology, 5 were caused by Salmonella, 5 by Escherichia coli O157:H7, 2 by Cryptosporidium, and one by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O111 and Cryptosporidium. Fewer juice-associated outbreaks have been reported since the juice HACCP regulation was implemented. Some juice operations that are exempt from processing requirements or do not comply with the regulation continue to be implicated in outbreaks of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin D Vojdani
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road N.E., MS A-38, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Whipps JM, Hand P, Pink DA, Bending GD. Chapter 7 Human Pathogens and the Phyllosphere. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2008; 64:183-221. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Skandamis P, Stopforth J, Kendall P, Belk K, Scanga J, Smith G, Sofos J. Modeling the effect of inoculum size and acid adaptation on growth/no growth interface of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 120:237-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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