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Algammal AM, Eid HM, Alghamdi S, Ghabban H, Alatawy R, Almanzalawi EA, Alqahtani TM, Elfouly SG, Mohammed GM, Hetta HF, El-Tarabili RM. Meat and meat products as potential sources of emerging MDR Bacillus cereus: groEL gene sequencing, toxigenic and antimicrobial resistance. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:50. [PMID: 38326741 PMCID: PMC10848520 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus cereus is implicated in severe foodborne infection in humans. This study intended to assess the occurrence, groEL gene sequencing, biofilm production, and resistance profiles of emerged multidrug resistant (MDR) B. cereus in meat and meat product samples. Moreover, this work highlights the virulence and toxigenic genes (hblABCD complex, nheABC complex, cytK, ces, and pc-plc) and antimicrobial resistance genes (bla1, tetA, bla2, tetB, and ermA). METHODS Consequently, 200 samples (sausage, minced meat, luncheon, beef meat, and liver; n = 40 for each) were indiscriminately collected from commercial supermarkets in Port Said Province, Egypt, from March to May 2021. Subsequently, food samples were bacteriologically examined. The obtained isolates were tested for groEL gene sequence analysis, antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm production, and PCR screening of toxigenic and resistance genes. RESULTS The overall prevalence of B. cereus among the inspected food samples was 21%, where the highest predominance was detected in minced meat (42.5%), followed by beef meat (30%). The phylogenetic analysis of the groEL gene exposed that the examined B. cereus strain disclosed a notable genetic identity with other strains from the USA and China. Moreover, the obtained B. cereus strains revealed β-hemolytic activity, and 88.1% of the recovered strains tested positive for biofilm production. PCR evidenced that the obtained B. cereus strains usually inherited the nhe complex genes (nheA and nheC: 100%, and nheB: 83.3%), followed by cytK (76.2%), hbl complex (hblC and hblD: 59.5%, hblB: 16.6%, and hblA: 11.9%), ces (54.7%), and pc-plc (30.9%) virulence genes. Likewise, 42.9% of the examined B. cereus strains were MDR to six antimicrobial classes and encoded bla1, bla2, ermA, and tetA genes. CONCLUSION In summary, this study highlights the presence of MDR B. cereus in meat and meat products, posing a significant public health risk. The contamination by B. cereus is common in minced meat and beef meat. The molecular assay is a reliable fundamental tool for screening emerging MDR B. cereus strains in meat and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Hamza M Eid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Ghabban
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roba Alatawy
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas A Almanzalawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani M Alqahtani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabreen G Elfouly
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Port-Said branch, Port Said, 42511, Egypt
| | - Gihan M Mohammed
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Port-Said branch, Port Said, 42511, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Rushidi MNA, Azhari MLH, Yaakop S, Hazmi IR. Detection and Characterisation of Endosymbiont Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea), Pollinating Agent of Oil Palm, and Its Relationships between Populations. Trop Life Sci Res 2023; 34:95-111. [PMID: 37860089 PMCID: PMC10583842 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2023.34.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Elaeidobius kamerunicus is the most efficient pollinator of oil palm. Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacteria associated with E. kamerunicus that has a potential to affect the fecundity and fitness of the E. kamerunicus. Despite their importance, no studies have been conducted to investigate its prevalence in E. kamerunicus. The objectives of this study were to detect and characterise Wolbachia in E. kamerunicus and determine the phylogenetic relationship of Wolbachia strains that infect E. kamerunicus by using three genetic markers namely Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (ftsZ), Chaperonin folding protein (groEL), and Citrate Synthase Coding Gene (gltA). DNA was extracted from 210 individuals of E. kamerunicus and the Wolbachia infections were detected using the wsp marker. The infected samples (n = 25, 11.9%) were then sequenced using ftsZ, gltA and groEL markers for strain characterization. In this study, a combination of four markers was used to construct the phylogeny of Wolbachia. Similar topologies were shown in all trees; Neighbour-Joining (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP), and Bayesian Inference (BI), which showed the mixing of individuals that harbor Wolbachia between populations. Interestingly, Wolbachia on E. kamerunicus was claded together with the species Drosophila simulans under supergroup B. This is the first report of Wolbachia infecting E. kamerunicus which is very valuable and significant as one of the parameters to evaluate the quality of the E. kamerunicus population for sustaining its function as a great pollinator for oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nur Azad Rushidi
- Centre for Insect Systematics, Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Luqman Hakim Azhari
- Centre for Insect Systematics, Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salmah Yaakop
- Centre for Insect Systematics, Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izfa Riza Hazmi
- Centre for Insect Systematics, Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Noppakuadrittidej P, Charlermroj R, Makornwattana M, Kaew-Amdee S, Waditee-Sirisattha R, Vilaivan T, Praneenararat T, Karoonuthaisiri N. Development of peptide nucleic acid-based bead array technology for Bacillus cereus detection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12482. [PMID: 37528159 PMCID: PMC10393979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous novel methods to detect foodborne pathogens have been extensively developed to ensure food safety. Among the important foodborne bacteria, Bacillus cereus was identified as a pathogen of concern that causes various food illnesses, leading to interest in developing effective detection methods for this pathogen. Although a standard method based on culturing and biochemical confirmative test is available, it is time- and labor-intensive. Alternative PCR-based methods have been developed but lack high-throughput capacity and ease of use. This study, therefore, attempts to develop a robust method for B. cereus detection by leveraging the highly specific pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as probes for a bead array method with multiplex and high-throughput capacity. In this study, PNAs bearing prolyl-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) backbone with groEL, motB, and 16S rRNA sequences were covalently coupled with three sets of fluorescently barcoded beads to detect the three B. cereus genes. The developed acpcPNA-based bead array exhibited good selectivity where only signals were detectable in the presence of B. cereus, but not for other species. The sensitivity of this acpcPNA-based bead assay in detecting genomic DNA was found to be 0.038, 0.183 and 0.179 ng for groEL, motB and 16S rRNA, respectively. This performance was clearly superior to its DNA counterpart, hence confirming much stronger binding strength of acpcPNA over DNA. The robustness of the developed method was further demonstrated by testing artificially spiked milk and pickled mustard greens with minimal interference from food metrices. Hence, this proof-of-concept acpcPNA-based bead array method has been proven to serve as an effective alternative nucleic acid-based method for foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prae Noppakuadrittidej
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 12120
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Ratthaphol Charlermroj
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 12120
| | - Manlika Makornwattana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 12120
| | - Sudtida Kaew-Amdee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 12120
| | - Rungaroon Waditee-Sirisattha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Thanit Praneenararat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330.
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 12121.
| | - Nitsara Karoonuthaisiri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 12120.
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand, 12121.
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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Eid RH, Aref NE, Ibrahim ES. Phenotypic diagnosis and genotypic identification of Bacillus cereus causing subclinical mastitis in cows. Vet World 2023; 16:888-894. [PMID: 37576758 PMCID: PMC10420715 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.888-894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Bovine mastitis is a disease that affects dairy cows and impacts the global dairy industry. Bacillus spp. can infect the mammary gland during lactation, intramammary treatment, or dry cow therapy. This study aimed to isolate and identify Bacillus spp. in raw milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis from dairy farms in Beheira, Giza, Alexandria, and Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. We also investigated their antibiotic sensitivity and detected the enterotoxigenic and antibiotic resistance genes. Materials and Methods A total of 262 milk samples (15-20 ml each) were examined microscopically, biochemically, and phenotypically. A polymerase chain reaction was used for genotypic identification and detecting antibiotic-resistance and enterotoxigenic genes. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested using the agar well diffusion test. Results Bacillus cereus was identified in 47.7% of samples. Nhe and hblD enterotoxin genes were found in 93.64% (103/110) and 91.82% (101/110) of the samples, respectively. Tetracycline and β-lactam antibiotic-resistance genes were present in 0% (0/110) and 98.18% (108/110), respectively, of the samples. All isolates were resistant to cefepime, cefixime, and oxacillin, while they were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic, chloramphenicol, ampicillin/sulbactam, and levofloxacin. Conclusion These results highlight the need to promote awareness regarding B. cereus, the most common pathogen causing mastitis in Egyptian dairy cows. We also emphasized that antibiotic misuse during mastitis is a potential public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha H. Eid
- Department of Mastitis and Neonatal Disease, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha E. Aref
- Department of Mastitis and Neonatal Disease, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman S. Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Fichant A, Felten A, Gallet A, Firmesse O, Bonis M. Identification of Genetic Markers for the Detection of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains of Interest for Food Safety. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233924. [PMID: 36496733 PMCID: PMC9739007 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), belonging to the Bacillus cereus (Bc) group, is commonly used as a biopesticide worldwide due to its ability to produce insecticidal crystals during sporulation. The use of Bt, especially subspecies aizawai and kurstaki, to control pests such as Lepidoptera, generally involves spraying mixtures containing spores and crystals on crops intended for human consumption. Recent studies have suggested that the consumption of commercial Bt strains may be responsible for foodborne outbreaks (FBOs). However, its genetic proximity to Bc strains has hindered the development of routine tests to discriminate Bt from other Bc, especially Bacillus cereus sensu stricto (Bc ss), well known for its involvement in FBOs. Here, to develop tools for the detection and the discrimination of Bt in food, we carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 286 complete genomes of Bc group strains to identify and validate in silico new molecular markers specific to different Bt subtypes. The analyses led to the determination and the in silico validation of 128 molecular markers specific to Bt, its subspecies aizawai, kurstaki and four previously described proximity clusters associated with these subspecies. We developed a command line tool based on a 14-marker workflow, to carry out a computational search for Bt-related markers from a putative Bc genome, thereby facilitating the detection of Bt of interest for food safety, especially in the context of FBOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fichant
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INRAE, ISA, France
| | - Arnaud Felten
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Armel Gallet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INRAE, ISA, France
| | - Olivier Firmesse
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Bonis
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
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Dabiré Y, Somda NS, Somda MK, Mogmenga I, Traoré AK, Ezeogu LI, Traoré AS, Ugwuanyi JO, Dicko MH. Molecular identification and safety assessment of Bacillus strains isolated from Burkinabe traditional condiment “soumbala”. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-022-01664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Alkaline-fermented foods (AFFs) play an essential role in the diet of millions of Africans particularly in the fight against hidden hunger. Among AFFs, soumbala is a very popular condiment in Burkina Faso, available and affordable, rich in macronutrients (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, essential amino acids, and fatty acids), micronutriments (minerals, B group vitamins), and fibers. Bacillus spp. are known to be the predominant microbial species in AFFs and thus have elicited enhanced interest as starter cultures or probiotics. However, few data exist on identification and safety attributes of relevant Bacillus species from African AFFs, particularly from Burkinabe soumbala.
Methods
This study aimed to genotypically characterize 20 Bacillus strains previously isolated from soumbala, using PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes, and to evaluate their safety attributes.
Results
Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strains were most closely related by decreasing numbers to B. cereus, B. subtilis, Bacillus sp., B. tropicus, B. toyonensis, B. nealsonii, B. amyloliquefaciens, Brevibacillus parabrevis, and B. altitudinis. Among the isolates, 10 were β-hemolytic and 6 were γ-hemolytic while 4 were of indeterminate hemolysis. The 6 γ-hemolytic (presumptively non-pathogenic) strains were susceptible to all tested antibiotics except bacitracin. Strains F20, and F21 were the most sensitive to imipenem (38.04 ± 1.73 mm and 38.80 ± 1.57 mm, respectively) while strain B54 showed the weakest sensitivity to bacitracin (11.00 ± 0.63 mm) with high significant differences (p < 0.0001).
Conclusion
The findings highlight identification and safety quality of Bacillus strains which could be further characterized as probiotic-starter cultures for high-quality soumbala production.
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Gamage NW, Bamforth J, Ashfaq T, Bernard K, Gräfenhan T, Walkowiak S. Profiling of Bacillus cereus on Canadian grain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259209. [PMID: 34735500 PMCID: PMC8568128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses challenge the food industry; however, environmental studies of these microorganisms on raw grain, prior to food processing, are uncommon. Bacillus cereus sensu lato is a diverse group of bacteria that is common in our everyday environment and occupy a wide array of niches. While some of these bacteria are beneficial to agriculture due to their entomopathogenic properties, others can cause foodborne illness; therefore, characterization of these bacteria is important from both agricultural and food safety standpoints. We performed a survey of wheat and flax grain samples in 2018 (n = 508) and 2017 (n = 636) and discovered that B. cereus was present in the majority of grain samples, as 56.3% and 85.2%, in two years respectively. Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics of 109 presumptive B. cereus isolates indicates that most of the isolates were closely related and formed two genetically distinct groups. Comparisons to the available genomes of reference strains suggested that the members of these two groups are not closely related to strains previously reported to cause foodborne illness. From the same data set, another, genetically more diverse group of B. cereus was inferred, which had varying levels of similarity to previously reported strains that caused disease. Genomic analysis and PCR amplification of genes linked to toxin production indicated that most of the isolates carry the genes nheA and hbID, while other toxin genes and gene clusters, such as ces, were infrequent. This report of B. cereus on grain from Canada is the first of its kind and demonstrates the value of surveillance of bacteria naturally associated with raw agricultural commodities such as cereal grain and oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice Bamforth
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tehreem Ashfaq
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kathryn Bernard
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tom Gräfenhan
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail: (TG); (SW)
| | - Sean Walkowiak
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail: (TG); (SW)
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Cheng LW, Rao S, Poudyal S, Wang PC, Chen SC. Genotype and virulence gene analyses of Bacillus cereus group clinical isolates from the Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1515-1529. [PMID: 34125451 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese softshell turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) (CST) are susceptible to infections by bacteria belonging to the Bacillus cereus group (Bcg). Bcg includes several closely related species, two of which, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, are pathogens of aquatic animals or insects. In the present study, we collected 57 Bcg isolates obtained from diseased CST from 2016 to 2019 in Kaohsiung and Pingtung, the areas with the most CST farms in Taiwan. All isolates were divided into four genotypes with two restriction enzymes, SmaI and NotI, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). Representative isolates from each genotype were subjected to phylogenetic tree analysis using 16S rDNA and pyruvate carboxylase genes as phylogenetic markers, and these CST isolates appeared in different clades. PCR was performed targeting six selected virulence genes, four of which were detected in CST isolates, including cytotoxin K (1/57), hblC of the haemolysin BL complex (46/57), nheA of the non-haemolytic enterotoxin complex (52/57) and enterotoxin FM (57/57), whereas cereulide synthetase and cereulide peptide synthase-like genes were not detected in any isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shreesha Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Sayuj Poudyal
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Molecular screening of bacteriocin-producing Bacillus spp. isolated from Soumbala, a fermented food condiment from Parkia biglobosa seeds. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Isolation, molecular characterization and pathogenicity of native Bacillus thuringiensis, from Ethiopia, against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta: Detection of a new high lethal phylogenetic group. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126802. [PMID: 34174672 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer) is one of the devastating agricultural pest that attack mainly tomatoes. The continuous use of chemical pesticides is not affordable and poses a collateral damage to human and environmental health. This requires integrated pest management to reduce chemical pesticides. B. thuringiensis is a cosmopolitan, antagonistic soil bacterium used to control agricultural pests. In this study, effective Bt strains were screened from different sample sources based on their lepidopteran specific cry genes and larvicidal efficacy against tomato leafminer, T. absoluta under laboratory conditions. Of the 182 bacterial isolates, 55 (30 %) of isolates harbored parasporal protein crystals. Out of these, 34 (62 %) isolates possess one or more lepidopteran specific cry genes: 20 % of isolates positive for cry2, 18.2 % for cry9, 3.6 % for cry1, 16.4 % for cry2 + cry9, 1.8 % for cry1 + cry9, and 1.8 % for cry1 + cry2 + cry9. However, 21 (38.2 %) isolates did not show any lepidopteran specific cry genes. Isolates positive for cry genes showed 36.7-75 % and 46.7-98.3 % mortality against second and third instar larvae of the T. absoluta at the concentration of 108 colony forming units (CFUs) ml-1. Cry1 and cry1 plus other cry gene positive isolates were relatively more pathogenic against T. absoluta. However, third instar larvae of the T. absoluta was more susceptible than second instar larvae. Two of the isolates, AAUF6 and AAUMF9 were effective and scored LT50 values of 2.3 and 2.7 days and LC50 values of 3.4 × 103 and 4.15 × 103 CFUs ml-1 against the third instar larvae, respectively. The phylogenetic studies showed some congruence of groups with cry gene profiles and lethality level of isolates and very interestingly, we have detected a putative new phylogenetic group of Bt from Ethiopia.
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Carroll LM, Cheng RA, Wiedmann M, Kovac J. Keeping up with the Bacillus cereus group: taxonomy through the genomics era and beyond. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7677-7702. [PMID: 33939559 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1916735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group, also known as B. cereus sensu lato (s.l.), is a species complex that contains numerous closely related lineages, which vary in their ability to cause illness in humans and animals. The classification of B. cereus s.l. isolates into species-level taxonomic units is thus essential for informing public health and food safety efforts. However, taxonomic classification of these organisms is challenging. Numerous-often conflicting-taxonomic changes to the group have been proposed over the past two decades, making it difficult to remain up to date. In this review, we discuss the major nomenclatural changes that have accumulated in the B. cereus s.l. taxonomic space prior to 2020, particularly in the genomic sequencing era, and outline the resulting problems. We discuss several contemporary taxonomic frameworks as applied to B. cereus s.l., including (i) phenotypic, (ii) genomic, and (iii) hybrid nomenclatural frameworks, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. We offer suggestions as to how readers can avoid B. cereus s.l. taxonomic ambiguities, regardless of the nomenclatural framework(s) they choose to employ. Finally, we discuss future directions and open problems in the B. cereus s.l. taxonomic realm, including those that cannot be solved by genomic approaches alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Carroll
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rachel A Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Bianco A, Capozzi L, Miccolupo A, Iannetti S, Danzetta ML, Del Sambro L, Caruso M, Santagada G, Parisi A. Multi-locus sequence typing and virulence profile in Bacillus cereus sensu lato strains isolated from dairy products. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 9:8401. [PMID: 33532366 PMCID: PMC7844584 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Bacillus cereus group are important food contaminants and they are of relevant interest in food safety and public heath due to their ability to cause two distinct forms of food poisoning, emetic and diarrhoeal syndrome. In the present study, 90 strains of B. cereus isolated from dairy products, have been typed using Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) analysis and investigated for the occurrence of 10 enterotoxigenic genes (hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, entFM, entS and bceT) and one emetogenic gene (ces), to determine their genetic diversity. A total of 58 sequence types were identified and among these 17 were signalled as new profiles. Among the virulence genes, the majority of our strains carried the entS (92%), entFM (86%), nhe (82%) and cytK (72%) genes. All remaining genes were identified in at least one strain with different prevalence, stressing the genetic diversity, how even the different grade of pathogenicity of B. cereus isolated from dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Miccolupo
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Simona Iannetti
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Del Sambro
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marta Caruso
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Parisi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
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13
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Detection of spore forming Paenibacillus macerans in raw milk. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 177:106048. [PMID: 32890571 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus macerans can cause spoilage of milk during extended storage. However, the natural milk microbiota interferes with the enumeration of Paenibacillus species in raw milk. In this study, a qualitative SYBR Green real-time PCR assay based on the groEL gene was developed for detecting P. macerans (PMassay) in raw milk and compared with one designed for total Paenibacillus detection (TPassay). The specificity of the PMassay was confirmed against a panel of dairy-related spore forming isolates. In the presence of background DNA substituted up to 95%, P. macerans DNA could still be detected by the PMassay although interference occurred as non-target DNA substitution increased. The PMassay was sensitive (detection limit of 2 log CFU/ml in milk) and specific as non-P. macerans isolates gave a Ct > 30. After enrichment of raw milk for 7 days at 37 °C in Reinforced Clostridial Medium with D-cycloserine (RCM-D) under anaerobiosis, Paenibacillus was detected in 10 of the 16 raw milk samples tested. Enrichment in RCM-D yielded about 0.5 to 5.8 log CFU/ml total Paenibacillus and 0.3 to 4.6 log CFU/ml P. macerans in the samples. The assay could be useful in commercial settings, allowing a sensitive detection of P. macerans.
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14
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Hamidpour M, Mahdavi S. Prevalence of ces and cytk Genes of Bacillus cereus Isolated From Raw Milk in Tabriz, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2020.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium which is widespread in nature. It also has been known as a major foodborne pathogen that often plays a role in the contamination of ready-to-eat and dairy products. It causes two different types of food poisoning in human: the diarrheal type and the emetic type. Objective: The current study was planned to determine the prevalence of ces and cytk genes of Bacillus cereus isolated from raw milk in Tabriz, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 B. cereus strains isolated from cow raw milk, that had already been identified phenotypically, were assessed for molecular confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Then, they were evaluated for presence of ces and cytK genes by specific primers. Results: Of 40 B. cereus strains, 39 strains were confirmed molecularly. The frequency of cytK and ces genes was reported 38 (97.43%) and 0 (0%), respectively. Conclusion: The results of present study showed that B. cereus strains isolated from raw milk had high potential in causing diarrhea poisoning. Therefore, using procedures to reduce the bacterial contamination during the processing of dairy product is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Hamidpour
- Department of Microbiology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saman Mahdavi
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran
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15
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Talahmeh N, Abu-Rumeileh S, Al-Razem F. Development of a selective and differential media for the isolation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus from food samples. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 128:1440-1447. [PMID: 31867800 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Identification and enumeration of foodborne pathogens in food stuffs are valuable concerns. In the present study, starch-blood-egg yolk-polymyxin B-trimethoprim-ceftazidime (SBYPTC) agar was established to isolate and specify the number of Bacillus cereus in food products. METHODS AND RESULTS The effectiveness of the developed medium in selecting for B. cereus from pure cultures and food matrixes naturally contaminated by high levels of microbiota was estimated, and the results were compared with that of two commercially available MYPA and PMBA media. In pure cultures, there were no significant differences in the recoverability of B. cereus among the three media, however, SBYPTC agar showed a greater exclusivity. To examine SBYPTC performance in food, B. cereus were artificially inoculated into lettuce and potato samples with high background microbiota in two separated experiments. There were no significant differences between MYPA and PEMBA. However, SBYPTC manifested greater selectivity and exclusivity and made the differentiation easier by allowing growth of B. cereus in separated colonies and inhibiting competing microflora. CONCLUSION Our results showed that SBYPTC has high selective properties in comparison with MYPA and PEMBA. Thus, it can be considered as a useful tool to monitor the existence and the number of B. cereus in foods especially those contaminated with high levels of microflora. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In the food industry, SBYPTC can be employed for food quality assurance to monitor B. cereus in food products contaminated with high levels of microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Talahmeh
- Applied Biology Program, College of Applied Sciences, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine
| | - S Abu-Rumeileh
- Applied Biology Program, College of Applied Sciences, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine
| | - F Al-Razem
- Applied Biology Program, College of Applied Sciences, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine
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16
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Chelliah R, Wei S, Park BJ, Rubab M, Banan-Mwine Dalirii E, Barathikannan K, Jin YG, Oh DH. Whole genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 10792 and improved discrimination of Bacillus thuringiensis from Bacillus cereus group based on novel biomarkers. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:284-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Wei S, Chelliah R, Park BJ, Park JH, Forghani F, Park YS, Cho MS, Park DS, Oh DH. Molecular discrimination of Bacillus cereus group species in foods (lettuce, spinach, and kimbap) using quantitative real-time PCR targeting groEL and gyrB. Microb Pathog 2018; 115:312-320. [PMID: 29306007 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate specific biomarkers to differentiate within Bacillus cereus group species from contaminated food samples with the use of real-time PCR. A total of 120 strains, comprising of 28 reference, 2 type, 78 wild strains of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis along with 12 strains representing 2 bacterial groups - B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis (B. cereus group); B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (non-Bacillus sp.) were identified by applying valid biomarkers (groEL and gyrB). In addition, the presence of B. cereus group was determined in three different artificially contaminated vegetable samples (lettuce, spinach, and kimbap), using prominent biomarkers targeting on chaperonin protein (GroEL) and topoisomerase enzyme protein (gyrB). Direct analysis of samples revealed the specificity towards identification and characterization of the B. cereus group among wild, reference and type strains and the type strain inoculated in vegetables. Our results demonstrated two existing biomarkers groEL and gyrB with a high specificity of 98% and 96% respectively to analyze the total B. cereus group. Further, we also reported the detection limit of groEL and gyrB in food samples was 3.5 and 3.7 log CFU/g respectively. Thus, the developed real-time PCR approach can be a reliable and effective tool for the identification of B. cereus group strains present in environment and food samples. This does not require band isolation, re-amplification, sequencing or sequence identification, thus reducing the time and cost of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wei
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Fereidoun Forghani
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Suk Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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18
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El-Aziz NKA, Tartor YH, El-Aziz Gharib AA, Ammar AM. Propidium Monoazide Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Enumeration of Some Viable but Nonculturable Foodborne Bacteria in Meat and Meat Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:226-234. [PMID: 29298099 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections due to bacterial pathogens are increasing worldwide. Given the surreptitious nature of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria, they largely remain a threat to public health and food safety due to their non-detectability through conventional plate count techniques. Hence, species-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qPCR) alone and combined with the use of propidium monoazide (PMA) was used along with the plate count method to quantify VBNC Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Enterobacteriaceae in fresh and processed meat samples. The major bacterial pathogen isolated was S. aureus (93%) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (80.33%), C. perfringens (26.33%), and B. cereus (21.33%); their total viable counts were mostly recorded in raw meat than examined meat products. PMA quantitative real-time PCR (PMA qRT-PCR) could detect and quantify VBNC bacteria in 90.48% of culture-negative samples. It affirmed the presence of VBNC S. aureus (n = 10), B. cereus (n = 8), C. perfringens (n = 6), and Enterobacteriaceae (n = 12) in either single or mixed bacterial contamination. The log10 mean values of VBNC bacterial counts were highly reported for C. perfringens and S. aureus (9.60 ± 0.449 and 8.27 ± 0.453 CFU/g, respectively) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (6.95 ± 0.564 CFU/g) and B. cereus (6.69 ± 0.749 CFU/g). Sequencing of rpoB gene of Enterobacteriaceae enabled the identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Salmonella Typhi, which have been reported to be capable of entry into the VBNC state. To our knowledge, this is the first report at least in Egypt that records the presence of VBNC cells in meat samples representing a strong threat to public health and food safety. Moreover, PMA qRT-PCR allowed a quick and unequivocal way of enumeration of VBNC foodborne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan Khairy Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Hasanine Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahlam Abd El-Aziz Gharib
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
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19
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Maji UJ, Mohanty S. Genotypic characterization of Lactic acid bacteria in gut microbiome of freshwater fish. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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20
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McHugh AJ, Feehily C, Hill C, Cotter PD. Detection and Enumeration of Spore-Forming Bacteria in Powdered Dairy Products. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:109. [PMID: 28197144 PMCID: PMC5281614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the abolition of milk quotas in the European Union in 2015, several member states including Ireland, Luxembourg, and Belgium have seen year on year bi-monthly milk deliveries to dairies increase by up to 35%. Milk production has also increased outside of Europe in the past number of years. Unsurprisingly, there has been a corresponding increased focus on the production of dried milk products for improved shelf life. These powders are used in a wide variety of products, including confectionery, infant formula, sports dietary supplements and supplements for health recovery. To ensure quality and safety standards in the dairy sector, strict controls are in place with respect to the acceptable quantity and species of microorganisms present in these products. A particular emphasis on spore-forming bacteria is necessary due to their inherent ability to survive extreme processing conditions. Traditional microbiological detection methods used in industry have limitations in terms of time, efficiency, accuracy, and sensitivity. The following review will explore the common spore-forming bacterial contaminants of milk powders, will review the guidelines with respect to the acceptable limits of these microorganisms and will provide an insight into recent advances in methods for detecting these microbes. The various advantages and limitations with respect to the application of these diagnostics approaches for dairy food will be provided. It is anticipated that the optimization and application of these methods in appropriate ways can ensure that the enhanced pressures associated with increased production will not result in any lessening of safety and quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife J McHugh
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Conor Feehily
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland; APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland; APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland; APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
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21
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Risks for public health related to the presence of Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. including Bacillus thuringiensis in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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22
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Hong M, Wang Q, Tang Z, Wang Y, Gu Y, Lou Y, Zheng M. Association of Genotyping of Bacillus cereus with Clinical Features of Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147878. [PMID: 26886446 PMCID: PMC4757555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is the second most frequent cause of post-traumatic bacterial endophthalmitis. Although genotyping of B. cereus associated with gastrointestinal infections has been reported, little is known about the B. cereus clinical isolates associated with post-traumatic endophthalmitis. This is largely due to the limited number of clinical strains available isolated from infected tissues of patients with post-traumatic endophthalmitis. In this study, we report successful isolation of twenty-four B. cereus strains from individual patients with different disease severity of post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all strains could be categorized into three genotypes (GTI, GTII and GTIII) and the clinical score showed significant differences among these groups. We then further performed genotyping using the vrrA gene, and evaluated possible correlation of genotype with the clinical features of B. cereus-caused post-traumatic endophthalmitis, and with the prognosis of infection by conducting follow-up with patients for up to 2 months. We found that the disease of onset and final vision acuity were significantly different among the three groups. These results suggested that the vrrA gene may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis, and genotyping of B. cereus has the potential for predicting clinical manifestation and prognosis of endophthalmitis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of large numbers of clinical isolates of B. cereus from patients with endophthalmitis. This work sets the foundation for future investigation of the pathogenesis endophthalmitis caused by B. cereus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhide Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Youpei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yunfeng Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (YL)
| | - Meiqin Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (YL)
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23
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Sen R, Tripathy S, Padhi SK, Mohanty S, Maiti NK. Assessment of genetic diversity of Bacillus spp. isolated from eutrophic fish culture pond. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:393-400. [PMID: 28324539 PMCID: PMC4522712 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Bacillus comprises of a diverse group with a wide range of nutritional requirements and physiological and metabolic diversity. Their role in nutrient cycle is well documented. 16S rDNA sequences do not always allow the species to be discriminated. In this study 40 Bacillus spp. obtained from fish culture pond and 10 culture type strains were analysed for their genomic diversity by PCR-RFLP of intergenic spacer region of 16S-23S and HSP60 genes. TaqI digestion of PCR products amplified by ITS PCR did not render distinctive RFLP patterns. Numerical analysis of ITS PCR-RFLP pattern differentiated the isolates into 11 clusters. Same species were found to be grouped in different clusters. But PstI digested PCR products amplified from HSP60 gene of the isolates showed distinctive RFLP patterns. The dendrogram constructed from HSP60 PCR-RFLP delineated the isolates into 11 clusters also. All the clusters, except cluster I grouped only one type of species. The results showed that Bacillus spp. could be clearly distinguished by PCR-RFLP of HSP60 gene. Therefore, the HSP60 gene is proposed as an additional molecular marker for discrimination of Bacillus group.
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24
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Eom JS, Lee SY, Choi HS. Bacillus subtilis HJ18-4 from traditional fermented soybean food inhibits Bacillus cereus growth and toxin-related genes. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M2279-87. [PMID: 25359543 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis HJ18-4 isolated from buckwheat sokseongjang, a traditional Korean fermented soybean food, exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus cereus. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial efficacy and regulation of toxin gene expression in B. cereus by B. subtilis HJ18-4. Expression of B. cereus toxin-related genes (groEL, nheA, nheC, and entFM) was downregulated by B. subtilis HJ18-4, which also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against B. cereus. We also found that water extracts of soy product fermented with B. subtilis HJ18-4 significantly inhibited the growth of B. cereus and toxin expression. These results indicate that B. subtilis HJ18-4 could be used as an antimicrobial agent to control B. cereus in the fermented soybean food industry. Our findings also provide an opportunity to develop an efficient biological control agent against B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Seon Eom
- Dept. of Agro-food Resources, Natl. Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-853, Korea
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25
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Pitiwittayakul N, Yukphan P, Sintuprapa W, Yamada Y, Theeragool G. Identification of acetic acid bacteria isolated in Thailand and assigned to the genus Acetobacter by groEL gene sequence analysis. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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26
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Differentiation of Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis on the basis of the csaB gene reflects host source. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3860-3. [PMID: 23563945 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
csaB gene analysis clustered 198 strains of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis into two groups related to mammalian and insect hosts, respectively. Mammal-related group I strains also have more S-layer homology (SLH) protein genes than group II strains. This indicates that csaB-based differentiation reflects selective pressure from animal hosts.
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27
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Li D, Truong TV, Bills TM, Holt BC, VanDerwerken DN, Williams JR, Acharya A, Robison RA, Tolley HD, Lee ML. GC/MS Method for Positive Detection of Bacillus anthracis Endospores. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1637-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202606x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tai V. Truong
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Teri M. Bills
- Department of Microbiology and
Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Brian C. Holt
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United
States
| | | | - John R. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Abhilasha Acharya
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Department of Microbiology and
Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - H. Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United
States
| | - Milton L. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Savadogo A, Tapi A, Chollet M, Wathelet B, Traoré AS, Jacques P. Identification of surfactin producing strains in Soumbala and Bikalga fermented condiments using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry methods. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:299-306. [PMID: 22015241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 67 strains were isolated from two fermented condiments from Burkina Faso: Soumbala and Bikalga. Phenotypical methods, biochemical tests and molecular approaches were used to determinate their genus or species. Twenty-two of them belong to the Bacillus genus. Six strains were selected for their antibacterial or antifungal properties. Their ability to produce lipopeptides synthesized by Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthetases was investigated using two different approaches: PCR with specific degenerated primers and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) performed on whole cells cultivated on a solid medium. PCR revealed that the six strains contain genes involved in the biosynthesis of surfactins whereas surfactins C₁₄ and C₁₅ were only detected by MALDI-ToF MS in two of the six strains. For the first time, the presence of surfactins C₁₄ and C₁₅ was also identified by MALDI-ToF MS analyses directly performed on Soumbala methanolic crude extracts. The structure of these compounds was confirmed by +MS2 and +MS3 of sample and reference surfactins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Savadogo
- CRSBAN, UFR-SVT-Université de Ouagadougou, BP 7021, Burkina Faso
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29
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Identification of new single nucleotide polymorphism-based markers for inter- and intraspecies discrimination of obligate bacterial parasites (Pasteuria spp.) of invertebrates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6388-94. [PMID: 21803895 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05185-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-encoding and 16S rRNA genes of Pasteuria penetrans populations from a wide range of geographic locations were examined. Most interpopulation single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the 16S rRNA gene. However, in order to fully resolve all populations, these were supplemented with SNPs from protein-encoding genes in a multilocus SNP typing approach. Examination of individual 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the occurrence of "cryptic" SNPs which were not present in the consensus sequences of any P. penetrans population. Additionally, hierarchical cluster analysis separated P. penetrans 16S rRNA gene clones into four groups, and one of which contained sequences from the most highly passaged population, demonstrating that it is possible to manipulate the population structure of this fastidious bacterium. The other groups were made from representatives of the other populations in various proportions. Comparison of sequences among three Pasteuria species, namely, P. penetrans, P. hartismeri, and P. ramosa, showed that the protein-encoding genes provided greater discrimination than the 16S rRNA gene. From these findings, we have developed a toolbox for the discrimination of Pasteuria at both the inter- and intraspecies levels. We also provide a model to monitor genetic variation in other obligate hyperparasites and difficult-to-culture microorganisms.
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30
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Hu Y, Liu J, Xia D, Chen S. Simultaneous analysis of foodborne pathogenic bacteria by an oligonucleotide microarray assay. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:27-34. [PMID: 21656816 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate method for simultaneous identification of foodborne infectious pathogens was developed based on oligonucleotide microarray technology. The proposed identification method is based on PCR amplification of the target region of the groEL genes with degenerate primers, followed by the PCR products hybridization with oligonucleotide probes specific for species. The groEL gene amplification products of seventeen species of pathogenic bacteria were hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. Hybridization results were analyzed with digoxigenin-linked enzyme reaction. Results indicated that fifteen species of pathogenic bacteria showed high sensitivity and specificity for the oligonucleotide array, while two other species gave cross-reaction with the E. coli. Our results suggested that microarray analysis of foodborne infectious pathogens might be very useful for simultaneous identification of bacterial pathogens. The oligonucleotide array can also be applied to samples collected in clinical settings of foodborne infections. The superiority of oligonucleotide array over other tests lies on its rapidity, accuracy and efficiency in the diagnosis, treatment and control of foodborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Hu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.
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31
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Dilmaghani M, Ahmadi M, Zahraei Salehi T, Talebi A. The analysis of groEL gene in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from avians by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism method. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:133-43. [PMID: 21312060 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium causes food-borne outbreaks and systemic diseases in humans and animals. groEL gene (also known as mopA gene in S. Typhimurium), possessing conserved sequence, plays an important role in invasion of bacteria. The purpose of present study was to identify the polymorphism of groEL gene among different avians in different regions by PCR-RFLP method. Fifty two S. Typhimurium isolates (Broiler (n = 13), Layer (n = 12), Duck (n = 5), Goose (n = 5), Sparrow (n = 8), Canary (n = 3), Pigeon (n = 5) and Casco parrot (n = 1). were identified using serotyping as well as multiplex-PCR. Then, amplification of groEL gene performed and amplified products subjected to restriction digestion with BsuRI enzyme. Three RFLP profiles, A, B and C, generated DNA fragments between approximately 100-1,000 bp in size, were observed. The RFLP profile A was observed in 35 (67.3%), profile B in 14 (26.9%) and profile C in 3 (5.77%) of isolates. S. Typhimurium isolates recovered from 13 broilers (two of which profile A, 9 profile B and 2 profile C) and from 8 sparrows (two of which profile A, 5 profile B and 1 profile C) showed all three profiles, but 12 layers and other avians (including Canary (n = 3), Goose (n = 5), Duck (n = 5), Pigeon (n = 5) and Casco parrot (n = 1)) showed profile A. None of these profiles was allotted for a special region. The result of present study showed that S. Typhimurium undergoes genetic mutations in groEL gene under unpleasant milieu in different regions and in different avians. Thus, genetic diversity, despite conserved nature of groEL gene in S. Typhimurium, may exist but it depends on the condition where bacteria have settled. To our knowledge, three RFLP profiles of groEL gene generated by BsuRI restriction enzyme were not reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Dilmaghani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Urmia, PO Box 1177, Urmia, Iran.
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32
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Yoh M, Matsuyama J, Shime A, Okayama K, Sakamoto R, Honda T. [Can industrial laundry remove Bacillus cereus from hospital linen?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 84:583-7. [PMID: 20960937 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.84.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated hospital linen has caused some cases of Bacillus cereus bacteremia in Japan. We analyzed the disinfection efficacy of industrial washing of hospital towels and sheets by counting the number of B. cereus on linen before and after washing. That before washing averaged 7.6 cells/cm2 on unwashed sheets, decreasing to 1.2 cells/cm2 after washing. That on unwashed towels, however, averaged 10(6) cells/cm2 before washing and 1096 cells/cm2 after washing, which was very high and suggested the possibility of causing nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myonsun Yoh
- Pathogenic Microbes Repository Unit, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases
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33
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Augustine N, Kumar P, Thomas S. Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae biofilm by AiiA enzyme produced from Bacillus spp. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:1019-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Oliwa-Stasiak K, Molnar CI, Arshak K, Bartoszcze M, Adley CC. Development of a PCR assay for identification of the Bacillus cereus group species. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:266-73. [PMID: 19583794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A PCR technique was developed as a reliable and rapid identification method for the Bacillus cereus group species, based on a unique conserved sequence of the motB gene (encoding flagellar motor protein) from B. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis. METHODS AND RESULTS Primer locations were identified against eight strains of the B. cereus group spp. from nucleotide sequences available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. The PCR assay was applied for the identification of 117 strains of the B. cereus group spp. and 19 strains from other microbial species, with special emphasis on foodborne pathogens. CONCLUSION The designed cross-species primers are group specific and did not react with DNA from other Bacillus and non-Bacillus species either motile or not. The primers system enabled us to detect 10(3) CFU of B. cereus cells per millilitre of sample. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Bacillus cereus group spp. belongs to one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens. Bacterial growth results in production of different toxins; therefore, consumption of food containing >10(6) bacteria per gram may result in emetic and diarrhoeal syndromes. A rapid and sensitive bacterial detection method is significant for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oliwa-Stasiak
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, Microbiology Laboratory, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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35
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Glazunova OO, Raoult D, Roux V. Partial sequence comparison of the rpoB, sodA, groEL and gyrB genes within the genus Streptococcus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2317-22. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.005488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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36
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Yang IC, Shih DYC, Wang JY, Pani TM. Development of rapid real-time PCR and most-probable-number real-time PCR assays to quantify enterotoxigenic strains of the species in the Bacillus cereus group. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2774-81. [PMID: 18095430 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group may produce diarrheal enterotoxins and could be potential hazards if they enter the food chain. Therefore, a method capable of detecting all the species in the B. cereus group rather than B. cereus alone is important. We selected nhe as the target and developed a real-time PCR assay to quantify enterotoxigenic strains of the B. cereus group. The real-time PCR assay was evaluated with 60 B. cereus group strains and 28 others. The assay was also used to construct calibration curves for different food matrices and feces. The assay has an excellent quantification capacity, as proved by its linearity (R2 > 0.993), wide dynamic quantification range (10(2) to 10(7) CFU/g for cooked rice and chicken, 10(3) to 10(7) CFU/ml for milk, and 10(4) to 10(7) CFU/g for feces), and adequate relative accuracy (85.5 to 101.1%). For the low-level contaminations, a most-probable-number real-time PCR assay was developed that could detect as low as 10(0) CFU/ml. Both assays were tested with real food samples and shown to beconsiderably appropriate for B. cereus group detection and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Yang
- Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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37
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Vilas-Bôas GT, Peruca APS, Arantes OMN. Biology and taxonomy ofBacillus cereus,Bacillus anthracis, andBacillus thuringiensis. Can J Microbiol 2007; 53:673-87. [PMID: 17668027 DOI: 10.1139/w07-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three species of the Bacillus cereus group (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis , and Bacillus thuringiensis ) have a marked impact on human activity. Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis are important pathogens of mammals, including humans, and B. thuringiensis is extensively used in the biological control of insects. The microbiological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of these three species are reviewed, together with a discussion of several genomic studies conducted on strains of B. cereus group. Using bacterial systematic concepts, we speculate that to understand the taxonomic relationship within this group of bacteria, special attention should be devoted also to the ecology and the population genetics of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Vilas-Bôas
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, UEL, CP 6001, Londrina/PR, 86051-990, Brazil.
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38
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Callegan MC, Cochran DC, Kane ST, Ramadan RT, Chodosh J, McLean C, Stroman DW. Virulence factor profiles and antimicrobial susceptibilities of ocular bacillus isolates. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:693-702. [PMID: 16966141 DOI: 10.1080/02713680600850963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus causes one of the most rapidly blinding intraocular infections: endophthalmitis. In this study, Bacillus spp. were isolated from ocular infection cases, taxonomically characterized by riboprint analysis, and screened for the presence of putative virulence factors. The ability of these isolates to kill retinal and corneal cells was examined, as were antibiotic susceptibility profiles. The majority of isolates belonged to the B. cereus taxonomic group of microorganisms and were identified as B. cereus (53%) or B. thuringiensis (26%). Toxins were identified in most B. thuringiensis and B. cereus isolates. Most B. cereus and B. thuringiensis killed corneal and retinal cells within 6 h. All isolates were susceptible to most antibiotics tested, with quinolones and vancomycin being the most potent. These findings represent the first report of B. thuringiensis as an important ocular pathogen, demonstrates the potential ocular toxicity of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates, and identifies antibiotics whose efficacy against Bacillus were superior to those used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA.
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39
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Yang IC, Shih DYC, Huang TP, Huang YP, Wang JY, Pan TM. Establishment of a novel multiplex PCR assay and detection of toxigenic strains of the species in the Bacillus cereus group. J Food Prot 2005; 68:2123-30. [PMID: 16245717 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.10.2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Five different enterotoxins and one emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus have been characterized. To amplify all of the enterotoxin and emetic-specific sequences of the species in the B. cereus group, a multiplex PCR with 12 primer pairs was established. In developing the assay method, a common terminal sequence at the 3' ends of all primers was chosen and a hot start Taq polymerase was used to overcome primer dimer formation. The assay was successfully applied to analyze the toxigenic potential of 162 food-poisoning and food-related strains. Results showed that there were 10 toxigenic patterns for all the test strains. All of the B. cereus strains carried at least one toxin gene. More than 70% of Bacillus mycoides strains carried no known toxin genes. The toxin profiles and toxin genes of B. mycoides strains were significantly different from B. cereus strains (P < 0.05), although the two species were closely related. The results suggest that many B. mycoides strains might be less prone to cause food poisoning. They also indicate the importance of detecting the toxin genes together with the detection of the species in the B. cereus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Yang
- Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kim H, Kim SH, Shim TS, Kim MN, Bai GH, Park YG, Lee SH, Chae GT, Cha CY, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Differentiation of Mycobacterium species by analysis of the heat-shock protein 65 gene (hsp65). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:1649-1656. [PMID: 16014496 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences (604 bp) of partial heat-shock protein genes (hsp65) from 161 Mycobacterium strains containing 56 reference Mycobacterium species and 105 clinical isolates were determined and compared. hsp65 sequence analysis showed a higher degree of divergence between Mycobacterium species than did 16S rRNA gene analysis. Generally, the topology of the phylogenetic tree based on the hsp65 DNA sequences was similar to that of the 16S rRNA gene, thus revealing natural relationships among Mycobacterium species. When a direct sequencing protocol targeting 422 bp sequences was applied to 70 non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) clinical isolates, all NTMs were clearly identified. In addition, an XhoI PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis method for the differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from NTM strains was developed during this study. The results obtained suggest that 604 bp hsp65 sequences are useful for the phylogenetic analysis and species identification of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Sun-Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-600, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-600, Korea
| | - Gill-Han Bai
- The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, The Korean National Tuberculosis Association, Seoul 137-140, Korea
| | - Young-Gil Park
- The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, The Korean National Tuberculosis Association, Seoul 137-140, Korea
| | - Sueng-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-230, Korea
| | - Gue-Tae Chae
- Institute of Hansen's Disease, The Catholic University Medical College, Seoul 137-7014, Korea
| | - Chang-Yong Cha
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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41
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Bundy JG, Willey TL, Castell RS, Ellar DJ, Brindle KM. Discrimination of pathogenic clinical isolates and laboratory strains of Bacillus cereus by NMR-based metabolomic profiling. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 242:127-36. [PMID: 15621429 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Six different Bacillus cereus strains were selected from two different ecotypes: (1) three commonly used laboratory strains that are considered avirulent, and (2) three clinical isolates from meningitis patients. Screening of genomic DNA for the presence of genes encoding known toxins gave no candidate genes that were unambiguously able to distinguish between the two groups. However, the application of multivariate pattern-recognition methods to metabolite profiles derived from the different strains using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (metabolomics) was able to classify the different profiles. The two different ecotypes were clearly separated on the basis of their metabolite profiles, showing that it is possible to use metabolomic methods to classify pathogens on the basis of their expressed physiology, even when it is not possible to infer a direct mechanistic link to specific virulence factors. This metabolomic approach could also have a wide range of possible applications in both general microbiology and microbial ecology for distinguishing and identifying different functional/physiological ecotypes of bacterial strains or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Bundy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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42
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Nübel U, Schmidt PM, Reiss E, Bier F, Beyer W, Naumann D. Oligonucleotide microarray for identification ofBacillus anthracisbased on intergenic transcribed spacers in ribosomal DNA. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 240:215-23. [PMID: 15522510 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a DNA microarray for identification of Bacillus anthracis and other phylogenetic groupings within the "Bacillus cereus group". Nucleotide sequences of 16S-23S ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers containing genes for tRNA(Ile) from 52 B. anthracis strains were found to be identical to sequences from seven strains published previously and different from all other bacteria. When 42 oligonucleotide probes targeting polymorphic sites were immobilized on glass slides and hybridized to fluorescently labeled PCR amplification products, one or more mismatches could be discriminated in all but one cases. Hence, hybridization events were highly specific and identification of B. anthracis was straightforward.
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43
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Waterfield NR, Wren BW, Ffrench-Constant RH. Invertebrates as a source of emerging human pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004; 2:833-41. [PMID: 15378047 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite their importance, little is known about the origins of many emerging human pathogens. However, given the age and current predominance of invertebrates, it is likely that bacteria-invertebrate interactions are not only a present source of human pathogens but have also shaped their evolution. Pathogens of invertebrate and unicellular organisms represent an extensive reservoir of bacterial strains equipped with virulence factors that evolved to overcome the innate immune responses of their hosts. This reservoir might represent a source of new human pathogenic strains and might also foster the spread of novel virulence factors into existing human commensal or pathogenic bacteria. This article examines the available evidence for this concept by examining pairs of closely related bacteria, one of which is benign, but insect associated, and one of which is a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Waterfield
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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