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Sivasankaran SK, Bearson BL, Trachsel JM, Nielsen DW, Looft T, Bearson SMD. Genomic and phenotypic characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Reading isolates involved in a turkey-associated foodborne outbreak. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1304029. [PMID: 38304860 PMCID: PMC10830755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1304029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a global bacterial foodborne pathogen associated with a variety of contaminated food products. Poultry products are a common source of Salmonella-associated foodborne illness, and an estimated 7% of human illnesses in the United States are attributed to turkey products. From November 2017 to March 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported a turkey-associated outbreak of multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) Salmonella enterica serovar Reading (S. Reading) linked to 358 human infections in 42 US states and Canada. Since S. Reading was seldom linked to human illness prior to this outbreak, the current study compared genomic sequences of S. Reading isolates prior to the outbreak (pre-outbreak) to isolates identified during the outbreak period, focusing on genes that were different between the two groups but common within a group. Following whole-genome sequence analysis of five pre-outbreak and five outbreak-associated turkey/turkey product isolates of S. Reading, 37 genes located within two distinct chromosomal regions were identified only in the pre-outbreak isolates: (1) an ~5 kb region containing four protein-coding genes including uidA which encodes beta-glucuronidase, pgdA encoding peptidoglycan deacetylase, and two hypothetical proteins and (2) an ~28 kb region comprised of 32 phage-like genes and the xerC gene, which encodes tyrosine recombinase (frequently associated with phage genes). The five outbreak isolates also had a deletional event within the cirA gene, introducing a translational frame shift and premature stop codon. The cirA gene encodes a protein with dual receptor functions: a siderophore receptor for transport of dihydroxybenzoylserine as well as a colicin Ia/b receptor. Significant differences for the identified genetic variations were also detected in 75 S. Reading human isolates. Of the 41 S. Reading isolates collected before or in 2017, 81 and 90% of the isolates contained the uidA and pgdA genes, respectively, but only 24% of the isolates collected after 2017 harbored the uidA and pgdA genes. The truncation event within the cirA gene was also significantly higher in isolates collected after 2017 (74%) compared to before or in 2017 (5%). Phenotypic analysis of the S. Reading isolates for colicin and cefiderocol sensitivities (CirA) and β-methyl-D-glucuronic acid utilization (UidA and accessory proteins) supported the genomic data. Overall, a similar genome reduction pattern was generally observed in both the turkey and human isolates of S. Reading during the outbreak period, and the genetic differences were present in genes that could potentially promote pathogen dissemination due to variation in Salmonella colonization, fitness, and/or virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathesh K. Sivasankaran
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA, United States
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bradley L. Bearson
- Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Julian M. Trachsel
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel W. Nielsen
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA, United States
- ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shawn M. D. Bearson
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA, United States
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Zhou Q, Li G, Cui Y, Xiang J, Zhu S, Li S, Huang J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhou L. Genomic characterization of Bacillus cereus isolated from food poisoning cases revealed the mechanism of toxin production. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1238799. [PMID: 38282728 PMCID: PMC10822677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1238799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous opportunistic human pathogen that causes food intoxications worldwide. However, the genomic characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of B. cereus are still unclear. Methods Here, we isolated and purified nine strains of B. cereus (LY01-LY09) that caused vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms from four foodborne outbreaks happened in Guizhou Province in southwest China from June to September 2021. After colony observation, Gram staining, microscopic examination and biochemical test, they were identified as B. cereus. The genomic characteristics, phylogenetic relationships and virulence factors of the isolated strains were analyzed at the genome level. Genome sequencing, comparative genomic analysis, secondary metabolite analysis and quantitative PCR were utilized to give a thorough exploration of the strains. Results We obtained the genome maps of LY01-LY09 and found that LY01-LY09 had a complex interspecific relationship with B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis. We also observed a contraction of gene families in LY01-LY09, and the contracted families were mainly associated with prophage, which contributed to the species diversity of B. cereus. The Hsp20 gene family underwent a rapid evolution in LY01-LY09, which facilitated the adaptation of the strains to adverse environmental conditions. Moreover, the LY01-LY09 strains exhibited a higher copy number in the non-ribosomal polypeptide synthetase (NRPS) genes and carried the complete cereulide synthetase (ces) gene cluster sequences. Considering that the NRPS system is a classical regulatory mechanism for emetic toxin synthesis, we hypothesized that LY01-LY09 could synthesize emetic toxins through the regulation of ces gene clusters by the NRPS system. Discussion These findings are important for further investigation into the evolutionary relationship between B. cereus and their related species, as well as the underlying mechanisms governing the synthesis and secretion of bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Guanqiao Li
- College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Post and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinshan Cui
- Yunnan Pulis Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingshu Xiang
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yafang Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Napoleoni M, Villa L, Barco L, Lucarelli C, Tiengo A, Baggio G, Dionisi AM, Angellotti A, Ferretti E, Ruggeri S, Staffolani M, Rocchegiani E, Silenzi V, Morandi B, Blasi G. Monophasic Variant of Salmonella Typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:- (ACSSuGmTmpSxt Type) Outbreak in Central Italy Linked to the Consumption of a Roasted Pork Product (Porchetta). Microorganisms 2023; 11:2567. [PMID: 37894225 PMCID: PMC10609469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:- (MVST) is the third most commonly reported Salmonella serovar involved in human infections (8.8%) in the EU and ranks after S. Enteritidis (54.6%) and S. Typhimurium (11.4%). In Italy, in contrast, the MVST has achieved peculiar epidemiological and ecological success which has allowed it to be, since 2011, the serovar most frequently isolated from humans. In the summer of 2022, a foodborne outbreak of the MVST involving 63 people occurred in the Marche Region (Central Italy). A common food exposure source among some human cases was a roasted, ready-to-eat (RTE) pork product, porchetta, which is a typical product of Central Italy. This paper describes the results of investigations conducted to clarify this outbreak. The porchetta was produced by a local manufacturing plant and distributed to at least two local retail stores, one of which was the retail outlet for the manufacturing plant. The MVST was isolated from surface samples collected at the porchetta manufacturing plant and at both local retail stores via bacterial analysis, and the porchetta sampled at one store contained the MVST. These data confirm this type of RTE pork product can be a source of Salmonella infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Napoleoni
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Laura Villa
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (L.V.); (C.L.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Lisa Barco
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale e Laboratorio di Referenza WOAH per le Salmonellosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Claudia Lucarelli
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (L.V.); (C.L.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Alessia Tiengo
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale e Laboratorio di Referenza WOAH per le Salmonellosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulia Baggio
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale e Laboratorio di Referenza WOAH per le Salmonellosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Dionisi
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (L.V.); (C.L.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Antonio Angellotti
- UOC Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale Fermo—Marche, Via Zeppilli, 22A, 63900 Fermo, Italy; (A.A.); (E.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Ezio Ferretti
- UOC Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale Fermo—Marche, Via Zeppilli, 22A, 63900 Fermo, Italy; (A.A.); (E.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Simonetta Ruggeri
- UOC Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale Fermo—Marche, Via Zeppilli, 22A, 63900 Fermo, Italy; (A.A.); (E.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Monica Staffolani
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Elena Rocchegiani
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Valentina Silenzi
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Benedetto Morandi
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Blasi
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
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Nemes K, Persson S, Simonsson M. Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus as Food- and Waterborne Pathogens-Transmission Routes and Methods for Detection in Food. Viruses 2023; 15:1725. [PMID: 37632066 PMCID: PMC10457876 DOI: 10.3390/v15081725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne viruses are an important threat to food safety and public health. Globally, there are approximately 5 million cases of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) every year. HAV is responsible for numerous food-related viral outbreaks worldwide, while HEV is an emerging pathogen with a global health burden. The reported HEV cases in Europe have increased tenfold in the last 20 years due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of infected meat or meat products. HEV is considered the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide currently. This review focuses on the latest findings on the foodborne transmission routes of HAV and HEV and the methods for their detection in different food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Nemes
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 56 A, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.P.); (M.S.)
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Watier-Grillot S, Larréché S, Mazuet C, Baudouin F, Feraudet-Tarisse C, Holterbach L, Dia A, Tong C, Bourget L, Hery S, Pottier E, Bouilland O, Tanti M, Merens A, Simon S, Diancourt L, Chesnay A, Pommier de Santi V. From Foodborne Disease Outbreak (FBDO) to Investigation: The Plant Toxin Trap, Brittany, France, 2018. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:457. [PMID: 37505726 PMCID: PMC10467087 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
On 6 July 2018, the Center for Epidemiology and Public Health of the French Armed Forces was informed of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among customers of a dining facility at a military base in Brittany, France. A total of 200 patients were reported out of a population of 1700 (attack rate: 12%). The symptoms were mainly lower digestive tract disorders and occurred rapidly after lunch on 5 July (median incubation period: 3.3 h), suggesting a toxin-like pathogenic process. A case-control survey was carried out (92 cases and 113 controls). Statistical analysis pointed to the chili con carne served at lunch on 5 July as the very likely source of poisoning. Phytohaemagglutinin, a plant lectin, was found in the chili con carne at a concentration above the potentially toxic dose (400 HAU/gram). The raw kidney beans incorporated in the chili con carne presented a high haemagglutination activity (66,667 HAU/gram). They were undercooked, and the phytohaemagglutinin was not completely destroyed. FBDOs due to PHA are poorly documented. This study highlights the need to develop methods for routine testing of plant toxins in food matrices. Improved diagnostic capabilities would likely lead to better documentation, epidemiology, and prevention of food-borne illnesses caused by plant toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Watier-Grillot
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Sébastien Larréché
- Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France; (S.L.); (A.M.)
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, France & Paris Cité University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- National Reference Centre for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cité University, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France; (C.M.); (L.D.)
| | | | - Cécile Feraudet-Tarisse
- Department of Medications and Healthcare Technologies (DMTS), Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.F.-T.); (S.S.)
| | - Lise Holterbach
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Aïssata Dia
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Christelle Tong
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Laure Bourget
- Laboratory of the French Armed Forces Commissariat, 49130 Les Ponts-de-Cé, France; (L.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Sophie Hery
- Naval Group, Department of Occupational Health, 29200 Brest, France;
| | - Emmanuel Pottier
- Brest Arsenal Medical Center, 29200 Brest, France; (E.P.); (O.B.)
| | | | - Marc Tanti
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
| | - Audrey Merens
- Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France; (S.L.); (A.M.)
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, France & Paris Cité University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Department of Medications and Healthcare Technologies (DMTS), Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.F.-T.); (S.S.)
| | - Laure Diancourt
- National Reference Centre for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cité University, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France; (C.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Aurélie Chesnay
- Laboratory of the French Armed Forces Commissariat, 49130 Les Ponts-de-Cé, France; (L.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Vincent Pommier de Santi
- French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13014 Marseille, France; (L.H.); (A.D.); (C.T.); (M.T.); (V.P.d.S.)
- Vectors–Tropical and Mediterranean Infections Joint Research Unit (VITROME), Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
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Grouteau G, Mignonat C, Marchou B, Martin-Blondel G, Glass O, Roubaud-Baudron C, Lansalot-Matras P, Alik S, Balardy L, De Nadaï T, Bénéjat L, Jehanne Q, Le Coustumier A, Lehours P. Campylobacter fetus foodborne illness outbreak in the elderly. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1194243. [PMID: 37485516 PMCID: PMC10361658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1194243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In June 2021, a cluster of seven cases of Campylobacter fetus infections occurred in a rehabilitation center and caused significant morbidity in elderly patients including five with bacteremia and two with osteoarticular medical device infections. The genetic identity identified by whole genome sequencing of the different Campylobacter fetus strains confirms a common source. This foodborne illness outbreak may have resulted from the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, such as a cow's raw milk cheese resulting from a farm-to-fork strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Grouteau
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Tarbes-Lourdes, Lourdes, France
| | - Cédric Mignonat
- Rehabilitation Center, L'Arbizon, Bagnères de Bigorre, France
| | - Bruno Marchou
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Tarbes-Lourdes, Lourdes, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM UMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Glass
- Cellule de veille d'alerte et de gestion sanitaire, Agence Régionale de Santé Occitanie, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Roubaud-Baudron
- Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, BRIC U1312, INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Lansalot-Matras
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Tarbes-Lourdes, Lourdes, France
| | - Simon Alik
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Tarbes-Lourdes, Lourdes, France
| | | | | | - Lucie Bénéjat
- National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Bacteriology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Quentin Jehanne
- National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Bacteriology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Philippe Lehours
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, BRIC U1312, INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Bacteriology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Alves F, Artursson K, Bloch J, Brisabois A, Imberechts H, Jokelainen P, La Ragione R, Lindblad M, Forss RL, Marston DA, Parvizi O, Tuominen L, Omazic A. A multi-country One Health foodborne outbreak simulation exercise: cross-sectoral cooperation, data sharing and communication. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1121522. [PMID: 37383258 PMCID: PMC10293640 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1121522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The awareness of scientists and policy makers regarding the requirement for an integrated One Health (OH) approach in responding to zoonoses has increased in recent years. However, there remains an overall inertia in relation to the implementation of practical cross-sector collaborations. Foodborne outbreaks of zoonotic diseases continue to affect the European population despite stringent regulations, evidencing the requirement for better 'prevent, detect and response' strategies. Response exercises play an essential role in the improvement of crisis management plans, providing the opportunity to test practical intervention methodologies in a controlled environment. Methods The One Health European Joint Programme simulation exercise (OHEJP SimEx) aimed at practicing the OH capacity and interoperability across public health, animal health and food safety sectors in a challenging outbreak scenario. The OHEJP SimEx was delivered through a sequence of scripts covering the different stages of a Salmonella outbreak investigation at a national level, involving both the human food chain and the raw pet feed industry. Results A total of 255 participants from 11 European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, the Netherlands) took part in national level two-day exercises during 2022. National evaluations identified common recommendations to countries aiming to improve their OH structure to establish formal communication channels between sectors, implement a common data sharing platform, harmonize laboratory procedures, and reinforce inter-laboratory networks within countries. The large proportion of participants (94%) indicated significant interest in pursuing a OH approach and desire to work more closely with other sectors. Discussion The OHEJP SimEx outcomes will assist policy makers in implementing a harmonized approach to cross-sector health-related topics, by highlighting the benefits of cooperation, identifying gaps in the current strategies and suggesting actions required to better address foodborne outbreaks. Furthermore, we summarize recommendations for future OH simulation exercises, which are essential to continually test, challenge and improve national OH strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Alves
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Office of Science and International Collaboration, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Artursson
- Office of Science and International Collaboration, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juliette Bloch
- Department of Health Alerts and Vigilances, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- Department of Strategy and Program, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hein Imberechts
- Sciensano, The Belgian Institute for Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mats Lindblad
- Department of Safe Food, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Litzell Forss
- Office of Science and International Collaboration, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denise A. Marston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Omid Parvizi
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Lena Tuominen
- Office of Science and International Collaboration, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Omazic
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
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Lee SH, Lee S, Park SH, Koo OK. Whole-genome sequencing of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from the first listeriosis foodborne outbreak in South Korea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1182090. [PMID: 37333628 PMCID: PMC10272515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis in humans with severe symptoms. In South Korea, listeriosis had only been reported sporadically among hospitalized patients until the first foodborne outbreak occurred in 2018. In this study, a L. monocytogenes strain responsible for this outbreak (FSCNU0110) was characterized via whole genome sequencing and compared with publicly available L. monocytogenes genomes of the same clonal complex (CC). Strain FSCNU0110 belonged to multilocus sequence typing (MLST)-based sequence type 224 and CC224, and core genome MLST-based sublineage 6,178. The strain harbored tetracycline resistance gene tetM, four other antibiotic resistance genes, and 64 virulence genes, including Listeria pathogenicity island 1 (LIPI-1) and LIPI-3. Interestingly, llsX in LIPI-3 exhibited a characteristic SNP (deletion of A in position 4, resulting in a premature stop codon) that was missing among all CC224 strains isolated overseas but was conserved among those from South Korea. In addition, the tetM gene was also detected only in a subset of CC224 strains from South Korea. These findings will provide an essential basis for assessing the characteristics of CC224 strains in South Korea that have shown a potential to cause listeriosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Park
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyung Koo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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9
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Savini F, Romano A, Giacometti F, Indio V, Pitti M, Decastelli L, Devalle PL, Gorrasi ISR, Miaglia S, Serraino A. Investigation of a Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 72 food poisoning outbreak associated with food-handler contamination in Italy. Zoonoses Public Health 2023. [PMID: 37165540 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
On August 2019 a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occurred in an elderly home in Piedmont, Italy. The epidemiological investigation performed among the persons that consumed the meal identified chicken salad as the most likely source of the outbreak. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a total of seven samples, namely one vomit sample from a guest of the nursing home, two food samples (chicken salad with and without mayonnaise) and nasal swabs collected from a total of four persons working in the kitchen of the nursing home. The maximum likelihood tree obtained using single nucleotide polymorphisms analysis revealed that the isolates from the aforementioned samples clustered together. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that they belonged to Sequence Type 72. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used in parallel to single nucleotide polymorphisms and whole genome sequencing for the determination of the degree of relatedness of the isolates. The results of the FTIR showed the same clustering obtained with single nucleotide polymorphisms and whole genome sequencing and revealed the source of infection. This study underlines the importance of both laboratory evidence and epidemiological data for outbreak investigation and further confirms that FTIR is a suitable support for the short-term epidemiological investigation on source attribution in case of a S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Savini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Angelo Romano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, SC Sicurezza e Qualità degli Alimenti, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Valentina Indio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Monica Pitti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, SC Sicurezza e Qualità degli Alimenti, Torino, Italy
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, SC Sicurezza e Qualità degli Alimenti, Torino, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Devalle
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione - Azienda Sanitaria Locale CN1, SC Igiene Degli Alimenti e Nutrizione, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Miaglia
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione - Azienda Sanitaria Locale CN1, SC Igiene Degli Alimenti e Nutrizione, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Bosica S, Chiaverini A, De Angelis ME, Petrini A, Averaimo D, Martino M, Rulli M, Saletti MA, Cantelmi MC, Ruggeri F, Lodi F, Calistri P, Cito F, Cammà C, Di Domenico M, Rinaldi A, Fazii P, Cedrone F, Di Martino G, Accorsi P, Morelli D, De Luca N, Pomilio F, Parruti G, Savini G. Severe Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus Outbreak from Unpasteurized Dairy Product Consumption, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1020-1024. [PMID: 37081588 PMCID: PMC10124651 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.221338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During November 2021-May 2022, we identified 37 clinical cases of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infections in central Italy. Epidemiologic investigations and whole-genome sequencing showed unpasteurized fresh dairy products were the outbreak source. Early diagnosis by using sequencing technology prevented the spread of life-threatening S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections.
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11
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Luo L, Payne M, Wang Q, Kaur S, Rathnayake IU, Graham R, Gall M, Draper J, Martinez E, Octavia S, Tanaka MM, Jennison AV, Sintchenko V, Lan R. Genomic Epidemiology and Multilevel Genome Typing of Australian Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0301422. [PMID: 36625638 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03014-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the leading causes of salmonellosis in Australia. In this study, a total of 568 S. Enteritidis isolates from two Australian states across two consecutive years were analyzed and compared to international strains, using the S. Enteritidis multilevel genome typing (MGT) database, which contained 40,390 publicly available genomes from 99 countries. The Australian S. Enteritidis isolates were divided into three phylogenetic clades (A, B, and C). Clades A and C represented 16.4% and 3.5% of the total isolates, respectively, and were of local origin. Clade B accounted for 80.1% of the isolates which belonged to seven previously defined lineages but was dominated by the global epidemic lineage. At the MGT5 level, three out of five top sequence types (STs) in Australia were also top STs in Asia, suggesting that a fair proportion of Australian S. Enteritidis cases may be epidemiologically linked with Asian strains. In 2018, a large egg-associated local outbreak was caused by a recently defined clade B lineage prevalent in Europe and was closely related, but not directly linked, to three European isolates. Additionally, over half (54.8%) of predicted multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates belonged to 10 MDR-associated MGT-STs, which were also frequent in Asian S. Enteritidis . Overall, this study investigated the genomic epidemiology of S. Enteritidis in Australia, including the first large local outbreak, using MGT. The open MGT platform enables a standardized and sharable nomenclature that can be effectively applied to public health for unified surveillance of S. Enteritidis nationally and globally. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a leading cause of foodborne infections. We previously developed a genomic typing database (MGTdb) for S. Enteritidis to facilitate global surveillance of this pathogen. In this study, we examined the genomic features of Australian S. Enteritidis using the MGTdb and found that Australian S. Enteritidis is mainly epidemiologically linked with Asian strains (especially strains carrying antimicrobial resistance genes), followed by European strains. The first large-scale egg-associated local outbreak in Australia was caused by a recently defined lineage prevalent in Europe, and three European isolates in the MGTdb were closely related but not directly linked to this outbreak. In summary, the S. Enteritidis MGTdb open platform is shown to be a potentially powerful tool for national and global public health surveillance of this pathogen.
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Konishi N, Obata H, Yokoyama K, Sadamasu K, Kai A. Comparison of the Serovars and Characteristics of Salmonella Isolated from Human Feces and Foods in the 1990s and 2010s in Tokyo. Jpn J Infect Dis 2023; 76:14-19. [PMID: 36047177 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella foodborne disease outbreaks have markedly decreased in recent years, and different Salmonella serovars have been isolated. To clarify the characteristics of Salmonella strains causing annual epidemics and to estimate the source, we conducted a serotyping test on 1,132 human-derived Salmonella isolates in the 1990s and 2010s, and 1,061 food-derived Salmonella isolates in the 2010s in Tokyo. The serovars commonly isolated from human feces in the 1990s and after 2012 were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Thompson, and S. Agona. The new main serovars isolated after 2012 were S. Schwarzengrund, S. Enterica serovar 4:i:-, and S. Chester. In contrast, the main serovars detected from foods after 2012 were S. Infantis, S. Schwarzengrund, S. Agona, S. Manhattan, S. Typhimurium, and S. enterica serovar UT: r:1,5. S. Schwarzengrund has recently been frequently isolated. These strains were mainly isolated from chicken meat and offal. It was suggested that the same serovars of human-derived isolates were also isolated from foods, especially chicken meat and offal, and that these were recently an important causative food of Salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Hiromi Obata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Keiko Yokoyama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Akemi Kai
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
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13
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Pheepakpraw J, Kaewkod T, Konkit M, Krongdang S, Jantakee K, Praphruet R, Bovonsombut S, Panya A, Tragoolpua Y, Logan NA, Chitov T. Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from an Emetic Illness. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36828404 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes an emetic food-borne intoxication associated with a Bacillus cereus group species and the characterization of the bacterial isolates from the incident in aspects of molecular tying, genetic factors, cytotoxicity, and pathogenic mechanisms relating to emetic illness. Through the polyphasic identification approach, all seven isolates obtained from food and clinical samples were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis. According to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, intraspecific diversity was found within the B. thuringiensis isolates. Four allelic profiles were found, including two previously known STs (ST8 and ST15) and two new STs (ST2804 and ST2805). All isolates harbored gene fragments located in the cereulide synthetase (ces) gene cluster. The heat-treated culture supernatants of three emetic B. thuringiensis isolates, FC2, FC7, and FC8, caused vacuolation and exhibited toxicity to Caco-2 cells, with CC50 values of 56.57, 72.17, and 79.94 µg/mL, respectively. The flow cytometry with the Annexin V/PI assay revealed both apoptosis and necrosis mechanisms, but necrosis was the prominent mechanism that caused Caco-2 cell destruction by FC2, the most toxic isolate.
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14
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Gao R, Duceppe MO, Chattaway MA, Goodridge L, Ogunremi D. Application of prophage sequence analysis to investigate a disease outbreak involving Salmonella Adjame, a rare serovar and implications for the population structure. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1086198. [PMID: 36937281 PMCID: PMC10020630 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1086198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Outbreak investigation of foodborne salmonellosis is hindered when the food source is contaminated by multiple strains of Salmonella, creating difficulties matching an incriminated organism recovered from patients with the specific strain in the suspect food. An outbreak of the rare Salmonella Adjame was caused by multiple strains of the organism as revealed by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation. The use of highly discriminatory prophage analysis to characterize strains of Salmonella should enable a more precise strain characterization and aid the investigation of foodborne salmonellosis. Methods We have carried out genomic analysis of S. Adjame strains recovered during the course of a recent outbreak and compared them with other strains of the organism (n = 38 strains), using SNPs to evaluate strain differences present in the core genome, and prophage sequence typing (PST) to evaluate the accessory genome. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using both total prophage content and conserved prophages. Results The PST analysis of the S. Adjame isolates showed a high degree of strain heterogeneity. We observed small clusters made up of 2-6 isolates (n = 27) and singletons (n = 11) in stark contrast with the three clusters observed by SNP analysis. In total, we detected 24 prophages of which only four were highly prevalent, namely: Entero_p88 (36/38 strains), Salmon_SEN34 (35/38 strains), Burkho_phiE255 (33/38 strains) and Edward_GF (28/38 strains). Despite the marked strain diversity seen with prophage analysis, the distribution of the four most common prophages matched the clustering observed using core genome. Discussion Mutations in the core and accessory genomes of S. Adjame have shed light on the evolutionary relationships among the Adjame strains and demonstrated a convergence of the variations observed in both fractions of the genome. We conclude that core and accessory genomes analyses should be adopted in foodborne bacteria outbreak investigations to provide a more accurate strain description and facilitate reliable matching of isolates from patients and incriminated food sources. The outcomes should translate to a better understanding of the microbial population structure and an 46 improved source attribution in foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Gao
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Duceppe
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Department of Food Science, Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dele Ogunremi
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Dele Ogunremi,
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15
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Koh Y, Bae Y, Lee MJ, Lee YS, Kang DH, Kim SH. Comparative Analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Thompson Isolates associated with Outbreaks Using PFGE and wgMLST. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1605-1614. [PMID: 36398444 PMCID: PMC9843761 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strains associated with foodborne Salmonella enterica Thompson outbreaks in Korea have not been identified. Therefore, we characterized S. Thompson strains isolated from chocolate cakes linked to foodborne outbreaks in Korea. A total of 56 strains were isolated from preserved cake products, products in the supply chain distribution, the manufacturer's apparatus, and egg white liquid products used for cream preparation. Subsequently, serological typing, pathogenic gene-targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) were performed to characterize these isolates. The antigen formula of all isolates was 7:k:1,5, namely Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Thompson. All 56 isolates harbored invA, his, hin, and stn, and were negative for sefA and spvC based on gene-targeted PCR analyses. Based on PFGE results, these isolates were classified into one group based on the same SP6X01.011 pattern with 100% similarity. We selected 19 strains based on the region and sample type, which were subjected to wgMLST. Although the examined strains showed 100% similarity, they were classified into seven clusters based on allelic differences. According to our findings, the cause of these outbreaks was chocolate cake manufactured with egg white liquid contaminated with the same Salmonella Thompson. Additionally, comparative analysis of wgMLST on domestic isolates of S. Thompson from the three outbreaks showed genetic similarities of over 99.6%. Based on the results, the PFGE and wgMLST combination can provide highly resolved phylogeny and reliable evidence during Salmonella outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Koh
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea,Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyoung Bae
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Si Lee
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,
D.H. Kang Phone: +82-2-880-2697 E-mail:
| | - Soon Han Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors S.H. Kim Phone: +82-43-719-4303 Fax: +82-43-719-4300 E-mail:
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16
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Fichant A, Felten A, Gallet A, Firmesse O, Bonis M. Identification of Genetic Markers for the Detection of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains of Interest for Food Safety. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233924. [PMID: 36496733 PMCID: PMC9739007 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), belonging to the Bacillus cereus (Bc) group, is commonly used as a biopesticide worldwide due to its ability to produce insecticidal crystals during sporulation. The use of Bt, especially subspecies aizawai and kurstaki, to control pests such as Lepidoptera, generally involves spraying mixtures containing spores and crystals on crops intended for human consumption. Recent studies have suggested that the consumption of commercial Bt strains may be responsible for foodborne outbreaks (FBOs). However, its genetic proximity to Bc strains has hindered the development of routine tests to discriminate Bt from other Bc, especially Bacillus cereus sensu stricto (Bc ss), well known for its involvement in FBOs. Here, to develop tools for the detection and the discrimination of Bt in food, we carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 286 complete genomes of Bc group strains to identify and validate in silico new molecular markers specific to different Bt subtypes. The analyses led to the determination and the in silico validation of 128 molecular markers specific to Bt, its subspecies aizawai, kurstaki and four previously described proximity clusters associated with these subspecies. We developed a command line tool based on a 14-marker workflow, to carry out a computational search for Bt-related markers from a putative Bc genome, thereby facilitating the detection of Bt of interest for food safety, especially in the context of FBOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fichant
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INRAE, ISA, France
| | - Arnaud Felten
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Armel Gallet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INRAE, ISA, France
| | - Olivier Firmesse
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Bonis
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
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Coulombe G, Tamber S. Salmonella enterica Outbreaks Linked to the Consumption of Tahini and Tahini-Based Products. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112299. [PMID: 36422369 PMCID: PMC9694856 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the world. Although typically associated with foods of animal origin, low-moisture foods, such as tahini, are quickly gaining recognition as an important vehicle of Salmonella exposure. This review offers the Canadian perspective on the issue of Salmonella in tahini and tahini-based products. A summary of several recent food product recalls and foodborne outbreaks related to the presence of Salmonella in tahini and tahini-based products such as halva are presented. The properties of the food vehicles, their production practices, and potential routes of contamination are discussed. Particular focus is placed on the ecology of Salmonella in the tahini production continuum, including its survival characteristics and response to intervention technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Coulombe
- Microbiology Evaluation Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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18
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Wittry BC, Holst MM, Anderberg J, Hedeen N. Operational Antecedents Associated with Clostridium perfringens Outbreaks in Retail Food Establishments, United States, 2015-2018. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:209-216. [PMID: 35006004 PMCID: PMC10025997 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a common foodborne pathogen, frequently associated with improper cooking, and cooling or reheating of animal products. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Code outlines proper food preparation practices to prevent foodborne outbreaks; however, retail food establishments continue to have C. perfringens outbreaks. We qualitatively analyzed responses to two open-ended questions from the National Environmental Assessment Reporting System (NEARS) to understand patterns of unique circumstances in the retail food establishment that precede a C. perfringens outbreak. We identified three environmental antecedents, with three subcategories, to create nine operational antecedents to help explain why a C. perfringens outbreak occurred. Those antecedents included factors related to (1) people (a lack of adherence to food safety procedures, a lack of food safety culture, and no active managerial control), (2) processes (increased demand, a process change during food preparation, and new operations), and (3) equipment (not enough equipment, malfunctioning cold-holding equipment, and holding equipment not used as intended). We recommend that food establishments support food safety training and certification programs and adhere to a food safety management plan to reduce errors made by people and processes. Retail food establishments should conduct routine maintenance on equipment and use only properly working equipment for temperature control. They also should train workers on the purpose, use, and functionality of the equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Wittry
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meghan M Holst
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet Anderberg
- Food Safety Program, Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Hedeen
- Environmental Health Division, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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19
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Napoleoni M, Villa L, Barco L, Busani L, Cibin V, Lucarelli C, Tiengo A, Dionisi AM, Conti F, Da Silva Nunes FR, Tantucci L, Staffolani M, Silenzi V, Fraticelli R, Morandi B, Blasi G, Rocchegiani E, Fisichella S, On Behalf Of The Enter-Net And Enter-Vet Peripheral Laboratories Referents For Marche Region. A Strong Evidence Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis in Central Italy Linked to the Consumption of Contaminated Raw Sheep Milk Cheese. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2464. [PMID: 34946066 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in humans after campylobacteriosis, and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks in the EU/EEA. The vast majority (72.4%) of the salmonellosis foodborne outbreaks reported in EU in 2019 were caused by Salmonella Enteritidis, even if their total number due to this serovar decreased. In spring 2020, a foodborne outbreak of S. Enteritidis occurred in the Marche region (Central Italy), involving 85 people. The common exposure source was a cheese, pecorino “primo sale”, produced with raw sheep milk. The cheese batches were produced by two local dairies, with a livestock production facility, also including a sheep farm, being part of one dairy. Bacteriological analysis of samples collected allowed the detection of S. Enteritidis in animal faeces, environmental samples, raw-milk bulk tanks and milk taken from single animals. These data confirm that, despite the scarce scientific evidence, S. Enteritidis can infect sheep and be shed into the animals’ milk. Hence, this is a real risk for public health when unpasteurized milk is used in production of such cheese. The present paper describes the results of the investigations conducted to clarify this outbreak.
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Abstract
We report a norovirus GIV outbreak in the United States, 15 years after the last reported outbreak. During May 2016 in Wisconsin, 53 persons, including 4 food handlers, reported being ill. The outbreak was linked to individually prepared fruit consumed as a fruit salad. The virus was phylogenetically classified as a novel GIV genotype.
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Patil AA, Velayudhan A, Durairaj GK, Khasnobis P, Sodha SV. Outbreak investigation of foodborne illness among political rally attendees, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Public Health 2021; 65:S55-S58. [PMID: 33753594 PMCID: PMC10408200 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_1069_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2015, we investigated a foodborne illness outbreak in Sithalikuppam and Verupachi villages, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, among the political rally attendees to determine the risk factors for illness. We conducted a retrospective cohort study, calculated risk ratio for the food exposures, and cultured stool specimens. Of 55 rally attendees, we identified 36 (65%) case patients; 32 (89%) had diarrhea and 20 (56%) had vomiting. Median incubation period was 14 h. Eighty-nine percent (32/36) of those who ate lemon rice at dinner had illness compared to 21% (4/19) of those who did not (RR 4.2). Of the six nonattendees who ate leftovers on July 25, all ate only lemon rice and became ill. Stool cultures were negative for Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio species. Lemon rice was probably contaminated with enterotoxins such as from Bacillus cereus. Our findings highlighted need for community food safety education and importance of thorough outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Annasaheb Patil
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi
| | - Anoop Velayudhan
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi
| | - G. K. Durairaj
- State Epidemiologist, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pradeep Khasnobis
- Joint Director, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme, National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, New Delhi
| | - Samir V. Sodha
- Resident Advisor, Epidemic Intelligence Service Programme, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention India
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22
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Cieśla A, Bociąga-Jasik M, Sieklucki J, Pleśniak R. Epidemiological investigation on hepatitis A virus infection outbreak in the area of Rzeszow city during the years 2017/18. Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 6:321-6. [PMID: 33511279 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2020.102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study To define the threats and epidemiological differences between outbreaks of hepatitis A (HA) in adults and children, and to assess the efficiency of implemented prophylaxis. We also present a summary of treatment and sick leave costs as compared to the predicted money-load in the case of properly initiated prophylaxis in hepatitis A virus (HAV)-exposed persons. Material and methods The cause of two outbreaks was contamination related to food mishandling by a person infected with HAV. Especially health-threatening was exposure to the infection of 137 pre-school children. A second outbreak caused by the same source was observed among 25 exposed adults. On the basis of medical documentation we determined costs related to hospitalization and sickness leave absence at work, comparing it with money load related to implementation of required prophylaxis in both groups of people exposed to risk of HAV infection. Results As a consequence of exposure in the kindergarten area, an infection was confirmed in 32 patients from the first and subsequent generations and 7 cases were observed in the second outbreak. Costs of hospitalization and related to the sick leave were estimated to double the predicted costs of prophylaxis. Conclusions In the case of lack of proper hand hygiene of a food handler with HA or in the case of food-borne exposure of children to HAV it is necessary to apply post-exposure prophylaxis. Costs of the prophylaxis are significantly lower than costs of HA. Both outbreaks underwent self-limitation with longer course of morbidity and larger number in the case of the kindergarten focus.
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Shaw KA, Wright K, Privett K, Holloman K, Levine S, McCombs K, Turner L, Holsinger C, Woolard D. Salmonellosis Outbreak After a Large-Scale Food Event in Virginia, 2017. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:668-675. [PMID: 32791024 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920944861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Virginia Department of Health (VDH) identified an outbreak of Salmonella serotype Javiana infections in Virginia after a chili and chowder cook-off with 11 competitors and about 2500 attendees on September 30, 2017. The objectives of this study were to assess the extent of the outbreak and identify the most likely source of exposure. METHODS To identify people with suspected Salmonella infection, VDH used press releases and social media posts to recruit event attendees to take an online survey about foods eaten at the cook-off and any gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms experienced. VDH defined a case as reported GI illness that occurred within 1 week after eating food from the cook-off. Confirmed cases required a clinical specimen culture positive for Salmonella. Probable cases reported diarrhea or related clinical symptoms. "Not ill" people did not report GI illness. Investigators calculated unadjusted relative risks of illness and performed stratified analysis to address potential confounding. Available food samples were tested for Salmonella. Environmental health specialists interviewed food handlers and inspected restaurants where 3 competitors had prepared food. RESULTS Of 438 survey responses, 171 (39%) met the case definition. Of all chilies and chowders consumed, Chowder A was associated with the highest relative risk of illness (8.9; 95% CI, 5.7-13.7). A Chowder A sample tested positive for Salmonella serotype Javiana. The environmental investigation did not identify an original contamination source but did find deficiencies in maintaining safe cooking temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiologic and laboratory findings indicated that Chowder A was the most likely cause of outbreak. Recommendations to prevent future outbreaks include preparation of all food on-site to ensure safe temperatures during food preparation and service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Shaw
- 1242 Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly Wright
- 2396 Eastern Shore Health District, Virginia Department of Health, Accomac, VA, USA
| | - Keith Privett
- 2396 Eastern Shore Health District, Virginia Department of Health, Accomac, VA, USA
| | - Kelsey Holloman
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Seth Levine
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Katherine McCombs
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lauren Turner
- 2396 Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, Virginia Department of General Services, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Caroline Holsinger
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Diane Woolard
- 2396 Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
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Jacobs Slifka KM, Blackstock A, Nguyen V, Schwensohn C, Gieraltowski L, Mahon BE. Estimating the Incubation Period of Salmonella Urinary Tract Infections Using Foodborne Outbreak Data. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:628-630. [PMID: 32735492 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common and may occur in foodborne Salmonella outbreaks. Using data from PulseNet, the U.S. national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, we analyzed the 9781 Salmonella isolates associated with the 110 outbreaks from 2004 to 2013 that included at least one urine isolate. Within each outbreak, we calculated standardized isolation dates, using these dates in a linear mixed model to estimate the difference in incubation period for infections yielding stool versus urine isolates. We estimate that the incubation period for Salmonella UTIs is on average 10.6 (95% confidence interval 6.0-15.2) days longer than for gastrointestinal illness, suggesting that outbreak investigators should interview UTI patients about a longer time period before illness onset to identify sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Jacobs Slifka
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Blackstock
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Von Nguyen
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colin Schwensohn
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Gieraltowski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barbara E Mahon
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yu H, Elbediwi M, Zhou X, Shuai H, Lou X, Wang H, Li Y, Yue M. Epidemiological and Genomic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from a Foodborne Outbreak at Hangzhou, China. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3001. [PMID: 32344510 PMCID: PMC7215453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne outbreaks caused by Campylobacter jejuni have become a significant public health problem worldwide. Applying genomic sequencing as a routine part of foodborne outbreak investigation remains in its infancy in China. We applied both traditional PFGE profiling and genomic investigation to understand the cause of a foodborne outbreak in Hangzhou in December 2018. METHOD A total of 43 fecal samples, including 27 sick patients and 16 canteen employees from a high school in Hangzhou city in Zhejiang province, were recruited. Routine real-time fluorescent PCR assays were used for scanning the potential infectious agents, including viral pathogens (norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus), and bacterial pathogens (Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae). Bacterial selection medium was used to isolate and identify the positive bacteria identified by molecular test. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and next generation sequencing (NGS) were applied to fifteen recovered C. jejuni isolates to further understand the case linkage of this particular outbreak. Additionally, we retrieved reference genomes from the NCBI database and performed a comparative genomics analysis with the examined genomes produced in this study. RESULTS The analyzed samples were found to be negative for the queried viruses. Additionally, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholera were not detected. Fifteen C. jejuni strains were identified by the real-time PCR assay and bacterial selection medium. These C. jejuni strains were classified into two genetic profiles defined by the PFGE. Out of fifteen C. jejuni strains, fourteen have a unified consistent genotype belonging to ST2988, and the other strain belongs to ST8149, with a 66.7% similarity in comparison with the rest of the strains. Moreover, all fifteen strains harbored blaOXA-61 and tet(O), in addition to a chromosomal mutation in gyrA (T86I). The examined fourteen strains of ST2988 from CC354 clone group have very minimal genetic difference (3~66 SNPs), demonstrated by the phylogenomic investigation. CONCLUSION Both genomic investigation and PFGE profiling confirmed that C. jejuni ST2988, a new derivative from CC354, was responsible for the foodborne outbreak Illustrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China; (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.E.); (Y.L.)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Cairo 11865, Egypt
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Xiacheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310003, China; (X.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Huiqun Shuai
- Xiacheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310003, China; (X.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Xiuqin Lou
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China; (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Haoqiu Wang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China; (H.Y.); (X.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.E.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Yue
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.E.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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26
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Mahamat Abdelrahim A, Radomski N, Delannoy S, Djellal S, Le Négrate M, Hadjab K, Fach P, Hennekinne JA, Mistou MY, Firmesse O. Large-Scale Genomic Analyses and Toxinotyping of Clostridium perfringens Implicated in Foodborne Outbreaks in France. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:777. [PMID: 31057505 PMCID: PMC6481350 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is both an ubiquitous environmental bacterium and the fourth most common causative agent of foodborne outbreaks (FBOs) in France and Europe. These outbreaks are known to be caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) encoded by the cpe gene. However, additional information on the toxin/virulence gene content of C. perfringens has become available in the last few years. Therefore, to understand the enteropathogenicity of this bacterium, we need to describe the toxin and virulence genes content of strains involved in FBOs. In this study, we used a new real-time PCR typing technique based on a comprehensive set of 17 genes encoding virulence factors. The analysis was performed on a collection of 141 strains involved in 42 FBOs in the Paris region. It was combined with whole genome sequence (WGS) phylogenomic reconstruction, based on the coregenome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 58 isolates, representatives of the identified virulence gene profiles. Two or three different virulence gene profiles were detected in 10 FBOs, demonstrating that C. perfringens FBOs may be associated with heterogeneous strains. cpe-positive strains were isolated in 23 outbreaks, confirming the prominent role of CPE in pathogenicity. However, while C. perfringens was the sole pathogen isolated from the incriminated food, the cpe gene was not detected in strains related to 13 outbreaks. This result indicates either that the standard method was not able to isolate cpe+ strains or that the cpe gene may not be the only determinant of the enterotoxigenic potential of C. perfringens strains. Using phylogenomic reconstruction, we identified two clades distinguishing chromosomal cpe-positive from cpe-negative and plasmid-borne cpe. Important epidemiological information was also garnered from this phylogenomic reconstruction that revealed unexpected links between different outbreaks associated with closely related strains (seven SNP differences) and having common virulence gene profiles. This study provides new insight into the characterization of foodborne C. perfringens and highlights the potential of WGS for the investigation of FBOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Firmesse
- Université PARIS-EST, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
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27
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Carroll LM, Wiedmann M, Mukherjee M, Nicholas DC, Mingle LA, Dumas NB, Cole JA, Kovac J. Characterization of Emetic and Diarrheal Bacillus cereus Strains From a 2016 Foodborne Outbreak Using Whole-Genome Sequencing: Addressing the Microbiological, Epidemiological, and Bioinformatic Challenges. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:144. [PMID: 30809204 PMCID: PMC6379260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group comprises multiple species capable of causing emetic or diarrheal foodborne illness. Despite being responsible for tens of thousands of illnesses each year in the U.S. alone, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is not yet routinely employed to characterize B. cereus group isolates from foodborne outbreaks. Here, we describe the first WGS-based characterization of isolates linked to an outbreak caused by members of the B. cereus group. In conjunction with a 2016 outbreak traced to a supplier of refried beans served by a fast food restaurant chain in upstate New York, a total of 33 B. cereus group isolates were obtained from human cases (n = 7) and food samples (n = 26). Emetic (n = 30) and diarrheal (n = 3) isolates were most closely related to B. paranthracis (group III) and B. cereus sensu stricto (group IV), respectively. WGS indicated that the 30 emetic isolates (24 and 6 from food and humans, respectively) were closely related and formed a well-supported clade distinct from publicly available emetic group III genomes with an identical sequence type (ST 26). The 30 emetic group III isolates from this outbreak differed from each other by a mean of 8.3 to 11.9 core single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), while differing from publicly available emetic group III ST 26 B. cereus group genomes by a mean of 301.7-528.0 core SNPs, depending on the SNP calling methodology used. Using a WST-1 cell proliferation assay, the strains isolated from this outbreak had only mild detrimental effects on HeLa cell metabolic activity compared to reference diarrheal strain B. cereus ATCC 14579. We hypothesize that the outbreak was a single source outbreak caused by emetic group III B. cereus belonging to the B. paranthracis species, although food samples were not tested for presence of the emetic toxin cereulide. In addition to showcasing how WGS can be used to characterize B. cereus group strains linked to a foodborne outbreak, we also discuss potential microbiological and epidemiological challenges presented by B. cereus group outbreaks, and we offer recommendations for analyzing WGS data from the isolates associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Carroll
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Manjari Mukherjee
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - David C. Nicholas
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Lisa A. Mingle
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Nellie B. Dumas
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jocelyn A. Cole
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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28
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Luna S, Taylor M, Galanis E, Asplin R, Huffman J, Wagner D, Hoang L, Paccagnella A, Shelton S, Ladd-Wilson S, Seelman S, Whitney B, Elliot E, Atkinson R, Marshall K, Basler C. Outbreak of Salmonella Chailey infections linked to precut coconut pieces - United States and Canada, 2017 †. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 44:264-6. [PMID: 31524883 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v44i10a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne salmonellosis causes an estimated one million illnesses and 400 deaths annually in the United States (US). During March-May 2017, an outbreak of 19 cases of Salmonella Chailey associated with precut coconut pieces from a single grocery store chain occurred in the United States and Canada. The chain voluntarily recalled precut coconut pieces. This was the first time that coconut has been associated with a Salmonella outbreak in the United States or Canada. In recent years, salmonellosis outbreaks have been caused by foods not typically associated with Salmonella. Raw coconut should now be considered in investigations of Salmonella outbreaks among fresh food consumers.
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29
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Yamaguchi T, Kawahara R, Katsukawa C, Kanki M, Harada T, Yonogi S, Iwasaki S, Uehara H, Okajima S, Nishimura H, Motomura K, Miyazono M, Kumeda Y, Kawatsu K. Foodborne Outbreak of Group G Streptococcal Pharyngitis in a School Dormitory in Osaka, Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e01884-17. [PMID: 29491014 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01884-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2016, 140 patients with primary symptoms of sore throat and fever were identified in a school dormitory in Osaka, Japan. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations determined that these symptomatic conditions were from a foodborne outbreak of group G streptococcus (GGS), with GGS being isolated from samples from patients, cooks, and foods. The strain of GGS was identified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis of two emm types (stG652.0 and stC36.0). The causative food, a broccoli salad, was contaminated with the two types of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, totaling 1.3 × 104 CFU/g. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of samples from patients, cooks, and foods produced similar band patterns among samples with the same emm type. This result suggested the possibility of exposure from the contaminated food. The average onset time was 44.9 h and the prevalence rate was 62%. This is the first report to identify the causative food of a foodborne outbreak by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.
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30
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Debnath F, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chowdhury G, Saha RN, Dutta S. An Outbreak of Foodborne Infection Caused by Shigella sonnei in West Bengal, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:162-166. [PMID: 29491243 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A foodborne acute gastroenteritis outbreak due to Shigella sonnei infection occurred in a household after eating foods in a housewarming party at Pakapol Village, South 24 Parganas District of West Bengal, an Indian state, in November 2016. Here, we report the epidemiological and microbiological findings of this outbreak. Thirty-four people attended the party on November 23, 2016, and had lunch together. The median incubation period from the time of food consumption to the development of acute gastroenteritis was 18.5 h (interquartile range, 16.5-22 h). The overall attack rate was 73% (25/34), and 76% (19/25) of them required hospitalization. All age groups were affected with 100% recovery rate. One served food item was significantly associated with the illness, i.e., tomato salad (risk ratio, 4.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-14.13). Among the 12 stool specimens tested, 8 (67%; 8/12) were positive for S. sonnei. All S. sonnei strains were completely resistant to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and erythromycin, and partially resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline, streptomycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the recent outbreak strains of S. sonnei were clonally related with the locally circulating strains in Kolkata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Debnath
- Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
| | | | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
| | - Rudra Narayan Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
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31
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Bearson BL, Bearson SMD, Looft T, Cai G, Shippy DC. Characterization of a Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Outbreak Strain in Commercial Turkeys: Colonization, Transmission, and Host Transcriptional Response. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:156. [PMID: 28993809 PMCID: PMC5622158 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) has been associated with numerous human foodborne illness outbreaks due to consumption of poultry. For example, in 2011, an MDR S. Heidelberg outbreak associated with ground turkey sickened 136 individuals and resulted in 1 death. In response to this outbreak, 36 million pounds of ground turkey were recalled, one of the largest meat recalls in U.S. history. To investigate colonization of turkeys with an MDR S. Heidelberg strain isolated from the ground turkey outbreak, two turkey trials were performed. In experiment 1, 3-week-old turkeys were inoculated with 108 or 1010 CFU of the MDR S. Heidelberg isolate, and fecal shedding and tissue colonization were detected following colonization for up to 14 days. Turkey gene expression in response to S. Heidelberg exposure revealed 18 genes that were differentially expressed at 2 days following inoculation compared to pre-inoculation. In a second trial, 1-day-old poults were inoculated with 104 CFU of MDR S. Heidelberg to monitor transmission of Salmonella from inoculated poults (index group) to naive penmates (sentinel group). The transmission of MDR S. Heidelberg from index to sentinel poults was efficient with cecum colonization increasing 2 Log10 CFU above the inoculum dose at 9 days post-inoculation. This differed from the 3-week-old poults inoculated with 1010 CFU of MDR S. Heidelberg in experiment 1 as Salmonella fecal shedding and tissue colonization decreased over the 14-day period compared to the inoculum dose. These data suggest that young poults are susceptible to colonization by MDR S. Heidelberg, and interventions must target turkeys when they are most vulnerable to prevent Salmonella colonization and transmission in the flock. Together, the data support the growing body of literature indicating that Salmonella establishes a commensal-like condition in livestock and poultry, contributing to the asymptomatic carrier status of the human foodborne pathogen in our animal food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Bearson
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shawn M D Bearson
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Guohong Cai
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Daniel C Shippy
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Ames, IA, United States
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32
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Pignata C, D'Angelo D, Fea E, Gilli G. A review on microbiological decontamination of fresh produce with nonthermal plasma. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1438-1455. [PMID: 28160353 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a critical public health issue for consumers and the food industry because microbiological contamination of food causes considerable social and economic burdens on health care. Most foodborne illness comes from animal production, but as of the mid-1990s in the United States and more recently in the European Union, the contribution of fresh produce to foodborne outbreaks has rapidly increased. Recent studies have suggested that sterilization with nonthermal plasma could be a viable alternative to the traditional methods for the decontamination of heat-sensitive materials or food because this technique proves capable of eliminating micro-organisms on surfaces without altering the substrate. In the last 10 years, researchers have used nonthermal plasma in a variety of food inoculated with many bacterial species. All of these experiments were conducted exclusively in a laboratory and, to our knowledge, this technique has not been used in an industrial setting. Thus, the purpose of this review is to understand whether this technology could be used at the industrial level. The latest researches using nonthermal plasma on fresh produce were analysed. These evaluations have focused on the log reduction of micro-organisms and the treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - D D'Angelo
- Plasma Nano-Tech, Environment Park S.p.A., Torino, Italy
| | - E Fea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - G Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Vignaud ML, Cherchame E, Marault M, Chaing E, Le Hello S, Michel V, Jourdan-Da Silva N, Lailler R, Brisabois A, Cadel-Six S. MLVA for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Dublin: Development of a Method Suitable for Inter-Laboratory Surveillance and Application in the Context of a Raw Milk Cheese Outbreak in France in 2012. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:295. [PMID: 28289408 PMCID: PMC5326744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin) figures among the most frequently isolated Salmonella strains in humans in France. This serovar may affect production and animal health mainly in cattle herds with corresponding high economic losses. Given that the current gold standard method, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), provides insufficient discrimination for epidemiological investigations, we propose a standard operating procedure in this study for multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of S. Dublin, suitable for inter-laboratory surveillance. An in silico analysis on the genome of S. Dublin strains CT_02021853 was performed to identify appropriate microsatellite regions. Of 21 VNTR loci screened, six were selected and 401 epidemiologically unrelated and related strains, isolated from humans, food and animals were analyzed to assess performance criteria such as typeability, discriminatory power and epidemiological concordance. The MLVA scheme developed was applied to an outbreak involving Saint-Nectaire cheese for which investigations were conducted in France in 2012, making it possible to discriminate between epidemiologically related strains and sporadic case strains, while PFGE assigned only a single profile. The six loci selected were sequenced on a large set of strains to determine the sequence of the repeated units and flanking regions, and their stability was evaluated in vivo through the analysis of the strains investigated from humans, food and the farm environment during the outbreak. The six VNTR selected were found to be stable and the discriminatory power of the MLVA method developed was calculated to be 0.954 compared with that for PFGE, which was only 0.625. Twenty-four reference strains were selected from the 401 examined strains in order to represent most of the allele diversity observed for each locus. This reference set can be used to harmonize MLVA results and allow data exchange between laboratories. This original MLVA protocol could be used easily and routinely for monitoring of serovar Dublin isolates and for conducting outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Léone Vignaud
- Université PARIS-EST, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratory for Food SafetyMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emeline Cherchame
- Université PARIS-EST, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratory for Food SafetyMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Muriel Marault
- Université PARIS-EST, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratory for Food SafetyMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Chaing
- Université PARIS-EST, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratory for Food SafetyMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- French National Reference Center for E. coli, Shigella and Salmonella, Institut PasteurParis, France
| | - Valerie Michel
- Department of Dairy Products, Center of Expertise for the Food IndustryLa Roche-sur-Foron, France
| | | | - Renaud Lailler
- Université PARIS-EST, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratory for Food SafetyMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- Université PARIS-EST, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratory for Food SafetyMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Université PARIS-EST, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratory for Food SafetyMaisons-Alfort, France
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Dallman T, Inns T, Jombart T, Ashton P, Loman N, Chatt C, Messelhaeusser U, Rabsch W, Simon S, Nikisins S, Bernard H, le Hello S, Jourdan da-Silva N, Kornschober C, Mossong J, Hawkey P, de Pinna E, Grant K, Cleary P. Phylogenetic structure of European Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak correlates with national and international egg distribution network. Microb Genom 2016; 2:e000070. [PMID: 28348865 PMCID: PMC5320589 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis have long been associated with contaminated poultry and eggs. In the summer of 2014 a large multi-national outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 14b occurred with over 350 cases reported in the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, France and Luxembourg. Egg supply network investigation and microbiological sampling identified the source to be a Bavarian egg producer. As part of the international investigation into the outbreak, over 400 isolates were sequenced including isolates from cases, implicated UK premises and eggs from the suspected source producer. We were able to show a clear statistical correlation between the topology of the UK egg distribution network and the phylogenetic network of outbreak isolates. This correlation can most plausibly be explained by different parts of the egg distribution network being supplied by eggs solely from independent premises of the Bavarian egg producer (Company X). Microbiological sampling from the source premises, traceback information and information on the interventions carried out at the egg production premises all supported this conclusion. The level of insight into the outbreak epidemiology provided by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) would not have been possible using traditional microbial typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thibaut Jombart
- 2Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Nicolas Loman
- 3Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Rabsch
- 5Robert Koch Institute, Division for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Sandra Simon
- 5Robert Koch Institute, Division for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Sergejs Nikisins
- 6Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology at the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen Bernard
- 6Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology at the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon le Hello
- 7Institut Pasteur, Centre national de reference des E. coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Kornschober
- 9Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, National Reference Centre for Salmonella, Graz, Austria
| | - Joel Mossong
- 10Surveillance & epidemiology of infectious diseases, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Peter Hawkey
- 3Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Mathewson AA, Daly ER, Cavallo SJ, Alic A. Use of Digital Pens for Rapid Epidemiologic Data Collection During a Foodborne Outbreak Investigation. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2015; 9:349-53. [PMID: 25939887 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Public health investigations require rapid assessment, response, and initiation of control measures. In 2012, the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services used digital pens to rapidly acquire epidemiologic data during a gastrointestinal illness outbreak. METHODS Menus were obtained and a standard questionnaire was administered to exposed persons using digital pens. Questionnaire data were downloaded into an electronic file for analysis. RESULTS Sixty-nine (74%) of 93 exposed persons completed a questionnaire. Of 6389 data entries made on digital paper, 218 (3%) required correction; of these, 201 (92%) involved a free-form variable and 17 (8%) involved a check-box variable. Digital pens saved an estimated 5 to 6 hours of data-entry time. CONCLUSIONS This outbreak provided an opportunity to assess the value of digital pens for decreasing data-entry burden and allowing more timely data analysis in an emergent setting. Depending on the size of the outbreak and complexity of the survey, there is likely a threshold when use of digital pens would provide a clear benefit to outbreak response. As new technology becomes available for use in emergency preparedness settings, public health agencies must continuously review and update response plans and evaluate investigation tools to ensure timely disease control and response activities.
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Abstract
Irrigation water quality can affect food safety and health and has been identified as a possible source of pathogens in produce linked to disease outbreaks. Many irrigation water sources are subject to contamination from various sources in surrounding watersheds. A systems-based, watershed scale analysis is therefore necessary to comprehensively identify both sources of contamination and the conditions in the environment that facilitated or created that contamination, termed here 'environmental antecedents'. Three nationwide disease outbreaks linked to produce in the United States (US) are used to illustrate this concept of a watershed scale assessment to investigate potential impacts of irrigation water quality on food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gelting
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M Baloch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Mürmann L, Dos Santos MC, Longaray SM, Both JMC, Cardoso M. Quantification and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from food samples involved in salmonellosis outbreaks in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:529-34. [PMID: 24031261 PMCID: PMC3768449 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080003000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Data concerning the prevalence and populations of Salmonella in foods implicated in outbreaks may be important to the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments of individual food products. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to assess the amount of Salmonella sp. in different foods implicated in foodborne outbreaks in Rio Grande do Sul occurred in 2005 and to characterize the isolated strains using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Nineteen food samples involved in ten foodborne outbreaks occurred in 2005, and positive on Salmonella isolation at the Central Laboratory of the Health Department of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, were included in this study. Food samples were submitted to estimation of Salmonella using the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. Moreover, one confirmed Salmonella colony of each food sample was serotyped, characterized by its XbaI-macrorestriction profile, and submitted to antimicrobial resistance testing. Foods containing eggs, mayonnaise or chicken were contaminated with Salmonella in eight outbreaks. Higher counts (>107 MPN.g-1) of Salmonella were detected mostly in foods containing mayonnaise. The isolation of Salmonella from multiple food items in five outbreaks probably resulted from the cross-contamination, and the high Salmonella counts detected in almost all analyzed samples probably resulted from storing in inadequate temperature. All strains were identified as S. Enteritidis, and presented a unique macrorestriction profile, demonstrating the predominance of one clonal group in foods involved in the salmonellosis outbreaks. A low frequency of antimicrobial resistant S. Enteritidis strains was observed and nalidixic acid was the only resistance marker detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Mürmann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108
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