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Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani P, Lotfi M, Zahmatkesh A, Esskandary AA. Cu-doped Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles for efficient detoxification of epsilon toxin: Toward substituting magnetically recyclable detoxifying agent for formaldehyde. Toxicon 2024; 242:107707. [PMID: 38579983 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
This research presents the synthesis and characterization of Cu-doped Fe3O4 (Cu-Fe3O4) nanoparticles as a magnetically recoverable and reusable detoxifying agent for the efficient and long-lasting neutralization of bacterial toxins. The nanoparticles were synthesized using the combustion synthesis method and characterized through SEM, XRD, BET, TGA, and VSM techniques. The detoxification potential of Cu-Fe3O4 was compared with traditional formaldehyde (FA) in detoxifying epsilon toxin (ETx) from Clostridium perfringens Type D, the causative agent of enterotoxemia in ruminants. In vivo residual toxicity tests revealed that Cu-Fe3O4 could detoxify ETx at a concentration of 2.0 mg mL-1 within 4 days at room temperature (RT) and 2 days at 37 °C, outperforming FA (12 and 6 days at RT and 37 °C, respectively). Characterization studies using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and circular dichroism (CD) highlighted lower conformational changes in Cu-Fe3O4-detoxified ETx compared to FA-detoxified ETx. Moreover, Cu-Fe3O4-detoxified ETx exhibited exceptional storage stability at 4 °C and RT for 6 months, maintaining an irreversible structure with no residual toxicity. The particles demonstrated remarkable reusability, with the ability to undergo five continuous detoxification batches. This study provides valuable insights into the development of an efficient and safe detoxifying agent, enabling the production of toxoids with a native-like structure. The magnetically recoverable and reusable nature of Cu-Fe3O4 nanoparticles offers practical advantages for easy recovery and reuse in detoxification reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Jundi-Shapur Research Institute, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Lotfi
- Jundi-Shapur Research Institute, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran; Department of Chemical Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Abbass Ali Esskandary
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Li M, Wang Y, Hou B, Chen Y, Hu M, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li L, Luo Y, Liu Y, Cai Y. Toxin gene detection and antibiotic resistance of Clostridium perfringens from aquatic sources. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 415:110642. [PMID: 38428166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a zoonotic opportunistic pathogen that produces toxins that can cause necrotic enteritis and even "sudden death disease". This bacterium is widely distributed in the intestines of livestock and human, but there are few reports of distribution in aquatic animals (Hafeez et al., 2022). In order to explore the isolation rate of C. perfringens and the toxin genes they carry, 141 aquatic samples, including clams (Ruditapes philippinarum), oysters (Ostreidae), and mud snails (Bullacta exerata Philippi), were collected from the coastal areas of Shandong Province, China. C. perfringens strains were tested for cpa, cpb, etx, iap, cpb2, cpe, netB, and tpeL genes. 45 clam samples were boiled at 100 °C for 5 min before bacteria isolation. 80 strains were isolated from 141 samples with the positive rate being 57 %.And the positive rates of cooked clams was 87 % which was higher than the average. In detection of 8 toxin genes, all strains tested cpa positive, 3 strains netB positive, and 2 cpb and cpe, respectively. 64 strains were selected to analyze the antibiotic resistance phenotype of 10 antibiotics. The average antibiotic resistance rates of the strains to tetracycline, clindamycin, and ampicillin were 45 %, 20 %, and 16 % respectively, and the MIC of 4 strains to clindamycin was ≥128 μg/mL. A high isolation rate of C. perfringens from aquatic animals was shown, and it was isolated from boiled clams for the first time, in which cpe and netB toxin genes were detected for the first time too. The toxin encoded by cpe gene can cause food poisoning of human, thus the discoveries of this study have certain guiding significance for food safety. Antibiotics resistant C. perfringens of aquatic origin may arise from transmission in the terrestrial environment or from antibiotic contamination of the aquaculture environment and is of public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Bingyu Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yibao Chen
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Yumei Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
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Liu ZZ, Zhou CK, Lin XQ, Gao Y, Luo XY, Zhang JB, Yin Q, Zhang L, Zhang JG, An X, Chen W, Yang YJ. STING-dependent trained immunity contributes to host defense against Clostridium perfringens infection via mTOR signaling. Vet Res 2024; 55:52. [PMID: 38622656 PMCID: PMC11017476 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) infection is recognized as one of the most challenging issues threatening food safety and perplexing agricultural development. To date, the molecular mechanisms of the interactions between C. perfringens and the host remain poorly understood. Here, we show that stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent trained immunity protected against C. perfringens infection through mTOR signaling. Heat-killed Candida albicans (HKCA) training elicited elevated TNF-α and IL-6 production after LPS restimulation in mouse peritoneal macrophages (PM). Although HKCA-trained PM produced decreased levels of TNF-α and IL-6, the importance of trained immunity was demonstrated by the fact that HKCA training resulted in enhanced bacterial phagocytic ability and clearance in vivo and in vitro during C. perfringens infection. Interestingly, HKCA training resulted in the activation of STING signaling. We further demonstrate that STING agonist DMXAA is a strong inducer of trained immunity and conferred host resistance to C. perfringens infection in PM. Importantly, corresponding to higher bacterial burden, reduction in cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing were shown in the absence of STING after HKCA training. Meanwhile, the high expression levels of AKT/mTOR/HIF1α were indeed accompanied by an activated STING signaling under HKCA or DMXAA training. Moreover, inhibiting mTOR signaling with rapamycin dampened the trained response to LPS and C. perfringens challenge in wild-type (WT) PM after HKCA training. Furthermore, STING‑deficient PM presented decreased levels of mTOR signaling-related proteins. Altogether, these results support STING involvement in trained immunity which protects against C. perfringens infection via mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Cheng-Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xue-Yue Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jian-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin An
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Gharib-Naseri K, Kheravii SK, Nguyen HT, Wu SB. Bromelain can reduce the negative effects of a subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103560. [PMID: 38417336 PMCID: PMC10907841 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of a bromelain-based supplementation coded ANR-pf on growth performance and intestinal lesion of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 540 Ross 308 day-old male chicks were randomly allocated into 6 treatments of 6 replicates. The bromelain formulation was delivered to chickens through gavaging or in drinking water method twice, on d 8 and 13. Nonchallenged groups included 1) without or 2) with the specific bromelain formulation gavaged at 0.8 mL/kg. NE-challenged groups included 3) without the specific bromelain formulation; 4) gavaged with 0.4 mL/kg; 5) gavaged with 0.8 mL/kg and 6) supplemented with 0.8 mL/kg via drinking water. Birds were challenged with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens (NE-18 strain) on d 14 and 15. On d 14 and 19, fresh faecal contents were collected for the determination of oocyst counts. Intestinal lesion scores were determined on d16. Performance and mortality were recorded throughout the entire experiment. Among challenged groups, birds received additive via drinking water had higher weight gain (WG) compared to the remaining groups (P < 0.001) in the grower phase and had lower FCR compared to 0.4 mL/kg inoculated group in the grower and finisher phases (P < 0.001). Bromelain supplementation via drinking water improved the WG of challenged birds, similar to that of the nonchallenged birds (P < 0.001), and lowered FCR compared to other challenged groups (P < 0.001). Nonchallenged birds and birds that received bromelain formulation in drinking water did not have lesions throughout the small intestine whereas challenged birds, either un-supplemented or supplemented with bromelain via inoculation route recorded similar lesion score levels in the jejunum. At d 19, birds received bromelain in drinking water had lower fecal oocyst numbers compared to challenged birds without additive (P < 0.001). In conclusion, bromelain administration via drinking water could ameliorate the negative impacts of NE-infection in broilers by improving performance, lowering the oocyst numbers and lesion scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Gharib-Naseri
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Hong Thi Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.
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Alqhtani AH, Al Sulaiman AR, Alharthi AS, Abudabos AE. Dietary supplementation of prebiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall promotes growth performance and intestinal health in broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:129-136. [PMID: 38416108 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2296938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the effectiveness of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell wall (YCW) supplementation on the growth performance, carcase characteristics, serum biomarkers, liver function, ileal histology and microbiota of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens).2. In a 35-d trial, 240 chicks aged 1-d-old were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, each with 10 replicates: control (CON) with no challenge or additives, challenged with C. perfringens (CHAL), CHAL and supplemented with YCW at either 0.25 g/kg (YCW0.25) or 0.5 g/kg (YCW0.5).3. In comparison to CON, the CHAL birds had reduced growth performance, survival rate, dressing percentage, breast meat yield, levels of total protein (TP), globulin (GLO), glucose (GLU), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), as well as a decreased Lactobacillus population (P < 0.01). Additionally, this group showed elevated levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and C. perfringens count (P < 0.01). Compared to CHAL, the YCW0.25 or YCW0.5 groups had improved growth performance, survival rate, dressing percentage, breast meat yield, levels of TP, GLO, GLU, and T-AOC, as well as the activities of T-SOD, GOT, and GPT, villus height, villus surface area, villus height to crypt depth ratio, and the populations of both Lactobacillus and C. perfringens; (P < 0.01).4. The data suggested that YCW supplementation at either 0.25 or 0.50 g/kg can restore the growth performance of broiler chickens during a C. perfringens challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Alqhtani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A R Al Sulaiman
- Environmental Protection Technologies Institute, Sustainability and Environment Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A S Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A E Abudabos
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS, USA
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Azimi T, Nasrollahian S, Sabour S, Mosadegh M, Hadi N, Azimi L, Fallah F, Pourmand MR. Intestinal Colonization by Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium perfringens among Commensal Rattus norvegicus in the Urban Areas of Tehran, Iran. Biomed Res Int 2024; 2024:2929315. [PMID: 38572169 PMCID: PMC10990632 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2929315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Rattus norvegicus (R. norvegicus) population plays a significant role in the spread of numerous diseases in urban environments. The present study is aimed at investigating the presence of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), C. coli, Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), C. difficile toxigenic, and C. perfringens in R. norvegicus captured from urban areas of Tehran, Iran. Methods From October 2021 to October 2022, 100 urban rats were trapped in 5 different districts of Tehran, Iran. The genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples, and the presence of C. jejuni, C. coli, C. perfringens, and C. difficile species was evaluated using PCR assay. Moreover, PCR was used to assess the toxicity of C. difficile isolates. Results Overall, 30% (n = 30/100) of fecal samples were positive for zoonotic pathogens. Based on the PCR on hippuricase (hipO), glycine (gly), CIDIF, and phospholipase C (plc) genes, C. perfringens and C. difficile were isolated from 18.2% (n = 14/77) and 5.2% (n = 4/77) of male rats. The highest frequency of C. perfringens and C. jejuni was 25% (n = 5/20) related to the south of Tehran. Toxigenic C. difficile was not detected in all regions. Conclusion According to the findings, rats are the main reservoirs for diseases. Therefore, rodent control coupled with the implementation of surveillance systems should be prioritized for urban health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Nasrollahian
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mosadegh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahal Hadi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fallah
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang S, Wang D, Ding Y, Song F, Li Y, Zeng J, Wang Y. Injury of Macrophages Induced by Clostridium perfringens Type C Exotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3718. [PMID: 38612529 PMCID: PMC11011396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a kind of anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium that widely exists in the intestinal tissue of humans and animals. And the main virulence factor in Clostridium perfringens is its exotoxins. Clostridium perfringens type C is the main strain of livestock disease, its exotoxins can induce necrotizing enteritis and enterotoxemia, which lead to the reduction in feed conversion, and a serious impact on breeding production performance. Our study found that treatment with exotoxins reduced cell viability and triggered intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human mononuclear leukemia cells (THP-1) cells. Through transcriptome sequencing analysis, we found that the levels of related proteins such as heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and ferroptosis signaling pathway increased significantly after treatment with exotoxins. To investigate whether ferroptosis occurred after exotoxin treatment in macrophages, we confirmed that the protein expression levels of antioxidant factors glutathione peroxidase 4/ferroptosis-suppressor-protein 1/the cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (GPX4/FSP1/xCT), ferroptosis-related protein nuclear receptor coactivator 4/transferrin/transferrin receptor (NCOA4/TF/TFR)/ferritin and the level of lipid peroxidation were significantly changed. Based on the above results, our study suggested that Clostridium perfringens type C exotoxins can induce macrophage injury through oxidative stress and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Re-Sources in the Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (S.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.D.); (F.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Re-Sources in the Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (S.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.D.); (F.S.); (Y.L.)
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Roila R, Primavilla S, Ranucci D, Galarini R, Paoletti F, Altissimi C, Valiani A, Branciari R. The Effects of Encapsulation on the In Vitro Anti-Clostridial Activity of Olive Mill Wastewater Polyphenolic Extracts: A Promising Strategy to Limit Microbial Growth in Food Systems. Molecules 2024; 29:1441. [PMID: 38611721 PMCID: PMC11012792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the technologies applied to food production, microbial contamination and chemical deterioration are still matters of great concern. In order to limit these phenomena, new natural approaches should be applied. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-Clostridial effects of two different polyphenolic extracts derived from olive mill vegetation water, one liquid (LE) and one encapsulated (EE). The extracts have been preliminary characterized using Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-Of Flight spectrometry. The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity method was used to determine the antioxidant capacity, registering a higher value for EE compared to that for LE (3256 ± 85 and 2446 ± 13 µgTE/g, respectively). The antibacterial activity against C. perfringens, C. botulinum and C. difficile was studied by the agar well diffusion method, MIC and MBC determination and a time-kill test. The results confirm that EE and LE are able to limit microbial growth, albeit with minor effects when the phenolic compounds are encapsulated. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible application of these extracts in food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Roila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.A.)
| | - Sara Primavilla
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.G.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.A.)
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.G.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Fabiola Paoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.G.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Caterina Altissimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.A.)
| | - Andrea Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.G.); (F.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Raffaella Branciari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.A.)
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Newell K, Helfrich K, Isernhagen H, Jones M, Stickel G, McKeel H, Castrodale L, McLaughlin J. Multipathogen Outbreak of Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens Among Hospital Workers in Alaska, August 2021. Public Health Rep 2024; 139:195-200. [PMID: 37178053 PMCID: PMC10851898 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231170220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus are common causes of reported foodborne illness. On August 6, 2021, the Alaska Division of Public Health identified a multipathogen gastrointestinal outbreak among hospital staff in Homer, Alaska. The objectives of this study were to identify the outbreak source and prevent future illness. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of hospital staff who participated in luncheon events during August 5-7, 2021, and used an online survey to identify hospital staff with gastrointestinal illness. We defined case patients as people who reported new-onset gastrointestinal illness (diarrhea or abdominal cramping) after food consumption during the luncheon events. We calculated adjusted odds ratios of gastrointestinal illness associated with reported food exposures. We tested available food samples for C perfringens and B cereus and tested case patient stool specimens for C perfringens. We conducted an environmental investigation at the implicated vendor site. RESULTS Of 202 survey responses, 66 (32.7%) people reported acute gastrointestinal illness: 64 (97.0%) reported diarrhea, 62 (94.9%) reported abdominal cramps, and none were hospitalized. Of 79 people who consumed ham and pulled pork sandwiches, 64 (81.0%) met the case definition; this food item was significantly associated with increased odds of gastrointestinal illness (adjusted odds ratio = 296.4; 95% CI, 76.7-2019.1). C perfringens and B cereus were isolated at confirmatory levels from sandwich samples. C perfringens enterotoxin was detected in all 5 stool specimens tested. Environmental investigators observed other food items at the sandwich vendor that were refrigerated outside the required temperature range (>41 °F); no clear handling deficiencies for the implicated food were identified. CONCLUSION Quick notification and effective collaboration can help detect an outbreak, identify the responsible food vehicle, and mitigate further risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Newell
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn Helfrich
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Heidi Isernhagen
- Food Safety and Sanitation Program, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Martin Jones
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Center for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriela Stickel
- Enteric Bacteriology, Food and Shellfish Bacteriology Laboratories, Washington State Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Haley McKeel
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Louisa Castrodale
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Joseph McLaughlin
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
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10
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Rodrigues RA, Silva LAM, Brugnera HC, Pereira N, Casagrande MF, Makino LC, Bragança CRS, Schocken-Iturrino RP, Cardozo MV. Association of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: minimizes the adverse effects of necrotic enteritis in the gastrointestinal tract and improves zootechnical performance in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103394. [PMID: 38194830 PMCID: PMC10792630 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and capacity of the probiotic composed of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in improving the zootechnical performance of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens. The broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design in poultry isolators (12 birds each), resulting in 3 treatments: T1 (control, no challenge and no Bacillus in diet), T2 (challenged with Eimeria spp., followed by Clostridium perfringens infection and no Bacillus in the diet), and T3 (challenged with Eimeria spp., Clostridium perfringens and treated with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens). They were evaluated for a period of 29 d, divided into preinitial (1-7 d of age), initial (8-21 d), and growth (22-29 d) phases. Assessments of body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion were conducted, along with the classification of the scores and optical microscopy of the tract gastrointestinal. The animals challenged and treated with the probiotic containing Bacillus spp. showed improved indicators of zootechnical performance. Additionally, the animals challenged and treated (T3) had a better score for intestinal lesions compared to the other treatment groups. Therefore, the probiotic consisting of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens could be considered an effective option for disease prevention and improving the zootechnical performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romário A Rodrigues
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leandro A M Silva
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa C Brugnera
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Pereira
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Casagrande
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian C Makino
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Resources, School of Agricultural Sciences of Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Registro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio R S Bragança
- Laboratory of Microorganism Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Minas Gerais State University, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rubén Pablo Schocken-Iturrino
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marita V Cardozo
- Laboratory of Microorganism Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Minas Gerais State University, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Fujii T, Kezuka C, Kawaguchi Y, Yamakawa S, Kondo N, Funasaka K, Hirooka Y, Tochio T. Co-administration of the prebiotic 1-kestose and the paraprobiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FM8 in magellanic penguins promotes the activity of intestinal Lactobacillaceae and reduces the plc gene levels encoding Clostridium perfringens toxin. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:193-201. [PMID: 38171739 PMCID: PMC10898991 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known potential health benefits of prebiotics and non-viable probiotics (paraprobiotics) in various animal species, research regarding their use in penguins is scarce. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of a combined administration of prebiotics and paraprobiotics (referred to here as "parasynbiotics") on the gut microbiome and overall health of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). The parasynbiotics consisted of 1-kestose, which is a fructooligosaccharide comprising sucrose and fructose, and heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FM8, isolated from pickled vegetables. It was administered to eight penguins aged <3 years (Young-group) and nine penguins aged >17 years (Adult-group) for 8 weeks. Results from 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that compared to baseline, parasynbiotic administration significantly decreased the relative abundance of intestinal Clostridiaceae_222000 in both groups and significantly increased that of Lactobacillaceae in the Young-group. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed a significant decrease in the plc gene levels encoding alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens in the Young-group after parasynbiotic administration (P=0.0078). In the Young-group, parasynbiotic administration significantly increased the plasma levels of total alpha-globulin (P=0.0234), which is associated with inflammatory responses. Furthermore, exposure of dendritic cells to heat-killed L. plantarum FM8 promoted the secretion of interleukin 10, a major anti-inflammatory cytokine. Overall, parasynbiotic administration enhanced the activity of gut Lactobacillaceae, decreased the levels of C. perfringens and its toxin encoding plc gene, and reduced inflammatory response in penguins. These results provide novel insights into the potential benefits of parasynbiotics for improving penguin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Medical Research on Prebiotics and Probiotics, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
- BIOSIS Lab. Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Saki Yamakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
- Research and Development Division, Itochu Sugar Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
- WELLNEO SUGAR Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
- Research and Development Division, Itochu Sugar Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
- WELLNEO SUGAR Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Funasaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hirooka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Medical Research on Prebiotics and Probiotics, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takumi Tochio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Medical Research on Prebiotics and Probiotics, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
- BIOSIS Lab. Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
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12
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Juneja VK, Osoria M, Altuntas EG, Taneja NK, Thakur S, Kumar GD, Setlow P. Effects of spore purity on the wet heat resistance of Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis spores. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113904. [PMID: 38225145 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Heat resistance of spores of Clostridium perfringens 8238 (Hobbs Serotype 2), Bacillus cereus NCTC 11143 (4810/72), and Bacillus subtilis PS533, an isogenic derivative of strain PS832 (a 168 strain) was determined in ground beef at 95 °C. Spore purification was by centrifugation and washing with sterile distilled water (dH2O), followed by sonication and then Histodenz centrifugation for B. subtilis and C. perfringens, and centrifugation and washing with sterile dH2O followed by Histodenz centrifugation for B. cereus. Bags containing inoculated beef samples were submerged in a temperature-controlled water bath and held at 95 °C for predetermined lengths of time. Surviving spore populations were enumerated by plating on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar (MYP) agar plates for B. cereus and B. subtilis, and on tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine agar (TSC) agar plates for C. perfringens. Survivor curves were fitted to linear, linear with tail, and Weibull models using the USDA Integrated Pathogen Modeling Program (IPMP) 2013 software. The Weibull model provided a relatively better fit to the data since the root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), sum of squared errors (SSE), and Akaike information criterion (AIC) values were lower than the values obtained using the linear or the linear with tail models. Additionally, the Weibull model accurately predicted the observed D-values at 95 °C for the three spore-formers since the accuracy factor (Af) values ranged from 1.03 to 1.08 and the bias factor (Bf) values were either 1.00 or 1.01. Times at 95 °C to achieve a 3-log reduction decreased from 206 min for C. perfringens spores purified with water washes alone to 191 min with water washes followed by sonication and Histodenz centrifugation, from 7.9 min for B. cereus spores purified with water washes alone to 1.4 min with water washes followed by Histodenz centrifugation, and from 20.6 min for B. subtilis spores purified with water washes alone to 6.7 min for water washes followed by sonication and Histodenz centrifugation. Thermal-death-time values reported in this study will assist food processors to design thermal processes to guard against bacterial spores in cooked foods. In addition, clearly spore purity is an additional factor in spore wet heat resistance, although the cause of this effect is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Juneja
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Marangeli Osoria
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | | | - Neetu K Taneja
- Department of Basics and Applied Sciences, NIFTEM, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India
| | - Sheetal Thakur
- University Centre for Research & Development, UIBT, Chandigarh University, Gharuan-Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Govindaraj D Kumar
- Center for Food Safety, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, GA, USA
| | - Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA
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13
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Brader R, Yu H. Percutaneous Decompression of Primary Hepatic Gas Gangrene Caused by Clostridium Perfringens. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2024; 35:325-327. [PMID: 37890555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Brader
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016 Old Clinic, Campus Box 7510, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
| | - Hyeon Yu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016 Old Clinic, Campus Box 7510, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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14
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Asadollahi P, Kalani BS. Novel toxin-based mRNA vaccine against Clostridium perfringens using in silico approaches. Toxicon 2024; 238:107584. [PMID: 38185287 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium that causes gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. The several powerful toxins such as alpha toxin (CPA), beta toxin (CPB), enterotoxin (CPE), Epsilon toxin (ETX), and theta toxin, play a major role in its pathogenesis. Traditional vaccine development methods are time-consuming and costly. In silico approaches offer an alternative strategy for designing vaccines by analyzing biological data and predicting immunogenic peptides. In this study, computational tools were utilized to design a RNA vaccine targeting C. perfringens toxins. Toxin protein sequences were retrieved and their linear B-cell, MHCI, and MHCII binding epitopes were predicted. Allergenicity, toxigenicity, and IFN-γ induction were assessed to select non-allergenic, non-toxic, and IFN-γ-inducing epitopes. Molecular docking was performed to identify epitopes that fit within the binding cleft of MHC alleles. A final peptide vaccine construct was designed with selected epitopes separated by a linker sequence. The antigenicity and physicochemical properties of the vaccine were evaluated. Immune response simulation showed enhanced secondary and tertiary immune responses, increased levels of immunoglobulins, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, helper T lymphocytes, macrophage activity, and elevated levels IFN-γ and interleukin-2. Docking analysis was done to assess interactions between the vaccine structure and Toll-like receptors. Codon optimization was performed, and a final RNA vaccine construct was designed. The secondary structure of the RNA vaccine was predicted and validated. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of in silico approaches for designing an RNA vaccine against C. perfringens toxins, contributing to improved prevention and control of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Asadollahi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Behrooz Sadeghi Kalani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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15
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Alves GG, Assis RA, do Amarante VS, de Oliveira Júnior CA, Silva ROS, Dias Heneine LG, Lobato FCF. Production and purification of Clostridium perfringens type C beta-toxin and IgG and IgY antitoxins. Anaerobe 2024; 85:102817. [PMID: 38163631 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to produce and purify Clostridium perfringens type C beta-toxin, sheep anti-beta toxin immunoglobulin G (IgG) and chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY). METHODS Two methods were used for beta-toxin purification: single-step metal affinity chromatography (MAC) using zinc as a chelator and ion exchange chromatography (IEX). The purified and inactivated beta-toxoids were then administered to sheep and chickens in order to produce IgG and IgY. RESULTS All assays using the IEX failed. In contrast, MAC purified more than 21 mg of toxin per run in a single-step protocol. The purified and inactivated beta-toxoids were then administered to sheep and chickens, and IgG and IgY were purified with a high yield, medium antibody titer of 50 IU/mL, and high avidity (73.2 %). CONCLUSIONS C. perfringens type C beta-toxin and sheep or chicken anti-beta toxin IgG and IgY antibodies were successfully produced and purified using a simple protocol. This protocol can be used for the production of components used in the diagnosis and research of necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens type C, as well as for the evaluation of existing vaccines and the development of new preventive methods against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Guerra Alves
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Ronnie Antunes Assis
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Victor Santos do Amarante
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto de Oliveira Júnior
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil.
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16
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García-Vela S, Guay LD, Rahman MRT, Biron E, Torres C, Fliss I. Antimicrobial Activity of Synthetic Enterocins A, B, P, SEK4, and L50, Alone and in Combinations, against Clostridium perfringens. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1597. [PMID: 38338877 PMCID: PMC10855908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Clostridium perfringens infections are a major threat to the poultry industry. Effective alternatives to antibiotics are urgently needed to prevent these infections and limit the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was to produce by chemical synthesis a set of enterocins of different subgroups of class II bacteriocins and to compare their spectrum of inhibitory activity, either alone or in combination, against a panel of twenty C. perfringens isolates. Enterocins A, P, SEK4 (class IIa bacteriocins), B (unsubgrouped class II bacteriocin), and L50 (class IId leaderless bacteriocin) were produced by microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis. Their antimicrobial activity was determined by agar well diffusion and microtitration methods against twenty C. perfringens isolates and against other pathogens. The FICINDEX of different combinations of the selected enterocins was calculated in order to identify combinations with synergistic effects. The results showed that synthetic analogs of L50A and L50B were the most active against C. perfringens. These peptides also showed the broadest spectrum of activity when tested against other non-clostridial indicator strains, including Listeria monocytogenes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus suis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus cecorum, Enterococcus faecalis, as well as Gram-negative bacteria (Campylobacter coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), among others. The selected synthetic enterocins were combined on the basis of their different mechanisms of action, and all combinations tested showed synergy or partial synergy against C. perfringens. In conclusion, because of their high activity against C. perfringens and other pathogens, the use of synthetic enterocins alone or as a consortium can be a good alternative to the use of antibiotics in the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara García-Vela
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logrono, La Rioja, Spain;
- Department of Food Science, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Louis-David Guay
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (L.-D.G.); (M.R.T.R.); (E.B.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Md Ramim Tanver Rahman
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (L.-D.G.); (M.R.T.R.); (E.B.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Eric Biron
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (L.-D.G.); (M.R.T.R.); (E.B.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logrono, La Rioja, Spain;
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Department of Food Science, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (L.-D.G.); (M.R.T.R.); (E.B.)
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17
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McDonald AG, Lisacek F. Simulated digestions of free oligosaccharides and mucin-type O-glycans reveal a potential role for Clostridium perfringens. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1649. [PMID: 38238389 PMCID: PMC10796942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of a stable human gut microbiota occurs within the first year of life. Many open questions remain about how microfloral species are influenced by the composition of milk, in particular its content of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The objective is to investigate the effect of the human HMO glycome on bacterial symbiosis and competition, based on the glycoside hydrolase (GH) enzyme activities known to be present in microbial species. We extracted from UniProt a list of all bacterial species catalysing glycoside hydrolase activities (EC 3.2.1.-), cross-referencing with the BRENDA database, and obtained a set of taxonomic lineages and CAZy family data. A set of 13 documented enzyme activities was selected and modelled within an enzyme simulator according to a method described previously in the context of biosynthesis. A diverse population of experimentally observed HMOs was fed to the simulator, and the enzymes matching specific bacterial species were recorded, based on their appearance of individual enzymes in the UniProt dataset. Pairs of bacterial species were identified that possessed complementary enzyme profiles enabling the digestion of the HMO glycome, from which potential symbioses could be inferred. Conversely, bacterial species having similar GH enzyme profiles were considered likely to be in competition for the same set of dietary HMOs within the gut of the newborn. We generated a set of putative biodegradative networks from the simulator output, which provides a visualisation of the ability of organisms to digest HMO and mucin-type O-glycans. B. bifidum, B. longum and C. perfringens species were predicted to have the most diverse GH activity and therefore to excel in their ability to digest these substrates. The expected cooperative role of Bifidobacteriales contrasts with the surprising capacities of the pathogen. These findings indicate that potential pathogens may associate in human gut based on their shared glycoside hydrolase digestive apparatus, and which, in the event of colonisation, might result in dysbiosis. The methods described can readily be adapted to other enzyme categories and species as well as being easily fine-tuneable if new degrading enzymes are identified and require inclusion in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G McDonald
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Section of Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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de Souza M, Baptista AAS, Menck-Costa MF, Justino L, da Glória EM, Shimizu GD, Ferraz CR, Verri WA, Van Immerseel F, Bracarense APFRL. Modulation of Broiler Intestinal Changes Induced by Clostridium perfringens and Deoxynivalenol through Probiotic, Paraprobiotic, and Postbiotic Supplementation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:46. [PMID: 38251262 PMCID: PMC10820081 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a DON and Clostridium perfringens (CP) challenge on the intestinal morphology, morphometry, oxidative stress, and immune response of broilers. Additionally, we evaluated the potential of a Lactobacillus spp. mixture as an approach to mitigate the damage induced by the challenge. One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 252) were divided into seven treatment groups: Control, DON, CP, CP + DON, VL (DON + CP + viable Lactobacillus spp. mixture), HIL (DON + CP + heat-inactivated Lactobacillus spp. mixture), and LCS (DON + CP + Lactobacillus spp. mixture culture supernatant). Macroscopic evaluation of the intestines revealed that the CP + DON group exhibited the highest lesion score, while the VL and HIL groups showed the lowest scores. Microscopically, all Lactobacillus spp. treatments mitigated the morphological changes induced by the challenge. DON increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the jejunum, and CP increased ROS levels in the jejunum and ileum. Notably, the Lactobacillus spp. treatments did not improve the antioxidant defense against CP-induced oxidative stress. In summary, a Lactobacillus spp. mixture, whether used as a probiotic, paraprobiotic, or postbiotic, exerted a partially protective effect in mitigating most of the intestinal damage induced by DON and CP challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielen de Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology (LAP), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Ana Angelita Sampaio Baptista
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Maísa Fabiana Menck-Costa
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Larissa Justino
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Eduardo Micotti da Glória
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Danilo Shimizu
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Camila Rodrigues Ferraz
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (C.R.F.); (W.A.V.)
| | - Waldiceu A. Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (C.R.F.); (W.A.V.)
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Fua’di MT, Er B, Lee S, Chan PP, Khoo J, Tan D, Li H, Muhammad IR, Raj P, Kurupatham L, Lee V, Tan LK, Chan JSH, Li A, Aung KT. Characteristics of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Investigated in Singapore: 2018-2021. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:64. [PMID: 38248529 PMCID: PMC10815581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
There is a need to study the characteristics of outbreaks via Singapore's outbreak surveillance system to understand and identify the gaps in food safety for targeted policy interventions due to the increasing trend in gastroenteritis outbreaks and consequential increase in foodborne-related deaths and economic burden on public health systems worldwide. A total of 171 gastroenteritis outbreaks were investigated in Singapore from January 2018 to December 2021. This study analyzed the annual trend of investigated gastroenteritis outbreaks, the proportion of outbreaks by implicated sources of food, and the proportion of the type of pathogens identified from human cases, food samples, and environmental swabs collected from outbreak investigations. Among the foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks (n = 121) investigated in Singapore, approximately 42.1% of the outbreaks had food prepared by caterers, 14.9% by restaurants, and 12.4% had food prepared by in-house kitchens. Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella were the most common causative pathogens in foodborne outbreaks throughout the analysis period. The food samples and environmental swabs collected were mostly detected for Bacillus cereus. Norovirus was the most common causative pathogen in non-foodborne outbreaks and was mainly attributable to preschools. This highlights the importance of monitoring and educating the catering industry and preschools to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhd Tarmidzi Fua’di
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Benjamin Er
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Sylvester Lee
- Communicable Disease Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore; (S.L.); (P.P.C.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Pei Pei Chan
- Communicable Disease Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore; (S.L.); (P.P.C.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Joanna Khoo
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Desmond Tan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Huilin Li
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Imran Roshan Muhammad
- Communicable Disease Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore; (S.L.); (P.P.C.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Pream Raj
- Communicable Disease Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore; (S.L.); (P.P.C.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Lalitha Kurupatham
- Communicable Disease Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore; (S.L.); (P.P.C.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Vernon Lee
- Communicable Disease Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore; (S.L.); (P.P.C.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Li Kiang Tan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Joanne Sheot Harn Chan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Angela Li
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore; (M.T.F.); (B.E.); (J.K.); (D.T.); (H.L.); (L.K.T.); (J.S.H.C.); (A.L.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Boll EJ, Copani G, Cappellozza BI. Short communication: a novel multispecies bacteria-based direct-fed microbial supports in vitro gut barrier integrity challenged with a pathogen or pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae089. [PMID: 38563410 PMCID: PMC11025627 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of a novel bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on intestinal barrier integrity using the in vitro transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay. In experiment 1, human-derived Caco-2 cells received or not (CON) a DFM containing Ligilactobacillus (formerly Lactobacillus) animalis 506, Propionibacterium freudenreichii 507, Bacillus paralicheniformis 809, and B. subtilis 597 (BDP; BOVAMINE DEFEND® Plus) at a rate of 1 × 108 CFU/transwell. Concurrently with treatment application (CON or BDP), a pathogenic challenge of Clostridium perfringens type A was added alone (PAT) or with BDP (PAT + BDP) at a rate of 2.8 × 107 CFU/transwell in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. In experiment 2, Caco-2 cells were also assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to CON or BDP and then, 2 h post-treatment administration (CON and BDP), a mixture of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was added alone (CYT) or with BDP (CYT + BDP) at a 10:1 ratio, respectively. In both experiments, TEER was measured for 18 h. In experiment 1, a DFM × pathogen × hour interaction was observed for TEER (P < 0.0001). Adding the PAT alone initially tended to increase TEER vs. CON from 1.1 to 2.2 h (P ≤ 0.09), increased TEER at 3.2 h (P < 0.01), but reduced TEER from 5.4 to the end of the experimental period at 18.4 h (P ≤ 0.01). On the other hand, adding DFM, with or without the pathogenic challenge, yielded greater TEER vs. CON-CON and CON-PAT for most of the experimental period (P ≤ 0.04). A similar interaction was detected and reported in experiment 2 (P < 0.0001). The CYT challenge reduced mean TEER compared with all other treatments from 3.2 h to the remainder of the study (P ≤ 0.03). On the other hand, BDP-CYT was able to maintain the integrity of the epithelial cells when compared with CON-CON throughout the experimental period (P ≤ 0.03), the exception being at 3.2 h (P = 0.20). Moreover, BDP-CON increased (P ≤ 0.04) TEER when compared with CON-CON from 3.2 to 18.4 h, but also in comparison with BDP-CYT from 4.3 to 18.4 h post-DFM and challenge administration into the cells. In summary, C. perfringens type A and a pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail compromised the integrity of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers in vitro, whereas adding a multispecies bacteria-based DFM counteracted these damaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Boll
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal and Plant Health & Human Nutrition, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Copani
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal and Plant Health & Human Nutrition, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Bruno I Cappellozza
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal and Plant Health & Human Nutrition, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
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Jones MK, Hofacre CL, Hoerr FJ, Baxter VA, Berghaus RD, Sellers HS, Ferguson-Noel N, Smith JA. Investigations into Increased Incidence of Severe Gizzard Erosions and Ulcerations in U.S. Commercial Broilers. Avian Dis 2024; 67:349-365. [PMID: 38300657 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
During a series of pathology surveys in four production complexes of a U.S. broiler integrator, the technical services veterinarians of an animal health company noted a high incidence of severe gizzard erosions and ulcerations (GEU), prompting further clinical investigation and a battery trial. No growth-promoting antibiotics or ionophore coccidiostats were used during the period of these surveys. All used tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) at ≤120 ppm added copper in broiler rations. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 83% and 67% of gizzard lesions cultured in two complexes, and cecal C. perfringens most probable number determinations were higher in severely affected than in mildly affected or unaffected birds. Histopathology revealed both acellular koilin fusion defects characteristic of copper toxicity, as well as inflammatory cell infiltrates. Intralesional bacilli suggestive of C. perfringens were noted in 78% of affected flocks examined. Species E Aviadenovirus was isolated from one bird in one complex, and that bird had a single intranuclear inclusion body; no other flocks had Adenoviruses isolated or detected on PCR, nor any inclusion bodies. Other viruses detected were thought to be incidental. A pilot study using feed with supplemental copper from TBCC or copper sulfate and challenge with one of the isolated C. perfringens strains reproduced the lesions. A battery study was conducted with an unchallenged negative control group fed a diet with 16 ppm added copper, a group fed the control diet and orally challenged with 108 organisms of a field strain of C. perfringens at 21 and 22 days, and a group treated with the same diet containing 250 ppm added copper from TBCC and orally challenged with C. perfringens. Birds were necropsied at 23 and 28 days. All challenged groups developed lesions, with those receiving both TBCC and C. perfringens having significantly higher gross and histopathological lesion scores than the unchallenged negative controls. Lesions were qualitatively similar to those in the field and contained suspected C. perfringens bacilli. Because the levels of TBCC used in the commercial birds and in the battery trial generally have been considered safe, and because C. perfringens is usually regarded as a pathogen of the lower GI tract, the possible association of these two agents with GEU is a novel observation and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Jones
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Watkinsville, GA 30677,
| | | | | | | | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Holly S Sellers
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Murei A, Kamika I, Momba MNB. Selection of a diagnostic tool for microbial water quality monitoring and management of faecal contamination of water sources in rural communities. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167484. [PMID: 37804981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate, validate and select microbial water quality monitoring tools to establish their suitability and feasibility for use in rural communities. The monitoring of water quality was performed at three different levels: i) basic level focusing on sanitary inspection and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) test; ii) intermediate level via enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium perfringens); and iii) advanced level based on qPCR detecting host-associated genetic markers (BacHum, BacCow, Cytb, Pig-2-Bac, and BacCan) and pathogens (Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli). A positive correlation was recorded between sanitary risk and faecal coliforms (r = 0.613 and p < 0.002), E. coli (r = 0.589 and p < 0.003), and Enterococcus spp. (r = 0.625 and p < 0.003). The H2S test showed positive correlations with sanitary risk score (r = 0.623; p < 0.003), faecal coliforms (r = 0.809; p < 0.001), E. coli (r = 0.779; p < 0.001) and Enterococcus spp. (r = 0.799; p < 0.001). Similar correlation patterns were also found with advanced techniques used for detecting host-associated genetic markers, excepted between Clostridium perfringens, and Pig-2-Bac (pig), BacCan (dog), and V. cholerae. The H2S test and sanitary inspections are therefore suitable and cost-effective tools to capacitate rural areas at household level for the monitoring of faecal contamination and management of water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinao Murei
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, P/B X 680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Ilunga Kamika
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, P.O Box 392, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa.
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, P/B X 680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Fries-Craft K, Bobeck EA. Early Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation may obscure anti-interleukin-10 protective effects on broiler performance during coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103187. [PMID: 37980755 PMCID: PMC10665935 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-interleukin (IL)-10 may preserve broiler performance during coccidiosis by diminishing Eimeria spp. host-evasion but has not been evaluated during secondary Clostridium perfringens challenge (necrotic enteritis). Early Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation is implemented in some models to improve repeatability-a potential confounder due to Salmonella using similar IL-10 host evasion pathways. The objective was to evaluate performance and disease outcomes in broilers fed anti-IL-10 during necrotic enteritis challenge ± S. Typhimurium. Three 42 d replicate studies in wire-floor cages (32 cages/replicate) were conducted with Ross 308 chicks assigned to diets ± 0.03% anti-IL-10 for 25 d before moving to floor pens for the study remainder. In replicates 1 and 2, 640 chicks were placed at hatch (20/cage) and inoculated with sterile saline ± 1 × 108 colony forming units (CFU) S. Typhimurium. Replicate 3 placed 480 chicks (15/cage) at hatch. On d 14, S. Typhimurium-inoculated chicks (replicates 1 and 2) or those designated for challenge (replicate 3) were inoculated with 15,000 sporulated Eimeria maxima M6 oocysts. On d 18 and 19, half the E. maxima-challenged chicks were gavaged with 1 × 108 CFU C. perfringens. Body weight (BW) and feed intake were measured throughout, while 6 chicks/ treatment were scored for jejunal lesions at 7 and 3 d postinoculation (pi) with E. maxima and C. perfringens, respectively. Oocyst shedding was measured at 8 and 4 dpi with E. maxima and C. perfringens, respectively. Performance and oocyst shedding were analyzed with diet and challenge fixed effects (SAS 9.4), whereas lesion scores and mortalities were analyzed by ordinal logistic regression (R 4.2.2; P ≤ 0.05). In replicate 3, no wk 3 feed conversion ratio (FCR) differences were observed between chicks fed anti-IL-10 challenged with E. maxima ± C. perfringens, whereas control-fed chicks had a 50 point less efficient FCR during E. maxima + C. perfringens challenge vs. E. maxima only (P = 0.04). Outcomes suggest anti-IL-10 may preserve bird feed efficiency during necrotic enteritis challenge in models without S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - E A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Yuan H, Bai G, Lin Y, Yu X, Yang Q, Dou R, Sun H, Zhao Z, Li Z, Chen Z, Xu L. Effects of dietary Nisin on growth performance, immune function, and gut health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae017. [PMID: 38266070 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nisin (Ni) is a polypeptide bacteriocin produced by lactic streptococci (probiotics) that can inhibit the majority of gram-positive bacteria, and improve the growth performance of broilers, and exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the potential preventive effect of Nisin on necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens (Cp) challenge. A total of 288 Arbor Acres broiler chickens of 1-d-olds were allocated using 2 × 2 factorial arrangement into four groups with six replicates (12 chickens per replicate), including: (1) control group (Con, basal diet), (2) Cp challenge group (Cp, basal diet + 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL Cp), (3) Ni group (Ni, basal diet + 100 mg/kg Ni), and (4) Ni + Cp group (Ni + Cp, basal diet + 100 mg/kg Ni + 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL Cp). The results showed that Cp challenge decreased the average daily gain (ADG) of days 15 to 21 (P<0.05) and increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) content in the serum (P < 0.05), as well as a significant reduction in villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (VCR) (P<0.05) and a significant increase in crypt depth (CD) of jejunum (P<0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of Occludin and Claudin-1 were downregulated (P<0.05), while the mRNA expressions of Caspase3, Caspase9, Bax, and Bax/Bcl-2 were upregulated (P<0.05) in the jejunum. However, the inclusion of dietary Ni supplementation significantly improved body weight (BW) on days 21 and 28, ADG of days 15 to 21 (P<0.05), decreased CD in the jejunum, and reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content in the serum (P<0.05). Ni addition upregulated the mRNA levels of Claudin-1 expression and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of Caspase9 in the jejunum (P<0.05). Moreover, Cp challenge and Ni altered the cecal microbiota composition, which manifested that Cp challenge decreased the relative abundance of phylum Fusobacteriota and increased Shannon index (P<0.05) and the trend of phylum Proteobacteria (0.05
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guangdong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xilong Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qinghui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Renkai Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Liangmei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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25
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Ibrahim GA, Altammar KA. Moringa oleifera as a potential antimicrobial against pathogenic Clostridium perfringens isolates in farm animals. Open Vet J 2024; 14:242-255. [PMID: 38633192 PMCID: PMC11018413 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium perfringens (CP) is an emerging anaerobic pathogen that can aggravate severe fatal infections in different hosts and livestock. Aim This paper was designed to monitor the antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) plant against different CP isolates of variant toxin genotypes comparing that with commercial antibiotics in the veterinary field. Methods A total of 200 examined fecal, intestinal, and liver samples from cattle, sheep, and goats were investigated bacteriologically and biochemically for CP. Then, the isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for toxin gene typing. Thereafter, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing as well as the antibacterial efficacy of M. oleifera were evaluated and statistically analyzed against recovered isolates. Results The prevalence rate of CP was 51% (102/200); of which 54.5% was from cattle, 50% from sheep, and 40% from goat. Moreover, all CP isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline and lincomycin drugs; meanwhile, they were of the least resistance against ciprofloxacin (8.3%-16.7%), cefotaxime (16.7%-25%), and gentamycin (26.7%-33.3%). For M. oleifera, high antibacterial efficacy with greater inhibition zones of the plant was recorded with its oil (20-24 mm) and ethanolic extracts (16-20 mm) against CP than the aqueous extract (≤ 10 mm). A good correlation was stated between M. oleifera oil and toxin type of CP isolates particularly type A followed by D and B types. Interestingly, the oil and ethanolic extracts of M. oleifera gave higher antibacterial efficacy than most commercial antibiotics against the recovered isolates. Conclusion This study highlighted the potent antibacterial properties of M. oleifera for suppressing CP isolated from farm animals; hence, more investigations on M. oleifera are suggested to support its use as a medical herbal plant substituting antibiotics hazards and resistance problems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A. Ibrahim
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Bacteriology Department, Ismailia Branch, Egypt
| | - Khadijah A. Altammar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
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Morocho B, Nikoleta T, Morocho C, McElhaney N. Clostridium perfringens empyema after right hemicolectomy for caecal volvulus. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e256551. [PMID: 38129085 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Empyema of the lung is an infection-induced collection of fluid in the chest cavity. Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium that inhabits the intestine and is a rare cause of empyema after abdominal surgery. A slow phase of infection, associated with C. perfringens empyema, has previously been reported in cases of similar infections. Herein, we present a case of C. perfringens empyema following abdominal surgery. The empyema was initially managed using oxygen supplementation, fluid drainage and antibiotic therapy.This initial therapy failed in the present case because multiple collections of infected fluid prevented the lungs from expanding, requiring decortication, a pulmonary operation to remove the inflammatory tissue from the walls of the lung and associated with the infection, to allow the lung to expand. Following this operation, the patient recovered baseline levels of breathing and oxygen supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant Morocho
- General Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teilios Nikoleta
- General Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kawamura T, Prah I, Mahazu S, Ablordey A, Saito R. Types A and F Clostridium perfringens in healthcare wastewater from Ghana. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0161923. [PMID: 38051072 PMCID: PMC10734495 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01619-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans, and monitoring this bacterium is important for public health. Although whole-genome sequencing is useful to comprehensively understand the virulence, resistome, and global genetic relatedness of bacteria, limited genomic data from environmental sources and developing countries hamper our understanding of the richness of the intrinsic genomic diversity of this pathogen. Here, we successfully accumulated the genetic data on C. perfringens strains isolated from hospital effluent and provided the first evidence that predicted pathogenic C. perfringens may be disseminated in the clinical environment in Ghana. Our findings suggest the importance of risk assessment in the environment as well as the clinical setting to mitigate the potential outbreak of C. perfringens food poisoning in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Kawamura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isaac Prah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Samiratu Mahazu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anthony Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Matuszewska R, Mąka Ł. Comparison of mCP and TSC Media to Enumerate Clostridium perfringens in Surface Water Samples. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:413-419. [PMID: 37999986 PMCID: PMC10725159 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Clostridium perfringens bacteria are used to assess water quality as an indicator parameter. If detected, it can confirm the occurrence of past fecal contamination. Tests determining C. perfringens in water samples are usually performed by membrane filtration where filters are incubated on selective media under anaerobic conditions. Available media include mCP and TSC. The aim of this study was to compare the relative recovery of C. perfringens (including spores) from surface water samples and to determine the performance characteristics of the membrane filtration method using both media. The results showed that, although the procedure using the mCP medium was more sensitive and specific, higher recoveries were obtained in the tests based on the TSC medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Matuszewska
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety National Institute of Public Health National Institute of Hygiene – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mąka
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety National Institute of Public Health National Institute of Hygiene – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Shillitoe B, Cowie CJA, Misgar H, Pareja-Cebrian L, Williams E. Spontaneous Clostridium perfringens Meningitis and Brain Abscess in a Neonate. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:1121-1123. [PMID: 37725822 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
This case describes a neonate who presented with spontaneous Clostridium perfringens meningitis and brain abscess. The abscess was drained, and the infant completed a 6-week course of antibiotics. Throughout this time the infant remained well with no need for intensive care. C. perfringens central nervous system infections are associated with trauma and poor outcomes. This case highlights that the spectrum of disease can include spontaneous infection with a relatively mildly clinical course demonstrating the importance of 16s polymerase chain reaction in culture-negative cases and its role in detecting rare causes of central nervous system infections such as C. perfringens .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Shillitoe
- From the Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J A Cowie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hilal Misgar
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Pareja-Cebrian
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Eleri Williams
- From the Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Wang G, Liu Y, Deng L, Liu H, Deng X, Li Q, Feng H, Guo Z, Qiu J. Repurposing rabeprazole sodium as an anti- Clostridium perfringens drug by inhibiting perfringolysin O. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad273. [PMID: 38017630 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Clostridium perfringens infections affect food safety, human health, and the development of the poultry feed industry. Anti-virulence is an alternative strategy to develop new drug. Perfringolysin O (PFO) is an exotoxin of C. perfringens that has been demonstrated to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of this organism, promising it an attractive target to explore drugs to combat C. perfringens infection. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on an activity-based screening, we identified six PFO inhibitors from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library, among which rabeprazole sodium (RS) showed an optimal inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 1.82 ± 0.746 µg ml-1. The GLY57, ASP58, SER190, SER193-194, ASN199, GLU204, ASN377, THR379, and ALA200 in PFO interacted with RS during binding based on an energy analysis and H-bond analysis. This interaction blocked the oligomer formation of PFO, thereby inhibiting its cytotoxicity. RS treatment significantly increased the survival rate and alleviated pathological damage in C. perfringens or PFO-treated Galleria mellonella. CONCLUSIONS RS could potentially be used as a candidate drug for treating C. perfringens infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Measurement Biotechnique Research Center, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Le Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haihua Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Delmon C, Ouk C, Casellas M, Prorot A. Evaluation of the additive effects of volatile fatty acids and moderate heat treatment for enhancing the inactivation of vegetative cells and spores of Clostridium perfringens by flow cytometry. Anaerobe 2023; 84:102802. [PMID: 38007214 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clostridium perfringens is a well-known spore-forming bacterium that can resist the environment. A mixture of volatile fatty acids or thermal treatments can interact with these bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different volatile fatty acid concentrations and moderate heat treatment on Clostridium perfringens sporulation. METHODS A pure culture of Clostridium perfringens type A in Duncan Strong medium was treated with a mixture of volatile fatty acids at several concentrations. A thermal treatment was also tested. To evaluate the effects, a double staining method was employed, and treatments on Clostridium perfringens were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Moderate heat treatment destroyed vegetative forms but had no effect on sporulating forms. Volatile fatty acids combined with moderate heat treatment inhibited Clostridium perfringens sporulation. CONCLUSIONS The use of flow cytometry as an original method for evaluating the treatment of Clostridium perfringens is of interest because of its simplicity, short time to obtain results, and the level of information provided on the microbial population (impact on metabolism). A combination of mild treatments (moderate heat treatment + volatile fatty acids) to decrease the Clostridium perfringens concentration when these bacteria sporulate is a very promising finding for inhibiting Clostridium perfringens propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Delmon
- E2Lim laboratory, UR 24133, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - Catherine Ouk
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM 1262, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, F-87025, Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Magali Casellas
- E2Lim laboratory, UR 24133, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - Audrey Prorot
- E2Lim laboratory, UR 24133, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.
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Ligero-López J, Rubio-Mora E, Ruiz-Bastián MD, Quiles-Melero MI, Cacho-Calvo J, Cendejas-Bueno E. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria causing bacteremia: A 13-year (2010-2022) retrospective study in a tertiary hospital. Anaerobe 2023; 84:102803. [PMID: 37984560 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Infections from anaerobic microorganisms result from breached mucosal barriers, posing a significant mortality risk. A retrospective study at Hospital Universitario La Paz (Madrid) from 2010 to 2022 analyzed 491 (6.17 %) anaerobic bacteremia cases out of 7956 significant bacteremia cases among 171,833 blood culture requests. Bacteroides fragilis was the most frequently isolated species (28.3 %), followed by Clostridium perfringens (13.6 %). B. fragilis showed good susceptibility to amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (86 %), piperacillin/tazobactam (86 %), and metronidazole (87.7 %). In general, non-fragilis Bacteroides species showed low susceptibility to penicillin (7 %), amoxicillin (17.5 %), and clindamycin (64.9 %). Of our 13 non-perfringens Clostridium isolates, four exhibited resistance to penicillin and four showed resistance to clindamycin. Lactobacillus species were highly susceptible to antibiotics tested. Prevotella spp. showed low susceptibility to penicillin (20 %), amoxicillin (20 %), and clindamycin (40 %). The study contributes valuable data for monitoring and improving anaerobic bacteremia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ligero-López
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rubio-Mora
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Juana Cacho-Calvo
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Cendejas-Bueno
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Liu K, Liu Z, Chen X, Wang R, Wang D. Detection of Clostridium perfringens in donor milk at a human breast milk bank: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:810. [PMID: 37978351 PMCID: PMC10656922 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The breast milk bank is a professional organization that collects donor human milk (DHM) for special medical needs by recruiting qualified breast milk donors. Such organizations are also responsible for the disinfection, processing, testing, storage, distribution, and use of breast milk. As DHM is a biological product, it may get contaminated. Microbiological testing is the final step to determine microbial contamination of DHM. However, a universal method for the microbiological analysis of DHM in breast milk banks globally is lacking.DHM without strict screening may become a potential carrier of pathogens and seriously threaten the health of infants. Clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, is capable of causing wound infections, including gas gangrene, enteritis/enterocolitis, and enterotoxemia. Here, the first case of C. perfringens detected in DHM has been reported to facilitate the identification of such contamination in breast milk banks. CASE PRESENTATION A breastfeeding mother donated 3000 mL of milk to the breast milk bank of the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University(over 2900 beds and patient receiving capacity of over 132,000), Chongqing, China. The milk sample was subjected to microbiological screening using liquid enrichment, followed by anaerobic and aerobic culturing. The results revealed the growth of C. perfringens in the anaerobic culture medium, but no bacteria or yeast-like fungi were observed in the aerobic culture medium. The donor did not exhibit any clinical symptoms, and her routine blood results and body temperature were normal. However, the infant fed with her milk had recurrent bloody stools. Breast milk bank infection control emergency handling as well as environmental sampling and investigation revealed that the cause was contamination of the donor's home-use breast pump with C. perfringens. The infant no longer experienced bloody stool once the donor changed the breast pump. CONCLUSIONS C. perfringens can enter breast milk from contaminated pumping environments or devices, thus causing illness in infants. The microbiological testing of DHM in breast milk banks can be accomplished using liquid enrichment, along with anaerobic and aerobic culture, which is of immense significance in improving the standards for microbiological screening, DHM safety, and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Xufei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Rouzhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China.
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Álvarez-Pérez S, Anega B, Blanco JL, Hernández M, García ME. In vitro activity of fidaxomicin and combinations of fidaxomicin with other antibiotics against Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:238. [PMID: 37974163 PMCID: PMC10652485 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that fidaxomicin, a macrocyclic lactone antibiotic used to treat recurrent Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea, also displays potent in vitro bactericidal activity against Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from humans. However, to date, there is no data on the susceptibility to fidaxomicin of C. perfringens strains of animal origin. On the other hand, although combination therapy has become popular in human and veterinary medicine, limited data are available on the effects of antibiotic combinations on C. perfringens. We studied the in vitro response of 21 C. perfringens strains obtained from dogs and cats to fidaxomicin and combinations of fidaxomicin with six other antibiotics. RESULTS When tested by an agar dilution method, fidaxomicin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged between 0.004 and 0.032 µg/ml. Moreover, the results of Etest-based combination assays revealed that the incorporation of fidaxomicin into the test medium at a concentration equivalent to half the MIC significantly increased the susceptibility of isolates to metronidazole and erythromycin in 71.4% and 61.9% of the strains, respectively, and the susceptibility to clindamycin, imipenem, levofloxacin, and vancomycin in 42.9-52.4% of the strains. In contrast, ¼ × MIC concentrations of fidaxomicin did not have any effect on levofloxacin and vancomycin MICs and only enhanced the effects of clindamycin, erythromycin, imipenem, and metronidazole in ≤ 23.8% of the tested strains. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that fidaxomicin is highly effective against C. perfringens strains of canine and feline origin. Although fidaxomicin is currently considered a critically important antimicrobial that has not yet been licensed for veterinary use, we consider that the results reported in this paper provide useful baseline data to track the possible emergence of fidaxomicin resistant strains of C. perfringens in the veterinary setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Anega
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Microbiología, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta E García
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Zhao X, Li L, Zhang Q, Li M, Hu M, Luo Y, Xu X, Chen Y, Liu Y. Characterization of the Clostridium perfringens phage endolysin cpp-lys and its application on lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 405:110343. [PMID: 37523902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important foodborne pathogen that can have severe consequences, including mortality and economic losses. In this study, the gene encoding cpp-lys, an endolysin from the C. perfringens phage cpp has been cloned and overexpressed. The encoded protein was characterized, and then its efficacy in controlling C. perfringens on lettuce was evaluated. The endolysin cpp-lys presented lytic activity against seven strains of C. perfringens that produce different types of toxins. It maintained stability across a wide range of temperatures (4 °C - 50 °C), and demonstrated tolerance to varying pH levels (4-9). Storage of endolysin cpp-lys under room-temperature conditions (16 °C-25 °C) and cold-temperature conditions (4 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C) for 30 days did not affect its lytic activity. However, the lytic activity of cpp-lys decreased by 40 % and 18 % after storage for 30 d at 42 °C and 37 °C, respectively. The endolysin cpp-lys did not display cytotoxic activity against normal eukaryotic cells. The bacterial viability on lettuce was significantly lower in the group treated with endolysin cpp-lys than in the PBS group, and >4-log of C. perfringens J1 were removed within 15 min. Cpp-lys plus Zn2+ inhibited the activity of cpp-lys. The EDTA-treated cpp-lys significantly reduced the number of bacteria by up to 0.6-log CFU compared with the endolysin cpp-lys group. The findings of this study demonstrated that endolysin cpp-lys has potential applications in controlling C. perfringens in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Lulu Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Mengxuan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Ming Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Yibao Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China.
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China.
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Badilla-Vargas L, Pereira R, Molina-Mora JA, Alape-Girón A, Flores-Díaz M. Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C, an archetypal bacterial virulence factor, induces the formation of extracellular traps by human neutrophils. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1278718. [PMID: 37965263 PMCID: PMC10641792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1278718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of DNA and various microbicidal proteins released to kill invading microorganisms and prevent their dissemination. However, a NETs excess is detrimental to the host and involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and immunothrombotic diseases. Clostridium perfringens is a widely distributed pathogen associated with several animal and human diseases, that produces many exotoxins, including the phospholipase C (CpPLC), the main virulence factor in gas gangrene. During this disease, CpPLC generates the formation of neutrophil/platelet aggregates within the vasculature, favoring an anaerobic environment for C. perfringens growth. This work demonstrates that CpPLC induces NETosis in human neutrophils. Antibodies against CpPLC completely abrogate the NETosis-inducing activity of recombinant CpPLC and C. perfringens secretome. CpPLC induces suicidal NETosis through a mechanism that requires calcium release from inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3) sensitive stores, activation of protein kinase C (PKC), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) pathways, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Proteomic analysis of the C. perfringens secretome identified 40 proteins, including a DNAse and two 5´-nucleotidases homologous to virulence factors that could be relevant in evading NETs. We suggested that in gas gangrene this pathogen benefits from having access to the metabolic resources of the tissue injured by a dysregulated intravascular NETosis and then escapes and spreads to deeper tissues. Understanding the role of NETs in gas gangrene could help develop novel therapeutic strategies to reduce mortality, improve muscle regeneration, and prevent deleterious patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Badilla-Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Reynaldo Pereira
- Centro Nacional de alta Tecnología, Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE), San José, Costa Rica
| | - José Arturo Molina-Mora
- Centro de investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alberto Alape-Girón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marietta Flores-Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Daneshmand A, Sharma NK, Kheravii SK, Hall L, Wu SB. Buffered formic acid and a monoglyceride blend improve performance and modulate gut bacteria and immunity gene expression in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102978. [PMID: 37598553 PMCID: PMC10458320 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the removal of antibiotics from animal feed, alternatives have been sought to control necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers. The current study investigated the effects of buffered formic acid (Amasil NA) and monoglycerides of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (Balangut LS P) on the performance and gut health of broilers challenged with NE. A total of 816 as-hatched 1-d-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 8 replicates. Treatments were: T1) nonchallenged control; T2) NE challenged control; T3) Amasil NA (challenge plus Amasil NA, 0.3% throughout all phases); T4) Balangut LS P (challenge plus Balangut LS P, 0.5%, 0.3%, and 0.2% in the starter, grower and finisher phases, respectively; T5) Combined (challenge plus combination of T3 and T4); T6) Antibiotic (challenge plus Zn bacitracin, 0.05 % throughout all phases). Birds were orally gavaged with live Eimeria vaccine species (d 9) and with Clostridium perfringens (d 14 and 15). On d 16, birds were sampled to evaluate gut permeability, microbiota, and mRNA abundance in the jejunum. The data were analyzed in JMP software using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test to separate means, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-normally-distributed parameters. Results showed that Balangut LS P decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio compared to nonchallenged ones at the end of the study. Balangut LS P reduced (P < 0.05) the level of cecal Bacteriods compared to nonchallenged group, whereas Amasil NA shifted the levels of ileal Bifidobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillus towards nonchallenged control (P > 0.05). NE challenge upregulated (P < 0.001) the expression of IL-21R, zeta chain of T cell receptor (ZAP70), and dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) compared to nonchallenged birds, whereas Balangut LS P showed an intermediate (P > 0.05) expression pattern of these genes towards nonchallenged and antibiotic groups. In conclusion, combination of Balangut LS P and Amasil NA has the potential to be used as an additive to improve the performance and gut health of broiler chickens, especially under challenging conditions such as NE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daneshmand
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Nishchal K Sharma
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Leon Hall
- BASF Australia Ltd, 12/28 Freshwater Place, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia.
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Goo D, Gadde UD, Kim WK, Gay CG, Porta EW, Jones SW, Walker S, Lillehoj HS. Hyperimmune egg yolk antibodies developed against Clostridium perfringens antigens protect against necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102841. [PMID: 37480657 PMCID: PMC10393821 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a widespread infectious disease caused by Clostridium perfringens that inflicts major economic losses on the global poultry industry. Due to regulations on antibiotic use in poultry production, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies to mitigate the negative effects of NE. This paper presents a passive immunization technology that utilizes hyperimmune egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) specific to the major immunodominant antigens of C. perfringens. Egg yolk IgYs were generated by immunizing hens with 4 different recombinant C. perfringens antigens, and their protective effects against NE were evaluated in commercial broilers. Six different spray-dried egg powders were produced using recombinant C. perfringens antigens: α-toxin, NE B-like toxin (NetB; EB), elongation factor-Tu (ET), pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, a mixture of 4 antigens (EM-1), and a nonimmunized control (EC). The challenged groups were either provided with different egg powders at a 1% level or no egg powders (EN). The NE challenge model based on Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens dual infection was used. In Experiments 1 and 2, the EB and ET groups exhibited increased body weight gain (BWG; P < 0.01), decreased NE lesion scores (P < 0.001), and reduced serum NetB levels (P < 0.01) compared to the EN and EC groups. IgY against NetB significantly reduced Leghorn male hepatocellular cytotoxicity in an in vitro test (P < 0.01). In Experiment 3, the protective effect of the IgYs mixture (EM-2) against C. perfringens antigens (NetB and EFTu) and Eimeria antigens (elongation factor-1-alpha: EF1α and Eimeria profilin: 3-1E) was tested. The EM-2 group showed similar body weight, BWG, and feed intake from d 7 to 22 compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). On d 20, the EM-2 group showed comparable intestinal permeability, NE lesion scores, and jejunal NetB and collagen adhesion protein levels to the NC group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary mixture containing antibodies to NetB and EFTu provides protection against experimental NE in chickens through passive immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Goo
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - U D Gadde
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C G Gay
- Office of National Program-Animal Health, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - E W Porta
- Arkion Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA
| | - S W Jones
- Arkion Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA
| | - S Walker
- Arkion Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA
| | - H S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Ningsih N, Respati AN, Astuti D, Triswanto T, Purnamayanti L, Yano AA, Putra RP, Jayanegara A, Ratriyanto A, Irawan A. Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis to replace in-feed antibiotics of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis-challenged experiments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102923. [PMID: 37494807 PMCID: PMC10393822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) and coccidiosis are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in broiler chickens, contributing to large profitability losses. Bacillus subtilis is a promising direct-fed probiotic to counter various pathogens infection in broiler chickens. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of B. subtilis on broiler chickens performance. A total of 28 studies were selected according to a PRISMA checklist. Random-effect model and mixed-effect model of meta-analysis were fitted to estimate the overall effects of B. subtilis (BS) treatment compared to either the control group (CON) or NE-infected group (NEinf) as a baseline. Hedges' g effect size and its variance were used as estimators of standardized mean difference (SMD) calculation where the results were presented at a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the SMD. Overall, NEinf broiler chickens depressed (P < 0.01) body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and feed intake, and elevated (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Treatment with BS improved ADG and final BW of NEinf with no difference (P = 0.15) between BS and antibiotics (AB), indicating that they had comparable efficacy to treat NE in broiler chickens. BS supplemented to uninfected CON (BSS) improved (P < 0.01) final BW, ADG, and FCR. Compared to CON, BS, and AB failed to recover the FCR but these treatments decreased (P < 0.01) FCR when compared to the NEinf group with similar efficacy (P = 0.97). As expected, NEinf birds had a higher mortality rate (P < 0.01) and higher lesion score (P < 0.01) compared to CON, and treatment using AB and BS successfully decreased (P < 0.01) the mortality rate and lesion score. Compared to BS, AB was more effective to lower (P = 0.01) mortality rate, but comparable (P = 0.65) to minimize lesion score. To conclude, B. subtilis could be an effective natural additive to replace in-feed antibiotics in broiler chickens challenged with C. perfringens. However, the efficacy to reduce mortality rate was better with antibiotics treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niati Ningsih
- Department of Animal Science, Politeknik Negeri Jember, Jember 68101, Indonesia
| | - Adib Norma Respati
- Department of Animal Science, Politeknik Negeri Jember, Jember 68101, Indonesia
| | - Dian Astuti
- Agrotechnology Innovation Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55573, Indonesia
| | - T Triswanto
- Department of Feed Technology, PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia, Jakarta Utara 14350, Indonesia
| | - Lailatul Purnamayanti
- Animal Husbandry Study Program, Politeknik Selaparang Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 83653, Indonesia
| | | | - Reza Pratama Putra
- Animal Health Vocational Program, Jambi University, Muaro Jambi 36361, Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Agung Irawan
- Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Shah BR, Hakeem WA, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. Effect of synbiotic supplementation on production performance and severity of necrotic enteritis in broilers during an experimental necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102959. [PMID: 37619505 PMCID: PMC10470215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic during a necrotic enteritis (NE) infection, a total of 360 day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups in a 2 × 2 factorial setup: control, challenge, synbiotic (1 g/kg), and challenge + synbiotic, with 6 replicates. NE was induced by gavaging 1 × 104Eimeria maxima oocysts and 1 × 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens on d 14 (D14) and D19, 20, and 21, respectively. At D35, the NE challenge decreased the BW gain (P < 0.001) and increased feed conversion ratio (P = 0.03), whereas synbiotic supplementation decreased the feed intake (P = 0.04). At D21, NE challenge increased gut permeability (P < 0.001), decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the cecal tonsil (CT) (P = 0.02), increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.02), decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in the spleen (P = 0.04) and decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.02), whereas synbiotic supplementation increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P < 0.001) and decreased interferon (IFN)-γ expression in the jejunum (P = 0.07), however, synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased mid-gut lesion score (P < 0.001), increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT and decreased IgA production in bile (P < 0.001), compared to the control group. At D28, synbiotic supplementation decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT (P < 0.001), whereas synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased Tregs in CT (P < 0.001) and increased NO production in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to the control group. At D35, the NE challenge decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P = 0.03), decreased IgA production in bile (P = 0.02), decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.04), and decreased IL-10 (P = 0.009), IFN-γ (P = 0.03) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.02) expression in the jejunum, whereas synbiotic supplementation increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to control group. Synbiotic supplementation during the NE challenge decreased both IL-1β (P = 0.02) and IFN-γ (P = 0.001) expression in CT, compared to the control group. It can be concluded that synbiotic supplementation increases production performance by decreasing mid-gut lesions and enhancing protective immunity against NE, and efficiency of synbiotic could be improved by blending additional probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikas R Shah
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Walid A Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Li L, Lin Y, Agyekumwaa Addo K, Yu Y, Liao C. Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on the growth and virulence of Clostridium perfringens and its application on cooked pork. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113110. [PMID: 37689877 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the antibacterial action modes and virulence-inhibitory effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AITC against vegetative cells of Cp 13124 was 0.1 μL/mL, and the time-kill kinetics analysis revealed that AITC could significantly suppress the growth of Cp 13124. According to the results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, and UV absorbance substance detection, the cell membrane of Cp 13124 was damaged upon AITC treatment, causing a loss of integrity and the release of intracellular substances. Meanwhile, the fluorescence quenching experiment indicated the interaction of AIT-C with membrane proteins, which caused changes in the conformation of membrane proteins. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that AITC could induce apoptosis through oxidative stress. The formation of Cp 13124 biofilms was inhibited by AITC using the crystalline violet method, which was possibly related to the inhibition of sliding motility. Finally, low concentrations of AITC could be used as an antibacterial agent to inhibit the outgrowth of Cp 13124 in cooked pork, suggesting that AITC is a promising candidate for novel preservatives in the meat business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Li
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yilin Lin
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Keren Agyekumwaa Addo
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yigang Yu
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Caihu Liao
- Yingdong Food Science and Engineering Institute, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resourcesin Northern Guangdong, Shaoguan 512005, China.
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Maesaka E, Kukuminato S, Aonishi K, Koyama K, Koseki S. Antibacterial Effect of Melanoidins Derived From Xylose and Phenylalanine Against Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100140. [PMID: 37562514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoidins produced from the combination of D-xylose and L-phenylalanine have been reported to exhibit strong antibacterial effects. This study investigated the influence of environmental factors, such as temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45°C), pH (5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0), and water activity (aw: 0.99, 0.96, and 0.93), on the antibacterial effect of the melanoidins produced from the combination of D-xylose with L-phenylalanine against Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens in culture media. Furthermore, freeze-dried powdered melanoidin was used to determine the minimum concentration for growth inhibition, to compare the antibacterial effect of the melanoidin with conventional food preservatives. The liquid melanoidins significantly inhibited the growth of B. cereus (up to 4 log CFU/mL at the maximum) and C. perfringens (up to 6.5 log CFU/mL at the maximum) regardless of the incubation temperatures. However, the remarkable difference between the presence and absence of the melanoidins was demonstrated in the range of 20-35°C as 4 log-cycle lower in B. cereus and 2 log-cycle lower in C. perfringens than those without the melanoidins. The antibacterial effect of the melanoidin on B. cereus was not influenced by pH from 5.5 to 7.0, which exhibited 2-3 log-cycle lower viable counts than those without the melanoidin. Only one log-cycle difference between with and without the melanoidin was shown in C. perfringens growth under the pH range of 5.5-7.0. Although there was no significant difference in the growth of B. cereus between three aw conditions, the melanoidin exhibited a significant antibacterial effect at aw 0.99 demonstrating 4 log-cycle lower viable numbers than those without the melanoidin. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the melanoidin powder for B. cereus and C. perfringens was 7 mg/mL and 15 mg/mL, respectively, regardless of the kind of foods. Furthermore, the melanoidin exhibited comparable antibacterial effect on B. cereus and C. perfringens to potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate under the same concentration as the minimum inhibitory concentration of the melanoidin, demonstrating 2 log-cycle reduction during 3 days of incubation period at 25°C. The results presented here suggest that the xylose- and phenylalanine-based melanoidin demonstrates the possibility to be an alternative food preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Maesaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kukuminato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kazuho Aonishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kento Koyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Koseki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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Garrigues Q, Apper E, Rodiles A, Rovere N, Chastant S, Mila H. Composition and evolution of the gut microbiota of growing puppies is impacted by their birth weight. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14717. [PMID: 37679393 PMCID: PMC10484951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight puppies present an increased risk of neonatal mortality, morbidity, and some long-term health issues. Yet it has not been investigated if those alterations could be linked to the gut microbiota composition and evolution. 57 puppies were weighed at birth and rectal swabs were performed at 5 time points from birth to 28 days of age. Puppies were grouped into three groups based on their birth weight: low birth weight (LBW), normal birth weight (NBW) and high birth weight (HBW). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to highlight differences in the fecal microbiota. During the first three weeks, the relative abundance of facultative anaerobic bacteria such as E. coli, C. perfringens and Tyzzerella was higher in LBW feces, but they catch back with the other groups afterwards. HBW puppies showed higher abundances of Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides during the neonatal period, suggesting an earlier maturation of their microbiota. The results of this study suggest that birth weight impact the initial establishment of the gut microbiota in puppies. Innovative strategies would be desired to deal with altered gut microbiota in low birth weight puppies aiming to improve their survival and long term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Garrigues
- NeoCare, Reproduction, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | | | | | - Nicoletta Rovere
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Veterinary, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Sylvie Chastant
- NeoCare, Reproduction, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Hanna Mila
- NeoCare, Reproduction, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Keuler T, Wolf V, Lemke C, Voget R, Braune A, Gütschow M. Fluorogenic substrates and pre-column derivatization for monitoring the activity of bile salt hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106574. [PMID: 37163789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The bile acid pool has a profound impact on human health and disease. The intestinal microbiota initiates the metabolism of conjugated bile acids through a critical first step catalyzed by bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and provides unique contributions to the diversity of bile acids. There has been great interest in surveying BSH activity. We compared two substrates with either 2-(7-amino-4-methyl-coumarinyl)acetic acid or 7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin as fluorescent reporters of BSH activity. The BSH-catalyzed conversion of the natural substrate taurocholic acid was followed through an HPLC-based assay by applying 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole as scavenger for taurine, released in the enzymatic reaction. Hence, a new opportunity to monitor the activity of bile salt hydrolases was introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Keuler
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Valentina Wolf
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carina Lemke
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rabea Voget
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annett Braune
- Research Group Intestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Lührmann A, Palmini A, Hellmich J, Belik V, Zentek J, Vahjen W. Antimicrobial resistance- and pathogen patterns in the fecal microbiota of sows and their offspring in German commercial pig farms. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290554. [PMID: 37616234 PMCID: PMC10449214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing antibiotic use is one of the biggest challenges in pig farming, as antibiotics have been used for years to control typical problems such as newborn or post-weaning diarrhea. The pressure a one health approach has created on animal production regarding antimicrobial resistance is an opportunity to find other strategies against enterobacterial pathogens in suckling and weaned piglets. A farm-specific approach could have a good success due to the individual farm structures in Germany and other countries. In this study, non-metric multidimensional scaling, hierarchical clustering, and latent class analysis were used to determine the impact of antibiotic use on antibiotic resistance patterns and pathogen prevalence in 20 German pig farms. This may help to develop individualized health strategies. 802 fresh fecal samples were collected from sows and piglets from 20 piglet production and rearing farms at different production times (sows antepartum and postpartum, suckling piglets, weaned piglets). In addition, the use of antibiotics was recorded. DNA extracts were subjected to quantitative real-time qPCR with primers specific for antibiotic resistance genes (int1, sul1-3, dfrA1, mcr-1, blaCTX-M), and virulence factors of relevant bacteria (C. difficile, C. perfringens, Salmonella, Escherichia/Shigella/Hafnia, E. coli). Linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between different antibiotics and the major genes contributing to the clustering of observations for the different animal groups. Clustering revealed different farm clusters for sows, suckling piglets, and weaned piglets, with the most remarkable diversity in antibiotic use among weaned piglets. Amoxicillin, lincomycin, and enrofloxacin were identified as the most probable cause of increased odds of the presence of relevant antibiotic resistance genes (mcr1, dfrA1, blaCTX-M). Still, direct effects of a specific antibiotic on its associated resistance gene were rare. Enrofloxacin and florfenicol favored the occurrence of C. difficile in sows. The E. coli fimbriae genes were less affected by antibiotic use in sows and piglets, but the F4 fimbriae gene could be associated with the integrase 1 gene in piglets. The results confirm that multidrug-resistant enterobacteria are widespread in German pig farms and give awareness of the impact of current antibiotic use while searching for alternative health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lührmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Palmini
- System Modeling Group, Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justinus Hellmich
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vitaly Belik
- System Modeling Group, Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mao X, Dou Y, Fan X, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Wang J, Wang H, Wang Q. The effect of dietary Yucca schidigera extract supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, and gut health in laying hens with Clostridium perfringens and coccidia challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102822. [PMID: 37321033 PMCID: PMC10404776 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) is a green feed additive that is known to reduce toxic gas emissions and promote intestinal health in animal production. This study investigated the potential of dietary YSE supplementation to mitigate the negative effect of Clostridium perfringens and coccidia infection on productive performance and gut health in laying hens. A total of 48 Lohmann gray laying hens (35 wk of age) were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 groups (n = 24) fed with either a basal diet or a YSE-supplemented diet for 45 d. From d 36 to 45, half of the hens in each group were orally administrated with Clostridium perfringens type A and coccidia. This challenge impaired productive performance and egg quality (P < 0.05), destroyed jejunal morphology and functions (P < 0.05), induced jejunal epithelial cell apoptosis (P < 0.05), and downregulated the antioxidant capacity and Nrf2 pathway expression of jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05) in laying hens. Supplementing YSE in the laying hen diet, to some extents, improved productive performance and egg quality (P < 0.05), and alleviated the effect of challenge on morphology, functions, cell apoptosis, and antioxidant capacity in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Overall, the results suggested that dietary YSE supplementation might mitigate the negative effects of Clostridium perfringens and coccidia infection on gut health, and thereby improve the productive performance and egg quality of laying hens, possibly through enhancing the antioxidant capacity of the jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yisong Dou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Fan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Quyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
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Manjunatha V, Nixon JE, Mathis GF, Lumpkins BS, Güzel-Seydim ZB, Seydim AC, Greene AK, Jiang X. Nigella sativa as an antibiotic alternative to promote growth and enhance health of broilers challenged with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102831. [PMID: 37356299 PMCID: PMC10404756 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry has significant coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) challenges, leading to high mortality and unacceptable growth without antibiotic treatment. This research explored supplementing Nigella sativa (black cumin) seed oil in poultry feed to mitigate coccidiosis and prevent or lessen NE in broilers. In vivo studies consisted of 384 and 320 Cobb 500 male broiler chicks distributed in a randomized complete block experimental design for trials 1 and 2, respectively. The first trial compared 3 concentrations (1, 2, and 5 mL/kg) of black cumin seed oil (BCSO), and trial 2 compared 2 concentrations (2 and 5 mL/kg) BCSO, with birds challenged with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens (Cp) strains Cp#6 and Cp#4, respectively. Broiler live performance, NE disease outcomes, and Cp populations were measured for both trials. A commercially available BCSO oil product, determined in a preliminary in vitro study to have the highest anti-Cp activity, was selected for in vivo studies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated the major bioactive compounds p-cymene, thymoquinone, carvacrol, and thymol were present in the BCSO. In trial 1 with strain Cp#6, BCSO concentrations of 2 and 5 mL/kg reduced NE lesion score and mortality rate to 1.6% compared with 7.8% for positive control, with no adverse impact on live performance. In trial 2 with strain Cp#4, BCSO reduced NE lesion scores and mortality rate to 35.9% compared with 51.6% for positive control and also improved weight gain when there was a Cp infection in broiler chickens. The current study compared NE in broilers challenged with 2 different Cp strains producing different levels of NE. Following Cp infection, both the population of vegetative cells and spores of Cp in cecal contents decreased for all treatments in trial 2. In conclusion, BCSO at concentrations of 2 and 5 mL/kg enhanced broiler live performance and alleviated NE and has potential as a natural, non-medication antimicrobial nutritional supplement for use as a feed additive in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Manjunatha
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Julian E Nixon
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Greg F Mathis
- Southern Poultry Feed & Research, Athens, GA 30607, USA
| | | | - Zeynep B Güzel-Seydim
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; Department of Food Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 32260, Turkey
| | - Atif C Seydim
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; Department of Food Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 32260, Turkey
| | - Annel K Greene
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA.
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Titball RW, Lewis N, Nicholas R. Is Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin associated with multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2023; 29:1057-1063. [PMID: 37480283 PMCID: PMC10413780 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231186899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is associated with enterotoxaemia in livestock. More recently, it is proposed to play a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. Compared to matched controls, strains of C. perfringens which produce epsilon toxin are significantly more likely to be isolated from the gut of MS patients and at significantly higher levels; similarly, sera from MS patients are significantly more likely to contain antibodies to epsilon toxin. Epsilon toxin recognises the myelin and lymphocyte (MAL) protein receptor, damaging the blood-brain barrier and brain cells expressing MAL. In the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of MS, the toxin enables infiltration of immune cells into the central nervous system, inducing an MS-like disease. These studies provide evidence that epsilon toxin plays a role in MS, but do not yet fulfil Koch's postulates in proving a causal role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Nicholas
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Wan W, Li Y, Wang J, Jin Z, Xin W, Kang L, Wang J, Li X, Cao Y, Yang H, Wang J, Gao S. PLGA Nanoparticle-Based Dissolving Microneedle Vaccine of Clostridium perfringens ε Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:461. [PMID: 37505730 PMCID: PMC10467084 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (ETX) is an exotoxin produced by type B and D Clostridium perfringens that causes enterotoxemia or necrotic enteritis in animals such as goats, sheep, and cattle. Vaccination is a key method in preventing such diseases. In this study, we developed a new type of dissolving microneedle patch (dMN) with a nanoparticle adjuvant for enhanced immune response to deliver the rETXY196E-C protein vaccine. We chose FDA-approved poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to prepare nanospheres as the vaccine adjuvant and introduced dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB) to make the surface of PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) positively charged for antigen adsorption. PLGA NPs with a diameter of 100~200 nm, a surface ZETA potential of approximately +40 mV, and good safety were successfully prepared and could effectively adsorb rETXY196E-C protein. Using non-toxic and antibacterial fish gelatin as the microneedle (MN) matrix, we prepared a PLGA-DDAB dMN vaccine with good mechanical properties that successfully penetrated the skin. After immunization of subcutaneous (SC) and dMN, antibody titers of the PLGA and Al adjuvant groups were similar in both two immune ways. However, in vivo neutralization experiments showed that the dMN vaccines had a better protective effect. When challenged with 100 × LD50 GST-ETX, the survival rate of the MN group was 100%, while that of the SC Al group was 80%. However, a 100% protective effect was achieved in both immunization methods using PLGA NPs. In vitro neutralization experiments showed that the serum antibodies from the dMN and SC PLGA NPs groups both protect naive mice from 10 × LD50 GST-ETX attack after being diluted 20 times and could also protect MDCK cells from 20 × CT50 GST-ETX attack. In conclusion, the PLGA-DDAB dMN vaccine we prepared has good mechanical properties, immunogenicity, and protection, and can effectively prevent ETX poisoning. This provides a better way of delivering protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhiying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Junhong Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yakun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Beijing Noninvasion Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101111, China;
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Z.J.); (W.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
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Li J, Pradhan A, McClane BA. NanJ Is the Major Sialidase for Clostridium perfringens Type F Food Poisoning Strain 01E809. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0005323. [PMID: 37212696 PMCID: PMC10269042 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type F strains cause food poisoning (FP) when they sporulate and produce C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) in the intestines. Most type F FP strains carry a chromosomal cpe gene (c-cpe strains). C. perfringens produces up to three different sialidases, named NanH, NanI, and NanJ, but some c-cpe FP strains carry only nanJ and nanH genes. This study surveyed a collection of such strains and showed that they produce sialidase activity when cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth (TH) (vegetative cultures) or modified Duncan-Strong (MDS) medium (sporulating cultures). Sialidase null mutants were constructed in 01E809, a type F c-cpe FP strain carrying the nanJ and nanH genes. Characterization of those mutants identified NanJ as the major sialidase of 01E809 and showed that, in vegetative and sporulating cultures, nanH expression affects nanJ expression and vice versa; those regulatory effects may involve media-dependent changes in transcription of the codY or ccpA genes but not nanR. Additional characterization of these mutants demonstrated the following: (i) NanJ contributions to growth and vegetative cell survival are media dependent, with this sialidase increasing 01E809 growth in MDS but not TH; (ii) NanJ enhances 24-h vegetative cell viability in both TH and MDS cultures; and (iii) NanJ is important for 01E809 sporulation and, together with NanH, CPE production in MDS cultures. Lastly, NanJ was shown to increase CPE-induced cytotoxicity and CH-1 pore formation in Caco-2 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that NanJ may have a contributory role in FP caused by type F c-cpe strains that carry the nanH and nanJ genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arhat Pradhan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce A. McClane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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