1
|
Wang H, Ke X, Jia R, Huang L, Liu Z, Zheng Y. Gibberellic acid overproduction in Fusarium fujikuroi using regulatory modification and transcription analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3071-3084. [PMID: 37014394 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3), one of the natural diterpenoids produced by Fusarium fujikuroi, serves as an important phytohormone in agriculture for promoting plant growth. Presently, the metabolic engineering strategies for increasing the production of GA3 are progressing slowly, which seriously restricted the advancing of the cost-effective industrial production of GA3. In this study, an industrial strain with high-yield GA3 of F. fujikuroi was constructed by metabolic modification, coupling with transcriptome analysis and promoter engineering. The over-expression of AreA and Lae1, two positive factors in the regulatory network, generated an initial producing strain with GA3 production of 2.78 g L-1. Compared with a large abundance of transcript enrichments in the GA3 synthetic gene cluster discovered by the comparative transcriptome analysis, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 (Ggs2), and cytochrome P450-3 genes, two key genes that respectively participated in the initial and final step of biosynthesis, were identified to be downregulated when the highest GA3 productivity was obtained. Employing with a nitrogen-responsive bidirectional promoter, the two rate-limiting genes were dynamically upregulated, and therefore, the production of GA3 was increased to 3.02 g L-1. Furthermore, the top 20 upregulated genes were characterized in GA3 over-production, and their distributions in chromosomes suggested potential genomic regions with a high transcriptional level for further strain development. The construction of a GA3 high-yield-producing strain was successfully achieved, and insights into the enriched functional transcripts provided novel strain development targets of F. fujikuroi, offering an efficient microbial development platform for industrial GA3 production. KEY POINTS: • Global regulatory modification was achieved in F. fujikuroi for GA3 overproduction. • Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed bottlenecks in GA specific-pathway. • A dynamically nitrogen-regulated bidirectional promoter was cloned and employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Ke
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jia
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianggang Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Keswani C, Singh SP, García-Estrada C, Mezaache-Aichour S, Glare TR, Borriss R, Rajput VD, Minkina TM, Ortiz A, Sansinenea E. Biosynthesis and beneficial effects of microbial gibberellins on crops for sustainable agriculture. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1597-1615. [PMID: 34724298 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbes promote plant growth through several mechanisms such as secretion of chemical compounds including plant growth hormones. Among the phytohormones, auxins, ethylene, cytokinins, abscisic acid and gibberellins are the best understood compounds. Gibberellins were first isolated in 1935 from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and are synthesized by several soil microbes. The effect of gibberellins on plant growth and development has been studied, as has the biosynthesis pathways, enzymes, genes and their regulation. This review revisits the history of gibberellin research highlighting microbial gibberellins and their effects on plant health with an emphasis on the early discoveries and current advances that can find vital applications in agricultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Keswani
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Satyendra P Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Travis R Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana M Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, Puebla, México
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kerfahi D, Ogwu MC, Ariunzaya D, Balt A, Davaasuren D, Enkhmandal O, Purevsuren T, Batbaatar A, Tibbett M, Undrakhbold S, Boldgiv B, Adams JM. Metal-Tolerant Fungal Communities Are Delineated by High Zinc, Lead, and Copper Concentrations in Metalliferous Gobi Desert Soils. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:420-431. [PMID: 31273405 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The soil fungal ecology of the southern Gobi region of Mongolia has been little studied. We utilized the ITS1 region from soil DNA to study possible influences soil metal concentrations on soil fungal community variation. In the sample network, a distinctive fungal community was closely associated with high zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) concentrations. The pattern of occurrence suggests that high metal concentrations are natural and not a product of mining activities. The metal-associated fungal community differs little from the "normal" community in its major OTUs, and in terms of major fungal guilds and taxa, and its distinctiveness depends on a combination of many less common OTUs. The fungal community in the sites with high metal concentrations is no less diverse than that in areas with normal background levels. Overall, these findings raise interesting questions of the evolutionary origin and functional characteristics of this apparently "metal-tolerant" community, and of the associated soil biota in general. It is possible that rehabilitation of metal-contaminated mined soils from spoil heaps could benefit from the incorporation of fungi derived from these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Kerfahi
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew Chidozie Ogwu
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Marche - Floristic Research Center of the Apennines, Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, San Colombo, Barisciano, 67021, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Dagvatseren Ariunzaya
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
| | - Altantsetseg Balt
- Environmental Department, Oyu Tolgoi LLC, Oyu Tolgoi Site, Khanbogd, South Gobi Province, Mongolia
| | - Dulamsuren Davaasuren
- Environmental Department, Oyu Tolgoi LLC, Oyu Tolgoi Site, Khanbogd, South Gobi Province, Mongolia
| | - Orsoo Enkhmandal
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
| | - Tsolmonjav Purevsuren
- Environmental Department, Oyu Tolgoi LLC, Oyu Tolgoi Site, Khanbogd, South Gobi Province, Mongolia
| | - Amgaa Batbaatar
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mark Tibbett
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Sainbileg Undrakhbold
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
| | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia.
| | - Jonathan M Adams
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hernandez-Escribano L, Visser EA, Iturritxa E, Raposo R, Naidoo S. The transcriptome of Pinus pinaster under Fusarium circinatum challenge. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:28. [PMID: 31914917 PMCID: PMC6950806 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker disease, poses a serious threat to several Pinus species affecting plantations and nurseries. Although Pinus pinaster has shown moderate resistance to F. circinatum, the molecular mechanisms of defense in this host are still unknown. Phytohormones produced by the plant and by the pathogen are known to play a crucial role in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of phytohormones in F. circinatum virulence, that compromise host resistance. RESULTS A high quality P. pinaster de novo transcriptome assembly was generated, represented by 24,375 sequences from which 17,593 were full length genes, and utilized to determine the expression profiles of both organisms during the infection process at 3, 5 and 10 days post-inoculation using a dual RNA-sequencing approach. The moderate resistance shown by Pinus pinaster at the early time points may be explained by the expression profiles pertaining to early recognition of the pathogen, the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins and the activation of complex phytohormone signaling pathways that involves crosstalk between salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene and possibly auxins. Moreover, the expression of F. circinatum genes related to hormone biosynthesis suggests manipulation of the host phytohormone balance to its own benefit. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize three key steps of host manipulation: perturbing ethylene homeostasis by fungal expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis, blocking jasmonic acid signaling by coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) suppression, and preventing salicylic acid biosynthesis from the chorismate pathway by the synthesis of isochorismatase family hydrolase (ICSH) genes. These results warrant further testing in F. circinatum mutants to confirm the mechanism behind perturbing host phytohormone homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hernandez-Escribano
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erik A Visser
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eugenia Iturritxa
- NEIKER, Granja Modelo de Arkaute, Apdo 46, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rosa Raposo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Gestión Forestal Sostenible (iuFOR), Universidad de Valladolid/INIA, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sultana S, Kitajima M, Kobayashi H, Nakagawa H, Shimizu M, Kageyama K, Suga H. A Natural Variation of Fumonisin Gene Cluster Associated with Fumonisin Production Difference in Fusarium fujikuroi. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040200. [PMID: 30987138 PMCID: PMC6521250 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi, a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, stands out as a rice bakanae disease pathogen with a high production of gibberellic acid. Not all, but some F. fujikuroi strains are known to produce a carcinogenic mycotoxin fumonisin. Fumonisin biosynthesis is dependent on the FUM cluster composed of 16 FUM genes. The FUM cluster was detected not only from a fumonisin producing strain, but also from a fumonisin nonproducing strain that does not produce a detectable level of fumonisin. Genetic mapping indicated the causative mutation(s) of fumonisin nonproduction is present in the FUM cluster of the fumonisin nonproducing strain. Comparative analyses of FUM genes between the fumonisin producing and the nonproducing strains and gene complementation indicated that causative mutation of fumonisin nonproduction is not a single occurrence and the mutations are distributed in FUM21 and FUM7. Our research revealed a natural variation in the FUM cluster involving fumonisin production difference in F. fujikuroi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Miha Kitajima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- Faculty of National Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Koji Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Haruhisa Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Li S. Expansion of chemical space for natural products by uncommon P450 reactions. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1061-1089. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on unusual P450 reactions related to new chemistry, skeleton construction, structure re-shaping, and protein–protein interactions in natural product biosynthesis, which play significant roles in chemical space expansion for natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Narita K, Chiba R, Minami A, Kodama M, Fujii I, Gomi K, Oikawa H. Multiple Oxidative Modifications in the Ophiobolin Biosynthesis: P450 Oxidations Found in Genome Mining. Org Lett 2016; 18:1980-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Narita
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryota Chiba
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minami
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Motoichiro Kodama
- The
United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Isao Fujii
- School
of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lysøe E, Harris LJ, Walkowiak S, Subramaniam R, Divon HH, Riiser ES, Llorens C, Gabaldón T, Kistler HC, Jonkers W, Kolseth AK, Nielsen KF, Thrane U, Frandsen RJN. The genome of the generalist plant pathogen Fusarium avenaceum is enriched with genes involved in redox, signaling and secondary metabolism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112703. [PMID: 25409087 PMCID: PMC4237347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium avenaceum is a fungus commonly isolated from soil and associated with a wide range of host plants. We present here three genome sequences of F. avenaceum, one isolated from barley in Finland and two from spring and winter wheat in Canada. The sizes of the three genomes range from 41.6–43.1 MB, with 13217–13445 predicted protein-coding genes. Whole-genome analysis showed that the three genomes are highly syntenic, and share>95% gene orthologs. Comparative analysis to other sequenced Fusaria shows that F. avenaceum has a very large potential for producing secondary metabolites, with between 75 and 80 key enzymes belonging to the polyketide, non-ribosomal peptide, terpene, alkaloid and indole-diterpene synthase classes. In addition to known metabolites from F. avenaceum, fuscofusarin and JM-47 were detected for the first time in this species. Many protein families are expanded in F. avenaceum, such as transcription factors, and proteins involved in redox reactions and signal transduction, suggesting evolutionary adaptation to a diverse and cosmopolitan ecology. We found that 20% of all predicted proteins were considered to be secreted, supporting a life in the extracellular space during interaction with plant hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lysøe
- Department of Plant Health and Plant Protection, Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Linda J. Harris
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sean Walkowiak
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hege H. Divon
- Section of Mycology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even S. Riiser
- Department of Plant Health and Plant Protection, Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H. Corby Kistler
- ARS-USDA, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wilfried Jonkers
- ARS-USDA, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anna-Karin Kolseth
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristian F. Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulf Thrane
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gong T, Shu D, Yang J, Ding ZT, Tan H. Sequencing and transcriptional analysis of the biosynthesis gene cluster of abscisic acid-producing Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17396-410. [PMID: 25268614 PMCID: PMC4227169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a model species with great importance as a pathogen of plants and has become used for biotechnological production of ABA. The ABA cluster of B. cinerea is composed of an open reading frame without significant similarities (bcaba3), followed by the genes (bcaba1 and bcaba2) encoding P450 monooxygenases and a gene probably coding for a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (bcaba4). In B. cinerea ATCC58025, targeted inactivation of the genes in the cluster suggested at least three genes responsible for the hydroxylation at carbon atom C-1' and C-4' or oxidation at C-4' of ABA. Our group has identified an ABA-overproducing strain, B. cinerea TB-3-H8. To differentiate TB-3-H8 from other B. cinerea strains with the functional ABA cluster, the DNA sequence of the 12.11-kb region containing the cluster of B. cinerea TB-3-H8 was determined. Full-length cDNAs were also isolated for bcaba1, bcaba2, bcaba3 and bcaba4 from B. cinerea TB-3-H8. Sequence comparison of the four genes and their flanking regions respectively derived from B. cinerea TB-3-H8, B05.10 and T4 revealed that major variations were located in intergenic sequences. In B. cinerea TB-3-H8, the expression profiles of the four function genes under ABA high-yield conditions were also analyzed by real-time PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Citron CA, Brock NL, Tudzynski B, Dickschat JS. Labelling studies on the biosynthesis of terpenes in Fusarium fujikuroi. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5224-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Studt L, Troncoso C, Gong F, Hedden P, Toomajian C, Leslie JF, Humpf HU, Rojas MC, Tudzynski B. Segregation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in hybrids of Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium proliferatum. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:567-77. [PMID: 22626844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium proliferatum are two phylogenetically closely related species of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFC). In some cases, strains of these species can cross and produce a few ascospores. In this study, we analyzed 26 single ascospore isolates of an interspecific cross between F. fujikuroi C1995 and F. proliferatum D4854 for their ability to produce four secondary metabolites: gibberellins (GAs), the mycotoxins fusarin C and fumonisin B(1), and a family of red polyketides, the fusarubins. Both parental strains contain the biosynthetic genes for all four metabolites, but differ in their ability to produce these metabolites under certain conditions. F. fujikuroi C1995 produces GAs and fusarins, while F. proliferatum D4854 produces fumonisins and fusarubins. The segregation amongst the progeny of these traits is not the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio. Only eight, six, three and three progeny, respectively, produce GAs, fusarins, fumonisin B(1) and fusarubins in amounts similar to those synthesized by the producing parental strain. Beside the eight highly GA(3)-producing progeny, some of the progeny produce small amounts of GAs, predominantly GA(1), although these strains contain the GA gene cluster of the non-GA-producing F. proliferatum parental strain. Some progeny had recombinant secondary metabolite profiles under the conditions examined indicating that interspecific crosses can yield secondary metabolite production profiles that are atypical of the parent species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Studt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Biosynthesis of fusarubins accounts for pigmentation of Fusarium fujikuroi perithecia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4468-80. [PMID: 22492438 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00823-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi produces a variety of secondary metabolites, of which polyketides form the most diverse group. Among these are the highly pigmented naphthoquinones, which have been shown to possess different functional properties for the fungus. A group of naphthoquinones, polyketides related to fusarubin, were identified in Fusarium spp. more than 60 years ago, but neither the genes responsible for their formation nor their biological function has been discovered to date. In addition, although it is known that the sexual fruiting bodies in which the progeny of the fungus develops are darkly colored by a polyketide synthase (PKS)-derived pigment, the structure of this pigment has never been elucidated. Here we present data that link the fusarubin-type polyketides to a defined gene cluster, which we designate fsr, and demonstrate that the fusarubins are the pigments responsible for the coloration of the perithecia. We studied their regulation and the function of the single genes within the cluster by a combination of gene replacements and overexpression of the PKS-encoding gene, and we present a model for the biosynthetic pathway of the fusarubins based on these data.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsavkelova E, Oeser B, Oren-Young L, Israeli M, Sasson Y, Tudzynski B, Sharon A. Identification and functional characterization of indole-3-acetamide-mediated IAA biosynthesis in plant-associated Fusarium species. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 49:48-57. [PMID: 22079545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) can be synthesized from tryptophan via the intermediate indole-3-acetamide (IAM). The two genes, IaaM (encoding tryptophan monooxygenase) and IaaH (encoding indole-3-acetamide hydrolase) that constitute the IAM pathway have been described in plant-associated bacteria. We have identified putative homologs of the bacterial IaaM and IaaH genes in four Fusarium species -Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium fujikuroi, and Fusarium oxysporum. In all four species the two genes are organized next to each other in a head to head orientation and are separated by a short non-coding region. However, the pathway is fully functional only in the orchid endophytic strain F. proliferatum ET1, which produces significant amounts of IAM and IAA. Minor amounts of IAM are produced by the corn pathogen F. verticillioides strain 149, while in the two other species, the rice pathogen F. fujikuroi strain m567 and the tomato pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici strain 42-87 the IAM pathway is inactive. Deletion of the entire gene locus in F. proliferatum ET1 resulted in drastic reduction of IAA production. Conversely, transgenic strains of F. fujikuroi over-expressing the F. proliferatum IAM genes produced elevated levels of both IAM and IAA. Analysis of the intergenic promoter region in F. proliferatum showed that transcriptional activation in direction of the IaaH gene is about 3-fold stronger than in direction of the IaaM gene. The regulation of the IAM genes and the limiting factors of IAA production via the IAM pathway are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tsavkelova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cardoza RE, Malmierca MG, Hermosa MR, Alexander NJ, McCormick SP, Proctor RH, Tijerino AM, Rumbero A, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Identification of loci and functional characterization of trichothecene biosynthesis genes in filamentous fungi of the genus Trichoderma. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4867-77. [PMID: 21642405 PMCID: PMC3147405 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00595-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by Trichoderma, Fusarium, and at least four other genera in the fungal order Hypocreales. Fusarium has a trichothecene biosynthetic gene (TRI) cluster that encodes transport and regulatory proteins as well as most enzymes required for the formation of the mycotoxins. However, little is known about trichothecene biosynthesis in the other genera. Here, we identify and characterize TRI gene orthologues (tri) in Trichoderma arundinaceum and Trichoderma brevicompactum. Our results indicate that both Trichoderma species have a tri cluster that consists of orthologues of seven genes present in the Fusarium TRI cluster. Organization of genes in the cluster is the same in the two Trichoderma species but differs from the organization in Fusarium. Sequence and functional analysis revealed that the gene (tri5) responsible for the first committed step in trichothecene biosynthesis is located outside the cluster in both Trichoderma species rather than inside the cluster as it is in Fusarium. Heterologous expression analysis revealed that two T. arundinaceum cluster genes (tri4 and tri11) differ in function from their Fusarium orthologues. The Tatri4-encoded enzyme catalyzes only three of the four oxygenation reactions catalyzed by the orthologous enzyme in Fusarium. The Tatri11-encoded enzyme catalyzes a completely different reaction (trichothecene C-4 hydroxylation) than the Fusarium orthologue (trichothecene C-15 hydroxylation). The results of this study indicate that although some characteristics of the tri/TRI cluster have been conserved during evolution of Trichoderma and Fusarium, the cluster has undergone marked changes, including gene loss and/or gain, gene rearrangement, and divergence of gene function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - M. G. Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - M. R. Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - N. J. Alexander
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - S. P. McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - R. H. Proctor
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - A. M. Tijerino
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - A. Rumbero
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Autonomous University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - S. Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Troncoso C, González X, Bömke C, Tudzynski B, Gong F, Hedden P, Rojas MC. Gibberellin biosynthesis and gibberellin oxidase activities in Fusarium sacchari, Fusarium konzum and Fusarium subglutinans strains. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1322-1331. [PMID: 20570295 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several isolates of three Fusarium species associated with the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex were characterized for their ability to synthesize gibberellins (GAs): Fusarium sacchari (mating population B), Fusarium konzum (mating population I) and Fusarium subglutinans (mating population E). Of these, F. sacchari is phylogenetically related to Fusarium fujikuroi and is grouped in the Asian clade of the complex, while F. konzum and F. subglutinans are only distantly related to Fusarium fujikuroi and belong to the American clade. Variability was found between the different F. sacchari strains tested. Five isolates (B-12756; B-1732, B-7610, B-1721 and B-1797) were active in GA biosynthesis and accumulated GA(3) in the culture fluid (2.76-28.4 microg/mL), while two others (B-3828 and B-1725) were inactive. GA(3) levels in strain B-12756 increased by 2.9 times upon complementation with ggs2 and cps-ks genes from F. fujikuroi. Of six F. konzum isolates tested, three (I-10653; I-11616; I-11893) synthesized GAs, mainly GA(1), at a low level (less than 0.1 microg/mL). Non-producing F. konzum strains contained no GA oxidase activities as found for the two F. subglutinans strains tested. These results indicate that the ability to produce GAs is present in other species of the G. fujikuroi complex beside F. fujikuroi, but might differ significantly in different isolates of the same species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Bioorgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gertler C, Näther DJ, Gerdts G, Malpass MC, Golyshin PN. A mesocosm study of the changes in marine flagellate and ciliate communities in a crude oil bioremediation trial. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2010; 60:180-91. [PMID: 20393846 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan grazers play an important role in controlling the density of crude-oil degrading marine communities as has been evidenced in a number of microcosm experiments. However, small bioreactors contain a low initial titre of protozoa and the growth of hydrocarbon-depleting bacteria is accompanied by the fast depletion of mineral nutrients and oxygen, which makes microcosms rather unsuitable for simulating the sequence of events after the oil spill in natural seawater environment. In the present study, the population dynamics of marine protozoan community have been analysed in a 500 l mesocosm experiment involving bioaugmented oil booms that contained oil sorbents and slow-release fertilisers. A significant increase in numbers of marine flagellates and ciliates on biofilms of oil-degrading microbes was microscopically observed as early as 8 days after the start of the experiment, when protozoa exhibited a population density peak making up to 3,000 cells ml(-1). Further, the protozoan density varied throughout the experiment, but never dropped below 80 cells ml(-1). An 18S rRNA gene-based fingerprinting analysis revealed several changes within the eukaryotic community over the whole course of the experiment. Initial growth of flagellates and small ciliates was followed by a predominance of larger protozoa. According to microscopic observations and SSU rRNA molecular analyses, most predominant were the ciliates belonging to Euplotidae and Scuticociliatia. This is the first study to characterise the eukaryotic communities specifically in a large-scale oil bioremediation trial using both microscopy-based and several molecular techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gertler
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor Gwynedd, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bömke C, Tudzynski B. Diversity, regulation, and evolution of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in fungi compared to plants and bacteria. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1876-93. [PMID: 19560174 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are diterpene plant hormones that are biosynthesized through complex pathways and control diverse aspects of growth and development. GAs were first isolated as metabolites of a fungal rice pathogen, Gibberella fujikuroi, since renamed Fusarium fujikuroi. Although higher plants and the fungus produce structurally identical GAs, significant differences in their GA pathways, enzymes involved and gene regulation became apparent with the identification of GA biosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and F. fujikuroi. Recent identifications of GA biosynthetic gene clusters in two other fungi, Phaeosphaeria spp. and Sphaceloma manihoticola, and the high conservation of GA cluster organization in these distantly related fungal species indicate that fungi evolved GA and other diterpene biosynthetic pathways independently from plants. Furthermore, the occurrence of GAs and recent identification of the first GA biosynthetic genes in the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum make it possible to study evolution of GA pathways in general. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the GA biosynthesis pathway, specifically the genes and enzymes involved as well as gene regulation and localization in the genomes of different fungi and compare it with that in higher and lower plants and bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Bömke
- Institut für Botanik der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Young CA, Tapper BA, May K, Moon CD, Schardl CL, Scott B. Indole-diterpene biosynthetic capability of epichloë endophytes as predicted by ltm gene analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2200-11. [PMID: 19181837 PMCID: PMC2663189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00953-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprotective alkaloids produced by Epichloë and closely related asexual Neotyphodium fungal endophytes protect their grass hosts from insect and mammalian herbivory. One class of these compounds, known for antimammalian toxicity, is the indole-diterpenes. The LTM locus of Neotyphodium lolii (Lp19) and Epichloë festuce (Fl1), required for the biosynthesis of the indole-diterpene lolitrem, consists of 10 ltm genes. We have used PCR and Southern analysis to screen a broad taxonomic range of 44 endophyte isolates to determine why indole-diterpenes are present in so few endophyte-grass associations in comparison to that of the other bioprotective alkaloids, which are more widespread among the endophtyes. All 10 ltm genes were present in only three epichloë endophytes. A predominance of the asexual Neotyphodium spp. examined contained 8 of the 10 ltm genes, with only one N. lolii containing the entire LTM locus and the ability to produce lolitrems. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiles of indole-diterpenes from a subset of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass showed that endophytes that contained functional genes present in ltm clusters 1 and 2 were capable of producing simple indole-diterpenes such as paspaline, 13-desoxypaxilline, and terpendoles, compounds predicted to be precursors of lolitrem B. Analysis of toxin biosynthesis genes by PCR now enables a diagnostic method to screen endophytes for both beneficial and detrimental alkaloids and can be used as a resource for screening isolates required for forage improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Young
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Loss of gibberellin production in Fusarium verticillioides (Gibberella fujikuroi MP-A) is due to a deletion in the gibberellic acid gene cluster. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:7790-801. [PMID: 18952870 PMCID: PMC2607190 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01819-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides (Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A [MP-A]) is a widespread pathogen on maize and is well-known for producing fumonisins, mycotoxins that cause severe disease in animals and humans. The species is a member of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, which consists of at least 11 different biological species, termed MP-A to -K. All members of this species complex are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites. The production of gibberellins (GAs), a group of diterpenoid plant hormones, is mainly restricted to Fusarium fujikuroi (G. fujikuroi MP-C) and Fusarium konzum (MP-I), although most members of the G. fujikuroi species complex contain the GA biosynthesis gene cluster or parts of it. In this work, we show that the inability to produce GAs in F. verticillioides (MP-A) is due to the loss of a majority of the GA gene cluster as found in F. fujikuroi. The remaining part of the cluster consists of the full-length F. verticillioides des gene (Fvdes), encoding the GA(4) desaturase, and the coding region of FvP450-4, encoding the ent-kaurene oxidase. Both genes share a high degree of sequence identity with the corresponding genes of F. fujikuroi. The GA production capacity of F. verticillioides was restored by transforming a cosmid with the entire GA gene cluster from F. fujikuroi, indicating the existence of an active regulation system in F. verticillioides. Furthermore, the GA(4) desaturase gene des from F. verticillioides encodes an active enzyme which was able to restore the GA production in a corresponding des deletion mutant of F. fujikuroi.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tsavkelova EA, Bömke C, Netrusov AI, Weiner J, Tudzynski B. Production of gibberellic acids by an orchid-associated Fusarium proliferatum strain. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1393-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Saikia S, Parker EJ, Koulman A, Scott B. Defining paxilline biosynthesis in Penicillium paxilli: functional characterization of two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16829-37. [PMID: 17428785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701626200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole diterpenes are a large, structurally and functionally diverse group of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. Biosynthetic schemes have been proposed for these metabolites but until recently none of the proposed steps had been validated by biochemical or genetic studies. Using Penicillium paxilli as a model experimental system to study indole diterpene biosynthesis we previously showed by deletion analysis that a cluster of seven genes is required for paxilline biosynthesis. Two of these pax genes, paxP and paxQ (encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases), are required in the later steps in this pathway. Here, we describe the function of paxP and paxQ gene products by feeding proposed paxilline intermediates to strains lacking the pax cluster but containing ectopically integrated copies of paxP or paxQ. Transformants containing paxP converted paspaline into 13-desoxypaxilline as the major product and beta-PC-M6 as the minor product. beta-PC-M6, but not alpha-PC-M6, was also a substrate for PaxP and was converted to 13-desoxypaxilline. paxQ-containing transformants converted 13-desoxypaxilline into paxilline. These results confirm that paspaline, beta-PC-M6, and 13-desoxypaxilline are paxilline intermediates and that paspaline and beta-PC-M6 are substrates for PaxP, and 13-desoxypaxilline is a substrate for PaxQ. PaxP and PaxQ also utilized beta-paxitriol and alpha-PC-M6 as substrates converting them to paxilline and alpha-paxitriol, respectively. These findings have allowed us to delineate clearly the biosynthetic pathway for paxilline for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saikia
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eley KL, Halo LM, Song Z, Powles H, Cox RJ, Bailey AM, Lazarus CM, Simpson TJ. Biosynthesis of the 2-Pyridone Tenellin in the Insect Pathogenic FungusBeauveria bassiana. Chembiochem 2007; 8:289-97. [PMID: 17216664 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA from the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was used as a template in a PCR with degenerate primers designed to amplify a fragment of a C-methyl transferase (CMeT) domain from a highly reduced fungal polyketide synthase (PKS). The resulting 270-bp PCR product was homologous to other fungal PKS CMeT domains and was used as a probe to isolate a 7.3-kb fragment of genomic DNA from a BamH1 library. Further library probing and TAIL-PCR then gave a 21.9-kb contig that encoded a 12.9-kb fused type I PKS-NRPS ORF together with ORFs encoding other oxidative and reductive enzymes. A directed knockout experiment with a BaR cassette, reported for the first time in B. bassiana, identified the PKS-NRPS as being involved in the biosynthesis of the 2-pyridone tenellin. Other fungal PKS-NRPS genes are known to be involved in the formation of tetramic acids in fungi, and it thus appears likely that related compounds are precursors of 2-pyridones in fungi. B. bassiana tenellin KO and WT strains proved to be equally pathogenic towards insect larvae; this indicated that tenellin is not involved in insect pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin L Eley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hoffmeister D, Keller NP. Natural products of filamentous fungi: enzymes, genes, and their regulation. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:393-416. [PMID: 17390002 DOI: 10.1039/b603084j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the literature on the enzymes, genes, and whole gene clusters underlying natural product biosyntheses and their regulation in filamentous fungi. We have included literature references from 1958, yet the majority of citations are between 1995 and the present. A total of 295 references are cited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hoffmeister
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Siewers V, Kokkelink L, Smedsgaard J, Tudzynski P. Identification of an abscisic acid gene cluster in the grey mold Botrytis cinerea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4619-26. [PMID: 16820452 PMCID: PMC1489360 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02919-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Like several other phytopathogenic fungi, the ascomycete Botrytis cinerea is known to produce the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in axenic culture. Recently, bcaba1, the first fungal gene involved in ABA biosynthesis, was identified. Neighborhood analysis of bcaba1 revealed three further candidate genes of this pathway: a putative P450 monooxygenase-encoding gene (bcaba2), an open reading frame without significant similarities (bcaba3), and a gene probably coding for a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (bcaba4). Targeted inactivation of the genes proved the involvement of BcABA2 and BcABA3 in ABA biosynthesis and suggested a contribution of BcABA4. The close linkage of at least three ABA biosynthetic genes is strong evidence for the presence of an abscisic acid gene cluster in B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Siewers
- Westf. Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Botanik, Schlossgarten 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mukherjee M, Horwitz BA, Sherkhane PD, Hadar R, Mukherjee PK. A secondary metabolite biosynthesis cluster in Trichoderma virens: evidence from analysis of genes underexpressed in a mutant defective in morphogenesis and antibiotic production. Curr Genet 2006; 50:193-202. [PMID: 16804721 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-006-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A transcriptional comparison of wild type and a secondary metabolite deficient Trichoderma virens mutant resulted in the identification of six genes similar to those involved in secondary metabolism in other fungi, including four cytochrome P450 genes, one O-methyl transferase and one terpene cylase. Four of the genes (three cytochrome P450s and the cyclase) are located as a cluster. Transcript levels of three of the P450 genes, the O-methyl transferase and the terpene cyclase were measured. These genes are underexpressed in the mutant, which lacks the major secondary metabolites produced by this strain, viridin and viridiol. Expression levels of clones from the differential library with similarity to fungal trehalose synthase and a hydrophobin were also underexpressed in the mutant, while a heat shock protein hsp98 homolog was not. Based on the gene expression pattern and associated secondary metabolite profile, along with similarity to other secondary metabolism pathways in related fungi, we predict that the cluster is associated with the production of a terpene. The terpene could be viridin. This is the first report on cloning of secondary metabolism related genes from T. virens, and of their organization in a cluster, in this biocontrol fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mala Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saikia S, Parker EJ, Koulman A, Scott B. Four gene products are required for the fungal synthesis of the indole-diterpene, paspaline. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1625-30. [PMID: 16494875 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Paspaline belongs to a large, structurally and functionally diverse group of indole-diterpenes synthesized by filamentous fungi. However, the identity of the gene products required for the biosynthesis of paspaline, a key intermediate for the synthesis of paxilline and other indole-diterpenes, is not known. Transfer of constructs containing different pax gene combinations into a paxilline negative deletion derivative of Penicillium paxilli demonstrated that just four proteins, PaxG, a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, PaxM, a FAD-dependent monooxygenase, PaxB, a putative membrane protein, and PaxC, a prenyl transferase, are required for the biosynthesis of paspaline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saikia
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 5301, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Malonek S, Rojas MC, Hedden P, Hopkins P, Tudzynski B. Restoration of gibberellin production in Fusarium proliferatum by functional complementation of enzymatic blocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6014-25. [PMID: 16204516 PMCID: PMC1265966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.10.6014-6025.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine biological species, or mating populations (MPs), denoted by letters A to I, and at least 29 anamorphic Fusarium species have been identified within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Members of this species complex are the only species of the genus Fusarium that contain the gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic gene cluster or at least parts of it. However, the ability of fusaria to produce GAs is so far restricted to Fusarium fujikuroi, although at least six other MPs contain all the genes of the GA biosynthetic gene cluster. Members of Fusarium proliferatum, the closest related species, have lost the ability to produce GAs as a result of the accumulation of several mutations in the coding and 5' noncoding regions of genes P450-4 and P450-1, both encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, resulting in metabolic blocks at the early stages of GA biosynthesis. In this study, we have determined additional enzymatic blocks at the first specific steps in the GA biosynthesis pathway of F. proliferatum: the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate and the synthesis of ent-kaurene. Complementation of these enzymatic blocks by transferring the corresponding genes from GA-producing F. fujikuroi to F. proliferatum resulted in the restoration of GA production. We discuss the reasons for Fusarium species outside the G. fujikuroi species complex having no GA biosynthetic genes, whereas species distantly related to Fusarium, e.g., Sphaceloma spp. and Phaeosphaeria spp., produce GAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Malonek
- Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Institut für Botanik, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Malonek S, Bömke C, Bornberg-Bauer E, Rojas MC, Hedden P, Hopkins P, Tudzynski B. Distribution of gibberellin biosynthetic genes and gibberellin production in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1296-311. [PMID: 15925394 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Gibberella fujikuroi is a species-rich monophyletic complex of at least nine sexually fertile biological species (mating populations, MP-A to MP-I) and more than 30 anamorphs in the genus Fusarium. They produce a variety of secondary metabolites, such as fumonisins, fusaproliferin, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid, and gibberellins (GAs), a group of plant hormones. In this study, we examined for the first time all nine sexually fertile species (MPs) and additional anamorphs within and outside the G. fujikuroi species complex for the presence of GA biosynthetic genes. So far, the ability to produce GAs was described only for Fusarium fujikuroi (G. fujikuroi MP-C), which contains seven clustered genes in the genome all participating in GA biosynthesis. We show that six other MPs (MPs B, D, E, F, G, and I) and most of the anamorphs within the species complex also contain the entire gene cluster, except for F. verticillioides (MP-A), and F. circinatum (MP-H), containing only parts of it. Despite the presence of the entire gene cluster in most of the species within the G. fujikuroi species complex, expression of GA biosynthetic genes and GA production were detected only in F. fujikuroi (MP-C) and one isolate of F. konzum (MP-I). We used two new molecular marker genes, P450-4 from the GA gene cluster, and cpr, encoding the highly conserved NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase to study phylogenetic relationships within the G. fujikuroi species complex. The molecular phylogenetic studies for both genes have revealed good agreement with phylogenetic trees inferred from other genes. Furthermore, we discuss the role and evolutionary origin of the GA biosynthetic gene cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Malonek
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Botanik, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|