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de Homdedeu M, Sanchez-Moral L, Violán C, Ràfols N, Ouchi D, Martín B, Peinado MA, Rodríguez-Cortés A, Arch-Sisquella M, Perez-Zsolt D, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Salvador B, Matllo J, López-Serrano S, Segalés J, Vilaplana C, Torán-Monserrat P, Morros R, Monfà R, Sarrias MR, Cardona PJ. Mycobacterium manresensis induces trained immunity in vitro. iScience 2023; 26:106873. [PMID: 37250788 PMCID: PMC10182650 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic posed a global health crisis, with new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants weakening vaccine-driven protection. Trained immunity could help tackle COVID-19 disease. Our objective was to analyze whether heat-killed Mycobacterium manresensis (hkMm), an environmental mycobacterium, induces trained immunity and confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. To this end, THP-1 cells and primary monocytes were trained with hkMm. The increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-10, metabolic activity, and changes in epigenetic marks suggested hkMm-induced trained immunity in vitro. Healthcare workers at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled into the MANRECOVID19 clinical trial (NCT04452773) and were administered Nyaditum resae (NR, containing hkMm) or placebo. No significant differences in monocyte inflammatory responses or the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were found between the groups, although NR modified the profile of circulating immune cell populations. Our results show that M. manresensis induces trained immunity in vitro but not in vivo when orally administered as NR daily for 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel de Homdedeu
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lidia Sanchez-Moral
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Concepció Violán
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- North Metropolitan Research Support Unit, Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Mataró, Spain
- Northern Metropolitan Primary Care Management, Catalan Institute of Health, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Neus Ràfols
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Dan Ouchi
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Martín
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Peinado
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Arch-Sisquella
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Betlem Salvador
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Matllo
- Department of Prevention and Risks, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Northern Metropolitan Territorial Management, Catalan Health Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergi López-Serrano
- Joint IRTA-UAB Research Unit in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Center (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Animal Health Program, Animal Health Research Center (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Joint IRTA-UAB Research Unit in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Center (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Direcció Clínica Territorial de Malalties Infeccioses i Salut Internacional de Gerència Territorial Metropolitana Nord, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- North Metropolitan Research Support Unit, Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Mataró, Spain
- Northern Metropolitan Primary Care Management, Catalan Institute of Health, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Rosa Morros
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Monfà
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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Rules of thumb to obtain, isolate, and preserve porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 251:110461. [PMID: 35870231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most used biospecimens in immunology are peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC are particularly useful when evaluating immunity through responses of circulating B- and T-cells, during an infection, or after a vaccination. While several reviews and research papers have been published aiming to point out critical steps when sampling, isolating, and cryopreserving human PBMC -or even analyzing any parameter before sampling that could impair the immune assays' outcomes-, there are almost no publications in swine research dealing with these topics. As it has been demonstrated, several factors, such as stress, circadian rhythmicity, or the anticoagulant used have serious negative impact, not only on the separation performance of PBMC, but also on the ulterior immune assays. The present review aims to discuss studies carried out in humans that could shed some light for swine research. When possible, publications in pigs are also discussed. The main goal of the review is to encourage swine researchers to standardize protocols to obtain, manage and preserve porcine PBMC, as well as to minimize, or at least to consider, the bias that some parameters might induce in their studies before, during and after isolating PBMC.
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Hope CM, Huynh D, Wong YY, Oakey H, Perkins GB, Nguyen T, Binkowski S, Bui M, Choo AYL, Gibson E, Huang D, Kim KW, Ngui K, Rawlinson WD, Sadlon T, Couper JJ, Penno MAS, Barry SC. Optimization of Blood Handling and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Cryopreservation of Low Cell Number Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179129. [PMID: 34502038 PMCID: PMC8431655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rural/remote blood collection can cause delays in processing, reducing PBMC number, viability, cell composition and function. To mitigate these impacts, blood was stored at 4 °C prior to processing. Viable cell number, viability, immune phenotype, and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release were measured. Furthermore, the lowest protective volume of cryopreservation media and cell concentration was investigated. Methods: Blood from 10 individuals was stored for up to 10 days. Flow cytometry and IFN-γ ELISPOT were used to measure immune phenotype and function on thawed PBMC. Additionally, PBMC were cryopreserved in volumes ranging from 500 µL to 25 µL and concentration from 10 × 106 cells/mL to 1.67 × 106 cells/mL. Results: PBMC viability and viable cell number significantly reduced over time compared with samples processed immediately, except when stored for 24 h at RT. Monocytes and NK cells significantly reduced over time regardless of storage temperature. Samples with >24 h of RT storage had an increased proportion in Low-Density Neutrophils and T cells compared with samples stored at 4 °C. IFN-γ release was reduced after 24 h of storage, however not in samples stored at 4 °C for >24 h. The lowest protective volume identified was 150 µL with the lowest density of 6.67 × 106 cells/mL. Conclusion: A sample delay of 24 h at RT does not impact the viability and total viable cell numbers. When long-term delays exist (>4 d) total viable cell number and cell viability losses are reduced in samples stored at 4 °C. Immune phenotype and function are slightly altered after 24 h of storage, further impacts of storage are reduced in samples stored at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Hope
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Dao Huynh
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Ying Ying Wong
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Helena Oakey
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Griffith Boord Perkins
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Trung Nguyen
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Sabrina Binkowski
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (A.Y.L.C.)
| | - Minh Bui
- Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Ace Y. L. Choo
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (A.Y.L.C.)
| | - Emily Gibson
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.G.); (K.W.K.); (W.D.R.)
| | - Dexing Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.H.); (K.N.)
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.G.); (K.W.K.); (W.D.R.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Katrina Ngui
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.H.); (K.N.)
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.G.); (K.W.K.); (W.D.R.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Timothy Sadlon
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Jennifer J. Couper
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Megan A. S. Penno
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Xing Y, Yang X, Chen H, Zhu S, Xu J, Chen Y, Zeng J, Chen F, Johnson MR, Jiang H, Wang WJ. Impact of storage conditions on peripheral leukocytes transcriptome. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1151-1159. [PMID: 33565022 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes reflect the physiological and pathological states of each individual, and transcriptomic data of leukocytes have been used to reflect health conditions. Since the overall impact of ex vivo conditions on the leukocyte transcriptome before RNA stabilization remains unclear, we evaluated the influence of temporary storage conditions on the leukocyte transcriptome through RNA sequencing. We collected peripheral blood with EDTA tubes, which were processed immediately or stored either at 4 °C or room temperature (RT, 18-22 °C) for 2 h, 6 h and 24 h. Total cellular RNA was extracted from 42 leukocyte samples after red blood cells lysis for subsequent RNA sequencing. We applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis to construct co-expression networks of mRNA and lncRNA among the samples, and then performed gene ontology (GO) term enrichment to explore possible biological processes affected by storage conditions. Storage conditions change the gene expression of peripheral leukocytes. Comparing with fresh leukocytes, storage for 24 h at 4 °C and RT affected 1515 (1.51%) and 10,823 (10.82%) genes, respectively. Pathway enrichment analysis identified nucleosome assembly enriched in up-regulated genes at both conditions. When blood was stored at RT for 24 h, genes involved in apoptotic signaling pathway, negative regulation of cell cycle and lymphocyte activation were upregulated, while the relative proportion of neutrophils was significantly decreased. Temporary storage conditions profoundly affect the gene expression profiles of leukocytes and might further change cell viability and state. Storage of blood samples at 4 °C within 6 h largely maintains their original transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Xing
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xi Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Innovative Molecular Diagnostic, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Sujun Zhu
- Obstetrics Department, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Juan Zeng
- Obstetrics Department, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Mark Richard Johnson
- Academic Obstetric Department, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK
| | - Hui Jiang
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
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5
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Bonilauri B, Santos MDM, Camillo-Andrade AC, Bispo S, Nogueira FCS, Carvalho PC, Zanchin NIT, Fischer JDSDG. The impact of blood-processing time on the proteome of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140581. [PMID: 33301959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are key to several diagnostics assays and basic science research. Blood pre-analytical variations that occur before obtaining the PBMC fraction can significantly impact the assays results, including viability, composition, integrity, and gene expression changes of immune cells. With this as motivation, we performed a quantitative shotgun proteomics analysis using Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ 8plex) labeling to compare PBMC obtained from 24 h-stored blood at room temperature versus freshly isolated. We identified a total of 3195 proteins, of which 245 were differentially abundant (101 upregulated and 144 downregulated). Our results revealed enriched pathways of downregulated proteins related to exocytosis, localization, vesicle-mediated transport, cell activation, and secretion. In contrast, pathways related to exocytosis, neutrophil degranulation and activation, granulocyte activation, leukocyte degranulation, and myeloid leukocyte activation involved in immune response were enriched in upregulated proteins, which may indicate probable granulocyte contamination and activation due to blood storage time and temperature. Examples of upregulated proteins in the 24 h-PBMC samples are CAMP, S100A8, LTA4H, RASAL3, and S100A6, which are involved in an adaptive immune system and antimicrobial activity, proinflammatory mediation, aminopeptidase activities, and naïve T cells survival. Moreover, examples of downregulated proteins are NDUFA5, TAGLN2, H3C1, TUBA8, and CCT2 that are related to the cytoskeleton, cell junction, mitochondrial respiratory chain. In conclusion, the delay in blood-processing time directly impacts the proteomic profile of human PBMC, possibly through granulocyte contamination and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Bonilauri
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil
| | - Marlon D M Santos
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil
| | | | - Saloê Bispo
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Proteomic Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil
| | - Nilson I T Zanchin
- Laboratory for Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil.
| | - Juliana de S da G Fischer
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil.
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6
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Biospecimen Science of Blood for Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) Functional Applications. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-019-00192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kofanova O, Bellora C, Quesada RA, Bulla A, Panadero-Fajardo S, Keipes M, Shea K, Stone M, Lescuyer P, Betsou F. IL8 and EDEM3 gene expression ratio indicates peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) quality. J Immunol Methods 2019; 465:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Hermansen JU, Tjønnfjord GE, Munthe LA, Taskén K, Skånland SS. Cryopreservation of primary B cells minimally influences their signaling responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17651. [PMID: 30518828 PMCID: PMC6281576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospho flow is a powerful approach to detect cell signaling aberrations, identify biomarkers and assess pharmacodynamics, and can be performed using cryopreserved samples. The effects of cryopreservation on signaling responses and the reproducibility of phospho flow measurements are however unknown in many cell systems. Here, B lymphocytes were isolated from healthy donors and patients with the B cell malignancy chronic lymphocytic leukemia and analyzed by phospho flow using phospho-specific antibodies targeting 20 different protein epitopes. Cells were analyzed both at basal conditions and after activation of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) or the B cell receptor. Pharmacodynamics of the novel pathway inhibitor ibrutinib was also assessed. At all conditions, fresh cells were compared to cryopreserved cells. Minimal variation between fresh and frozen samples was detected. Reproducibility was tested by running samples from the same donors in different experiments. The results demonstrate reproducibility across different phospho flow runs and support the use of cryopreserved samples in future phospho flow studies of B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne U Hermansen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Thyagarajan B, Barcelo H, Crimmins E, Weir D, Minnerath S, Vivek S, Faul J. Effect of delayed cell processing and cryopreservation on immunophenotyping in multicenter population studies. J Immunol Methods 2018; 463:61-70. [PMID: 30222961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Variability induced by delayed cell processing and cell cryopreservation presents unique challenges for immunophenotyping in large population studies. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the effect of delayed cell processing and cryopreservation on cell percentages obtained by immunophenotyping. We collected blood from 20 volunteers and compared the effect of (a) delayed cell processing up to 72 h (b) cryopreservation and (c) the combined effect of delayed cell processing and cryopreservation on immunophenotyping of 31 cell subsets that included several subsets of T, B, Natural Killer (NK) cells, monocytes and dendritic cells using both whole blood collected in EDTA tubes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected in CPT tubes. We found the delayed cell processing up to 72 h or cryopreservation alone did not significantly affect the percentages T cells, dendritic cells or monocytes but significantly increased the percentage of B cells and NK cells (p for trend ≤0.01) but. However combination of delayed cell processing up to 72 h and cryopreservation significantly increased the percentage of T cells as compared to cells processed immediately (p for trend <0.0001) while a delayed cell processing followed by cryopreservation decreased the percentage of NK cells (p for trend <0.0001). Total B-cells increased significantly with a 24-48 h delay in cell processing and cryopreservation but not at 72 h. The percentages of monocytes and dendritic cells remained unaffected by the combination of delayed cell processing and cryopreservation. These findings suggest that immunophenotyping of several immune cell subsets can be successfully implemented in large population studies as long as blood is processed within 48 h of biospecimen collection though some cell subsets may be more susceptible to a combination of delayed cell processing and cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Helene Barcelo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Eileen Crimmins
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Davis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Weir
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sharon Minnerath
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sithara Vivek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jessica Faul
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Consuegra I, Rodríguez-Aierbe C, Santiuste I, Bosch A, Martínez-Marín R, Fortuto MA, Díaz T, Martí S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Isolation Methods of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Spanish Biobanks: An Overview. Biopreserv Biobank 2017; 15:305-309. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Consuegra
- Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Inés Santiuste
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Biobanco Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Anna Bosch
- Biobanco Hospital Clínic–IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - M Antonia Fortuto
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Biobanco de la Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tatiana Díaz
- Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Salvador Martí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER BIOBANK, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Calleros-Basilio L, Cortés MA, García-Jerez A, Luengo-Rodríguez A, Orozco-Agudo A, Valdivielso JM, Rodríguez-Puyol D, Rodríguez-Puyol M. Quality Assurance of Samples and Processes in the Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN) Biobank. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:499-510. [PMID: 27541936 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biobanks are useful platforms to build bridges between basic, translational, and clinical research and clinical care. They are repositories of high-quality human biological samples ideal for evaluating their histological characteristics and also their genome, transcriptome, and proteome. The Spanish Renal Research Network Biobank contains more than 76,500 well-preserved frozen samples of a wide variety of kidney diseases, collected from 5450 patients seen by over 70 nephrology services throughout the Spanish territory. OBJECTIVE To determine and to report the results of the quality control of samples and processes conducted in our biobank, implemented in accordance with the requirements of the ISO 9001:2008 international standard. STUDY DESIGN Two types of quality controls were performed: (1) systematic, that is, measurement of viable peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained and purity of nucleic acids and (2) ad-hoc, that is, viability of thawed PBMC, DNA extraction process reproducibility, and the integrity and functionality of nucleic acids, implemented on a routine basis. METHODS AND RESULTS PBMC isolation by Ficoll yielded reproducible results and its cryopreserved viability was >90%. Acceptable A260/A280 ratios were obtained for the vast majority of the DNA (n = 2328) and RNA (n = 78) samples analyzed. DNA integrity was demonstrated by agarose gels and by β-globulin gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 1327 and 989 bp fragments. DNA of acceptable quality had at least three bands of β-globulin amplified obtained (n = 26/30). RNA integrity number (RIN) determinations obtained RIN numbers ≥7 (n = 87/96). The amplifiability of nucleic acids was confirmed by qPCR and RT-qPCR of β-actin and GAPDH genes. Long storage or delayed processing time did not affect the quality of the samples analyzed. The processes of DNA extraction also yielded reproducible results. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly indicate that our PBMC, DNA, and RNA stored samples meet the required quality standards to be used for biomedical research, ensuring their long-term preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calleros-Basilio
- 1 Physiology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Medicine School, Alcala University , Madrid, Spain .,2 IRSIN and REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Alicia Cortés
- 3 CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Medicine School, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste , Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Andrea García-Jerez
- 1 Physiology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Medicine School, Alcala University , Madrid, Spain .,2 IRSIN and REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Luengo-Rodríguez
- 1 Physiology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Medicine School, Alcala University , Madrid, Spain .,2 IRSIN and REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Orozco-Agudo
- 1 Physiology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Medicine School, Alcala University , Madrid, Spain .,2 IRSIN and REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Valdivielso
- 2 IRSIN and REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain .,4 Department of Experimental Nephrology, Institut de Recerca Biomédica de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida , Lleida, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- 2 IRSIN and REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain .,5 Nephrology Section and Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol
- 1 Physiology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Medicine School, Alcala University , Madrid, Spain .,2 IRSIN and REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Trück J, Mitchell R, Thompson AJ, Morales-Aza B, Clutterbuck EA, Kelly DF, Finn A, Pollard AJ. Effect of cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on the variability of an antigen-specific memory B cell ELISpot. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2490-6. [PMID: 25424961 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ELISpot assay is used in vaccine studies for the quantification of antigen-specific memory B cells (B(MEM)), and can be performed using cryopreserved samples. The effects of cryopreservation on B(MEM) detection and the consistency of cultured ELISpot assays when performed by different operators or laboratories are unknown. In this study, blood was taken from healthy volunteers, and a cultured ELISpot assay was used to count B(MEM) specific for 2 routine vaccine antigens (diphtheria and tetanus toxoid). Results were assessed for intra- and inter-operator variation, and the effects of cryopreservation. Cryopreserved samples were shipped to a second laboratory in order to assess inter-laboratory variation. B(MEM) frequencies were very strongly correlated when comparing fresh and frozen samples processed by the same operator, and were also very strongly correlated when comparing 2 operators in the same laboratory. Results were slightly less consistent when samples were processed in different laboratories but correlation between the 2 measurements was still very strong. Although cell viability was reduced in some cryopreserved samples due to higher temperatures during transportation, B(MEM) could still be quantified. These results demonstrate the reproducibility of the ELISpot assay across operators and laboratories, and support the use of cryopreserved samples in future B(MEM) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Trück
- a Oxford Vaccine Group; Department of Paediatrics; University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre; Oxford, UK
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13
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Hamot G, Ammerlaan W, Mathay C, Kofanova O, Betsou F. Method Validation for Automated Isolation of Viable Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biopreserv Biobank 2015; 13:152-63. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2014.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gael Hamot
- Integrated BioBank of Luxemburg (IBBL), Luxembourg
| | | | - Conny Mathay
- Integrated BioBank of Luxemburg (IBBL), Luxembourg
| | | | - Fay Betsou
- Integrated BioBank of Luxemburg (IBBL), Luxembourg
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14
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Kofanova OA, Davis K, Glazer B, De Souza Y, Kessler J, Betsou F. Viable mononuclear cell stability study for implementation in a proficiency testing program: impact of shipment conditions. Biopreserv Biobank 2014; 12:206-16. [PMID: 24955735 PMCID: PMC4955601 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2013.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of shipping temperatures and preservation media used during transport of either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or Jurkat cells was assessed, in view of implementing of a proficiency testing scheme on mononuclear cell viability. Samples were analyzed before and after shipment at different temperatures (ambient temperature, dry ice, and liquid nitrogen) and in different preservation media (serum with cryoprotectant, commercial cryopreservation solution, and room temperature transport medium). Sample quality was assessed by viability assays (Trypan Blue dye exclusion, flow cytometry, Cell Analysis System cell counting (CASY)), and by ELISpot functional assay. The liquid nitrogen storage and shipment were found to be the most stable conditions to preserve cell viability and functionality. However, we show that alternative high quality shipment conditions for viable cells are dry ice shipment and commercial cryopreservation solution. These were also cost-efficient shipment conditions, satisfying the requirements of a proficiency testing scheme for viable mononuclear cells. Room temperature transport medium dramatically and adversely affected the integrity of mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Kofanova
- Integrated BioBank Of Luxembourg (IBBL), 6 rue Nicolas Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg
| | - Kristine Davis
- PPD Vaccines and Biologics Laboratory, Wayne, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Joseph Kessler
- PPD Vaccines and Biologics Laboratory, Wayne, Pennsylvania
| | - Fotini Betsou
- Integrated BioBank Of Luxembourg (IBBL), 6 rue Nicolas Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg
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15
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Prall SP, Muehlenbein MP. Testosterone and Immune Function in Primates: A Brief Summary with Methodological Considerations. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Germann A, Oh YJ, Schmidt T, Schön U, Zimmermann H, von Briesen H. Temperature fluctuations during deep temperature cryopreservation reduce PBMC recovery, viability and T-cell function. Cryobiology 2013; 67:193-200. [PMID: 23850825 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to analyze cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from biobanks for antigen-specific immunity is necessary to evaluate response to immune-based therapies. To ensure comparable assay results, collaborative research in multicenter trials needs reliable and reproducible cryopreservation that maintains cell viability and functionality. A standardized cryopreservation procedure is comprised of not only sample collection, preparation and freezing but also low temperature storage in liquid nitrogen without any temperature fluctuations, to avoid cell damage. Therefore, we have developed a storage approach to minimize suboptimal storage conditions in order to maximize cell viability, recovery and T-cell functionality. We compared the influence of repeated temperature fluctuations on cell health from sample storage, sample sorting and removal in comparison to sample storage without temperature rises. We found that cyclical temperature shifts during low temperature storage reduce cell viability, recovery and immune response against specific-antigens. We showed that samples handled under a protective hood system, to avoid or minimize such repeated temperature rises, have comparable cell viability and cell recovery rates to samples stored without any temperature fluctuations. Also T-cell functionality could be considerably increased with the use of the protective hood system compared to sample handling without such a protection system. This data suggests that the impact of temperature fluctuation on cell integrity should be carefully considered in future clinical vaccine trials and consideration should be given to optimal sample storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Germann
- (a)Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Ensheimerstr. 48, 66386 St. Ingbert, Germany
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17
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Value of a quality assessment program in optimizing cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a multicenter study. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:590-5. [PMID: 23408528 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00693-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) allows assays of cellular function and phenotype to be performed in batches at a later time on PBMC at a central laboratory to minimize assay variability. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) is an ongoing prospective study of the natural and treated history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that stores cryopreserved PBMC from participants two times a year at four study sites. In order to ensure consistent recovery of viable PBMC after cryopreservation, a quality assessment program was implemented and conducted in the MACS over a 6-year period. Every 4 months, recently cryopreserved PBMC from HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected participants at each MACS site were thawed and evaluated. The median recoveries of viable PBMC for HIV-1-infected and -uninfected participants were 80% and 83%, respectively. Thawed PBMC from both HIV-1-infected and -uninfected participants mounted a strong proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, with median stimulation indices of 84 and 120, respectively. Expression of the lymphocyte surface markers CD3, CD4, and CD8 by thawed PBMC was virtually identical to what was observed on cells measured in real time using whole blood from the same participants. Furthermore, despite overall excellent performance of the four participating laboratories, problems were identified that intermittently compromised the quality of cryopreserved PBMC, which could be corrected and monitored for improvement over time. Ongoing quality assessment helps laboratories improve protocols and performance on a real-time basis to ensure optimal cryopreservation of PBMC for future studies.
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18
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Kalpatthi R, Thompson B, Lu M, Wang WC, Patel N, Kutlar A, Howard T, Luchtman-Jones L, Miller ST. Comparison of hematologic measurements between local and central laboratories: data from the BABY HUG trial. Clin Biochem 2012; 46:278-81. [PMID: 23123915 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the concordance of blood count indices measured locally and at a central laboratory. DESIGN AND METHODS In a multi-center clinical trial of hydroxyurea therapy in infants with sickle cell anemia (BABY HUG), the concordance between blood count indices measured locally and at a central laboratory was investigated. RESULTS Local laboratory measurements of neutrophil and monocyte counts were significantly higher (44% and 37%, respectively) compared to the central measurements (p<0.0001), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was higher centrally. CONCLUSION Overnight shipping with processing delay causes spurious reductions in absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and absolute monocyte count (AMC) that may result in incorrect monitoring decisions in multicenter clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kalpatthi
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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19
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Ogunjimi B, Peeters D, Hens N, Malfait R, Van Tendeloo V, Van Damme P, Beutels P, Smits E. Sampling site matters when counting lymphocyte subpopulations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41405. [PMID: 22848485 PMCID: PMC3405139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and scientific work routinely relies on antecubital venipunctures for hematological, immunological or other analyses on blood. This study tested the hypothesis that antecubital veins can be considered to be a good proxy for other sampling sites. Using a hematocytometer and a flow cytometer, we analyzed the cell counts from samples coming from the radial artery, the dorsal hand veins and the antecubital veins from 18 volunteers. Most surprisingly, we identified the greatest difference not to exist between arterial and venous circulation, but between the distal (radial artery & dorsal hand veins) and proximal (antecubital veins) sampling sites. Naïve T cells had a higher cell count distally compared to proximally and the reverse was true for effector memory T cells. Despite these differences there were high correlations between the different sampling sites, which partially supports our initial hypothesis. Our findings are crucial for the future design and interpretation of immunological research, and for clinical practice. Furthermore, our results suggest a role for interval lymph nodes in the trafficking of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Ogunjimi
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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20
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Schulz JC, Germann A, Kemp-Kamke B, Mazzotta A, von Briesen H, Zimmermann H. Towards a xeno-free and fully chemically defined cryopreservation medium for maintaining viability, recovery, and antigen-specific functionality of PBMC during long-term storage. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:24-31. [PMID: 22580762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of cryopreserved peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) is important for evaluating new vaccines in immune based therapies and in pathogenesis studies. To ensure comparable assay results from different laboratories and points of time, collaborative research in multicenter trials needs reliable and reproducible cryopreservation protocols that maintain cell viability and functionality. Current cryomedia consist largely of fetal bovine serum (FBS), a natural mix of growth factors, cytokines, and undefined compounds. Standardized procedures are not possible, as FBS can affect the antigen-specific T-cell response, the most important parameter in functionality assays. Also, worldwide sample exchange is complicated by the strict import restrictions on FBS, because of transfection risk. After establishing a serum-free cryopreservation protocol that maintains cell viability, recovery and antigen-specific T-cell response of PBMC comparably to FBS-based cryomedia (Germann et al., 2011), the aim of this study was the complete avoidance of animal proteins and products in combination with efficient cryopreservation. As long-term stability of the cryopreservation process is crucial for retrospective evaluation of samples at different points of time, PBMC were analyzed after storage for maximal four weeks and again after approximately six months. The cryopreservation efficiency of the protein-free and fully chemically defined cryomedium was comparable to FBS-medium after storage for few weeks and several months. Directly after thawing, this medium yielded viabilities over 97% and recovery values over 84%. Also, the specific T-cell functionality was preserved. Additionally, short-term and six month cryopreservation gave comparable results. The fully chemically defined medium presented here will increase standardization and reproducibility of analysis in multicenter-studies or in retrospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 66386 St. Ingbert, Germany
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21
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Germann A, Schulz JC, Kemp-Kamke B, Zimmermann H, von Briesen H. Standardized Serum-Free Cryomedia Maintain Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Viability, Recovery, and Antigen-Specific T-Cell Response Compared to Fetal Calf Serum-Based Medium. Biopreserv Biobank 2011; 9:229-236. [PMID: 21977240 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2010.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to analyze cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from biobanks for antigen-specific T-cell immunity is necessary to evaluate responses to immune-based therapies. Comprehensive studies have demonstrated that the quality of frozen PBMCs is critical and the maintenance of cell viability and functionality by using appropriate cryopreservation techniques is a key to the successful outcome of assays using PBMCs. Different cryomedia additives affect cell viability. The most common additive is fetal calf serum (FCS), although it is widely known that each FCS lot has to be tested before usage to prevent nonspecific stimulation of T-cells. Also, shipping of samples containing FCS is critical because of many import restrictions. Often, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added as a cryoprotectant. However, DMSO concentration has to be reduced significantly because of its toxic effect on cells at room temperature. Therefore, we have developed freezing approaches to minimize cytotoxicity of cryoprotectants and maintain T-cell functionality. We compared different additives to the widely used FCS and found bovine serum albumin fraction V to be an appropriate substitute for the potentially immune-modulating FCS. We also found that DMSO concentration can be reduced by the addition of hydroxyethyl starch. Using our serum-free cryomedia, the PBMC recovery was more than 83% and the PBMC viability was more than 98%. Also, the T-cell functionality measured by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) was optimal after cryopreservation with our new cryomedia. On the basis of our experimental results, we could finally design 2 different, fully working cryomedia that are standardized, serum free, and manufactured under GMP conditions.
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Canniff J, Donson AM, Foreman NK, Weinberg A. Cytotoxicity of glioblastoma cells mediated ex vivo by varicella-zoster virus-specific T cells. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:448-54. [PMID: 21792750 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinical or laboratory evidence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection has been consistently associated with lower glioma risk in case-control studies, suggesting a protective effect of VZV against glioma. We formulated the following explanatory hypotheses: reactivated VZV preferentially infects and kills gliomas compared to normal parenchyma; and VZV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) cross-react with gliomas. We established an ex vivo model of VZV infection, which showed that glioma cell lines and primary astrocytes were equally permissive to VZV infection and had similar 15% average decrease in viability upon infection. In co-cultures, the relative growth of glioma cells and astrocytes was not affected by the VZV infection. However, VZV stimulated, but not mock stimulated, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from VZV-seropositive individuals recognized and killed HLA class I-matched glioma cells (mean±SE decrease in viability of 26 ± 12%, p = 0.04), but not matched astrocytes. VZV infection of the glioma cells did not affect the T cell-mediated killing. Taken together, these data suggest that ex vivo VZV infection has similar direct effects on glioma cells and astrocytes. The protective effect of prior VZV infection against the incidence of glioma may be mediated by CTL that recognizes epitopes shared by VZV and glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Canniff
- Department of Pediatrics, University Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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23
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Weinberg A, Enomoto L, Marcus R, Canniff J. Effect of menstrual cycle variation in female sex hormones on cellular immunity and regulation. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 89:70-7. [PMID: 21429588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian steroid hormones reduce cell-mediated immunity (CMI), perhaps by increasing regulatory T cells. We examined the relationship of estrogen and progesterone plasma concentrations during the menstrual cycle with circulating regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and with varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-specific lymphocyte proliferation (VZV-LPA). Twenty healthy and 20 HIV-infected women were tested at 1-4, 10-14, and 20-24days of the menstrual cycle. HIV-infected women experienced significant increases in the frequency of peripheral blood CD4+IL10+ and CD8+FoxP3+ Treg cells from the early and late follicular phases to the luteal phase of their cycles. Healthy women experienced significant increases only in CD4+IL10+ Treg cells. The increase in CD4+IL10+ Treg cells between the late follicular and the luteal phases of HIV-infected and uninfected women significantly correlated with the corresponding increases in progesterone plasma concentrations. VZV-LPA results decreased from the early and late follicular phases to the luteal phase in both groups. The decrease in VZV-LPA results significantly correlated with the increase in CD4+IL10+ Treg cells underscoring the potential immunosuppressive effect of the progesterone-stimulated Treg cells. In conclusion, the increase in progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle was associated with higher Treg frequencies and lower CMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Olson WC, Smolkin ME, Farris EM, Fink RJ, Czarkowski AR, Fink JH, Chianese-Bullock KA, Slingluff CL. Shipping blood to a central laboratory in multicenter clinical trials: effect of ambient temperature on specimen temperature, and effects of temperature on mononuclear cell yield, viability and immunologic function. J Transl Med 2011; 9:26. [PMID: 21385453 PMCID: PMC3063218 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials of immunologic therapies provide opportunities to study the cellular and molecular effects of those therapies and may permit identification of biomarkers of response. When the trials are performed at multiple centers, transport and storage of clinical specimens become important variables that may affect lymphocyte viability and function in blood and tissue specimens. The effect of temperature during storage and shipment of peripheral blood on subsequent processing, recovery, and function of lymphocytes is understudied and represents the focus of this study. Methods Peripheral blood samples (n = 285) from patients enrolled in 2 clinical trials of a melanoma vaccine were shipped from clinical centers 250 or 1100 miles to a central laboratory at the sponsoring institution. The yield of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected before and after cryostorage was correlated with temperatures encountered during shipment. Also, to simulate shipping of whole blood, heparinized blood from healthy donors was collected and stored at 15°C, 22°C, 30°C, or 40°C, for varied intervals before isolation of PBMC. Specimen integrity was assessed by measures of yield, recovery, viability, and function of isolated lymphocytes. Several packaging systems were also evaluated during simulated shipping for the ability to maintain the internal temperature in adverse temperatures over time. Results Blood specimen containers experienced temperatures during shipment ranging from -1 to 35°C. Exposure to temperatures above room temperature (22°C) resulted in greater yields of PBMC. Reduced cell recovery following cryo-preservation as well as decreased viability and immune function were observed in specimens exposed to 15°C or 40°C for greater than 8 hours when compared to storage at 22°C. There was a trend toward improved preservation of blood specimen integrity stored at 30°C prior to processing for all time points tested. Internal temperatures of blood shipping containers were maintained longer in an acceptable range when warm packs were included. Conclusions Blood packages shipped overnight by commercial carrier may encounter extreme seasonal temperatures. Therefore, considerations in the design of shipping containers should include protecting against extreme ambient temperature deviations and maintaining specimen temperature above 22°C or preferably near 30°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Olson
- Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Maecker HT, McCoy JP, Amos M, Elliott J, Gaigalas A, Wang L, Aranda R, Banchereau J, Boshoff C, Braun J, Korin Y, Reed E, Cho J, Hafler D, Davis M, Fathman CG, Robinson W, Denny T, Weinhold K, Desai B, Diamond B, Gregersen P, Di Meglio P, DiMeglio P, Nestle FO, Nestle F, Peakman M, Villanova F, Villnova F, Ferbas J, Field E, Kantor A, Kawabata T, Komocsar W, Lotze M, Nepom J, Ochs H, O'Lone R, Phippard D, Plevy S, Rich S, Roederer M, Rotrosen D, Yeh JH. A model for harmonizing flow cytometry in clinical trials. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:975-8. [PMID: 20959798 PMCID: PMC3400260 DOI: 10.1038/ni1110-975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Complexities in sample handling, instrument setup and data analysis are barriers to the effective use of flow cytometry to monitor immunological parameters in clinical trials. The novel use of a central laboratory may help mitigate these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden T Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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Quality monitoring of HIV-1-infected and uninfected peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples in a resource-limited setting. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:910-8. [PMID: 20200187 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00492-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine and natural history studies are critically dependent on the ability to isolate, cryopreserve, and thaw peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples with a high level of quality and reproducibility. Here we characterize the yield, viability, phenotype, and function of PBMC from HIV-1-infected and uninfected Ugandans and describe measures to ascertain reproducibility and sample quality at the sites that perform cryopreservation. We have developed a comprehensive internal quality control program to monitor processing, including components of method validation. Quality indicators for real-time performance assessment included the time from venipuncture to cryopreservation, time for PBMC processing, yield of PBMC from whole blood, and viability of the PBMC before cryopreservation. Immune phenotype analysis indicated lowered B-cell frequencies following processing and cryopreservation for both HIV-1-infected and uninfected subjects (P < 0.007), but all other major lymphocyte subsets were unchanged. Long-term cryopreservation did not impact function, as unstimulated specimens exhibited low background and all specimens responded to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) by gamma interferon and interleukin-2 production, as measured by intracellular cytokine staining. Samples stored for more than 3 years did not decay with regard to yield or viability, regardless of HIV-1 infection status. These results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve the high level of quality necessary for vaccine trials and natural history studies in a resource-limited setting and provide strategies for laboratories to monitor PBMC processing performance.
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Yang L, Li C, Chen L, Li Z. An agarose-gel based method for transporting cell lines. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2009; 3:50-3. [PMID: 20161836 PMCID: PMC2802760 DOI: 10.2174/1875397300903010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreserved cells stored in dry ice or liquid nitrogen is the classical method for transporting cells between research laboratories in different cities around the world in order to maintain cell viability. An alternative method is to ship the live cells in flasks filled with cell culture medium. Both methods have limitations of either a requirement on special shipping container or short times for the cells to survive on the shipping process. We have recently developed an agarose gel based method for directly transporting the live adherent cells in cell culture plates or dishes in ambient temperature. This convenient method simplifies the transportation of live cells in long distance that can maintain cells in good viability for several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences (GIBH), Guangzhou 510663, China
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Weinberg A, Zhang JH, Oxman MN, Johnson GR, Hayward AR, Caulfield MJ, Irwin MR, Clair J, Smith JG, Stanley H, Marchese RD, Harbecke R, Williams HM, Chan ISF, Arbeit RD, Gershon AA, Schödel F, Morrison VA, Kauffman CA, Straus SE, Schmader KE, Davis LE, Levin MJ. Varicella-zoster virus-specific immune responses to herpes zoster in elderly participants in a trial of a clinically effective zoster vaccine. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:1068-77. [PMID: 19712037 DOI: 10.1086/605611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to herpes zoster (HZ) and protection against HZ morbidity and to compare immune responses to HZ and zoster vaccine. METHODS In 981 elderly persons who developed HZ during a zoster vaccine efficacy trial (321 vaccinees and 660 placebo recipients) and 1362 without HZ (682 vaccinees and 680 placebo recipients), CMI was measured by VZV responder cell frequency and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot, and antibodies were measured by VZV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against affinity-purified VZV glycoproteins (gpELISA). RESULTS Robust VZV CMI at HZ onset correlated with reduced HZ morbidity, whereas VZV gpELISA titers did not. Three weeks after HZ onset, gpELISA titers were highest in those with more severe HZ and were slightly increased in placebo recipients (compared with zoster vaccine recipients) and in older individuals. VZV CMI responses to HZ were similar in zoster vaccine and placebo recipients and were not affected by demographic characteristics or antiviral therapy, except for responder cell frequency at HZ onset, which decreased with age. When responses to zoster vaccine and HZ could be compared, VZV CMI values were similar, but antibody titers were lower. CONCLUSIONS Higher VZV CMI at HZ onset was associated with reduced HZ severity and less postherpetic neuralgia. Higher antibody titers were associated with increased HZ severity and occurrence of postherpetic neuralgia. HZ and zoster vaccine generated comparable VZV CMI.
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Optimization and limitations of use of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells for functional and phenotypic T-cell characterization. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1176-86. [PMID: 19515870 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00342-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to optimize processing methods of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for immunological assays, identify acceptance parameters for the use of cryopreserved PBMC for functional and phenotypic assays, and to define limitations of the information obtainable with cryopreserved PBMC. Blood samples from 104 volunteers (49 human immunodeficiency virus-infected and 55 uninfected) were used to assess lymphocyte proliferation in response to tetanus, candida, and pokeweed-mitogen stimulation and to enumerate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and T-cell subpopulations by flow cytometry. We determined that slowly diluting the thawed PBMC significantly improved viable cell recovery, whereas the use of benzonase improved cell recovery only sometimes. Cell storage in liquid nitrogen for up to 15 months did not affect cell viability, recovery, or the results of lymphocyte proliferation assays (LPA) and flow cytometry assays. Storage at -70 degrees C for < or =3 weeks versus storage in liquid nitrogen before shipment on dry ice did not affect cell viability, recovery, or flow cytometric results. Storage at -70 degrees C was associated with slightly higher LPA results with pokeweed-mitogen but not with microbial antigens. Cell viability of 75% was the acceptance parameter for LPA. No other acceptance parameters were found for LPA or flow cytometry assay results for cryopreserved PBMC. Under optimized conditions, LPA and flow cytometry assay results for cryopreserved and fresh PBMC were highly correlated, with the exception of phenotypic assays that used CD45RO or CD62L markers, which seemed labile to freezing and thawing.
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Abstract
Flow cytometry is combined with highly specific fluorophore-conjugated antibodies that will only bind to the activated forms of molecules. The advances in flow cytometry enable to perform quantitative multiplexed analysis of single cells within heterogeneous populations stained with specific antibodies for phenotyping in conjunction with antibodies to phosphorylated, i.e., activated molecules within signaling pathways. By reactivating signaling pathways in vitro it is possible to collect data on the responsive state of complex cell populations such as immune cells. In this protocol, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are stimulated with cytokines for the indicated time in a 37 degrees C/CO(2) incubator, fixed immediately with paraformaldehyde to freeze signaling, permeabilized with methanol, and then stained simultaneously with an antibody cocktail to signaling molecules within the JAK-STAT pathway and phenotypic markers for T-cells and B-cells. The protocol shows a basic four-color method which can be expanded to potentially study any signaling pathway in a defined cell subset.
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Meier A, Fisher A, Sidhu HK, Chang JJ, Wen TF, Streeck H, Alter G, Silvestri G, Altfeld M. Rapid loss of dendritic cell and monocyte responses to TLR ligands following venipuncture. J Immunol Methods 2008; 339:132-40. [PMID: 18848564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples from multiple sites are collected in multicenter trials, and frequently shipped to centralized laboratories for processing and comparable experimental evaluation. It is therefore of crucial interest to assess the preservation of immune cell functions after overnight shipment of whole blood. Here we evaluated the ability of pDCs, mDCs and monocytes to respond to TLR ligands at multiple timepoints following venipuncture as compared to immediate processing. Our results demonstrate a profound impairment of APC function, in particular of IFN-alpha production of pDCs, if whole blood was processed later than 6 h after venipuncture. Overnight shipment or extended rest of whole blood before processing therefore severely compromises the ability of APCs to respond to TLR ligands, and this has to be taken into consideration when designing multicenter trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Meier
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Herberth M, Schwarz E, Bahn S. Problems and promise of immunological factors as biomarkers for schizophrenia. Biomark Med 2008; 2:385-95. [DOI: 10.2217/17520363.2.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex and multifactorial etiology of psychiatric disorders, and in particular that of schizophrenia, has made it difficult to identify biomarkers suitable for clinical diagnosis. In schizophrenia research, the investigation of immune-related factors has been of central importance in the quest to unravel the disease etiology. However, immunological findings have been controversial, and the importance of an underlying immunopathology in schizophrenia remains to be irrevocably established. Here we review those findings that have been most consistently reported. We further address their potential utility for clinical diagnosis and drug development. We also discuss problems connected to sample collection and preparation, with special focus on their effects on immune-derived parameters. In light of recent findings, we highlight the potential of combining functional cell-based assays with high-throughput multiomics experiments for the discovery of novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herberth
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Schwarz
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, UK
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Kerr RP, Kim S, Ahmed SA, Holladay SD, Gogal RM. Development of a Storage‐Compatible Microtiter Plate‐Based Technique for Lymphocyte Proliferation. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2008; 29:128-42. [DOI: 10.1080/15321810801887680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Levin MJ, Oxman MN, Zhang JH, Johnson GR, Stanley H, Hayward AR, Caulfield MJ, Irwin MR, Smith JG, Clair J, Chan ISF, Williams H, Harbecke R, Marchese R, Straus SE, Gershon A, Weinberg A. Varicella-zoster virus-specific immune responses in elderly recipients of a herpes zoster vaccine. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:825-35. [PMID: 18419349 PMCID: PMC4014857 DOI: 10.1086/528696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that involved 38,546 subjects > or =60 years old demonstrated efficacy of a high-potency live-attenuated Oka/Merck varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine. The trial included an immunology substudy to determine the relationship of VZV-specific immune responses to vaccination and clinical outcome. METHODS The immunology substudy enrolled 1395 subjects at 2 sites where blood samples obtained prior to vaccination, at 6 weeks after vaccination, and at 1, 2, and 3 years thereafter were tested for VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity (VZV-CMI) by gamma-interferon ELISPOT and responder cell frequency assays and for VZV antibody by glycoprotein ELISA. RESULTS VZV-CMI and VZV antibodies were significantly increased in vaccine recipients at 6 weeks after vaccination. The vaccine-induced increases in VZV-CMI persisted during the 3 years of follow-up, although their magnitude decreased over time. The magnitude of these VZV-specific immune responses was greater in subjects 60-69 years old than in subjects > or =70 years old. CONCLUSIONS The zoster vaccine induced a significant increase in VZV-CMI and VZV antibody. The magnitude and duration of the boost in VZV-CMI in vaccine recipients and the relationship of this boost to age paralleled the clinical effects of the vaccine observed during the efficacy trial. These findings support the hypothesis that boosting VZV-CMI protects older adults against herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Levin
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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Owen RE, Sinclair E, Emu B, Heitman JW, Hirschkorn DF, Epling CL, Tan QX, Custer B, Harris JM, Jacobson MA, McCune JM, Martin JN, Hecht FM, Deeks SG, Norris PJ. Loss of T cell responses following long-term cryopreservation. J Immunol Methods 2007; 326:93-115. [PMID: 17707394 PMCID: PMC2065759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is a commonly used technique, the degree to which it affects subsequent functional studies has not been well defined. Here we demonstrate that long-term cryopreservation has detrimental effects on T cell IFN-gamma responses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. Long-term cryopreservation caused marked decreases in CD4(+) T cell responses to whole proteins (HIV p55 and cytomegalovirus (CMV) lysate) and HIV peptides, and more limited decreases in CD8(+) T cell responses to whole proteins. These losses were more apparent in cells stored for greater than one year compared to less than six months. CD8(+) T cell responses to peptides and peptide pools were well preserved. Loss of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to CMV peptide pools were minimal in HIV-negative individuals. Addition of exogenous antigen presenting cells (APC) did not restore CD4(+) T cell responses to peptide stimulation and partially restored T cell IFN-gamma responses to p55 protein. Overnight resting of thawed cells did not restore T cell IFN-gamma responses to peptide or whole protein stimulation. A selective loss of phenotypically defined effector cells did not explain the decrement of responses, although cryopreservation did increase CD4(+) T cell apoptosis, possibly contributing to the loss of responses. These data suggest that the impact of cryopreservation should be carefully considered in future vaccine and pathogenesis studies. In HIV-infected individuals short-term cryopreservation may be acceptable for measuring CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Long-term cryopreservation, however, may lead to the loss of CD4(+) T cell responses and mild skewing of T cell phenotypic marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Owen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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Enomoto LM, Kloberdanz KJ, Mack DG, Elizabeth D, Weinberg A. Ex vivo effect of estrogen and progesterone compared with dexamethasone on cell-mediated immunity of HIV-infected and uninfected subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:137-43. [PMID: 17356463 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3180471bae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To define the effect of estrogen and progesterone concentrations achieved during hormonal contraceptive therapy (HCT) on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) of HIV-infected and uninfected subjects, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-seropositive individuals were treated with 0.1 ng/mL of estradiol, 33 ng/mL of norgestrel, and 13 ng/mL of dexamethasone and tested for VZV CMI. Estrogen and progesterone decreased VZV lymphocyte proliferation and T helper (Th) 1/inflammatory cytokine secretion, albeit less than dexamethasone. Progesterone decreased the expression of CD69 activation marker on CD8 and CD14 cells and increased the expression of Fas ligand (CD178) on CD14 monocytes, suggesting that induction of apoptosis may contribute to the inhibitory effect of this hormone. Cytokine production of separated CD4, CD8, and CD14 cells confirmed the effect of progesterone on all 3 cellular types, whereas the effect of estrogen was restricted to CD14 monocytes. The estrogen- and progesterone-mediated inhibition of Th1/inflammatory cytokines was greater in HIV-infected subjects (35% decrease for both hormones) compared with uninfected subjects (12% and 19% for estrogen and progesterone, respectively), whereas the effect on proliferation and PBMC phenotype did not differ by HIV status. Overall, HCT concentrations of estrogen and progesterone downregulated ex vivo VZV CMI of HIV-infected and uninfected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Enomoto
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Bull M, Lee D, Stucky J, Chiu YL, Rubin A, Horton H, McElrath MJ. Defining blood processing parameters for optimal detection of cryopreserved antigen-specific responses for HIV vaccine trials. J Immunol Methods 2007; 322:57-69. [PMID: 17382342 PMCID: PMC1904432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays are routinely employed in clinical HIV vaccine trials to identify antigen-specific T cells in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Several parameters involved in blood collection, processing and shipping may influence immunological function of the resulting cells, including anticoagulant type, time from venipuncture to PBMC isolation/cryopreservation, method of PBMC isolation and procedure for sample shipping. We examined these parameters in single and multiple site studies, and found the length of time from venipuncture to cryopreservation is the most important parameter affecting performance of T cells in immunological assays. Comparing blood processed at 24 h after venipuncture with that processed within 8 h, we observed on average a modest reduction in PBMC viability ( approximately 8% decrease), a greater loss in cell recovery ( approximately 32%), and between 36-56% loss in IFN-gamma T cell frequencies by ELISpot assay. We also describe three cold shipping methods that maintain immunological function in appropriately cryopreserved PBMC. These data indicate that cryopreservation of PBMC should occur within 8 h of venipuncture for optimal performance. This narrow window for specimen processing has important implications in selecting and monitoring clinical sites with laboratory capacity to perform these procedures in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bull
- Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Standardization and performance evaluation of mononuclear cell cytokine secretion assays in a multicenter study. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:29. [PMID: 17156490 PMCID: PMC1762025 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been used to preserve and standardize immunologic measurements for multicenter studies, however, effects of cryopreservation on cytokine responses are incompletely understood. In designing immunologic studies for a new multicenter birth cohort study of childhood asthma, we performed a series of experiments to determine the effects of two different methods of cryopreservation on the cytokine responses of cord and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results Paired samples of PBMC were processed freshly, or after cryopreservation in a Nalgene container (NC) or a controlled-rate freezer (CRF). Although there were some differences between the methods, cryopreservation inhibited PHA-induced IL-10 secretion and Der f 1-induced IL-2 secretion, and augmented PHA-induced IL-2 secretion and spontaneous secretion of TNF-α. In separate experiments, NC cryopreservation inhibited secretion of several cytokines (IL-13, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α) by PHA-stimulated cord blood mononuclear cells. With the exception of PHA-induced IL-13, results from fresh and cryopreserved cord blood samples were not significantly correlated. Finally, in reproducibility studies involving processing of identical cell samples in up to 4 separate laboratories, variances in cytokine responses of fresh cells stimulated at separate sites did not exceed those in cryopreserved cells stimulated at a central site. Conclusion Collectively, these studies indicate that cryopreservation can affect mononuclear cell cytokine response profiles, and that IL-10 secretion and antigen-induced responses may be especially vulnerable. These studies also demonstrate that mononuclear cell responses can be standardized for performance in a small number of laboratories for multicenter studies, and underscore the importance of measuring reproducibility and of testing whether cryopreservation techniques alter specific immunologic outcomes.
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Dyer WB, Pett SL, Sullivan JS, Emery S, Cooper DA, Kelleher AD, Lloyd A, Lewin SR. Substantial improvements in performance indicators achieved in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell cryopreservation quality assurance program using single donor samples. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 14:52-9. [PMID: 17050740 PMCID: PMC1797705 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00214-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Storage of high-quality cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is often a requirement for multicenter clinical trials and requires a reproducibly high standard of practice. A quality assurance program (QAP) was established to assess an Australia-wide network of laboratories in the provision of high-quality PBMC (determined by yield, viability, and function), using blood taken from single donors (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] positive and HIV negative) and shipped to each site for preparation and cryopreservation of PBMC. The aim of the QAP was to provide laboratory accreditation for participation in clinical trials and cohort studies which require preparation and cryopreservation of PBMC and to assist all laboratories to prepare PBMC with a viability of >80% and yield of >50% following thawing. Many laboratories failed to reach this standard on the initial QAP round. Interventions to improve performance included telephone interviews with the staff at each laboratory, two annual wet workshops, and direct access to a senior scientist to discuss performance following each QAP round. Performance improved substantially in the majority of sites that initially failed the QAP (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001 for viability and yield, respectively). In a minority of laboratories, there was no improvement (n = 2), while a high standard was retained at the laboratories that commenced with adequate performance (n = 3). These findings demonstrate that simple interventions and monitoring of PBMC preparation and cryopreservation from multiple laboratories can significantly improve performance and contribute to maintenance of a network of laboratories accredited for quality PBMC fractionation and cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne B Dyer
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 153 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
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Ruitenberg JJ, Mulder CB, Maino VC, Landay AL, Ghanekar SA. VACUTAINER CPT and Ficoll density gradient separation perform equivalently in maintaining the quality and function of PBMC from HIV seropositive blood samples. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:11. [PMID: 16725038 PMCID: PMC1481571 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For immune monitoring studies during HIV vaccine clinical trials, whole blood specimens from HIV seropositive (HIV+) patients may be collected at multiple sites and sent to a central location for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation, cryopreservation and functional evaluation. In this study we show a comparison of two PBMC preparation options, Ficoll density gradient separation (Ficoll) and Cell Preparation Tubes (CPT) using shipped whole blood specimens from 19 HIV+ patients (CD4 > 350, viral load < 50). The pre- and post- cryopreservation performance of samples collected by these two methods were compared by assessment of antigen-specific IFNγ expression in CD8+ and CD8- T cells, cellular viability, and cellular recovery. Results The results indicate that cryopreserved PBMC samples tested for CMV- and HIV- specific interferon-gamma (IFNγ) expression performed equivalent to the respective fresh PBMC processed under both collection conditions. Compared to fresh PBMC, the viability was significantly lower for cryopreserved PBMC derived using Ficoll, although it was never less than 90%. There were no significant differences in the IFNγ response, viability, or recovery between cryopreserved PBMC derived by Ficoll and by CPT. Conclusion These data suggest that CPT is an efficient system for the collection and cryopreservation of functionally active HIV+ PBMC, as well as a viable alternative to Ficoll gradient separation.
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Weinberg A, Horslen SP, Kaufman SS, Jesser R, Devoll-Zabrocki A, Fleckten BL, Kochanowicz S, Seipel KR, Levin MJ. Safety and immunogenicity of varicella-zoster virus vaccine in pediatric liver and intestine transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:565-8. [PMID: 16468967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections following organ transplantation may cause significant morbidity. We examined the safety and immunogenicity of Varivax after transplantation as a potential prophylactic tool. Pediatric liver and intestine transplant recipients without history of chickenpox received one dose of Varivax. VZV humoral and cellular immunity were assessed before and > or =12 weeks after vaccination. Adverse events (AE) and management of exposure to wild type VZV were monitored. Sixteen VZV-naïve subjects, 13-76 months of age, at 257-2045 days after transplantation were immunized. Five children developed mild local AE of short duration. Four subjects developed fever and four developed non-injection site rashes, three of whom received acyclovir. Liver enzymes did not increase during the month after vaccination. Eighty-seven percent and 86% of children developed humoral and cellular immunity, respectively. There were five reported exposures to varicella in four children, none of which resulted in chickenpox. One subject received VZV-immunoglobulin and another subject with liver enzyme elevations after exposure received acyclovir; all remained asymptomatic. Varivax was safe and immunogenic in pediatric liver and intestine transplant recipients. Larger studies are needed to establish the efficacy and role of varicella vaccination after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Weinberg
- Dept. Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Services Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Vaccari M, Trindade CJ, Venzon D, Zanetti M, Franchini G. Vaccine-induced CD8+ central memory T cells in protection from simian AIDS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3502-7. [PMID: 16148092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Critical to the development of an effective HIV vaccine is the identification of adaptive immune responses that prevent infection or disease. In this study we demonstrate in a relevant nonhuman primate model of AIDS that the magnitude of vaccine-induced virus-specific CD8(+) central memory T cells (T(CM)), but not that of CD8(+) effector memory T cells, inversely correlates with the level of SIVmac251 replication, suggesting their pivotal role in the control of viral replication. We propose that effective preventive or therapeutic T cell vaccines for HIV-1 should induce long-term protective central memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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43
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Maecker HT, Moon J, Bhatia S, Ghanekar SA, Maino VC, Payne JK, Kuus-Reichel K, Chang JC, Summers A, Clay TM, Morse MA, Lyerly HK, DeLaRosa C, Ankerst DP, Disis ML. Impact of cryopreservation on tetramer, cytokine flow cytometry, and ELISPOT. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:17. [PMID: 16026627 PMCID: PMC1190174 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryopreservation of PBMC and/or overnight shipping of samples are required for many clinical trials, despite their potentially adverse effects upon immune monitoring assays such as MHC-peptide tetramer staining, cytokine flow cytometry (CFC), and ELISPOT. In this study, we compared the performance of these assays on leukapheresed PBMC shipped overnight in medium versus cryopreserved PBMC from matched donors. Results Using CMV pp65 peptide pool stimulation or pp65 HLA-A2 tetramer staining, there was significant correlation between shipped and cryopreserved samples for each assay (p ≤ 0.001). The differences in response magnitude between cryopreserved and shipped PBMC specimens were not significant for most antigens and assays. There was significant correlation between CFC and ELISPOT assay using pp65 peptide pool stimulation, in both shipped and cryopreserved samples (p ≤ 0.001). Strong correlation was observed between CFC (using HLA-A2-restricted pp65 peptide stimulation) and tetramer staining (p < 0.001). Roughly similar sensitivity and specificity were observed between the three assays and between shipped and cryopreserved samples for each assay. Conclusion We conclude that all three assays show concordant results on shipped versus cryopreserved specimens, when using a peptide-based readout. The assays are also concordant with each other in pair wise comparisons using equivalent antigen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Moon
- Southwest Oncology Group Statistical Center at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda Summers
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Timothy M Clay
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Michael A Morse
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Corazon DeLaRosa
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Donna P Ankerst
- Southwest Oncology Group Statistical Center at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Bigaud M, Maurer C, Vedrine C, Puissant B, Blancher A. A simple method to optimize peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparation from cynomolgus monkeys and improve mixed lymphocyte reactions. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2005; 50:153-9. [PMID: 15385090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The standard Ficoll-Hypaque method used to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) gives very variable results when used with cynomolgus monkey blood. We have improved the method by using special cell processing tubes (CP-tubes), originally developed for clinical use. METHODS Blood samples were collected from cynomolgus monkeys and processed for PBMC preparation using either the classical Ficoll-Hypaque method or CP-tubes following various centrifugation protocols. The preparations were compared according to their cellular content as well as their response in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). RESULTS Good PBMC separation was achieved in >90% of samples by centrifugation of blood samples in CP-tubes for 40-45 min at 1650 x g and 20 degrees C. For the remaining samples, poor PBMC separation was probably due to low corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (< 28 g/dl), but this could be rectified by using one to two additional centrifugations. The PBMC preparations thus obtained showed lower red blood cell (RBC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell contamination, reacted well to mitogen and showed improved MLR stimulation indices vs. standard Ficoll-Hypaque-PBMC-derived preparations. The inhibitory effect of Cyclosporine-A (CsA) was within the low nanomolar range with both methods. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate that the use of CP-tubes is a practical way of improving PBMC separation and MLR responses with cynomolgus monkey blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bigaud
- Novartis Pharma AG, Transplantation Research, WSJ-386 1.55A, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Weinberg A, Jesser RD, Edelstein CL, Bill JR, Wohl DA. Excess apoptosis of mononuclear cells contributes to the depressed cytomegalovirus-specific immunity in HIV-infected patients on HAART. Virology 2004; 330:313-21. [PMID: 15527856 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have persistently decreased cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific proliferative responses [lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA)] in spite of increases in CD4+ T cell counts. Here we demonstrate an association between apoptosis of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (uPBMC) and decreased CMV-LPA. HAART recipients had more apoptosis of uPBMC than controls when measured by caspases 3, 8, and 9 activities and by annexin V binding. Patients with undetectable HIV replication maintained significantly higher apoptosis of CD4+ and CD14+ cells compared to controls. CMV-LPA decreased with higher apoptosis of uPBMC in patients only. This association was independent of CD4+ cell counts or HIV replication. Furthermore, rescuing PBMC from apoptosis with crmA, but not with TRAIL- or Fas-pathway blocking agents or with other caspase inhibitors, increased CMV-LPA in HAART recipients. This effect was not observed in uninfected controls, further indicating that the down regulatory effect of apoptosis on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was specifically associated with the HIV-infected status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
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Mazzone PJ, Mossad SB, Mawhorter SD, Mehta AC, Mauer JR. Cell-mediated immune response to influenza vaccination in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:1175-81. [PMID: 15477112 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2003.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 08/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung transplant recipients are susceptible to complications from influenza infection. Antibody responses to influenza vaccination have been shown to be decreased in lung transplant recipients. Cellular immune mechanisms serve an important role in influenza clearance. The cellular immune response to influenza vaccination has not been studied in transplant populations. METHODS Interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interferon-gamma, and granzyme B levels to the three viral antigens included in the 1999 to 2000 influenza vaccine were measured before and 4 weeks post-vaccination in 43 lung transplant recipients and 21 healthy adult controls. RESULTS Interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interferon-gamma, and granzyme B levels did not increase from pre- to post-vaccination in the lung transplant group. Both pre- and post-cytokine levels were lower in the transplant group compared to the control group. Pre- and post-granzyme B levels did not differ significantly between the groups. The T-helper response in the control group varied with the different viral strains. A correlation between acute rejection episodes and the absence of both azathioprine and mycophenolate was found. CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccination does not stimulate a cell-mediated immune response in lung transplant recipients as judged by interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interferon-gamma, and granzyme B levels. Alternative prevention strategies may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mazzone
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Sarkar S, Kalia V, Montelaro RC. Caspase-mediated apoptosis and cell death of rhesus macaque CD4+ T-cells due to cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells can be rescued by cytokine treatment after thawing. Cryobiology 2003; 47:44-58. [PMID: 12963412 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-2240(03)00068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from animal model studies and clinical trials is utilized as a primary method for long-term storage of PBMC for future in vitro and in vivo applications. The objective of this study was to define the mechanistic pathways involved in cryopreservation-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells in PBMC, and to evaluate a cytokine treatment of the cryopreserved samples to rescue apoptosis for the potential future use of the cryopreserved PBMC. Using cryopreserved PBMC samples isolated from naïve and Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques as a model, frozen PBMC showed significantly increased levels of apoptosis-induced CD4+ T-cell death compared to fresh PBMC over a 5-day culture period as detected by Annexin V/PI and trypan blue staining. Mechanistic studies using a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD demonstrated a crucial involvement of caspases in cryopreservation-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells. Furthermore, the ability of z-VAD to inhibit both mitochondrial membrane perturbation and apoptotic cell death implicated the involvement of caspase-mediated mitochondrial membrane damage in cryopreservation-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells. Due to their known properties to promote T-cell survival and inhibit apoptosis, we evaluated the ability of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 combination cytokine treatment of the cryopreserved cells to rescue apoptosis of the CD4+ T-cells. The cytokine treatment resulted in a significant inhibition (p<0.01) of apoptosis-induced cell death and rescued CD4+ T-cell survival (p<0.01) in the cryopreserved cells. Efficient rescue of cryopreserved CD4+ T-cells has clinical significance in immune function analysis of longitudinal samples and in various long-term protocols requiring cryopreservation, including bone marrow and stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Sarkar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Costantini A, Mancini S, Giuliodoro S, Butini L, Regnery CM, Silvestri G, Montroni M. Effects of cryopreservation on lymphocyte immunophenotype and function. J Immunol Methods 2003; 278:145-55. [PMID: 12957403 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for phenotypic and functional analyses is considered a standard procedure in order to minimize operator-dependent inter-assay variability and to optimize the use of available resources. However, only few and somewhat conflicting data are presently available on the effects of cryopreservation on PBMCs, especially in samples from HIV-infected patients in which assessment of lymphocyte phenotype and function is of the outmost importance. In this study, we compared fresh versus frozen/thawed (F/T) samples isolated from 19 healthy individuals and 21 HIV-infected patients, showing that cryopreservation induces: (i) a profound decrease of CD62L expression, with a consequent significant decline of the calculated proportions of "naïve" (CD45RA+CD62L+) and "central memory" (CD45RO+CD62L+) T cells; (ii) an increase of the calculated proportions of "effector" CD8+ T cells (CD45RA+CD62L- and CD45RO+CD62L-) in the healthy subjects, while no changes were observed in the HIV-infected group; (iii) a significant decline of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) expression; (iv) a loss of proliferative responses to some HIV antigens (i.e. p24) and recall antigens [cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Influenza] in HIV-infected patients. We thus conclude that cryopreservation induces a consistent set of changes in PBMCs from both healthy and HIV-infected individuals, and that certain immunological studies of HIV-infected patients (i.e. studies of immune reconstitution following antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients or studies of HIV-infectivity in vitro using CCR5-tropic strains) should be performed on fresh samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Costantini
- Service of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ancona University Medical School, Ancona, Italy
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Kreher CR, Dittrich MT, Guerkov R, Boehm BO, Tary-Lehmann M. CD4+ and CD8+ cells in cryopreserved human PBMC maintain full functionality in cytokine ELISPOT assays. J Immunol Methods 2003; 278:79-93. [PMID: 12957398 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and the cytokine signature of antigen-specific T cells in the blood reflect the magnitude and the quality of T cell immunity in vivo. Recently, cytokine enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays performed on freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) emerged as a promising tool for monitoring these key parameters, providing direct feedback information on the efficacy of vaccinations and immune therapies. However, performing ELISPOT assays with freshly isolated cells is not readily feasible in the context of clinical trials. The ability to obtain valid ELISPOT data on cryopreserved samples would greatly enhance ex vivo immune monitoring capabilities. We have therefore systematically studied antigen-specific T cell responses in freshly isolated PBMC and after cryopreservation. Four healthy donors were selected that displayed T cell responses to six recall antigens. The antigen reactive T cells were defined as CD4 or CD8 cells, and their cytokine effector class was established measuring interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-5. The donors were bled at three different time points, and their PBMC were tested fresh and after freeze-thawing. The results showed that the frequencies and type 1/type 2 cytokine signatures of recall antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 cells are unaffected after cryopreservation. In contrast to these data obtained on human PBMC, cryopreservation of murine spleen cells causes a decrease in cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Kreher
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, BRB 928, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Holland NT, Smith MT, Eskenazi B, Bastaki M. Biological sample collection and processing for molecular epidemiological studies. Mutat Res 2003; 543:217-34. [PMID: 12787814 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(02)00090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology uses biomarkers and advanced technology to refine the investigation of the relationship between environmental exposures and diseases in humans. It requires careful handling and storage of precious biological samples with the goals of obtaining a large amount of information from limited samples, and minimizing future research costs by use of banked samples. Many factors, such as tissue type, time of collection, containers used, preservatives and other additives, transport means and length of transit time, affect the quality of the samples and the stability of biomarkers and must be considered at the initial collection stage. An efficient study design includes provisions for further processing of the original samples, such as cryopreservation of isolated cells, purification of DNA and RNA, and preparation of specimens for cytogenetic, immunological and biochemical analyses. Given the multiple uses of the samples in molecular epidemiology studies, appropriate informed consent must be obtained from the study subjects prior to sample collection. Use of barcoding and electronic databases allow more efficient management of large sample banks. Development of standard operating procedures and quality control plans is a safeguard of the samples' quality and of the validity of the analyses results. Finally, specific state, federal and international regulations are in place regarding research with human samples, governing areas including custody, safety of handling, and transport of human samples, as well as communication of study results.Here, we focus on the factors affecting the quality and the potential future use of biological samples and some of the provisions that must be made during collection, processing, and storage of samples, based on our experience in the Superfund Basic Research Program and Children's Environmental Health Center, at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina T Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
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