Novel approach for specific detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 antibodies and immunoglobulin G and M antibodies

Clinical variability of recurrent oral HSV-1 infection with a high level of serum IgG antibody: Three case reports

Recurrent HSV-1 infection has various clinical features. This case report addresses three differences in the oral clinical manifestation of HSV-1 with the same high level of IgG titers reaching 200 U/mL. IgG antibody level indicates the state of recurrency but does not correlate with clinical features.

SERO-prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among women attending routine Cervicare clinics in Ghana

BACKGROUND

Herpes simplex virus infection is a global health concern with disproportionately high burden in low and middle-income countries. There is a paucity of data on the prevalence of HSV infection in Ghana, which necessitated the present study. The aim of the study was to provide up-to-date data on sero-prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection among women attending Cervicare clinics in Ghana.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study in which 380 women attending routine Cervicare clinics at Regional Hospitals in Kumasi and Accra, Ghana were enrolled into the study. Serum HSV-1 IgG and HSV-2 IgG were determined by ELISA method. The Chi-square test was used to investigate the association between sero-prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and socio-demographic and behavioral factors using the Statistical Package for the Social Scientists (SPSS) version 22. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

The overall HSV-1 and HSV-2 sero-prevalence estimates were 99.2% (95% CI: 98.0-100%) and 78.4% (95% CI: 74.5-81.8%) respectively. The study observed 78.2% cross-positive prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 among the studied participants. There was no association between the presence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection and age (χ² = 2.351, p = 0.799 and χ² = 1.655, p = 0.895 respectively). Our findings however, revealed association between the prevalence of HSV-2 and the age at coitarche (p = 0.021) as well as with number of sexual partners (p = 0.022).

CONCLUSIONS

The sero-prevalence estimates of HSV-1 and HSV-2 among the study population of women in Ghana were found to be high. This high prevalence could be attributed to high endemicity and inadequate intervention in this population. There is the need to raise awareness through organized public health screening and education to ensure control.

Specificity, cross-reactivity, and function of antibodies elicited by Zika virus infection

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus with homology to Dengue virus (DENV), has become a public health emergency. By characterizing memory lymphocytes from ZIKV-infected patients, we dissected ZIKV-specific and DENV-cross-reactive immune responses. Antibodies to nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) were largely ZIKV-specific and were used to develop a serological diagnostic tool. In contrast, antibodies against E protein domain I/II (EDI/II) were cross-reactive and, although poorly neutralizing, potently enhanced ZIKV and DENV infection in vitro and lethally enhanced DENV disease in mice. Memory T cells against NS1 or E proteins were poorly cross-reactive, even in donors preexposed to DENV. The most potent neutralizing antibodies were ZIKV-specific and targeted EDIII or quaternary epitopes on infectious virus. An EDIII-specific antibody protected mice from lethal ZIKV infection, illustrating the potential for antibody-based therapy.

Analysis of human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus genus -2 from patients with cervical cancer in isfahan, iran

BACKGROUND

Although cervical uterine cancer is a second form of cancer among women, but it occupies fifth form among all cancer types.

METHODS

In the present study, human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) in cervical cancer patients by using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and the relation between their viral loads were investigated. 156 cervical carcinoma tissues were collected from married women in health centers in Isfahan, Iran.

RESULTS

The results showed that among 156 specimens, 58.97%, 45.51% and 7.05% were positive for HPV DNA, HPV-16 and HPV-18 respectively. Only in 2.3% specimens, HSV-2 and HPV-16 were positively detected where viral load HSV-2 in conjunction with HSV-16 dramatically increased.

CONCLUSION

Thus the present study not only confirmed that viral load of HPV-16 is more than other HPV types, but also in possible conjunction with HSV-2, both rates will significantly increase.

Evaluation of commercial herpes simplex virus IgG and IgM enzyme immunoassays

Serological methods are used widely for the determination of herpes simplex virus (HSV) IgG and IgM antibodies in virological laboratories. The present study evaluates the automated performance of the Virion\Serion (Würzburg, Germany) and Orgentec (Mainz, Germany) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the determination of HSV type-common and type-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Two hundred sixty-three sera from HSV-negative children, healthy blood donors as well as patients without and with acute HSV infections were included. The Serion ELISAs classic HSV 1+2, HSV 1 and HSV 2 IgG showed sensitivities between 89.1% and 98.0% and specificities from 82.8% to 100%. Sensitivities of the Orgentec ELISAs Anti-HSV-1 and Anti-HSV-2 IgG were calculated as 91.0-96.0% and 88.5-95.4% accompanied by specificities between 93.1% and 100%. The HSV type-common Serion IgM ELISA revealed also a high sensitivity and specificity. However, the single-type HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM ELISAs from both companies did not detect reliably HSV-1- and HSV-2-specific IgM antibodies. In conclusion, the automated performance of Serion ELISAs classic HSV 1+2, HSV 1 and HSV 2 IgG as well Orgentec ELISAs Anti-HSV-1 and Anti-HSV-2 IgG provide highly dependable results for identifying HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG-positive or -negative individuals. While HSV type-common IgM ELISAs can be useful to confirm acute newly acquired HSV infections, the use of single-type IgM ELISAs on the basis of whole-virus antigen is dispensable.

Association between IgM anti-herpes simplex virus and plasma amyloid-beta levels

Objective

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation has been identified as a possible risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels might be considered as possible biomarkers of the risk of AD. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between anti-HSV antibodies and plasma Aβ levels.

Methods

The study sample consisted of 1222 subjects (73.9 y in mean) from the Three-City cohort. IgM and IgG anti-HSV antibodies were quantified using an ELISA kit, and plasma levels of Aβ_1–40 and Aβ_1–42 were measured using an xMAP-based assay technology. Cross-sectional analyses of the associations between anti-HSV antibodies and plasma Aβ levels were performed by multi-linear regression.

Results

After adjustment for study center, age, sex, education, and apolipoprotein E-e4 polymorphism, plasma Aβ_1–42 and Aβ_1–40 levels were specifically inversely associated with anti-HSV IgM levels (β = −20.7, P = 0.001 and β = −92.4, P = 0.007, respectively). In a sub-sample with information on CLU- and CR1-linked SNPs genotyping (n = 754), additional adjustment for CR1 or CLU markers did not modify these associations (adjustment for CR1 rs6656401, β = −25.6, P = 0.002 for Aβ_1–42 and β = −132.7, P = 0.002 for Aβ_1–40; adjustment for CLU rs2279590, β = −25.6, P = 0.002 for Aβ_1–42 and β = −134.8, P = 0.002 for Aβ_1–40). No association between the plasma Aβ_1–42-to-Aβ_1–40 ratio and anti-HSV IgM or IgG were evidenced.

Conclusion

High anti-HSV IgM levels, markers of HSV reactivation, are associated with lower plasma Aβ_1–40 and Aβ_1–42 levels, which suggest a possible involvement of the virus in the alterations of the APP processing and potentially in the pathogenesis of AD in human.

HSV-2 serology can be predictive of HIV epidemic potential and hidden sexual risk behavior in the Middle East and North Africa

BACKGROUND

HIV prevalence is low in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, though the risk or potential for further spread in the future is not well understood. Behavioral surveys are limited in this region and when available have serious limitations in assessing the risk of HIV acquisition. We demonstrate the potential use of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence as a marker for HIV risk within MENA.

METHODS

We designed a mathematical model to assess whether HSV-2 prevalence can be predictive of future HIV spread. We also conducted a systematic literature review of HSV-2 seroprevalence studies within MENA.

RESULTS

We found that HSV-2 prevalence data are rather limited in this region. Prevalence is typically low among the general population but high in established core groups prone to sexually transmitted infections such as men who have sex with men and female sex workers. Our model predicts that if HSV-2 prevalence is low and stable, then the risk of future HIV epidemics is low. However, expanding or high HSV-2 prevalence (greater than about 20%), implies a risk for a considerable HIV epidemic. Based on available HSV-2 prevalence data, it is not likely that the general population in MENA is experiencing or will experience such a considerable HIV epidemic. Nevertheless, the risk for concentrated HIV epidemics among several high-risk core groups is present.

CONCLUSIONS

HSV-2 prevalence surveys provide a useful mechanism for identifying and corroborating populations at risk for HIV within MENA. HSV-2 serology offers an effective tool for probing hidden sexual risk behaviors in a region where quality behavioral data are limited.

Herpes simplex virus type-2 in Egyptian patients with bladder cancer or cystitis

The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) in Egyptian patients with bladder cancer or cystitis and to evaluate the performance of different diagnostic HSV-2 assays. The study included 50 patients: 27 with bladder cancer (group I), 23 with cystitis (group II) and 20 subjects as controls (group III). HSV-2 DNA was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on bladder tissue and buffy coat cells (BCC). Electron microscopic studies (EMS) on BCC and ELISAs for IgM, IgG and specific glycoprotein G-2 (gG-2) IgG were performed. HSV-2 DNA was detected by PCR on bladder tissue biopsies in 29.6% and 21.7% of group I and II respectively and it was also detected by PCR on BCC in 22.2% and 21.7% of group I and II respectively. EMS revealed HSV like particles in 16.6% of cases. IgG, specific gG-2 IgG and IgM were detected in 30%, 16% and 6% of cases respectively. The different assays were evaluated in relation to PCR on bladder tissue biopsies. The gG-2-based ELISA and EMS on BCC were found to be highly specific (97.3% and 100% respectively), with similar low sensitivity of approximately 54%. PCR on BCC was the most sensitive assay. The association of HSV-2 with bladder cancer is suggested especially in schistosomal patients.

Human herpes simplex virus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and management

Eight of the more than 80 known herpesviruses are human pathogens. Human herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a contagious infection with a large reservoir in the general population. It has a potential for significant complications in the immunocompromised host. In addition, psychological distress caused by the negative stigma associated with genital herpes and visible facial lesions in those experiencing frequent outbreaks renders it a challenging clinical dilemma. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic features of HSV infections, providing the clinician with an up-to-date understanding of the available management strategies for mucocutaneous HSV-induced disease.

Herpes simplex virus-associated acute liver failure: a difficult diagnosis with a poor prognosis

We report 5 cases of acute liver failure related to herpes simplex (HSV) infection in 1 immunocompetent and 4 immunosuppressed patients. One patient was too ill for liver transplantation indication. Three patients, among the 4 listed, underwent liver transplantation. Three patients died 11 days to 1 year after transplantation and 2 patients died 2 to 3 days after admission. All presented with fever and none with skin lesions. The diagnosis of HSV-related hepatitis was made antemortem in only 2 patients on the basis of positive blood cultures and/or immunohistochemic findings. In the remaining patients, HSV diagnosis was made retrospectively on further histologic and virologic investigations. Primary HSV infection was certain or likely in all cases, including an HSV2 superinfection of an anti-HSV1-positive patient and two HSV superinfections of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver disease. In these latter patients, HSV diagnosis was totally unsuspected, despite fever. HSV superinfection has significantly contributed to liver dysfunction aggravation and death. In conclusion, the diagnosis of HSV hepatitis is difficult to establish in the absence of specific clinical signs. This may suggest the need for early administration of acyclovir in patients with suspected HSV hepatitis, without waiting for virologic confirmation. Diagnosis methods providing fast results (real-time polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) should be implemented.

High seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in French human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected outpatients

Using commercially available herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-specific serological diagnostic tests, HSV type 2 (HSV-2) antibody prevalence was assessed in two parallel prospective studies including 534 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected outpatients living in two areas of northern France. In the first cohort of 434 subjects, 223 (51%) individuals demonstrated a positive HSV-2 serological status while 66 (66%) of 100 subjects in the second cohort were seropositive for HSV-2 (51 versus 66%; P = 0.08). Among the 223 HSV-2-seropositive subjects identified in the first study cohort, only 22 (10%) had suffered from recurrent anogenital lesions during the past 12 months while 154 (69%) had no clinical history of herpesvirus infection. Our findings demonstrate high proportions of subclinical and undiagnosed HSV-2 infection in HIV-1-infected individuals and suggest that HSV type-specific serological testing in the French HIV-1-infected subpopulation could be an efficient strategy to diagnose clinically asymptomatic HSV-2 infections.

Prevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among pregnant women in Israel

BACKGROUND

Although usually a nuisance to the adult patient, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection can have devastating consequences on the infected newborn. It is thus important to document the prevalence and risk factors of this infection among pregnant women in a defined population. The availability of the new type-specific assays that provide accurate serologic results prompted us to study the seroprevalence of HSV-2 infection among pregnant women in Israel.

STUDY DESIGN

In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 512 pregnant women were tested. The study population included Israeli-born Jewish and Arab women, and new immigrants from the former Soviet Union. A competition-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect type-specific HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for HSV-2 seropositivity.

RESULTS

The prevalence of HSV-2 infection was 13.3% (95% confidence interval, 10.5-16.5%) and that of HSV-1 was 94.9%. History of genital or labial herpes was reported by 1.3% and 26.8% of the participants, respectively. The HSV-2 infection rate was 3-fold higher among immigrants from the former Soviet Union (27.5%) than among Israeli-born Jewish and Arab women (9%). The only risk factor independently associated with HSV-2 seropositivity was multiple lifetime sexual partners.

CONCLUSION

We have documented a relatively low seroprevalence of HSV-2 infection in a demographically mixed group of pregnant women in Israel. The role of high-risk sexual behavior in the spread of the infection has been reconfirmed.