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Alam MM, Jarvis CM, Hincapie R, McKay CS, Schimer J, Sanhueza-Chavez CA, Xu K, Diehl RC, Finn MG, Kiessling LL. Glycan-Modified Virus-like Particles Evoke T Helper Type 1-like Immune Responses. ACS NANO 2021; 15:309-321. [PMID: 32790346 PMCID: PMC8249087 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly effective antigen-presenting cells that shape immune responses. Vaccines that deliver antigen to the DCs can harness their power. DC surface lectins recognize glycans not typically present on host tissue to facilitate antigen uptake and presentation. Vaccines that target these surface lectins should offer improved antigen delivery, but their efficacy will depend on how lectin targeting influences the T cell subtypes that result. We examined how antigen structure influences uptake and signaling from the C-type lectin DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin or CD209). Virus-like particles (VLPs) were engineered from bacteriophage Qβ to present an array of mannoside ligands. The VLPs were taken up by DCs and efficiently trafficked to endosomes. The signaling that ensued depended on the ligand displayed on the VLP: only those particles densely functionalized with an aryl mannoside, Qβ-Man540, elicited DC maturation and induced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines characteristic of a T helper type 1 (TH1)-like immune response. This effect was traced to differential binding to DC-SIGN at the acidic pH of the endosome. Mice immunized with a VLP bearing the aryl mannoside, and a peptide antigen (Qβ-Ova-Man540) had antigen-specific responses, including the production of CD4+ T cells producing the activating cytokines interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. A TH1 response is critical for intracellular pathogens (e.g., viruses) and cancer; thus, our data highlight the value of targeting DC lectins for antigen delivery and validate the utility of DC-targeted VLPs as vaccine vehicles that induce cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Murshid Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA
| | - Cassie M. Jarvis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA
| | - Robert Hincapie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Craig S. McKay
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jiri Schimer
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Carlos A Sanhueza-Chavez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Pkwy. Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Roger C Diehl
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA
| | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139 USA
- Corresponding Author: Laura L. Kiessling,
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Liu AY, De Rosa SC, Guthrie BL, Choi RY, Kerubo-Bosire R, Richardson BA, Kiarie J, Farquhar C, Lohman-Payne B. High background in ELISpot assays is associated with elevated levels of immune activation in HIV-1-seronegative individuals in Nairobi. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2018; 6:392-401. [PMID: 29974672 PMCID: PMC6113767 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spontaneous interferon-γ (IFNγ) released detected by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays may be a biological phenomenon. Markers of immune activation levels were assessed as correlates of high background among individuals in Kenya. METHODS Couples concordantly seronegative for HIV-1 were enrolled. IFN-γ ELISpot assays were conducted and negative control wells were categorized as having either high or low background (≥50 and <50 SFU/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMC], respectively). PBMC were stained for CD4, CD8, and immune activation markers (CD38 and HLA-DR) and analyzed using flow cytometry. Proportions of activated T-cells were compared between those with low and high background by Mann-Whitney U test. Correlates of background SFU and immune activation were assessed using regression models. RESULTS Among 58 individuals, 14 (24%) had high background. Frequencies of CD4+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ cells were higher in individuals with high background compared to those with low background (P = 0.02). Higher background SFU was associated with history of sexually transmitted infections (P = 0.03), and illness in the past 3 months (P = 0.005), in addition to increased levels of activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells (P range = 0.008-0.03). Female gender and male circumcision decreased levels of CD4+ and CD8+ immune activation (P range = 0.002-0.03). Additionally, higher background SFU and activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells were individually associated with positive ELISpot responses to HIV-1 peptide pools (P range = 0.01-0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increased basal immune responses may be a biological mechanism contributing to higher background ELISpot SFU. Systematic exclusion of data from individuals with increased background in IFN-γ release assays may bias results in population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brandon L Guthrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert Y Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rose Kerubo-Bosire
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James Kiarie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Carey Farquhar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbara Lohman-Payne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Chen L, Liu WQ, Lei JH, Guan F, Li MJ, Song WJ, Li YL, Wang T. Chronic Schistosoma japonicum infection reduces immune response to vaccine against hepatitis B in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51512. [PMID: 23272112 PMCID: PMC3522692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B and schistosomiasis are most prevalent in Africa and Asia, and co-infections of both are frequent in these areas. The immunomodulation reported to be induced by schistosome infections might restrict immune control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) leading to more severe viral infection. Vaccination is the most effective measure to control and prevent HBV infection, but there is evidence for a reduced immune response to the vaccine in patients with chronic schistosomiasis japonica. Methodology/Principal Findings In this paper, we demonstrate in a mouse model that a chronic Schistosoma japonicum infection can inhibit the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine (HBV vaccine) and lead to lower production of anti-HBs antibodies, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). After deworming with Praziquantel (PZQ), the level of anti-HBs antibodies gradually increased and the Th2-biased profile slowly tapered. At 16 weeks after deworming, the levels of anti-HBs antibodies and Th1/Th2 cytokines returned to the normal levels. Conclusions/Significance The results suggest that the preexisting Th2-dominated immune profile in the host infected with the parasite may down–regulate levels of anti-HBs antibodies and Th1 cytokines. To improve the efficacy of HBV vaccination in schistosome infected humans it may be valuable to treat them with praziquantel (PZQ) some time prior to HBV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-qi Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-hui Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man-jun Li
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-jian Song
- Department of Parasitology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-long Li
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
We have previously suggested that helminth infections play a major role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection in Africa and other developing areas, due to their profound effects on the host immune system, which make those infected more susceptible to HIV-1 infection and less able to cope with it. Chronic immune activation with a dominant Th2 profile, and anergy, are the hallmarks of chronic helminth infection, and may therefore account for most of these effects. In the present review, we summarize the studies that have addressed these issues and argue that despite some conflicting results, the cumulative immunological and epidemiological evidence is in favour of deworming as a preventive and possible therapeutic measure vis-à-vis HIV-1 infection. We suggest that it should be at least tested on a wider and larger scale than has been done until now, because of its immense potential impact on the still raging AIDS epidemic in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Borkow
- Cupron Inc., Beth-Shemesh, Israel
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Borkow G, Bentwich Z. Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 17:1012-30, table of contents. [PMID: 15489359 PMCID: PMC523563 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.1012-1030.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation is one of the hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is present also, with very similar characteristics, in very large human populations infested with helminthic infections. We have tried to review the studies addressing the changes in the immune profiles and responses of hosts infected with either one of these two chronic infections. Not surprisingly, several of the immune derangements and impairments seen in HIV infection, and considered by many to be the "specific" effects of HIV, can be found in helminth-infected but HIV-noninfected individuals and can thus be accounted for by the chronic immune activation itself. A less appreciated element in chronic immune activation is the immune suppression and anergy which it may generate. Both HIV and helminth infections represent this aspect in a very wide and illustrative way. Different degrees of anergy and immune hyporesponsiveness are present in these infections and probably have far-reaching effects on the ability of the host to cope with these and other infections. Furthermore, they may have important practical implications, especially with regard to protective vaccinations against AIDS, for populations chronically infected with helminths and therefore widely anergic. The current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of anergy by chronic immune activation is thoroughly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Borkow
- Animal Scienes, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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