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Markelova NN, Semenova EF, Sineva ON, Sadykova VS. The Role of Cyclomodulins and Some Microbial Metabolites in Bacterial Microecology and Macroorganism Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911706. [PMID: 36233008 PMCID: PMC9570213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of bacteria that colonize the human body produce toxins and effectors that cause changes in the eukaryotic cell cycle—cyclomodulins and low-molecular-weight compounds such as butyrate, lactic acid, and secondary bile acids. Cyclomodulins and metabolites are necessary for bacteria as adaptation factors—which are influenced by direct selection—to the ecological niches of the host. In the process of establishing two-way communication with the macroorganism, these compounds cause limited damage to the host, despite their ability to disrupt key processes in eukaryotic cells, which can lead to pathological changes. Possible negative consequences of cyclomodulin and metabolite actions include their potential role in carcinogenesis, in particular, with the ability to cause DNA damage, increase genome instability, and interfere with cancer-associated regulatory pathways. In this review, we aim to examine cyclomodulins and bacterial metabolites as important factors in bacterial survival and interaction with the host organism to show their heterogeneous effect on oncogenesis depending on the surrounding microenvironment, pathological conditions, and host genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Markelova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya, 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.N.M.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Elena F. Semenova
- Institute of Biochemical Technology, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Olga N. Sineva
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya, 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera S. Sadykova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya, 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.N.M.); (V.S.S.)
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2
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Fabbri A, Bracci L. Immunomodulatory properties of CNF1 toxin from E. coli: implications for colorectal carcinogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:651-660. [PMID: 35261793 PMCID: PMC8899975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The risk of developing CRC is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Recently, chronic inflammation and gut microbiota modifications have been associated with increased CRC risk. Escherichia coli belongs to the commensal intestinal flora and can become highly pathogenic following the acquisition of genes coding for virulence factors, such as the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1). Numerous reports highlight that, besides exerting direct effects on epithelial cells, CNF1 can also act on immune cells, modulating their responses and possibly contributing to disease development. In the present review, we summarized the key studies addressing the immunomodulatory functions of CNF1 and discussed the contribution that CNF1 can bring about to CRC through the creation of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bracci
- Departement of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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3
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The Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors (CNFs)-A Family of Rho GTPase-Activating Bacterial Exotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120901. [PMID: 34941738 PMCID: PMC8709095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNFs) are a family of Rho GTPase-activating single-chain exotoxins that are produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Due to the pleiotropic activities of the targeted Rho GTPases, the CNFs trigger multiple signaling pathways and host cell processes with diverse functional consequences. They influence cytokinesis, tissue integrity, cell barriers, and cell death, as well as the induction of inflammatory and immune cell responses. This has an enormous influence on host-pathogen interactions and the severity of the infection. The present review provides a comprehensive insight into our current knowledge of the modular structure, cell entry mechanisms, and the mode of action of this class of toxins, and describes their influence on the cell, tissue/organ, and systems levels. In addition to their toxic functions, possibilities for their use as drug delivery tool and for therapeutic applications against important illnesses, including nervous system diseases and cancer, have also been identified and are discussed.
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4
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Carlini F, Maroccia Z, Fiorentini C, Travaglione S, Fabbri A. Effects of the Escherichia coli Bacterial Toxin Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 on Different Human and Animal Cells: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212610. [PMID: 34830494 PMCID: PMC8621085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a bacterial virulence factor, the target of which is represented by Rho GTPases, small proteins involved in a huge number of crucial cellular processes. CNF1, due to its ability to modulate the activity of Rho GTPases, represents a widely used tool to unravel the role played by these regulatory proteins in different biological processes. In this review, we summarized the data available in the scientific literature concerning the observed in vitro effects induced by CNF1. An article search was performed on electronic bibliographic resources. Screenings were performed of titles, abstracts, and full-texts according to PRISMA guidelines, whereas eligibility criteria were defined for in vitro studies. We identified a total of 299 records by electronic article search and included 76 original peer-reviewed scientific articles reporting morphological or biochemical modifications induced in vitro by soluble CNF1, either recombinant or from pathogenic Escherichia coli extracts highly purified with chromatographic methods. Most of the described CNF1-induced effects on cultured cells are ascribable to the modulating activity of the toxin on Rho GTPases and the consequent effects on actin cytoskeleton organization. All in all, the present review could be a prospectus about the CNF1-induced effects on cultured cells reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carlini
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (Z.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Zaira Maroccia
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (Z.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Carla Fiorentini
- Associazione Ricerca Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, ARTOI, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sara Travaglione
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (Z.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (Z.M.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2939
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5
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Gut Microbiota and Colon Cancer: A Role for Bacterial Protein Toxins? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176201. [PMID: 32867331 PMCID: PMC7504354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the human intestinal microbiota can contribute to the etiology of colorectal cancer. Triggering factors, including inflammation and bacterial infections, may favor the shift of the gut microbiota from a mutualistic to a pro-carcinogenic configuration. In this context, certain bacterial pathogens can exert a pro-tumoral activity by producing enzymatically-active protein toxins that either directly induce host cell DNA damage or interfere with essential host cell signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. This review is focused on those toxins that, by mimicking carcinogens and cancer promoters, could represent a paradigm for bacterially induced carcinogenesis.
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6
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Lawrence GW, Begley M, Cotter PD, Guinane CM. Potential Use of Biotherapeutic Bacteria to Target Colorectal Cancer-Associated Taxa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030924. [PMID: 32019270 PMCID: PMC7037558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease is the focus of much attention. It has been widely agreed upon that our gut bacteria play a role in host immunity, nutrient absorption, digestion, metabolism, and other key drivers of health. Furthermore, certain microbial signatures and specific taxa have also been associated with the development of diseases, such as obesity; inflammatory bowel disease; and, indeed, colorectal cancer (CRC), which is the focus of this review. By extension, such taxa represent potential therapeutic targets. In particular, the emerging human pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum represents an important agent in CRC development and its control within the gastrointestinal tract is desirable. This paper reviews the principal bacterial pathogens that have been associated with CRC to date and discusses the in vitro and human studies that have shown the potential use of biotherapeutic strains as a means of targeting CRC-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garreth W. Lawrence
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (G.W.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Máire Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (G.W.L.); (M.B.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland;
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland;
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Guinane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (G.W.L.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Fabbri A, Travaglione S, Rosadi F, Ballan G, Maroccia Z, Giambenedetti M, Guidotti M, Ødum N, Krejsgaard T, Fiorentini C. The Escherichia coli protein toxin cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 induces epithelial mesenchymal transition. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13138. [PMID: 31698538 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Some toxigenic bacteria produce protein toxins with carcinogenic signatures, which either directly damage DNA or stimulate signalling pathways related to cancer. So far, however, only a few of them have been proved to favour the induction or progression of cancer. In this work, we report that the Rho-activating Escherichia coli protein toxin, cytotoxic necrotising factor 1 (CNF1), induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in intestinal epithelial cells. EMT is a crucial step in malignant tumour conversion and invasiveness. In the case of CNF1, it occurs by up-regulation of the transcription factors ZEB1 and Snail1, delocalisation of E-cadherin and β-catenin, activation of the serine/threonine kinase mTOR, accelerated wound healing, and invasion. However, our results highlight that nontransformed epithelial cells entail the presence of inflammatory factors, in addition to CNF1, to acquire a mesenchymal-like behaviour. All this suggests that the surrounding microenvironment, as well as the cell type, dramatically influences the CNF1 ability to promote carcinogenic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Fabbri
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Travaglione
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosadi
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ballan
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaira Maroccia
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Guidotti
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carla Fiorentini
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Preclinical Research Section, Associazione Ricerca Terapie Oncologiche Integrate (ARTOI), Rome, Italy
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8
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Zhang Z, Aung KM, Uhlin BE, Wai SN. Reversible senescence of human colon cancer cells after blockage of mitosis/cytokinesis caused by the CNF1 cyclomodulin from Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17780. [PMID: 30542142 PMCID: PMC6290797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), a protein toxin produced by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, activates the Rho-family small GTPases in eukaryotic cell, thereby perturbing multiple cellular functions. Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a link between CNF1 and human inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. At the cellular level, CNF1 has been hypothesized to reprogram cell fate towards survival due to the role in perturbing cell cycle and apoptosis. However, it remains undetermined how cells survive from CNF1 intoxication. In this work, we show that CNF1 treatment blocks mitosis/cytokinesis, elicits endoreplication and polyploidisation in cultured human colon cancer cells, and drives them into reversible senescence, which provides a survival route for cells via depolyploidisation. Senescence in CNF1-treated cells is demonstrated with upregulation of several senescence markers including senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, p53, p21 and p16, and concomitant inhibition of the retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Importantly, progeny derived from CNF1 treatment exhibit genomic instability exemplified by increased aneuploidy and become more resistant to CNF1, but not to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, the two agents commonly used in chemotherapeutic treatment for colorectal cancer. These observations display survival features of the cell after CNF1 treatment that may have implications for the potential role of CNF1 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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9
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Tantillo E, Colistra A, Vannini E, Cerri C, Pancrazi L, Baroncelli L, Costa M, Caleo M. Bacterial Toxins and Targeted Brain Therapy: New Insights from Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061632. [PMID: 29857515 PMCID: PMC6032336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria produce toxins to promote host invasion and, therefore, their survival. The extreme potency and specificity of these toxins confer to this category of proteins an exceptionally strong potential for therapeutic exploitation. In this review, we deal with cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF1), a cytotoxin produced by Escherichia coli affecting fundamental cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, cell survival and migration. First, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of CNF1 in target cells. Next, we focus on the potential use of CNF1 as a pharmacological treatment in central nervous system’s diseases. CNF1 appears to impact neuronal morphology, physiology, and plasticity and displays an antineoplastic activity on brain tumors. The ability to preserve neural functionality and, at the same time, to trigger senescence and death of proliferating glioma cells, makes CNF1 an encouraging new strategy for the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tantillo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus (FPS), via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, San Giuliano Terme, 56017 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonella Colistra
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Departement of Biology, University of Pisa, via Luca Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Vannini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cerri
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Pancrazi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mario Costa
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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10
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El-Aouar Filho RA, Nicolas A, De Paula Castro TL, Deplanche M, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Goossens PL, Taieb F, Lina G, Le Loir Y, Berkova N. Heterogeneous Family of Cyclomodulins: Smart Weapons That Allow Bacteria to Hijack the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Promote Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:208. [PMID: 28589102 PMCID: PMC5440457 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some bacterial pathogens modulate signaling pathways of eukaryotic cells in order to subvert the host response for their own benefit, leading to successful colonization and invasion. Pathogenic bacteria produce multiple compounds that generate favorable conditions to their survival and growth during infection in eukaryotic hosts. Many bacterial toxins can alter the cell cycle progression of host cells, impairing essential cellular functions and impeding host cell division. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding cyclomodulins, a heterogeneous family of bacterial effectors that induce eukaryotic cell cycle alterations. We discuss the mechanisms of actions of cyclomodulins according to their biochemical properties, providing examples of various cyclomodulins such as cycle inhibiting factor, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, cytolethal distending toxins, shiga toxin, subtilase toxin, anthrax toxin, cholera toxin, adenylate cyclase toxins, vacuolating cytotoxin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, phenol soluble modulins, and mycolactone. Special attention is paid to the benefit provided by cyclomodulins to bacteria during colonization of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid A El-Aouar Filho
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aurélie Nicolas
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Thiago L De Paula Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Martine Deplanche
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Vasco A De Carvalho Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pierre L Goossens
- HistoPathologie et Modèles Animaux/Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut PasteurParis, France
| | - Frédéric Taieb
- CHU Purpan USC INRA 1360-CPTP, U1043 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Pathogénie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Infections à Escherichia coliToulouse, France
| | - Gerard Lina
- International Center for Infectiology ResearchLyon, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1Lyon, France.,Département de Biologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Nadia Berkova
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
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11
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Bachmann R, Leonard D, Delzenne N, Kartheuser A, Cani PD. Novel insight into the role of microbiota in colorectal surgery. Gut 2017; 66:738-749. [PMID: 28153961 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature undeniably supports the idea that the microbiota has a strong influence on the healing process of an intestinal anastomosis. Understanding the mechanisms by which the bacterial community of the gut influences intestinal healing could open the door for new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Among the different mechanisms, data have shown that the production of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of specific formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) regulate intestinal wound healing. Evidence suggests that specific gut microbes such as Lactobacillus spp and Akkermansia muciniphila help to regulate healing processes through both ROS-dependent and FPR-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives concerning the impact of microbiota on wound healing. We will further review available evidence on whether mechanical bowel preparation and the use of specific antibiotics are beneficial or harmful procedures, an ongoing matter of debate. These practices have a profound effect on the gut microbiota composition at the level of both the mucosal and the luminal compartments. Therefore, a key question remains unanswered: should we continue to prepare the gut before surgical intervention? Current knowledge and data do not clearly support the use of one technique or another to avoid complications such as anastomotic leak. There is an urgent need for appropriate interventions with a deep microbiota analysis to investigate both the surgical technical benefits of a proper anastomosis compared with the potential effect of the gut microbes (beneficial vs harmful) on the processes of wound healing and anastomotic leakage reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Bachmann
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques des Pathologies Tumorales du Colon et de Rectum (CPTCR), Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Leonard
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques des Pathologies Tumorales du Colon et de Rectum (CPTCR), Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Delzenne
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alex Kartheuser
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques des Pathologies Tumorales du Colon et de Rectum (CPTCR), Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Goleij Z, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Amin M, Halabian R, Imani Fooladi AA. Prokaryotic toxins provoke different types of cell deaths in the eukaryotic cells. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1294180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoleikha Goleij
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and
| | | | - Mohsen Amin
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and
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13
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Strengths and Limitations of Model Systems for the Study of Urinary Tract Infections and Related Pathologies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:351-67. [PMID: 26935136 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00067-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections worldwide and are a source of substantial morbidity among otherwise healthy women. UTIs can be caused by a variety of microbes, but the predominant etiologic agent of these infections is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). An especially troubling feature of UPEC-associated UTIs is their high rate of recurrence. This problem is compounded by the drastic increase in the global incidence of antibiotic-resistant UPEC strains over the past 15 years. The need for more-effective treatments for UTIs is driving research aimed at bettering our understanding of the virulence mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions that occur during the course of these infections. Surrogate models of human infection, including cell culture systems and the use of murine, porcine, avian, teleost (zebrafish), and nematode hosts, are being employed to define host and bacterial factors that modulate the pathogenesis of UTIs. These model systems are revealing how UPEC strains can avoid or overcome host defenses and acquire scarce nutrients while also providing insight into the virulence mechanisms used by UPEC within compromised individuals, such as catheterized patients. Here, we summarize our current understanding of UTI pathogenesis while also giving an overview of the model systems used to study the initiation, persistence, and recurrence of UTIs and life-threatening sequelae like urosepsis. Although we focus on UPEC, the experimental systems described here can also provide valuable insight into the disease processes associated with other bacterial pathogens both within the urinary tract and elsewhere within the host.
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Manzat-Saplacan RM, Mircea PA, Balacescu L, Chira RI, Berindan-Neagoe I, Balacescu O. Can we change our microbiome to prevent colorectal cancer development? Acta Oncol 2015; 54:1085-95. [PMID: 26073561 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2015.1054949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer represents an important disease as one of the major causes of death worldwide. Although a lot of genetic and epigenetic research has been conducted, all the pieces of the puzzle of colorectal cancer carcinogenesis have not yet been identified. New recent data has highlighted that gut microbiota could have an influence on colorectal carcinogenesis. Gut microbiota represents the microbe population living in the human intestine and contains tens of trillions of microorganisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic search in Medline and PubMed for studies reporting the influence of gut microbiota and inflammation on patients with colorectal cancer was made. RESULTS In this review we discuss many of the specific bacteria, as well as their metabolites which may have an important role in development of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, we emphasize the molecular mechanisms modulated by gut microbiota, which promote inflammation, toxic metabolites, DNA damaging and pro-carcinogenic compounds, as support for colorectal carcinogenesis. The interrelation between microbiota and inflammation is complex because bacteria and inflammation could mutually impact upon each other. In this context, both endogenous and exogenous miRNAs may have an important role to modulate tumor-related inflammation in colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Better understanding of the role of gut microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis could provide promising new directions to improve both prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Moreover, the discovery of novel biomarkers in the gut microbiome in order to detect colorectal cancer in an early stage or even in a precancerous stage is of outmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta M Manzat-Saplacan
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj-Napoca, 1st Medical Clinic , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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15
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Lüthje P, Brauner A. Virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli and their interaction with the host. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 65:337-72. [PMID: 25476769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) belong to the most common infectious diseases worldwide. The most frequently isolated pathogen from uncomplicated UTIs is Escherichia coli. To establish infection in the urinary tract, E. coli has to overcome several defence strategies of the host, including the urine flow, exfoliation of urothelial cells, endogenous antimicrobial factors and invading neutrophils. Thus, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) harbour a number of virulence and fitness factors enabling the bacterium to resist and overcome these different defence mechanisms. There is no particular factor which allows the identification of UPEC among the commensal faecal flora apart from the ability to enter the urinary tract and cause an infection. Many of potential virulence or fitness factors occur moreover with high redundancy. Fimbriae are inevitable for adherence to and invasion into the host cells; the type 1 pilus is an established virulence factor in UPEC and indispensable for successful infection of the urinary tract. Flagella and toxins promote bacterial dissemination, while different iron-acquisition systems allow bacterial survival in the iron-limited environment of the urinary tract. The immune response to UPEC is primarily mediated by toll-like receptors recognising lipopolysaccharide, flagella and other structures on the bacterial surface. UPEC have the capacity to subvert this immune response of the host by means of actively impacting on pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, or by physical masking of immunogenic structures. The large repertoire of bacterial virulence and fitness factors in combination with host-related differences results in a complex interaction between host and pathogen in the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lüthje
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Travaglione S, Loizzo S, Rizza T, Del Brocco A, Ballan G, Guidotti M, Vona R, Di Nottia M, Torraco A, Carrozzo R, Fiorentini C, Fabbri A. Enhancement of mitochondrial ATP production by the Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1. FEBS J 2014; 281:3473-88. [PMID: 24925215 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that constantly change shape and structure in response to different stimuli and metabolic demands of the cell. The Escherichia coli protein toxin cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) has recently been reported to influence mitochondrial activity in a mouse model of Rett syndrome and to increase ATP content in the brain tissue of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. In the present work, the ability of CNF1 to influence mitochondrial activity was investigated in IEC-6 normal intestinal crypt cells. In these cells, the toxin was able to induce an increase in cellular ATP content, probably due to an increment of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. In addition, the CNF1-induced Rho GTPase activity also caused changes in the mitochondrial architecture that mainly consisted in the formation of a complex network of elongated mitochondria. The involvement of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A signaling pathway was postulated. Our results demonstrate that CNF1 positively affects mitochondria by bursting their energetic function and modifying their morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Travaglione
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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17
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Travaglione S, Loizzo S, Ballan G, Fiorentini C, Fabbri A. The E. coli CNF1 as a pioneering therapy for the central nervous system diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:270-82. [PMID: 24402235 PMCID: PMC3920261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1), a protein toxin from pathogenic E. coli, modulates the Rho GTPases, thus, directing the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In the nervous system, the Rho GTPases play a key role in several processes, controlling the morphogenesis of dendritic spines and synaptic plasticity in brain tissues. This review is focused on the peculiar property of CNF1 to enhance brain plasticity in in vivo animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and on its possible application in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Travaglione
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Superior Health Institute, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Stefano Loizzo
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Superior Health Institute, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ballan
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Superior Health Institute, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Carla Fiorentini
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Superior Health Institute, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Superior Health Institute, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
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18
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Shogan BD, Smith DP, Christley S, Gilbert JA, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Intestinal anastomotic injury alters spatially defined microbiome composition and function. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:35. [PMID: 25250176 PMCID: PMC4171717 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When diseased intestine (i.e., from colon cancer, diverticulitis) requires resection, its reconnection (termed anastomosis) can be complicated by non-healing of the newly joined intestine resulting in spillage of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity (termed anastomotic leakage). While it is suspected that the intestinal microbiota have the capacity to both accelerate and complicate anastomotic healing, the associated genotypes and functions have not been characterized. RESULTS Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of samples collected on the day of surgery (postoperative day 0 (POD0)) and the 6th day following surgery (postoperative day 0 (POD6)), we analyzed the changes in luminal versus tissue-associated microbiota at anastomotic sites created in the colon of rats. Results indicated that anastomotic injury induced significant changes in the anastomotic tissue-associated microbiota with minimal differences in the luminal microbiota. The most striking difference was a 500-fold and 200-fold increase in the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Escherichia/Shigella, respectively. Functional profiling predicted the predominance of bacterial virulence-associated pathways in post-anastomotic tissues, including production of hemolysin, cytolethal toxins, fimbriae, invasins, cytotoxic necrotizing factors, and coccolysin. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that compositional and functional changes accompany anastomotic tissues and may potentially accelerate or complicate anastomotic healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Shogan
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniel P Smith
- Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Current address: Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott Christley
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olga Zaborina
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - John C Alverdy
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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19
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Bonnet M, Buc E, Sauvanet P, Darcha C, Dubois D, Pereira B, Déchelotte P, Bonnet R, Pezet D, Darfeuille-Michaud A. Colonization of the Human Gut by E. coli and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:859-67. [PMID: 24334760 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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The cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 from E. coli: a janus toxin playing with cancer regulators. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1462-74. [PMID: 23949007 PMCID: PMC3760046 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5081462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain strains of Escherichia coli have been indicated as a risk factor for colon cancer. E. coli is a normal inhabitant of the human intestine that becomes pathogenic, especially in extraintestinal sites, following the acquisition of virulence factors, including the protein toxin CNF1. This Rho GTPases-activating toxin induces dysfunctions in transformed epithelial cells, such as apoptosis counteraction, pro-inflammatory cytokines’ release, COX2 expression, NF-kB activation and boosted cellular motility. As cancer may arise when the same regulatory pathways are affected, it is conceivable to hypothesize that CNF1-producing E. coli infections can contribute to cancer development. This review focuses on those aspects of CNF1 related to transformation, with the aim of contributing to the identification of a new possible carcinogenic agent from the microbial world.
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21
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Escherichia coli Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1): Toxin Biology, in Vivo Applications and Therapeutic Potential. Toxins (Basel) 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/toxins2020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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22
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Fabbri A, Travaglione S, Fiorentini C. Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1): toxin biology, in vivo applications and therapeutic potential. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:283-96. [PMID: 22069584 PMCID: PMC3202811 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CNF1 is a protein toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. It permanently activates the regulatory Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases in eukaryotic cells, by deamidation of a glutamine residue. This modification promotes new activities in cells, such as gene transcription, cell proliferation and survival. Since the Rho GTPases play a pivotal role also in several processes in vivo, the potentiality of CNF1 to act as a new pharmacological tool has been explored in experimental animals and in diverse pathological contexts. In this review, we give an update overview on the potential in vivo applications of CNF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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23
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Comparison of infection of different cell lines by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Hemolysin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli evokes extensive shedding of the uroepithelium and hemorrhage in bladder tissue within the first 24 hours after intraurethral inoculation of mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2978-90. [PMID: 18443089 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00075-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains produce both hemolysin (Hly) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1), and the loci for these toxins are often linked. The conclusion that Hly and CNF1 contribute to urovirulence is supported by the results of epidemiological studies associating the severity of urinary tract infections (UTIs) with toxin production by UPEC isolates. Additionally, we previously reported that mouse bladders and rat prostates infected with UPEC strain CP9 exhibit a more profound inflammatory response than the organs from animals challenged with CP9cnf(1) and that CNF1 decreases the antimicrobial activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. More recently, we created an Hly mutant, CP9Delta hlyA(1)::cat, and showed that it was less hemolytic and destructive for cultured bladder cells than CP9 was. Here we evaluated the relative effects of mutations in hlyA(1) or cnf(1) alone or together on the pathogenicity of CP9 in a mouse model of ascending UTI. To do this, we constructed an hlyA(1)-complemented clone of CP9Delta hlyA(1)::cat and an hlyA(1) cnf(1) CP9 double mutant. We found that Hly had no influence on bacterial colonization of the bladder or kidneys in single or mixed infections with the wild type and CP9Delta hlyA(1)::cat but that it did provoke sloughing of the uroepithelium and bladder hemorrhage within the first 24 h after challenge. Finally, we confirmed that CNF1 expression induces bladder inflammation and, in particular, as shown in this study, submucosal edema. From these data, we speculate that Hly and CNF1 may be largely responsible for the signs and symptoms of cystitis in humans infected with toxigenic UPEC.
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25
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Travaglione S, Fabbri A, Fiorentini C. The Rho-activating CNF1 toxin from pathogenic E. coli: a risk factor for human cancer development? Infect Agent Cancer 2008; 3:4. [PMID: 18336718 PMCID: PMC2323363 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is increasing evidence that some pathogenic bacteria can contribute to specific stages of cancer development. The concept that bacterial infection could be involved in carcinogenesis acquired a widespread interest with the discovery that H. pylori is able to establish chronic infections in the stomach and that this infection is associated with an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Chronic infections triggered by bacteria can facilitate tumor initiation or progression since, during the course of infection, normal cell functions can come under the control of pathogen factors that directly manipulate the host regulatory pathways and the inflammatory reactions.Renowned publications have recently corroborated the molecular mechanisms that link bacterial infections, inflammation and cancer, indicating certain strains of Escherichia coli as a risk factor for patients with colon cancer. E. coli is a normal inhabitant of the human intestine that becomes highly pathogenic following the acquisition of virulence factors, including a protein toxin named cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1). This toxin permanently activates the small GTP-binding proteins belonging to the Rho family, thus promoting a prominent polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton as well as a number of cellular responses, including changes in protein expression and functional modification of the cell physiology. CNF1 is receiving an increasing attention as a putative factor involved in transformation because of its ability to: (i) induce COX2 expression, an immediate-early gene over-expressed in some type of cancers; (ii) induce a long-lasting activation of the transcription factor NF-kB, a largely accepted marker of tumor cells; (iii) protect epithelial cells from apoptosis; (iv) ensue the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in epithelial and endothelial cells; and (v) promote cellular motility. As cancer may arise through dysfunction of the same regulatory systems, it seems likely that CNF1-producing E. coli infections can contribute to tumor development.This review focuses on the aspects of CNF1 activity linked to cell transformation with the aim of contributing to the identification of a possible carcinogenic agent from the microbial world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Travaglione
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161-Rome, Italy.
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26
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Complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:26-59. [PMID: 18202436 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00019-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) represent the most common type of nosocomial infection and are a major health concern due to the complications and frequent recurrence. These infections are often caused by Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Gram-negative bacterial species that cause CAUTIs express a number of virulence factors associated with adhesion, motility, biofilm formation, immunoavoidance, and nutrient acquisition as well as factors that cause damage to the host. These infections can be reduced by limiting catheter usage and ensuring that health care professionals correctly use closed-system Foley catheters. A number of novel approaches such as condom and suprapubic catheters, intermittent catheterization, new surfaces, catheters with antimicrobial agents, and probiotics have thus far met with limited success. While the diagnosis of symptomatic versus asymptomatic CAUTIs may be a contentious issue, it is generally agreed that once a catheterized patient is believed to have a symptomatic urinary tract infection, the catheter is removed if possible due to the high rate of relapse. Research focusing on the pathogenesis of CAUTIs will lead to a better understanding of the disease process and will subsequently lead to the development of new diagnosis, prevention, and treatment options.
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Miraglia AG, Travaglione S, Meschini S, Falzano L, Matarrese P, Quaranta MG, Viora M, Fiorentini C, Fabbri A. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 prevents apoptosis via the Akt/IkappaB kinase pathway: role of nuclear factor-kappaB and Bcl-2. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:2735-44. [PMID: 17507655 PMCID: PMC1924812 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-10-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a protein toxin produced by some pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli that specifically activates Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases. We previously reported that this toxin prevents the ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells, with a mechanism that remained to be defined. In this work, we show that the proteasomal degradation of the Rho GTPase is necessary to achieve cell death protection, because inhibition of Rho degradation abolishes the prosurvival activity of CNF1. We hypothesize that Rho inactivation allows the activity of Rac to become dominant. This in turn leads to stimulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/IkappaB kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB prosurvival pathway and to a remarkable modification in the architecture of the mitochondrial network, mainly consisting in the appearance of elongated and interconnected mitochondria. Importantly, we found that Bcl-2 silencing reduces the ability of CNF1 to protect cells against apoptosis and that it also prevents the CNF1-induced mitochondrial changes. It is worth noting that the ability of a bacterial toxin to induce such a remodeling of the mitochondrial network is herein reported for the first time. The possible pathophysiological relevance of this finding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefania Meschini
- Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marina Viora
- Departments of *Drug Research and Evaluation and
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28
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Lax AJ. New genotoxin shows diversity of bacterial attack mechanisms. Trends Mol Med 2007; 13:91-3. [PMID: 17234453 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria make a wide range of toxic products that interact with eukaryotic cellular machinery in a precise way. These toxins interfere with key eukaryotic processes, such as cellular signalling components, and some directly attack the genome. Nougayrède and colleagues have recently identified a novel hybrid peptide-polyketide compound from Escherichia coli that leads to DNA damage. This novel compound is produced by pathogenic and, most interestingly, commensal isolates. Although it is not yet clear how the peptide-polyketide compound functions at the molecular level, it is possible that it contributes to bacterial pathogenesis and bacterially induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Lax
- Department of Microbiology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 28, Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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29
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Giamboi-Miraglia A, Travaglione S, Filippini P, Fabbri A, Fiorentini C, Falzano L. A multinucleating Escherichia coli cytotoxin perturbs cell cycle in cultured epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 21:235-9. [PMID: 17064876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains produce a number of virulence-associated factors, among which cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1). CNF1 is a chromosomally encoded toxin that permanently activates the small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family (Rho, Rac and Cdc42) by catalizing their deamidation at a specific glutamine residue. This activation modulates a high number of cellular functions, including the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, the promotion of cell spreading and the multinucleation. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates that, in addition to the well-characterized Ras GTPases, also Rho family proteins are crucial in different points of cell cycle regulation. Here, we report that CNF1 induces a block of the cell cycle at the G(2)/M transition in epithelial cell line HEp-2, and up-regulates cyclin B1 and p53 proteins confining them in the cytoplasm region. The ability of CNF1 to perturb cell cycle progression could play a role in E. coli pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giamboi-Miraglia
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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