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Meilleur CE, Memarnejadian A, Shivji AN, Benoit JM, Tuffs SW, Mele TS, Singh B, Dikeakos JD, Topham DJ, Mu HH, Bennink JR, McCormick JK, Haeryfar SMM. Discordant rearrangement of primary and anamnestic CD8+ T cell responses to influenza A viral epitopes upon exposure to bacterial superantigens: Implications for prophylactic vaccination, heterosubtypic immunity and superinfections. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008393. [PMID: 32433711 PMCID: PMC7239382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with (SAg)-producing bacteria may precede or follow infection with or vaccination against influenza A viruses (IAVs). However, how SAgs alter the breadth of IAV-specific CD8+ T cell (TCD8) responses is unknown. Moreover, whether recall responses mediating heterosubtypic immunity to IAVs are manipulated by SAgs remains unexplored. We employed wild-type (WT) and mutant bacterial SAgs, SAg-sufficient/deficient Staphylococcus aureus strains, and WT, mouse-adapted and reassortant IAV strains in multiple in vivo settings to address the above questions. Contrary to the popular view that SAgs delete or anergize T cells, systemic administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen before intraperitoneal IAV immunization enlarged the clonal size of ‘select’ IAV-specific TCD8 and reshuffled the hierarchical pattern of primary TCD8 responses. This was mechanistically linked to the TCR Vβ makeup of the impacted clones rather than their immunodominance status. Importantly, SAg-expanded TCD8 retained their IFN-γ production and cognate cytolytic capacities. The enhancing effect of SEB on immunodominant TCD8 was also evident in primary responses to vaccination with heat-inactivated and live attenuated IAV strains administered intramuscularly and intranasally, respectively. Interestingly, in prime-boost immunization settings, the outcome of SEB administration depended strictly upon the time point at which this SAg was introduced. Accordingly, SEB injection before priming raised CD127highKLRG1low memory precursor frequencies and augmented the anamnestic responses of SEB-binding TCD8. By comparison, introducing SEB before boosting diminished recall responses to IAV-derived epitopes drastically and indiscriminately. This was accompanied by lower Ki67 and higher Fas, LAG-3 and PD-1 levels consistent with a pro-apoptotic and/or exhausted phenotype. Therefore, SAgs can have contrasting impacts on anti-IAV immunity depending on the naïve/memory status and the TCR composition of exposed TCD8. Finally, local administration of SEB or infection with SEB-producing S. aureus enhanced pulmonary TCD8 responses to IAV. Our findings have clear implications for superinfections and prophylactic vaccination. Exposure to bacterial superantigens (SAgs) is often a consequence of infection with common Gram-positive bacteria causing septic and toxic shock or food poisoning. How SAgs affect the magnitude, breadth and quality of infection/vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cell (TCD8) responses to respiratory viral pathogens, including influenza A viruses (IAVs), is far from clear. Also importantly, superinfections with IAVs and SAg-producing bacteria are serious clinical occurrences during seasonal and pandemic flu and require urgent attention. We demonstrate that two structurally distinct SAgs, including staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), unexpectedly enhance primary TCD8 responses to ‘select’ IAV-derived epitopes depending on the TCR makeup of the responding clones. Intriguingly, the timing of exposure to SEB dictates the outcome of prime-boost immunization. Seeing a SAg before priming raises memory precursor frequencies and augments anamnestic TCD8 responses. Conversely, a SAg encounter before boosting renders TCD8 prone to death or exhaustion and impedes recall responses, thus likely compromising heterosubtypic immunity to IAVs. Finally, local exposure to SEB increases the pulmonary response of immunodominant IAV-specific TCD8. These findings shed new light on how bacterial infections and SAgs influence the effectiveness of anti-IAV TCD8 responses, and have, as such, wide-ranging implications for preventative vaccination and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Meilleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arash Memarnejadian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adil N. Shivji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenna M. Benoit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina S. Mele
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong-Hua Mu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Bennink
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Diedershagen M, Overbeck S, Arlt S, Plümäkers B, Lintges M, Rink L. Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived superantigen (MAM) displays DNase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 49:266-71. [PMID: 17328760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens are potent stimulators of the immune system. In this study, we expressed recombinant superantigens, which were then affinity purified and used for growth curves and DNase activity assays. Overexpression of Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived superantigen in Escherichia coli reduced bacterial growth. This is unique, as staphylococcal enterotoxin A and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, expressed in the same vector system, showed no growth impairment. The observed growth inhibition was caused by the DNase activity of recombinant M. arthritidis-derived superantigen, thus describing the first superantigen showing enzymatic activity, which may be a result of the separate evolution of this toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Diedershagen
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Li H, Zhao Y, Guo Y, VanVranken SJ, Li Z, Eisele L, Mourad W. Mutagenesis, biochemical, and biophysical characterization of Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:763-73. [PMID: 16753217 PMCID: PMC3923304 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen (MAM) is a superantigen (SAg) that can activate large fractions of T cells bearing particular TCR Vbeta elements. Here we report the mutagenesis, biochemical and biophysical studies on the dimerization of MAM in solution. Our studies showed that although MAM mainly exists as a monomer in solution, a small percentage of MAM molecules form homodimer at high protein concentration, regardless of the presence of Zn2+. A distinct peak corresponding to a MAM homodimer was detected in the presence of EDTA, using both chemical cross-linking and analytical ultracentrifugation methods. Further mutagenesis studies revealed that single mutation of residues at the interface of the crystallographic dimer of MAM does not significantly affect the dimerization of MAM in solution. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis indicated that addition of Zn2+ does not induce conformational changes of MAM from its apo-state. Thermal denaturation experiments indicated that addition of Zn2+ to MAM solution resulted in a decrease of melting point (Tm), whereas addition of EDTA did not affect the Tm of MAM. These results imply that there is no defined Zn2+-binding site on MAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 518 486 9154; fax: +1 518 474 7992. (H. Li)
| | - Yiwei Zhao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Yi Guo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Sandra J. VanVranken
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Leslie Eisele
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Walid Mourad
- Université de Montreal, CHUM, Campus St-Luc, PEA, 264, Boul. René Lévesque Est, Bureau 313, Montréal, Qué. H2X 1P1, Canada
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Li H, Van Vranken S, Zhao Y, Li Z, Guo Y, Eisele L, Li Y. Crystal structures of T cell receptor (beta) chains related to rheumatoid arthritis. Protein Sci 2005; 14:3025-38. [PMID: 16260763 PMCID: PMC2253245 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051748305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of the Vbeta17+ beta chains of two human T cell receptors (TCRs), originally derived from the synovial fluid (SF4) and tissue (C5-1) of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have been determined in native (SF4) and mutant (C5-1(F104-->Y/C187-->S)) forms, respectively. These TCR beta chains form homo-dimers in solution and in crystals. Structural comparison reveals that the main-chain conformations in the CDR regions of the C5-1 and SF4 Vbeta17 closely resemble those of a Vbeta17 JM22 in a bound form; however, the CDR3 region shows different conformations among these three Vbeta17 structures. At the side-chain level, conformational differences were observed at the CDR2 regions between our two ligand-free forms and the bound JM22 form. Other significant differences were observed at the Vbeta regions 8-12, 40-44, and 82-88 between C5-1/SF4 and JM22 Vbeta17, implying that there is considerable variability in the structures of very similar beta chains. Structural alignments also reveal a considerable variation in the Vbeta-Cbeta associations, and this may affect ligand recognition. The crystal structures also provide insights into the structure basis of T cell recognition of Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (MAM), a superantigen that may be implicated in the development of human RA. Structural comparisons of the Vbeta domains of known TCR structures indicate that there are significant similarities among Vbeta regions that are MAM-reactive, whereas there appear to be significant structural differences among those Vbeta regions that lack MAM-reactivity. It further reveals that CDR2 and framework region (FR) 3 are likely to account for the binding of TCR to MAM.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dimerization
- Humans
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Solubility
- Structural Homology, Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, 150 New Scotland Avenue, CMS-1155, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Cole BC, Mu HH, Pennock ND, Hasebe A, Chan FV, Washburn LR, Peltier MR. Isolation and partial purification of macrophage- and dendritic cell-activating components from Mycoplasma arthritidis: association with organism virulence and involvement with Toll-like receptor 2. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6039-47. [PMID: 16113324 PMCID: PMC1231055 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.6039-6047.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma arthritidis induces toxicity, arthritis, and dermal necrosis in mice. Virulence factors include a superantigen and membrane adhesins and possibly also a bacteriophage component. Here we compare the biological properties of Triton X-114 extracts derived from avirulent and virulent M. arthritidis strains. Macrophage cell lines and resident peritoneal macrophages were used to assess inflammatory potential as indicated by production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and/or nitric oxide. The activity resided exclusively within the hydrophobic detergent phase, was unaffected by heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 30 min, and was resistant to proteinase K digestion, suggesting involvement of a lipopeptide. Contamination of extracts with endotoxin or superantigen was excluded. Extracts of the more virulent strain had higher activity than did those of the avirulent strain. Using CHO cells expressing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4, both with transfected CD14, we showed that extracts activated these cells via TLR2 but not by TLR4. Also, macrophages from C57BL/6 TLR2(-/-) mice failed to respond to the extracts, whereas those from TLR2(+/+) cells did respond. The preparations from the virulent strain of M. arthritidis were also more potent in activating dendritic cells, as evidenced by up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD40, B7-1, and B7-2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent elution of gel slices revealed the presence of three active moieties which corresponded to molecular masses of approximately 24, 28, and 40 kDa. Three active components were also found by reverse-phase chromatography. We suggest that macrophage activation by M. arthritidis could play a significant role in the inflammatory response induced in the host by this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry C Cole
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Hames C, Halbedel S, Schilling O, Stülke J. Multiple-mutation reaction: a method for simultaneous introduction of multiple mutations into the glpK gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:4097-100. [PMID: 16000825 PMCID: PMC1169063 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.4097-4100.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the UGA opal codon specifies tryptophan rather than a translation stop site. This often makes it difficult to express Mycoplasma proteins in E. coli isolates. In this work, we developed a strategy for the one-step introduction of several mutations. This method, the multiple-mutation reaction, is used to simultaneously replace nine opal codons in the M. pneumoniae glpK gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Hames
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Zhao Y, Li Z, Drozd SJ, Guo Y, Mourad W, Li H. Crystal structure of Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen complexed with HLA-DR1 reveals a novel superantigen fold and a dimerized superantigen-MHC complex. Structure 2004; 12:277-88. [PMID: 14962388 PMCID: PMC3923524 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Revised: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen (MAM) is a superantigen that can activate large fractions of T cells bearing particular TCR Vbeta elements. Here we report the crystal structure of MAM complexed with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen, HLA-DR1, loaded with haemagglutinin peptide 306-318 (HA). The structure reveals that MAM has a novel fold composed of two alpha-helical domains. This fold is entirely different from that of the pyrogenic superantigens, consisting of a beta-grasped motif and a beta barrel. In the complex, the N-terminal domain of MAM binds orthogonally to the MHC alpha1 domain and the bound HA peptide, and to a lesser extent to the MHC beta1 domain. Two MAM molecules form an asymmetric dimer and cross-link two MHC antigens to form a plausible, dimerized MAM-MHC complex. These data provide the first crystallographic evidence that superantigens can dimerize MHC molecules. Based on our structure, a model of the TCR2MAM2MHC2 complex is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Sandra J. Drozd
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Yi Guo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Walid Mourad
- Centre de Recherche en Immunologie, et Rhumatologie, CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V-4G2, Canada
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201
- Correspondence:
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8
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Ribeiro-Dias F, Shio MT, Timenetsky J, Oliane APC, Metran CC, Pessoa FB, Jancar S. Mycoplasma arthritidis superantigen (MAM)-induced macrophage nitric oxide release is MHC class II restricted, interferongamma dependent, and toll-like receptor 4 independent. Exp Cell Res 2003; 286:345-54. [PMID: 12749862 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma arthritidis causes arthritis in rodents that resembles human rheumatoid arthritis. It produces a superantigen (MAM) that stimulates production of cytokines by making a bridge between lymphocyte T-cell receptor with the appropriate Vbeta chain, and H-2 1-Ealpha MHC class II molecules. Here we studied MAM-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse peritoneal macrophages and found that it was: (1) time and concentration dependent, (2) possibly derived from inducible NOS synthase since it was reduced significantly by amino guanidine pretreatment, (3) restricted to H-2(K) (C3H/HePas and C3H/HeJ) and H-2(d) strains (BALB/c), (4) independent of TLR4 signaling since the coisogenic strains C3H/HePas and C3H/HeJ (TLR4 deficient) produced similar levels of NO following MAM stimulation, (5) potentiated by lipopolysaccharide, and (6) dependent on the presence of nonadherent peritoneal cells. Neutralization of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma in the peritoneal cell cultures with monoclonal antibodies abolished MAM-induced NO production. Addition of rIFNgamma to the adherent cells substituted the nonadherent cells for MAM-induced NO production. A macrophage cell line, J774A.1 (H-2(d)), also produced NO upon MAM stimulation but only when BALB/c spleen lymphocytes were added. Thus, in murine macrophages, MAM induces NO production that is dependent on signaling through MHC class II molecules and IFNgamma but independent of TLR4 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens
- Antigens, Bacterial
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/drug effects
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Proteins
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Superantigens
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Immunology Section/DMIPP/IPTSP, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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