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Turchi B, Campobasso C, Nardinocchi A, Wagemans J, Torracca B, Lood C, Di Giuseppe G, Nieri P, Bertelloni F, Turini L, Ruffo V, Lavigne R, Di Luca M. Isolation and characterization of novel Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage Hesat from dairy origin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:299. [PMID: 38619619 PMCID: PMC11018700 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A novel temperate phage, named Hesat, was isolated by the incubation of a dairy strain of Staphylococcus aureus belonging to spa-type t127 with either bovine or ovine milk. Hesat represents a new species of temperate phage within the Phietavirus genus of the Azeredovirinae subfamily. Its genome has a length of 43,129 bp and a GC content of 35.11% and contains 75 predicted ORFs, some of which linked to virulence. This includes (i) a pathogenicity island (SaPln2), homologous to the type II toxin-antitoxin system PemK/MazF family toxin; (ii) a DUF3113 protein (gp30) that is putatively involved in the derepression of the global repressor Stl; and (iii) a cluster coding for a PVL. Genomic analysis of the host strain indicates Hesat is a resident prophage. Interestingly, its induction was obtained by exposing the bacterium to milk, while the conventional mitomycin C-based approach failed. The host range of phage Hesat appears to be broad, as it was able to lyse 24 out of 30 tested S. aureus isolates. Furthermore, when tested at high titer (108 PFU/ml), Hesat phage was also able to lyse a Staphylococcus muscae isolate, a coagulase-negative staphylococcal strain. KEY POINTS: • A new phage species was isolated from a Staphylococcus aureus bovine strain. • Pathogenicity island and PVL genes are encoded within phage genome. • The phage is active against most of S. aureus strains from both animal and human origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Campobasso
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Arianna Nardinocchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Torracca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cédric Lood
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2460, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Turini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Ruffo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Mariagrazia Di Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Francis D, Bhairaddy A, Joy A, Hari GV, Francis A. Secretory proteins in the orchestration of microbial virulence: The curious case of Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:271-350. [PMID: 36707204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial virulence showcases an excellent model for adaptive changes that enable an organism to survive and proliferate in a hostile environment and exploit host resources to its own benefit. In Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of the human host, known for the diversity of the disease conditions it inflicts and the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance, virulence is a consequence of having a highly plastic genome that is amenable to quick reprogramming and the ability to express a diverse arsenal of virulence factors. Virulence factors that are secreted to the host milieu effectively manipulate the host conditions to favor bacterial survival and growth. They assist in colonization, nutrient acquisition, immune evasion, and systemic spread. The structural and functional characteristics of the secreted virulence proteins have been shaped to assist S. aureus in thriving and disseminating effectively within the host environment and exploiting the host resources to its best benefit. With the aim of highlighting the importance of secreted virulence proteins in bacterial virulence, the present chapter provides a comprehensive account of the role of the major secreted proteins of S. aureus in orchestrating its virulence in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anusha Bhairaddy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Atheene Joy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ashik Francis
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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4
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Vendrik KEW, Kuijper EJ, Dimmendaal M, Silvis W, Denie-Verhaegh E, de Boer A, Postma B, Schoffelen AF, Ruijs WLM, Koene FMHPA, Petrignani M, Hooiveld M, Witteveen S, Schouls LM, Notermans DW. An unusual outbreak in the Netherlands: community-onset impetigo caused by a meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with additional resistance to fusidic acid, June 2018 to January 2020. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2200245. [PMID: 36695440 PMCID: PMC9732922 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.49.2200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this retrospective observational study, we analysed a community outbreak of impetigo with meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with additional resistance to fusidic acid (first-line treatment). The outbreak occurred between June 2018 and January 2020 in the eastern part of the Netherlands with an epidemiological link to three cases from the north-western part. Forty nine impetigo cases and eight carrier cases were identified, including 47 children. All but one impetigo case had community-onset of symptoms. Pharmacy prescription data for topical mupirocin and fusidic acid and GP questionnaires suggested an underestimated outbreak size. The 57 outbreak isolates were identified by the Dutch MRSA surveillance as MLVA-type MT4627 and sequence type 121, previously reported only once in 2014. Next-generation sequencing revealed they contained a fusidic acid resistance gene, exfoliative toxin genes and an epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor gene. Whole-genome multilocus sequence typing revealed genetic clustering of all 19 sequenced isolates from the outbreak region and isolates from the three north-western cases. The allelic distances between these Dutch isolates and international isolates were high. This outbreak shows the appearance of community-onset MRSA strains with additional drug resistance and virulence factors in a country with a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna E W Vendrik
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ed J Kuijper
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Dimmendaal
- Municipal health service North and East Gelderland, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Welmoed Silvis
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health (LabMicTA), Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bent Postma
- Slingeland Hospital, Doetinchem, The Netherlands
| | - Annelot F Schoffelen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina L M Ruijs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur M H P A Koene
- Medical Laboratory Services, Willemstad, Curacao
- Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sandra Witteveen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Leo M Schouls
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Daan W Notermans
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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5
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Clostridium botulinum C3 Toxin for Selective Delivery of Cargo into Dendritic Cells and Macrophages. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100711. [DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein toxin C3bot from Clostridium botulinum is a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that selectively intoxicates monocyte-derived cells such as macrophages, osteoclasts, and dendritic cells (DCs) by cytosolic modification of Rho-A, -B, and -C. Here, we investigated the application of C3bot as well as its non-toxic variant C3botE174Q as transporters for selective delivery of cargo molecules into macrophages and DCs. C3bot and C3botE174Q facilitated the uptake of eGFP into early endosomes of human-monocyte-derived macrophages, as revealed by stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy. The fusion of the cargo model peptide eGFP neither affected the cell-type selectivity (enhanced uptake into human macrophages ex vivo compared to lymphocytes) nor the cytosolic release of C3bot. Moreover, by cell fractionation, we demonstrated that C3bot and C3botE174Q strongly enhanced the cytosolic release of functional eGFP. Subsequently, a modular system was created on the basis of C3botE174Q for covalent linkage of cargos via thiol–maleimide click chemistry. The functionality of this system was proven by loading small molecule fluorophores or an established reporter enzyme and investigating the cellular uptake and cytosolic release of cargo. Taken together, non-toxic C3botE174Q is a promising candidate for the cell-type-selective delivery of small molecules, peptides, and proteins into the cytosol of macrophages and DCs.
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Kwiatkowski P, Masiuk H, Pruss A, Łopusiewicz Ł, Sienkiewicz M, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Roszkowska P, Bania J, Guenther S, Dołęgowska B. Clonal Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Presence of Genes Encoding Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cut Wound Infections. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:144. [PMID: 35325311 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility in 52 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cut wound infections in non-related community patients and to determine the presence of selected virulence genes. To analyse the clonal relatedness of investigated strains, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of macrorestricted DNA fragments was conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the AST-P644 card in the VITEK 2 Compact system. All strains were tested for the presence of selected virulence genes using Single and Multiplex PCR. All isolates were classified into 15 PFGE genotypes and seven unique patterns. The vast majority of investigated S. aureus strains were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial agents. Among examined S. aureus strains, 24 combinations of virulence factors were identified. 62.5% of S. aureus strains contained various egc types, alone or together with other staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. A high percentage (86.5%) of isolates harboured superantigen genes. The most frequent enterotoxin gene identified was encoding for sep. All S. aureus strains were classified as agr-positive, and the most frequent agr gene was agr-1. Our results indicate that all examined strains isolated from cut wound infections demonstrated high clonal diversity, diversified gene distribution and good susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Helena Masiuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agata Pruss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 35, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Roszkowska
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Ahmad-Mansour N, Loubet P, Pouget C, Dunyach-Remy C, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Molle V. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: An Update on Their Pathogenic Properties and Potential Treatments. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:677. [PMID: 34678970 PMCID: PMC8540901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. S. aureus has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of S. aureus infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. S. aureus uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize S. aureus toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ahmad-Mansour
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Paul Loubet
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Cassandra Pouget
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France;
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Albert Sotto
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
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Sato'o Y, Omoe K, Aikawa Y, Kano M, Ono HK, Hu DL, Nakane A, Sugai M. Investigation of Staphylococcus aureus positive for Staphylococcal enterotoxin S and T genes. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1120-1127. [PMID: 34039784 PMCID: PMC8349821 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and causes food poisoning. It is known that almost all SE-encoding genes are present on various types of mobile genetic elements and can mobilize among S. aureus populations. Further, plasmids comprise one of SE gene carriers. Previously, we reported novel SEs, SES and SET, harbored by the plasmid pF5 from Fukuoka5. In the present study, we analyzed the distribution of these SEs in various S. aureus isolates in Japan. We used 526 S. aureus strains and found 311 strains positive for at least one SE/SE-like toxin gene, but only two strains (Fukuoka5 and Hiroshima3) were positive for ses and set among the specimens. We analyzed two plasmids (pF5 and pH3) from these strains and found that they were different. Whereas these plasmids partially shared similar sequences involved in the ser/selj/set/ses gene cluster, other sequences were different. A comparison of these plasmids with those deposited in the NCBI database revealed that only one plasmid had the ser/selj/set/ses cluster with a stop mutation in set similar to that in pH3. In addition, the chromosomes of Fukuoka5 and Hiroshima3, positive for ses and set, were classified into different genotypes. Despite the low rate of gene positivity for these SEs, it is suggested that there is diversity in plasmids and strains carrying these two SEs. Consequently, regarding the entire feature of SE prevalence, we improved the multiplex PCR detection method for the SE superfamily to obtain further insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato'o
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Present address: Division of Bacteriology, Department of infection and immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 323-0498, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuko Aikawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hisaya K Ono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan.,Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Present address: Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Murayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
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9
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Ellis JC, Ross RP, Hill C. Nisin Z and lacticin 3147 improve efficacy of antibiotics against clinically significant bacteria. Future Microbiol 2020; 14:1573-1587. [PMID: 32019322 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To determine if bacteriocins improve antibiotic efficacy. Materials & methods: Deferred antagonism assays identified bacteriocins with activity. Growth curves and time kill assays demonstrated bactericidal activity of antimicrobial combinations, and checkerboard assays confirmed synergy. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected porcine skin model determined ex vivo efficacy. Results: Subinhibitory concentrations of lacticin with penicillin or vancomycin resulted in complete growth inhibition of strains and the improved inhibitory effect was apparent after 1 h. Nisin with methicillin proved more effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus than either antimicrobial alone, revealing partial synergy and significantly reduced pathogen numbers on porcine skin after 3 h compared with minimal inhibition for either antimicrobial alone. Conclusion: Nisin Z and lacticin 3147 may support the use of certain antibiotics and revive ineffective antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reynolds P Ross
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus strains causing staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) in the United States has not been described. We analyzed patient and S. aureus isolate characteristics associated with SSSS in children at Texas Children's Hospital. METHODS Patients with SSSS were identified by ICD9/10 codes and available S. aureus isolates were identified from an ongoing S. aureus surveillance study. Medical records were reviewed for 58 patients with available S. aureus isolates. Isolate analyses included PCR for agr group, pvl (lukSF-PV), tst, eta and etb, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multi-locus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibilities. RESULTS Cases of SSSS increased from 2.3/10,000 admissions in 2008 to 52.6/10,000 admissions in 2017 (P < 0.0001). The 58 study cases (57 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, 1 MRSA) with isolates were from 2013 to 2017. The majority (88%) of isolates was of clonal cluster (CC) 121, agr group IV, pvl, tst and carried eta and/or etb and 26% were clindamycin resistant. Twelve ST121 isolates had high level resistance to mupirocin. Patients were treated with standard supportive care plus systemic antibiotics [clindamycin alone or in combination with another antibiotic (n = 44)]. One patient had a recurrent SSSS and one patient was transferred to a burn unit on day 3. CONCLUSIONS Cases of SSSS are increasing at our hospital. Most S. aureus strains isolated were of one CC, CC121 and carried eta and etb. Supportive care plus clindamycin was effective treatment. We speculate that CC121 was recently introduced to our region and is responsible for the increasing numbers of SSSS cases observed at Texas Children's Hospital.
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11
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Gao NL, Chen J, Wang T, Lercher MJ, Chen WH. Prokaryotic Genome Expansion Is Facilitated by Phages and Plasmids but Impaired by CRISPR. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2254. [PMID: 31681190 PMCID: PMC6805729 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and plasmids can introduce novel DNA into bacterial cells, thereby creating an opportunity for genome expansion; conversely, CRISPR, the prokaryotic adaptive immune system, which targets and eliminates foreign DNAs, may impair genome expansions. Recent studies presented conflicting results over the impact of CRISPR on genome expansion. In this study, we constructed a comprehensive dataset of prokaryotic genomes and identified their associations with viruses and plasmids. We found that genomes associated with viruses and/or plasmids were significantly larger than those without, indicating that both viruses and plasmids contribute to genome expansion. Genomes were increasingly larger with increasing numbers of associated viruses or plasmids. Conversely, genomes with CRISPR systems were significantly smaller than those without, indicating that CRISPR has a negative impact on genome size. These results confirmed that on evolutionary timescales, viruses and plasmids facilitate genome expansion, while CRISPR impairs such a process in prokaryotes. Furthermore, our results also revealed that CRISPR systems show a preference for targeting viruses over plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na L Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-Imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jingchao Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-Imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Martin J Lercher
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wei-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-Imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology Ezhou Industrial Technology Research Institute, Ezhou, China
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12
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Ingmer H, Gerlach D, Wolz C. Temperate Phages of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0058-2018. [PMID: 31562736 PMCID: PMC10921950 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0058-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Staphylococcus aureus isolates carry multiple bacteriophages in their genome, which provide the pathogen with traits important for niche adaptation. Such temperate S. aureus phages often encode a variety of accessory factors that influence virulence, immune evasion and host preference of the bacterial lysogen. Moreover, transducing phages are primary vehicles for horizontal gene transfer. Wall teichoic acid (WTA) acts as a common phage receptor for staphylococcal phages and structural variations of WTA govern phage-host specificity thereby shaping gene transfer across clonal lineages and even species. Thus, bacteriophages are central for the success of S. aureus as a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Gerlach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that has evolved a complex regulatory network to control virulence. One of the main functions of this interconnected network is to sense various environmental cues and respond by altering the production of virulence factors necessary for survival in the host, including cell surface adhesins and extracellular enzymes and toxins. Of these S. aureus regulatory systems, one of the best studied is the accessory gene regulator (agr), which is a quorum-sensing system that senses the local concentration of a cyclic peptide signaling molecule. This system allows S. aureus to sense its own population density and translate this information into a specific gene expression pattern. Besides agr, this pathogen uses other two-component systems to sense specific cues and coordinates responses with cytoplasmic regulators of the SarA protein family and alternative sigma factors. These divergent regulatory systems integrate the various environmental and host-derived signals into a network that ensures optimal pathogen response to the changing conditions. This article gives an overview of the most important and best-studied S. aureus regulatory systems and summarizes the functions of these regulators during host interactions. The regulatory systems discussed include the agr quorum-sensing system; the SaeRS, SrrAB, and ArlRS two-component systems, the cytoplasmic SarA-family regulators (SarA, Rot, and MgrA); and the alternative sigma factors (SigB and SigH).
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14
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Kitagawa H, Ohge H, Hisatsune J, Kajihara T, Katayama K, Takahashi S, Sueda T, Sugai M. Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Caused by ST8 SCCmecIVl Type Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Intern Med 2019; 58:743-747. [PMID: 30333402 PMCID: PMC6443554 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1415-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a Japan-intrinsic community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (CA-MRSA/J) has been reported. A 70-year-old man with recurrent colon cancer and a history of mitral valve replacement was admitted to the hospital in a state of shock. He was diagnosed with prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) caused by MRSA and underwent cardiac surgery. The MRSA isolates belonged to multilocus sequence type 8 and carried staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec IVl and the genes of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, enterotoxin C, and enterotoxin L. These characteristics indicated a CA-MRSA/J clone. This is the first reported case of PVE caused by CA-MRSA/J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohge
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Junzo Hisatsune
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kajihara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Keijiro Katayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Shinya Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Taijiro Sueda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and to a lesser extent other staphylococcal species, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. An important factor in the notoriety of these organisms stems from their frequent resistance to many antimicrobial agents used for chemotherapy. This review catalogues the variety of mobile genetic elements that have been identified in staphylococci, with a primary focus on those associated with the recruitment and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. These include plasmids, transposable elements such as insertion sequences and transposons, and integrative elements including ICE and SCC elements. In concert, these diverse entities facilitate the intra- and inter-cellular gene mobility that enables horizontal genetic exchange, and have also been found to play additional roles in modulating gene expression and genome rearrangement.
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16
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Sasai N, Nakaminami H, Iwasaki M, Iwao M, Misegawa K, Hasui M, Sato M, Yamamoto S, Yoshida T, Asano T, Senoue M, Ikeda M, Noguchi N. Clonal change of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with impetigo in Kagawa, Japan. J Dermatol 2019; 46:301-307. [PMID: 30803017 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the USA300 clone, which is a Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive clonal complex 8-staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV (CC8-IV) community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strain, emerged in community and hospital settings in Japan. Hence, clonal types of CA-MRSA strains are predicted to be changing. Nonetheless, long-term surveillance of CA-MRSA has not been conducted in Japan. Here, we investigated the transition and current status of CA-MRSA strains isolated from outpatients with impetigo; the samples were collected between 2007 and 2016 in Kagawa, Japan. The detection rate (22.8%, 488/2139 strains) of MRSA slightly decreased in these 10 years. Molecular epidemiological analyses showed that the prevalence of the CC89-II clone, which is a typical CA-MRSA genotype of causative agents of impetigo, significantly decreased from 48.0% (48/100 strains) in 2007-2009 to 21.9% (16/73 strains) in 2013-2016. By contrast, a non-USA300 CC8-IV clone, which is a highly pathogenic CA-MRSA/J clone, significantly increased in prevalence from 9.0% (9/100 strains) to 32.9% (24/73 strains). The prevalence of PVL-positive CA-MRSA strains increased annually from 2012 (0%) to 2015 (6.7%), whereas only one of these strains turned out to be the USA300 clone. Antibiotic susceptibility data revealed that the rates of resistance to gentamicin and clindamycin among CA-MRSA strains decreased along with the decreased prevalence of the CC89-II clone and increased prevalence of the CA-MRSA/J clone. Our data strongly suggest that the clonal types and antibiotic susceptibility of CA-MRSA isolated from patients with impetigo dramatically changed during the last 10 years in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Sasai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Nakaminami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Iwasaki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miku Iwao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Misegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Hasui
- Takamatsu Dermatological Research Group, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Minoru Sato
- Takamatsu Dermatological Research Group, Takamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Yoshida
- Takamatsu Dermatological Research Group, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Asano
- Takamatsu Dermatological Research Group, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsura Senoue
- Takamatsu Dermatological Research Group, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Masami Ikeda
- Takamatsu Dermatological Research Group, Takamatsu, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Norihisa Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Taylor VL, Fitzpatrick AD, Islam Z, Maxwell KL. The Diverse Impacts of Phage Morons on Bacterial Fitness and Virulence. Adv Virus Res 2019; 103:1-31. [PMID: 30635074 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The viruses that infect bacteria, known as phages, are the most abundant biological entity on earth. They play critical roles in controlling bacterial populations through phage-mediated killing, as well as through formation of bacterial lysogens. In this form, the survival of the phage depends on the survival of the bacterial host in which it resides. Thus, it is advantageous for phages to encode genes that contribute to bacterial fitness and expand the environmental niche. In many cases, these fitness factors also make the bacteria better able to survive in human infections and are thereby considered pathogenesis or virulence factors. The genes that encode these fitness factors, known as "morons," have been shown to increase bacterial fitness through a wide range of mechanisms and play important roles in bacterial diseases. This review outlines the benefits provided by phage morons in various aspects of bacterial life, including phage and antibiotic resistance, motility, adhesion and quorum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zafrin Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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18
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Kwong SM, Ramsay JP, Jensen SO, Firth N. Replication of Staphylococcal Resistance Plasmids. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2279. [PMID: 29218034 PMCID: PMC5703833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently widespread and increasing prevalence of resistant bacterial pathogens is a significant medical problem. In clinical strains of staphylococci, the genetic determinants that confer resistance to antimicrobial agents are often located on mobile elements, such as plasmids. Many of these resistance plasmids are capable of horizontal transmission to other bacteria in their surroundings, allowing extraordinarily rapid adaptation of bacterial populations. Once the resistance plasmids have been spread, they are often perpetually maintained in the new host, even in the absence of selective pressure. Plasmid persistence is accomplished by plasmid-encoded genetic systems that ensure efficient replication and segregational stability during cell division. Staphylococcal plasmids utilize proteins of evolutionarily diverse families to initiate replication from the plasmid origin of replication. Several distinctive plasmid copy number control mechanisms have been studied in detail and these appear conserved within plasmid classes. The initiators utilize various strategies and serve a multifunctional role in (i) recognition and processing of the cognate replication origin to an initiation active form and (ii) recruitment of host-encoded replication proteins that facilitate replisome assembly. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms that underpin plasmid replication may lead to novel approaches that could be used to reverse or slow the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Kwong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua P Ramsay
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Slade O Jensen
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Mobile Elements Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neville Firth
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Two highly divergent lineages of exfoliative toxin B-encoding plasmids revealed in impetigo strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:291-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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20
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Two-Component Systems Involved in Susceptibility to Nisin A in Streptococcus pyogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5930-9. [PMID: 27474716 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01897-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two-component systems (TCSs) are regulatory systems in bacteria that play important roles in sensing and adapting to the environment. In this study, we systematically evaluated the roles of TCSs in the susceptibility of the group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) SF370 strain to several types of lantibiotics. Using individual TCS deletion mutants, we found that the deletion of srtRK (spy_1081-spy_1082) in SF370 increased the susceptibility to nisin A, which is produced by Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454, but susceptibility to other types of lantibiotics (nukacin ISK-1, produced by Staphylococcus warneri, and staphylococcin C55, produced by Staphylococcus aureus) was not altered in the TCS mutants tested. The expression of srtFEG (spy_1085 to spy_1087), which is located downstream of srtRK and is homologous to ABC transporters, was increased in response to nisin A. However, srtEFG expression was not induced by nisin A in the srtRK mutant. The inactivation of srtFEG increased the susceptibility to nisin A. These results suggest that SrtRK controls SrtFEG expression to alter the susceptibility to nisin A. Further experiments showed that SrtRK is required for coexistence with L. lactis ATCC 11454, which produces nisin A. Our results elucidate the important roles of S. pyogenes TCSs in the interactions between different bacterial species, including bacteriocin-producing bacteria. IMPORTANCE In this study, we focused on the association of TCSs with susceptibility to bacteriocins in S. pyogenes SF370, which has no ability to produce bacteriocins, and reported two major new findings. We demonstrated that the SrtRK TCS is related to susceptibility to nisin A by controlling the ABC transporter SrtFEG. We also showed that S. pyogenes SrtRK is important for survival when the bacteria are cocultured with nisin A-producing Lactococcus lactis This report highlights the roles of TCSs in the colocalization of bacteriocin-producing bacteria and non-bacteriocin-producing bacteria. Our findings provide new insights into the function of TCSs in S. pyogenes.
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21
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Ouedraogo AS, Dunyach-Remy C, Kissou A, Sanou S, Poda A, Kyelem CG, Solassol J, Bañuls AL, Van De Perre P, Ouédraogo R, Jean-Pierre H, Lavigne JP, Godreuil S. High Nasal Carriage Rate of Staphylococcus aureus Containing Panton-Valentine leukocidin- and EDIN-Encoding Genes in Community and Hospital Settings in Burkina Faso. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1406. [PMID: 27679613 PMCID: PMC5020597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to investigate the rate of S.aureus nasal carriage and molecular characteristics in hospital and community settings in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Nasal samples (n = 219) were collected from 116 healthy volunteers and 103 hospitalized patients in July and August 2014. Samples were first screened using CHROMagar Staph aureus chromogenic agar plates, and S. aureus strains were identified by mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hinton agar. All S. aureus isolates were genotyped using DNA microarray. Overall, the rate of S. aureus nasal carriage was 32.9% (72/219) with 29% in healthy volunteers and 37% in hospital patients. Among the S. aureus isolates, only four methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were identified and all in hospital patients (3.9%). The 72 S. aureus isolates from nasal samples belonged to 16 different clonal complexes, particularly to CC 152-MSSA (22 clones) and CC1-MSSA (nine clones). Two clones were significantly associated with community settings: CC1-MSSA and CC45-MSSA. The MRSA strains belonged to the ST88-MRSA-IV or the CC8-MRSA-V complex. A very high prevalence of toxinogenic strains 52.2% (36/69), containing Panton-Valentine leucocidin- and EDIN-encoding genes, was identified among the S. aureus isolates in community and hospital settings. This study provides the first characterization of S. aureus clones and their genetic characteristics in Burkina Faso. Altogether, it highlights the low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, high diversity of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus clones and high frequency of toxinogenic S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro SanouBobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de MontpellierMontpellier, France; Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1058, Infection by HIV and by Agents with Mucocutaneous Tropism: From Pathogenesis to PreventionMontpellier, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1047, Université de MontpellierNîmes, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CaremeauNîmes, France
| | - Aimée Kissou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Soufiane Sanou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Armel Poda
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Carole G Kyelem
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jérôme Solassol
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire MontpellierMontpellier, France; Department of Clinical Oncoproteomics, Montpellier Cancer InstituteMontpellier, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bañuls
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290 - Université de Montpellier) Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van De Perre
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de MontpellierMontpellier, France; Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1058, Infection by HIV and by Agents with Mucocutaneous Tropism: From Pathogenesis to PreventionMontpellier, France
| | - Rasmata Ouédraogo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hélène Jean-Pierre
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1047, Université de MontpellierNîmes, France; Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CaremeauNîmes, France
| | - Sylvain Godreuil
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de MontpellierMontpellier, France; Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1058, Infection by HIV and by Agents with Mucocutaneous Tropism: From Pathogenesis to PreventionMontpellier, France
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22
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Dunyach-Remy C, Ngba Essebe C, Sotto A, Lavigne JP. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins and Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Role in Pathogenesis and Interest in Diagnosis. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070209. [PMID: 27399775 PMCID: PMC4963842 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of foot ulcers is a common, often severe and costly complication in diabetes. Diabetic foot infections (DFI) are mainly polymicrobial, and Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent pathogen isolated. The numerous virulence factors and toxins produced by S. aureus during an infection are well characterized. However, some particular features could be observed in DFI. The aim of this review is to describe the role of S. aureus in DFI and the implication of its toxins in the establishment of the infection. Studies on this issue have helped to distinguish two S. aureus populations in DFI: toxinogenic S. aureus strains (harboring exfoliatin-, EDIN-, PVL- or TSST-encoding genes) and non-toxinogenic strains. Toxinogenic strains are often present in infections with a more severe grade and systemic impact, whereas non-toxinogenic strains seem to remain localized in deep structures and bone involving diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Testing the virulence profile of bacteria seems to be a promising way to predict the behavior of S. aureus in the chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale U1047, Université de Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, Nîmes 30908, France.
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Carémeau, Nîmes 30029, France.
| | - Christelle Ngba Essebe
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale U1047, Université de Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, Nîmes 30908, France.
| | - Albert Sotto
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale U1047, Université de Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, Nîmes 30908, France.
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Carémeau, Nîmes 30029, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale U1047, Université de Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, Nîmes 30908, France.
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Carémeau, Nîmes 30029, France.
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23
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Complete Nucleotide Sequence of pKOI-34, an IncL/M Plasmid Carrying blaIMP-34 in Klebsiella oxytoca Isolated in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3156-62. [PMID: 26902770 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02507-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a self-transmissible IncL/M plasmid, pKOI-34, from a Klebsiella oxytoca isolate. pKOI-34 possessed the core structure of an IncL/M plasmid found in Erwinia amylovora, pEL60, with two mobile elements inserted, a transposon carrying the arsenic resistance operon and a Tn21-like core module (tnp and mer modules) piggybacking blaIMP-34 as a class 1 integron, In808, where blaIMP-34 confers a resistance to carbapenems in K. oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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24
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Corredor Arias LF, Luligo Espinal JS, Moncayo Ortiz JI, Santacruz Ibarra JJ, Álvarez Aldana A. Relationship between super antigenicity, antimicrobial resistance and origin of Staphylococcus aureus isolated. Colomb Med (Cali) 2016; 47:15-20. [PMID: 27226659 PMCID: PMC4868135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that causes food poisoning as well as hospital and community acquired infections. OBJECTIVE Establish the profile of superantigen genes among hospital isolates in relation to clinical specimen type, susceptibility to antibiotics and hospital or community acquisition. METHODS Eighty one isolates obtained from patients at Colombian hospital, were classified by antimicrobial susceptibility, specimen type and hospital or community acquired . The PCR uniplex and multiplex was used for detection of 22 superantigen genes (18 enterotoxins, tsst-1 and three exfoliative toxins). RESULTS Ninety five point one percent of isolates harbored one or more of the genes with an average of 5.6 genes. Prevalence of individual genes was variable and the most prevalent was seg (51.9%). Thirty nine genotypes were obtained, and the genotype gimnou (complete egc cluster) was the most prevalent alone (16.0%) and in association with other genes (13.6%). The correlation between presence of superantigens and clinical specimen or antimicrobial susceptibility showed no significant difference. But there was significant difference between presence of superantigens and the origin of the isolates, hospital or community acquired (p= 0.049). CONCLUSIONS The results show the variability of the superantigen genes profile in hospital isolates and shows no conclusive relationship with the clinical sample type and antimicrobial susceptibility, but there was correlation with community and hospital isolates. The analysis of the interplay between virulence, epidemic and antibiotic resistance of bacterial populations is needed to predict the future of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Samara Luligo Espinal
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira Colombia
| | - José Ignacio Moncayo Ortiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira Colombia
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Kawada-Matsuo M, Shammi F, Oogai Y, Nakamura N, Sugai M, Komatsuzawa H. C55 bacteriocin produced by ETB-plasmid positiveStaphylococcus aureusstrains is a key factor for competition withS. aureusstrains. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:139-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fariha Shammi
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | | | - Norifumi Nakamura
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Department of Bacteriology; Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Hiroshima Japan
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Comparative genomics of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Staphylococcus hyicus. Vet Microbiol 2016; 185:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
The virulence of highly pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Yersinia, Staphylococci, Clostridia, and pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli involves intimate cross-talks with the host actin cytoskeleton and its upstream regulators. A large number of virulence factors expressed by these pathogens modulate Rho GTPase activities either by mimicking cellular regulators or by catalyzing posttranslational modifications of these small proteins. This impressive convergence of virulence toward Rho GTPases and actin indeed offers pathogens the capacity to breach host defenses and invade their host, while it promotes inflammatory reactions. In return, the study of this targeting of Rho GTPases in infection has been an invaluable source of information in cell signaling, cell biology, and biomechanics, as well as in immunology. Through selected examples, I highlight the importance of recent studies on this crosstalk, which have unveiled new mechanisms of regulation of Rho GTPases; the relationship between cell shape and actin cytoskeleton organization; and the relationship between Rho GTPases and innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Lemichez
- UCA, Inserm, C3M, U1065, Team Microbial Toxins in Host Pathogen Interactions, Equipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, 06204, France.
- UFR Médecine, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France.
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Tsuge H, Yoshida T, Tsurumura T. Conformational plasticity is crucial for C3-RhoA complex formation by ARTT-loop. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv094. [PMID: 26474844 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is an important post-translational protein modification catalyzed by bacterial toxins and eukaryotic endogenous ADP-ribosyltransferases. Bacterial binary toxins and C3-like toxins recognize and ADP-ribosylate actin Arg177 and RhoA Asn41, respectively. Structural and mutational studies have identified an ADP-ribosylating turn-turn loop (ARTT-loop) that has been implicated in substrate specificity and recognition, although it has not been verified. Recently, we determined the crystal structure of the C3 exoenzyme-RhoA complex. The complex structure shows how C3 recognizes Rho GTPase and provides the first structural evidence for RhoA recognition by the ARTT-loop. The complex formation mediated by the ARTT-loop is through the intrinsic plasticity of C3 and RhoA. C3 changes the conformations of both the phosphate nicotinamide-loop and the ARTT-loop by NAD(+) and RhoA binding, respectively. In contrast, RhoA changes the conformations of switch I and II regions upon C3 binding with a particular conformation, irrespective of the bound nucleotide (GTP or GDP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tsuge
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Structural Biology Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshida
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Structural Biology Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tsurumura
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Structural Biology Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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EDIN-B Promotes the Translocation of Staphylococcus aureus to the Bloodstream in the Course of Pneumonia. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4131-42. [PMID: 26501320 PMCID: PMC4626725 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to define risk factors that contribute to host invasion by Staphylococcusaureus. Here, we demonstrate that the chromosomally encoded EDIN-B isoform from S. aureus contributes to the onset of bacteremia during the course of pneumonia. Deletion of edinB in a European lineage community-acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strain (ST80-MRSA-IV) dramatically decreased the frequency and magnitude of bacteremia in mice suffering from pneumonia. This deletion had no effect on the bacterial burden in both blood circulation and lung tissues. Re-expression of wild-type EDIN-B, unlike the catalytically inactive mutant EDIN-R185E, restored the invasive characteristics of ST80-MRSA-IV.
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30
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Ravulapalli R, Lugo MR, Pfoh R, Visschedyk D, Poole A, Fieldhouse RJ, Pai EF, Merrill AR. Characterization of Vis Toxin, a Novel ADP-Ribosyltransferase from Vibrio splendidus. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5920-36. [PMID: 26352925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vis toxin was identified by a bioinformatics strategy as a putative virulence factor produced by Vibrio splendidus with mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Vis was purified to homogeneity as a 28 kDa single-domain enzyme and was shown to possess NAD(+)-glycohydrolase [KM(NAD(+)) = 276 ± 12 μM] activity and with an R-S-E-X-E motif; it targets arginine-related compounds [KM(agmatine) = 272 ± 18 mM]. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Vis labels l-arginine with ADP-ribose from the NAD(+) substrate at the amino nitrogen of the guanidinium side chain. Vis is toxic to yeast when expressed in the cytoplasm under control of the CUP1 promotor, and catalytic variants lost the ability to kill the yeast host, indicating that the toxin exerts its lethality through its enzyme activity. Several small molecule inhibitors were identified from a virtual screen, and the most potent compounds were found to inhibit the transferase activity of the enzyme with Ki values ranging from 25 to 134 μM. Inhibitor compound M6 bears the necessary attributes of a solid candidate as a lead compound for therapeutic development. Vis toxin was crystallized, and the structures of the apoenzyme (1.4 Å) and the enzyme bound with NAD(+) (1.8 Å) and with the M6 inhibitor (1.5 Å) were determined. The structures revealed that Vis represents a new subgroup within the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikiran Ravulapalli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Miguel R Lugo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Roland Pfoh
- Department of Biology, York University , Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.,Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital , Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Danielle Visschedyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Amanda Poole
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Robert J Fieldhouse
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emil F Pai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.,Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital , Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - A Rod Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Botka T, Růžičková V, Konečná H, Pantůček R, Rychlík I, Zdráhal Z, Petráš P, Doškař J. Complete genome analysis of two new bacteriophages isolated from impetigo strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Virus Genes 2015; 51:122-31. [PMID: 26135320 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliative toxin A (ETA)-coding temperate bacteriophages are leading contributors to the toxic phenotype of impetigo strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Two distinct eta gene-positive bacteriophages isolated from S. aureus strains which recently caused massive outbreaks of pemphigus neonatorum in Czech maternity hospitals were characterized. The phages, designated ϕB166 and ϕB236, were able to transfer the eta gene into a prophageless S. aureus strain which afterwards converted into an ETA producer. Complete phage genome sequences were determined, and a comparative analysis of five designed genomic regions revealed major variances between them. They differed in the genome size, number of open reading frames, genome architecture, and virion protein patterns. Their high mutual sequence similarity was detected only in the terminal regions of the genome. When compared with the so far described eta phage genomes, noticeable differences were found. Thus, both phages represent two new lineages of as yet not characterized bacteriophages of the Siphoviridae family having impact on pathogenicity of impetigo strains of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Botka
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Toda A, Tsurumura T, Yoshida T, Tsumori Y, Tsuge H. Rho GTPase Recognition by C3 Exoenzyme Based on C3-RhoA Complex Structure. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19423-32. [PMID: 26067270 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C3 exoenzyme is a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) that catalyzes transfer of an ADP-ribose moiety from NAD(+) to Rho GTPases. C3 has long been used to study the diverse regulatory functions of Rho GTPases. How C3 recognizes its substrate and how ADP-ribosylation proceeds are still poorly understood. Crystal structures of C3-RhoA complex reveal that C3 recognizes RhoA via the switch I, switch II, and interswitch regions. In C3-RhoA(GTP) and C3-RhoA(GDP), switch I and II adopt the GDP and GTP conformations, respectively, which explains why C3 can ADP-ribosylate both nucleotide forms. Based on structural information, we successfully changed Cdc42 to an active substrate with combined mutations in the C3-Rho GTPase interface. Moreover, the structure reflects the close relationship among Gln-183 in the QXE motif (C3), a modified Asn-41 residue (RhoA) and NC1 of NAD(H), which suggests that C3 is the prototype ART. These structures show directly for the first time that the ARTT loop is the key to target protein recognition, and they also serve to bridge the gaps among independent studies of Rho GTPases and C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyuki Toda
- From the Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, and
| | - Toshiharu Tsurumura
- From the Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, and the Structural Biology Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshida
- From the Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, and the Structural Biology Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yayoi Tsumori
- From the Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, and
| | - Hideaki Tsuge
- From the Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, and the Structural Biology Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are leading causes of many types of human infection, including pneumonia, skin and nasopharyngeal infections, as well as urinary tract and surgical wound infections among hospitalized patients. These infections have become particularly problematic because many of the species causing them have become highly resistant to antibiotics. The role of mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria has been well studied; less well understood is the role of mobile elements in the evolution and spread of virulence traits among these pathogens. While these organisms are leading agents of infection, they are also prominent members of the human commensal ecology. It appears that these bacteria are able to take advantage of the intimate association between host and commensal, via virulence traits that exacerbate infection and cause disease. However, evolution into an obligate pathogen has not occurred, presumably because it would lead to rejection of pathogenic organisms from the host ecology. Instead, in organisms that exist as both commensal and pathogen, selection has favored the development of mechanisms for variability. As a result, many virulence traits are localized on mobile genetic elements, such as virulence plasmids and pathogenicity islands. Virulence traits may occur within a minority of isolates of a given species, but these minority populations have nonetheless emerged as a leading problem in infectious disease. This chapter reviews virulence plasmids in nonsporulating Gram-positive bacteria, and examines their contribution to disease pathogenesis.
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Popoff MR. Bacterial factors exploit eukaryotic Rho GTPase signaling cascades to promote invasion and proliferation within their host. Small GTPases 2014; 5:28209. [PMID: 25203748 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is a main target of many bacterial pathogens. Among the multiple regulation steps of the actin cytoskeleton, bacterial factors interact preferentially with RhoGTPases. Pathogens secrete either toxins which diffuse in the surrounding environment, or directly inject virulence factors into target cells. Bacterial toxins, which interfere with RhoGTPases, and to some extent with RasGTPases, catalyze a covalent modification (ADPribosylation, glucosylation, deamidation, adenylation, proteolysis) blocking these molecules in their active or inactive state, resulting in alteration of epithelial and/or endothelial barriers, which contributes to dissemination of bacteria in the host. Injected bacterial virulence factors preferentially manipulate the RhoGTPase signaling cascade by mimicry of eukaryotic regulatory proteins leading to local actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, which mediates bacterial entry into host cells or in contrast escape to phagocytosis and immune defense. Invasive bacteria can also manipulate RhoGTPase signaling through recognition and stimulation of cell surface receptor(s). Changes in RhoGTPase activation state is sensed by the innate immunity pathways and allows the host cell to adapt an appropriate defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
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35
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Staphylococcus aureus mobile genetic elements. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5005-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Netsvyetayeva I, Fraczek M, Piskorska K, Golas M, Sikora M, Mlynarczyk A, Swoboda-Kopec E, Marusza W, Palmieri B, Iannitti T. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Ukraine: antibacterial resistance and virulence factor encoding genes. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:128. [PMID: 24597648 PMCID: PMC3996852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of studies regarding the incidence of multidrug resistant strains and distribution of genes encoding virulence factors, which have colonized the post-Soviet states, is considerably limited. The aim of the study was (1) to assess the Staphylococcus (S.) aureus nasal carriage rate, including Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains in adult Ukrainian population, (2) to determine antibiotic resistant pattern and (3) the occurrence of Panton Valentine Leukocidine (PVL)-, Fibronectin-Binding Protein A (FnBPA)- and Exfoliative Toxin (ET)-encoding genes. Methods Nasal samples for S. aureus culture were obtained from 245 adults. The susceptibility pattern for several classes of antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The virulence factor encoding genes, mecA, lukS-lukF, eta, etb, etd, fnbA, were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results The S. aureus nasal carriage rate was 40%. The prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in adults was 3.7%. LukS-lukF genes were detected in over 58% of the strains. ET-encoding genes were detected in over 39% of the strains and the most prevalent was etd. The fnbA gene was detected in over 59% of the strains. All MRSA isolates tested were positive for the mecA gene. LukS-lukF genes and the etd gene were commonly co-present in MRSA, while lukS-lukF genes and the fnbA gene were commonly co-present in Methicillin Sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. No significant difference was detected between the occurrence of lukS-lukF genes (P > 0.05) and the etd gene (P > 0.05) when comparing MRSA and MSSA. The occurrence of the fnbA gene was significantly more frequent in MSSA strains (P < 0.05). Conclusions In Ukraine, S. aureus is a common cause of infection. The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in our cohort of patients from Ukraine was 40.4%. We found that 9.1% of the strains were classified as MRSA and all MRSA isolates tested positive for the mecA gene. We also observed a high prevalence of PVL- and ET- encoding genes among S. aureus nasal carriage strains. A systematic surveillance system can help prevent transmission and spread of drug resistant toxin producing S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tommaso Iannitti
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Mount Preston Street, Garstang building, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK.
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Emergence of Staphylococcus aureus carrying multiple drug resistance genes on a plasmid encoding exfoliative toxin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:6131-40. [PMID: 24080652 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01062-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the complete nucleotide sequence and analysis of pETBTY825, a Staphylococcus aureus TY825 plasmid encoding exfoliative toxin B (ETB). S. aureus TY825 is a clinical isolate obtained from an impetigo patient in 2002. The size of pETBTY825, 60.6 kbp, was unexpectedly larger than that of the archetype pETBTY4 (∼30 kbp). Genomic comparison of the plasmids shows that pETBTY825 has the archetype pETBTY4 as the backbone and has a single large extra DNA region of 22.4 kbp. The extra DNA region contains genes for resistance to aminoglycoside [aac(6')/aph(2″)], macrolide (msrA), and penicillin (blaZ). A plasmid deletion experiment indicated that these three resistance elements were functionally active. We retrospectively examined the resistance profile of the clinical ETB-producing S. aureus strains isolated in 1977 to 2007 using a MIC determination with gentamicin (GM), arbekacin (ABK), and erythromycin (EM) and by PCR analyses for aac(6')/aph(2″) and msrA using purified plasmid preparations. The ETB-producing S. aureus strains began to display high resistance to GM, which was parallel with the detection of aac(6')/aph(2″) and mecA, after 1990. Conversely, there was no significant change in the ABK MIC during the testing period, although it had a tendency to slightly increase. After 2001, isolates resistant to EM significantly increased; however, msrA was hardly detected in ETB-producing S. aureus strains, and only five isolates were positive for both aac(6')/aph(2″) and msrA. In this study, we report the emergence of a fusion plasmid carrying the toxin gene etb and drug resistance genes. Prevalence of the pETBTY825 carrier may further increase the clinical threat, since ETB-producing S. aureus is closely related to more severe impetigo or staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS), which requires a general antimicrobial treatment.
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Xia G, Wolz C. Phages of Staphylococcus aureus and their impact on host evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:593-601. [PMID: 23660485 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most of the dissimilarity between Staphylococcus aureus strains is due to the presence of mobile genetic elements such as bacteriophages or pathogenicity islands. These elements provide the bacteria with additional genes that enable them to establish a new lifestyle that is often accompanied by a shift to increased pathogenicity or a jump to a new host. S. aureus phages may carry genes coding for diverse virulence factors such as Panton-Valentine leukocidin, staphylokinase, enterotoxins, chemotaxis-inhibitory proteins, or exfoliative toxins. Phages also mediate the transfer of pathogenicity islands in a highly coordinated manner and are the primary vehicle for the horizontal transfer of chromosomal and extra-chromosomal genes. Here, we summarise recent advances regarding phage classification, genome organisation and function of S. aureus phages with a particular emphasis on their role in the evolution of the bacterial host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Xia
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhornstrasse-6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhornstrasse-6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Grumann D, Nübel U, Bröker BM. Staphylococcus aureus toxins--their functions and genetics. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:583-92. [PMID: 23541411 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of encounters between Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and its human host ranges from life-threatening infection through allergic reactions to symptom-free colonization. The pan-genome of this bacterial species encodes numerous toxins, known or strongly suspected to cause specific diseases or symptoms. Three toxin families are in the focus of this review, namely (i) pore-forming toxins, (ii) exfoliative toxins and (iii) superantigens. The majority of toxin-encoding genes are located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), resulting in a pronounced heterogeneity in the endowment with toxin genes of individual S. aureus strains. Recent population genomic analysis have provided a framework for an improved understanding of the temporal and spatial scales of the motility of MGEs and their associated toxin genes. The distribution of toxin genes among clonal lineages within the species S. aureus is not random, and phylogenetic (sub-)lineages within clonal complexes feature characteristic toxin signatures. When studying pathogenesis, this lineage association, which is caused by the clonal nature of S. aureus makes it difficult to discriminate effects of specific toxins from contributions of the genetic background and/or other associated genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Grumann
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Barbara M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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40
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Genetic nature and virulence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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41
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Messad N, Landraud L, Canivet B, Lina G, Richard JL, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Lemichez E. Distribution of edin in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetic foot ulcers. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 19:875-80. [PMID: 23176291 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is both a common colonizer of human skin and the most frequently isolated pathogen in diabetes foot infections (DFIs). The spread of DFI to soft tissue and bony structures is a major causal factor for lower-limb amputation. It is therefore of great importance to differentiate colonizing from infecting strains of S. aureus. Epidermal cell differentiation inhibitors known as EDIN and EDIN-like factors, a group of toxins targeting RhoA master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, may confer virulence properties on S. aureus. In this study, for the first time, analysis of S. aureus strains, recovered in DFIs at an initial stage and during the follow-up, showed that 71.4% of edin-positive strains were associated with moderate-to-severe infections (grades 3 and 4 of the IDSA/IWGDF classification) compared with 28.6% of edin-positive strains associated with low-grade infections. Most of these strains were edin-B positive (86.7%) and belonged to CC25/28-MSSA (n = 10). One edin-B-positive ST152-MSSA strain was negative for the two highly prevalent predictive markers of infecting strains (lukDE and hlgv). Collectively, this points towards the edin-B encoding gene as a bonafide subsidiary predictive risk marker of DFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Messad
- U1047, INSERM, Montpellier 1 University, Faculty of Medicine, 30908, Nîmes Cedex 02, France
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Major clonal lineages in impetigo Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Czech and Slovak maternity hospitals. Int J Med Microbiol 2012; 302:237-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Visschedyk D, Rochon A, Tempel W, Dimov S, Park HW, Merrill AR. Certhrax toxin, an anthrax-related ADP-ribosyltransferase from Bacillus cereus. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41089-102. [PMID: 22992735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified Certhrax, the first anthrax-like mART toxin from the pathogenic G9241 strain of Bacillus cereus. Certhrax shares 31% sequence identity with anthrax lethal factor from Bacillus anthracis; however, we have shown that the toxicity of Certhrax resides in the mART domain, whereas anthrax uses a metalloprotease mechanism. Like anthrax lethal factor, Certhrax was found to require protective antigen for host cell entry. This two-domain enzyme was shown to be 60-fold more toxic to mammalian cells than anthrax lethal factor. Certhrax localizes to distinct regions within mouse RAW264.7 cells by 10 min postinfection and is extranuclear in its cellular location. Substitution of catalytic residues shows that the mART function is responsible for the toxicity, and it binds NAD(+) with high affinity (K(D) = 52.3 ± 12.2 μM). We report the 2.2 Å Certhrax structure, highlighting its structural similarities and differences with anthrax lethal factor. We also determined the crystal structures of two good inhibitors (P6 (K(D) = 1.7 ± 0.2 μM, K(i) = 1.8 ± 0.4 μM) and PJ34 (K(D) = 5.8 ± 2.6 μM, K(i) = 9.6 ± 0.3 μM)) in complex with Certhrax. As with other toxins in this family, the phosphate-nicotinamide loop moves toward the NAD(+) binding site with bound inhibitor. These results indicate that Certhrax may be important in the pathogenesis of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Visschedyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Argudín MA, Argumosa V, Mendoza MC, Guerra B, Rodicio MR. Population structure and exotoxin gene content of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from Spanish healthy carriers. Microb Pathog 2012; 54:26-33. [PMID: 22982529 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The population structure of 111 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), recovered in Spain from healthy and risk-free carriers was investigated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa (staphylococcal protein A) typing, multi locus sequence typing (MLST) and the accessory gene regulator (agr). Results from the different techniques were highly concordant, and revealed twelve clonal complexes (CCs): CC30 (27%), CC5 (18.9%), CC45 (16.2%), CC15 (11.7%), CC25 (8.1%), CC1, CC9 (3.6% each), CC59, CC97 and CC121 (2.7% each), CC72 (1.8%) and CC8 (0.9%). Isolates with genetic backgrounds of hospital-acquired MSSA were detected and, consistent with the ability of diverse MSSA to act as recipients of the SCCmec cassette, a MSSA isolate from a healthy carrier shared the ST, spa-type and agr-type of a MRSA clone recovered in a hospital of the same region. All except two fragments of the PGFE-profiles of these isolates were identical, and the differential fragment of the MRSA carried mecA. Analyses of the exotoxin gene content of the nasal isolates revealed an increase in the number of exotoxin genes over time. This, together with the detection of lukPV and the high frequency of tst, exfoliatin and enterotoxin genes, is worrisome and requires further surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Argudín
- Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology Section), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Population dynamics among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Germany during a 6-year period. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3186-92. [PMID: 22814464 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01174-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) originated from the health care setting but is now emerging in communities without health care contact (CA-MRSA) or in livestock (LA-MRSA). The impact on the whole MRSA population was assessed in a German prospective multicenter study. Thirty-three laboratories consecutively collected up to 50 MRSA isolates from infection or carriage during two sampling periods in 2004 to 2005 and 2010 to 2011. Patient-related data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Methicillin resistance was confirmed by the detection of mecA or its homologue mecA(LGA251). The spa type and major virulence factors were analyzed for each isolate. In total, 1,604 (2004 to 2005) and 1,603 (2010 to 2011) MRSA isolates were analyzed; one isolate from each sampling period harbored mecA(LGA251). LA-MRSA increased significantly (odds ratio [OR] = 22.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.51 to 85.49, P < 0.0005) and spread over Germany, originating from northwestern regions. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive CA-MRSA rose significantly, particularly in southern Germany, but the proportion in 2010 to 2011 remained low (2.7%, OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.54 to 5.34, P < 0.0005). The emerging MRSA clones changed the MRSA population in Germany during a 6-year period significantly. The ongoing epidemiological shift and changes of MRSA sources create a need for revision of guidelines for MRSA infection control and treatment.
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McCarthy AJ, Lindsay JA. The distribution of plasmids that carry virulence and resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus is lineage associated. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:104. [PMID: 22691167 PMCID: PMC3406946 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is major human and animal pathogen. Plasmids often carry resistance genes and virulence genes that can disseminate through S. aureus populations by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanisms. Sequences of S. aureus plasmids in the public domain and data from multi-strain microarrays were analysed to investigate (i) the distribution of resistance genes and virulence genes on S. aureus plasmids, and (ii) the distribution of plasmids between S. aureus lineages. Results A total of 21 plasmid rep gene families, of which 13 were novel to this study, were characterised using a previously proposed classification system. 243 sequenced plasmids were assigned to 39 plasmid groups that each possessed a unique combination of rep genes. We show some resistance genes (including ermC and cat) and virulence genes (including entA, entG, entJ, entP) were associated with specific plasmid groups suggesting there are genetic pressures preventing recombination of these genes into novel plasmid groups. Whole genome microarray analysis revealed that plasmid rep, resistance and virulence genes were associated with S. aureus lineages, suggesting restriction-modification (RM) barriers to HGT of plasmids between strains exist. Conjugation transfer (tra) complex genes were rare. Conclusion This study argues that genetic pressures are restraining the spread of resistance and virulence genes amongst S. aureus plasmids, and amongst S. aureus populations, delaying the emergence of fully virulent and resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J McCarthy
- Centre for Infection, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
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Major families of multiresistant plasmids from geographically and epidemiologically diverse staphylococci. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2011; 1:581-91. [PMID: 22384369 PMCID: PMC3276174 DOI: 10.1534/g3.111.000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococci are increasingly aggressive human pathogens suggesting that active evolution is spreading novel virulence and resistance phenotypes. Large staphylococcal plasmids commonly carry antibiotic resistances and virulence loci, but relatively few have been completely sequenced. We determined the plasmid content of 280 staphylococci isolated in diverse geographical regions from the 1940s to the 2000s and found that 79% of strains carried at least one large plasmid >20 kb and that 75% of these large plasmids were 20–30 kb. Using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, we grouped 43% of all large plasmids into three major families, showing remarkably conserved intercontinental spread of multiresistant staphylococcal plasmids over seven decades. In total, we sequenced 93 complete and 57 partial staphylococcal plasmids ranging in size from 1.3 kb to 64.9 kb, tripling the number of complete sequences for staphylococcal plasmids >20 kb in the NCBI RefSeq database. These plasmids typically carried multiple antimicrobial and metal resistances and virulence genes, transposases and recombinases. Remarkably, plasmids within each of the three main families were >98% identical, apart from insertions and deletions, despite being isolated from strains decades apart and on different continents. This suggests enormous selective pressure has optimized the content of certain plasmids despite their large size and complex organization.
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Argudín MÁ, Mendoza MC, Vázquez F, Rodicio MR. Exotoxin gene backgrounds in bloodstream and wound Staphylococcus aureus isolates from geriatric patients attending a long-term care Spanish hospital. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1605-1612. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.034611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ángeles Argudín
- Department of Functional Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Mendoza
- Department of Functional Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Vázquez
- Monte Naranco Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Rosario Rodicio
- Department of Functional Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Schaumburg F, Köck R, Friedrich AW, Soulanoudjingar S, Ngoa UA, von Eiff C, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Herrmann M, Peters G, Becker K. Population structure of Staphylococcus aureus from remote African Babongo Pygmies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1150. [PMID: 21572985 PMCID: PMC3091839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pandemic community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates (CA-MRSA) predominantly encode the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), which can be associated with severe infections. Reports from non-indigenous Sub-Saharan African populations revealed a high prevalence of PVL-positive isolates. The objective of our study was to investigate the S. aureus carriage among a remote indigenous African population and to determine the molecular characteristics of the isolates, particularly those that were PVL-positive. Methodology/Principal Findings Nasal S. aureus carriage and risk factors of colonization were systematically assessed in remote Gabonese Babongo Pygmies. Susceptibility to antibiotics, possession of toxin-encoding genes (i.e., PVL, enterotoxins, and exfoliative toxins), S. aureus protein A (spa) types and multi-locus sequence types (MLST) were determined for each isolate. The carriage rate was 33%. No MRSA was detected, 61.8% of the isolates were susceptible to penicillin. Genes encoding PVL (55.9%), enterotoxin B (20.6%), exfoliative toxin D (11.7%) and the epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor B (11.7%) were highly prevalent. Thirteen spa types were detected and were associated with 10 STs predominated by ST15, ST30, ST72, ST80, and ST88. Conclusions The high prevalence of PVL-positive isolates among Babongo Pygmies demands our attention as PVL can be associated with necrotinzing infection and may increase the risk of severe infections in remote Pygmy populations. Many S. aureus isolates from Babongo Pygmies and pandemic CA-MRSA-clones have a common genetic background. Surveillance is needed to control the development of resistance to antibiotic drugs and to assess the impact of the high prevalence of PVL in indigenous populations. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that colonizes humans worldwide. The anterior nares are its main ecological niche. Carriers of S. aureus are at a higher risk of developing invasive infections. Few reports indicated a different clonal structure and profile of virulence factors in S. aureus isolates from Sub-Saharan Africa. As there are no data about isolates from remote indigenous African populations, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of S. aureus nasal carriage in Gabonese Babongo Pygmies. The isolates were characterized regarding their susceptibility to antibiotic agents, possession of virulence factors and clonal lineage. While similar carriage rates were found in populations of industrialized countries, isolates that encode the genes for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) were clearly more prevalent than in European countries. Of interest, many methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates from Babongo Pygmies showed the same genetic background as pandemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones. We advocate a surveillance of S. aureus in neglected African populations to control the development of resistance to antibiotic drugs with particular respect to MRSA and to assess the impact of the high prevalence of PVL-positive isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Bullous impetigo in children infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus: analysis of genetic characteristics, including assessment of exfoliative toxin gene carriage. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1972-4. [PMID: 21430094 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01742-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among bullous impetigo isolates, exfoliative toxin (ET) gene carriage was found in 61.5% of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates versus 90.6% of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. MRSA-only cases were ETB or ETA positive, while MRSA/MSSA coinfection cases were ET negative for MRSA but ETA positive for MSSA. Collagen adhesin may facilitate some MRSA infections.
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