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Subramaniyan S, Nagarajan H, Vetrivel U, Jeyaraman J. Multilayer precision-based screening of potential inhibitors targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis acetate kinase using in silico approaches. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 107:107942. [PMID: 37673012 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains a major threat to global health, with the emergence of multi-drug and extensively drug-resistant strains posing a serious challenge. Thereby, understanding the molecular basis of MTB virulence and disease pathogenesis is critical for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Targeting proteins involved in central metabolism has been recognized as a promising therapeutic approach to combat MTB. In this regard, the enzyme AckA of the acetate metabolic pathway which produces acetate from acetyl phosphate, is an important drug target for various pathogenic organisms. Therefore, this study aimed to identify potential AckA inhibitors through in silico methods, including molecular modeling, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS), and high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) followed by ADMETox, MMGBSA, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. HTVS of one million compounds from the ZINC database against AckA resulted in the top five hits (ZINC82048449, ZINC1219737510, ZINC1771921358, ZINC119699567, and ZINC1427100376) with better binding affinity and optimal binding free energy. MDS studies on complexes revealed that key residues, Asn195, Asp266, Phe267, Gly314, and Asn318 played a significant role in stable interactions of the top-ranked compounds to AckA. These outcomes provide insights into the optimal binding of the leads to inhibit the acetate pathway and aid in the rational design of novel therapeutic agents. Thus, the identified leads may act as promising compounds for targeting AckA and may serve as a potential therapeutic modality for treating TB. Our findings offer valuable insights into the inhibition of the acetate pathway, while also serving as a blueprint for rational drug design. The identified leads hold promise as compelling compounds for targeting AckA, thereby offering a potential therapeutic avenue for tackling TB. Thus, our study uncovers a pathway toward promising TB therapeutics by elucidating AckA inhibitors. By leveraging in silico methodologies, potent compounds that hold the potential to thwart AckA's role in MTB's acetate pathway have been unveiled. This breakthrough fosters optimism in the quest for novel and effective TB treatments, addressing a global health challenge with renewed vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Subramaniyan
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemavathy Nagarajan
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umashankar Vetrivel
- Virology & Biotechnology/Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 031, India
| | - Jeyakanthan Jeyaraman
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Miranda-Velez M, Sarker GS, Ramisetty P, Geden S, Bartolomeu Halicki PC, Annamalai T, Tse-Dinh YC, Rohde KH, Moon JH. Proton Motive Force-Disrupting Antimycobacterial Guanylurea Polymer. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4668-4677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Miranda-Velez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Golam Sabbir Sarker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Priya Ramisetty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Sandra Geden
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Priscila Cristina Bartolomeu Halicki
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Annamalai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Kyle H. Rohde
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Joong Ho Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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3
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Pal R, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Moonlighting by PPE2 Protein: Focus on Mycobacterial Virulence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2393-2397. [PMID: 34750243 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ∼10% of its genome encodes the proline-glutamic acid and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) family of proteins, some of which were recently established to be key players in mycobacterial virulence. PPE2 (Rv0256c) is one among these proteins that we found to have pleiotropic effects during mycobacterial infection. PPE2 weakens the innate immune system by disturbing NO and reactive oxygen species production and myeloid hematopoiesis. We showed that PPE2 is unique for having nuclear localization signal, DNA binding domain, and SRC homology 3 (PXXP) binding domain, which enable it to interfere with the host immune system. Interestingly, PPE2 is a secretary protein, expressed during active tuberculosis (TB) infection, and is involved in facilitating survival of M. tuberculosis Thus, PPE2 could be a valuable drug target for developing effective therapeutics against TB. In this article, we describe possible roles of PPE2 in TB pathogenesis and the importance of PPE2 as a novel therapeutic target against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Pal
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; and
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India;
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Novel gene similar to nitrite reductase (NO forming) plays potentially important role in the latency of tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19813. [PMID: 34615967 PMCID: PMC8494734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the latent phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the human lungs is the major hurdle to eradicate Tuberculosis. We recently reported that exposure to nitrite (10 mM) for six days under in vitro aerobic conditions completely transforms the bacilli into a viable but non-cultivable phenotype. Herein, we show that nitrite (beyond 5 mM) treated Mtb produces nitric oxide (NO) within the cell in a dose-dependent manner. Our search for the conserved sequence of NO synthesizing enzyme in the bacterial system identified MRA2164 and MRA0854 genes, of which the former was found to be significantly up regulated after nitrite exposure. In addition, the purified recombinant MRA2164 protein shows significant nitrite dependent NO synthesizing activity. The knockdown of the MRA2164 gene at mRNA level expression resulted in a significantly reduced NO level compared to the wild type bacilli with a simultaneous return of its replicative capability. Therefore, this study first time reports that nitrite induces dormancy in Mtb cells through induced expression of the MRA2164 gene and productions of NO as a mechanism for maintaining non-replicative stage in Mtb. This observation could help to control the Tuberculosis disease, especially the latent phenotype of the bacilli.
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Rao Muvva J, Ahmed S, Rekha RS, Kalsum S, Groenheit R, Schön T, Agerberth B, Bergman P, Brighenti S. Immunomodulatory Agents Combat Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis by Improving Antimicrobial Immunity. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:332-344. [PMID: 33606878 PMCID: PMC8280489 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis has low treatment success rates, and new treatment strategies are needed. We explored whether treatment with active vitamin D3 (vitD) and phenylbutyrate (PBA) could improve conventional chemotherapy by enhancing immune-mediated eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods A clinically relevant model was used consisting of human macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis isolates (n = 15) with different antibiotic resistance profiles. The antimicrobial effect of vitD+PBA, was tested together with rifampicin or isoniazid. Methods included colony-forming units (intracellular bacterial growth), messenger RNA expression analyses (LL-37, β-defensin, nitric oxide synthase, and dual oxidase 2), RNA interference (LL-37-silencing in primary macrophages), and Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy (LL-37 and LC3 protein expression). Results VitD+PBA inhibited growth of clinical MDR tuberculosis strains in human macrophages and strengthened intracellular growth inhibition of rifampicin and isoniazid via induction of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and LC3-dependent autophagy. Gene silencing of LL-37 expression enhanced MDR tuberculosis growth in vitD+PBA–treated macrophages. The combination of vitD+PBA and isoniazid were as effective in reducing intracellular MDR tuberculosis growth as a >125-fold higher dose of isoniazid alone, suggesting potent additive effects of vitD+PBA with isoniazid. Conclusions Immunomodulatory agents that trigger multiple immune pathways can strengthen standard MDR tuberculosis treatment and contribute to next-generation individualized treatment options for patients with difficult-to-treat pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeeswara Rao Muvva
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rokeya Sultana Rekha
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sadaf Kalsum
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ramona Groenheit
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden , Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Schön
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, and Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Host-Directed Therapy as a Novel Treatment Strategy to Overcome Tuberculosis: Targeting Immune Modulation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010021. [PMID: 31936156 PMCID: PMC7168302 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, presenting a major threat to the public health. The currently recommended long term treatment regimen with multiple antibiotics is associated with poor patient compliance, which in turn, may contribute to the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The low global treatment efficacy of MDR-TB has highlighted the necessity to develop novel treatment options. Host-directed therapy (HDT) together with current standard anti-TB treatments, has gained considerable interest, as HDT targets novel host immune mechanisms. These immune mechanisms would otherwise bypass the antibiotic bactericidal targets to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which may be mutated to cause antibiotic resistance. Additionally, host-directed therapies against TB have been shown to be associated with reduced lung pathology and improved disease outcome, most likely via the modulation of host immune responses. This review will provide an update of host-directed therapies and their mechanism(s) of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Srivastava S, Battu MB, Khan MZ, Nandicoori VK, Mukhopadhyay S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE2 Protein Interacts with p67phox and Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1218-1229. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathology and Management of Human Tuberculosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7695364. [PMID: 30405878 PMCID: PMC6201333 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7695364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide due to a single infectious agent. The pathogen spreads primarily via aerosols and especially infects the alveolar macrophages in the lungs. The lung has evolved various biological mechanisms, including oxidative stress (OS) responses, to counteract TB infection. M. tuberculosis infection triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species by host phagocytic cells (primarily macrophages). The development of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics poses a challenge to treat TB; this commonly manifests as multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). OS and antioxidant defense mechanisms play key roles during TB infection and treatment. For instance, several established first-/second-line antitubercle antibiotics are administered in an inactive form and subsequently transformed into their active form by components of the OS responses of both host (nitric oxide, S-oxidation) and pathogen (catalase/peroxidase enzyme, EthA). Additionally, M. tuberculosis has developed mechanisms to survive high OS burden in the host, including the increased bacterial NADH/NAD+ ratio and enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein, peroxiredoxin, superoxide dismutases, and catalases. Here, we review the interplay between lung OS and its effects on both activation of antitubercle antibiotics and the strategies employed by M. tuberculosis that are essential for survival of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant bacterial subtypes. We then outline potential new therapies that are based on combining standard antitubercular antibiotics with adjuvant agents that could limit the ability of M. tuberculosis to counter the host's OS response.
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9
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Pal S, Qureshi A, Purohit HJ. Intercepting signalling mechanism to control environmental biofouling. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:364. [PMID: 30105189 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofouling in environmental systems employs bacterial quorum sensing signals (autoinducers) and extracellular polymeric substances to onset the event. The present review has highlighted on the fundamental mechanisms behind biofilm formation over broad spectrum environmental niches especially membrane biofouling in water systems and consequent chances of pathogenic contamination leading to global economic loss. It has broadly discussed on bioelectrical signal (via, potassium gradient) and molecular signal (via, AHLs) mediated quorum sensing which help to propagate biofilm formation. The review has illustrated the potential of genomic intervention towards biofouled membrane microbial community and has uncovered possible features of biofilm microenvironment like quorum quenching bacteria, bioelectrical waves capture, siderophores arrest and surface modifications. Based on information, the concept of interception of quorum signals (AHLs) and bioelectrical signals (K+) by employing electro-modified (negative charges) membrane surface have been hypothesized in the present review to favour anti-biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Pal
- 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020 India
- 2CSIR-Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020 India
| | - Asifa Qureshi
- 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020 India
- 2CSIR-Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020 India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- 2CSIR-Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020 India
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10
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Jamaati H, Mortaz E, Pajouhi Z, Folkerts G, Movassaghi M, Moloudizargari M, Adcock IM, Garssen J. Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2008. [PMID: 29085351 PMCID: PMC5649180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is globally known as one of the most important human pathogens. Mtb is estimated to infect nearly one third of the world's population with many subjects having a latent infection. Thus, from an estimated 2 billion people infected with Mtb, less than 10% may develop symptomatic TB. This indicates that the host immune system may constrain pathogen replication in most infected individuals. On entering the lungs of the host, Mtb initially encounters resident alveolar macrophages which can engulf and subsequently eliminate intracellular microbes via a plethora of bactericidal mechanisms including the generation of free radicals such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nitric oxide (NO), a key anti-mycobacterial molecule, is detected in the exhaled breath of patients infected with Mtb. Recent knowledge regarding the regulatory role of NO in airway function and Mtb proliferation paves the way of exploiting the beneficial effects of this molecule for the treatment of airway diseases. Here, we discuss the importance of NO in the pathogenesis of TB, the diagnostic use of exhaled and urinary NO in Mtb infection and the potential of NO-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Pajouhi
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mehrnaz Movassaghi
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Idh J, Andersson B, Lerm M, Raffetseder J, Eklund D, Woksepp H, Werngren J, Mansjö M, Sundqvist T, Stendahl O, Schön T. Reduced susceptibility of clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to reactive nitrogen species promotes survival in activated macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181221. [PMID: 28704501 PMCID: PMC5509328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drugs such as isoniazid (INH) and pretomanid (PRT), used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are active partly through generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The aim of this study was to explore variability in intracellular susceptibility to nitric oxide (NO) in clinical strains of M. tuberculosis. Method Luciferase-expressing clinical M. tuberculosis strains with or without INH resistance were exposed to RNS donors (DETA/NO and SIN-1) in broth cultures and bacterial survival was analysed by luminometry. NO-dependent intracellular killing in a selection of strains was assessed in interferon gamma/lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages using the NO inhibitor L-NMMA. Results When M. tuberculosis H37Rv was compared to six clinical isolates and CDC1551, three isolates with inhA mediated INH resistance showed significantly reduced NO-susceptibility in broth culture. All strains showed a variable but dose-dependent susceptibility to RNS donors. Two clinical isolates with increased susceptibility to NO exposure in broth compared to H37Rv were significantly inhibited by activated macrophages whereas there was no effect on growth inhibition when activated macrophages were infected by clinical strains with higher survival to NO exposure in broth. Furthermore, the most NO-tolerant clinical isolate showed increased resistance to PRT both in broth culture and the macrophage model compared to H37Rv in the absence of mutational resistance in genes associated to reduced susceptibility against PRT or NO. Conclusion In a limited number of clinical M. tuberculosis isolates we found a significant difference in susceptibility to NO between clinical isolates, both in broth cultures and in macrophages. Our results indicate that mycobacterial susceptibility to cellular host defence mechanisms such as NO need to be taken into consideration when designing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Idh
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Blanka Andersson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Raffetseder
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Eklund
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Woksepp
- Department of Optometry and Medicine, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jim Werngren
- Department of Microbiology, Unit for Laboratory Surveillance of Bacterial Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mikael Mansjö
- Department of Microbiology, Unit for Laboratory Surveillance of Bacterial Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tommy Sundqvist
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olle Stendahl
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Schön
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Optometry and Medicine, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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12
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Biological and Epidemiological Consequences of MTBC Diversity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1019:95-116. [PMID: 29116631 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64371-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is caused by different groups of bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The combined action of human factors, environmental conditions and bacterial virulence determine the extent and form of human disease. MTBC virulence is a composite of different clinical phenotypes such as transmission rate and disease severity among others. Clinical phenotypes are also influenced by cellular and immunological phenotypes. MTBC phenotypes are determined by the genotype, therefore finding genotypes responsible for clinical phenotypes would allow discovering MTBC virulence factors. Different MTBC strains display different cellular and clinical phenotypes. Strains from Lineage 5 and Lineage 6 are metabolically different, grow slower, and are less virulent. Also, at least certain groups of Lineage 2 and Lineage 4 strains are more virulent in terms of disease severity and human-to-human transmission. Because phenotypic differences are ultimately caused by genotypic differences, different genomic loci have been related to various cellular and clinical phenotypes. However, defining the impact of specific bacterial genomic loci on virulence when other bacterial determinants, human and environmental factors are also impacting the phenotype would contribute to a better knowledge of tuberculosis virulence and ultimately benefit tuberculosis control.
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13
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Idh J, Mekonnen M, Abate E, Wedajo W, Werngren J, Ängeby K, Lerm M, Elias D, Sundqvist T, Aseffa A, Stendahl O, Schön T. Resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs is associated with reduced nitric oxide susceptibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39891. [PMID: 22768155 PMCID: PMC3387217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The relative contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to the killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human tuberculosis (TB) is controversial, although this has been firmly established in rodents. Studies have demonstrated that clinical strains of M. tuberculosis differ in susceptibility to NO, but how this correlates to drug susceptibility and clinical outcome is not known. Methods In this study, 50 sputum smear- and culture-positive patients with pulmonary TB in Gondar, Ethiopia were included. Clinical parameters were recorded and drug susceptibility profile and spoligotyping patterns were investigated. NO susceptibility was studied by exposing the strains to the NO donor DETA/NO. Results Clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis showed a dose- and time-dependent response when exposed to NO. The most frequent spoligotypes found were CAS1-Delhi and T3_ETH in a total of nine known spoligotypes and four orphan patterns. There was a significant association between reduced susceptibility to NO (>10% survival after exposure to 1 mM DETA/NO) and resistance against first-line anti-TB drugs, in particular isoniazid (INH). Patients infected with strains of M. tuberculosis with reduced susceptibility to NO showed no difference in cure rate or other clinical parameters but a tendency towards lower rate of weight gain after two months of treatment, independent of antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: There is a correlation between resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs and reduced NO susceptibility in clinical strains of M. tuberculosis. Further studies including the mechanisms of reduced NO susceptibility are warranted and could identify targets for new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Idh
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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14
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a difficult pathogen to combat and the first-line drugs currently in use are 40-60 years old. The need for new TB drugs is urgent, but the time to identify, develop and ultimately advance new drug regimens onto the market has been excruciatingly slow. On the other hand, the drugs currently in clinical development, and the recent gains in knowledge of the pathogen and the disease itself give us hope for finding new drug targets and new drug leads. In this article we highlight the unique biology of the pathogen and several possible ways to identify new TB chemical leads. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance) is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to accelerate the discovery and development of new TB drugs. The organization carries out research and development in collaboration with many academic laboratories and pharmaceutical companies around the world. In this perspective we will focus on the early discovery phases of drug development and try to provide snapshots of both the current status and future prospects.
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Functional genetic diversity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex clinical isolates: delineation of conserved core and lineage-specific transcriptomes during intracellular survival. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000988. [PMID: 20628579 PMCID: PMC2900310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis exerts a tremendous burden on global health, with approximately 9 million new infections and approximately 2 million deaths annually. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) was initially regarded as a highly homogeneous population; however, recent data suggest the causative agents of tuberculosis are more genetically and functionally diverse than appreciated previously. The impact of this natural variation on the virulence and clinical manifestations of the pathogen remains largely unknown. This report examines the effect of genetic diversity among MTC clinical isolates on global gene expression and survival within macrophages. We discovered lineage-specific transcription patterns in vitro and distinct intracellular growth profiles associated with specific responses to host-derived environmental cues. Strain comparisons also facilitated delineation of a core intracellular transcriptome, including genes with highly conserved regulation across the global panel of clinical isolates. This study affords new insights into the genetic information that M. tuberculosis has conserved under selective pressure during its long-term interactions with its human host.
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Coscolla M, Gagneux S. Does M. tuberculosis genomic diversity explain disease diversity? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 7:e43-e59. [PMID: 21076640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of tuberculosis infection and disease is highly variable. This variation has been attributed primarily to host and environmental factors, but better understanding of the global genomic diversity in the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) suggests that bacterial factors could also be involved. Review of nearly 100 published reports shows that MTBC strains differ in their virulence and immunogenicity in experimental models, but whether this phenotypic variation plays a role in human disease remains unclear. Given the complex interactions between the host, the pathogen and the environment, linking MTBC genotypic diversity to experimental and clinical phenotypes requires an integrated systems epidemiology approach embedded in a robust evolutionary framework.
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Cantrell SA, Pascopella L, Flood J, Crane CM, Kendall LV, Riley LW. Community-wide transmission of a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes reduced lung pathology in mice. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:21-27. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. Cantrell
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Pascopella
- Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Flood
- Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | - Lon V. Kendall
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lee W. Riley
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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18
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Kwiatkowska S, Szkudlarek U, Luczyńska M, Nowak D, Zieba M. Elevated exhalation of hydrogen peroxide and circulating IL-18 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Respir Med 2007; 101:574-80. [PMID: 16890418 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria are the strong stimulators of respiratory burst, resulting in production of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen intermediates. The aim of our study was to assess the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in expired breath condensate (EBC) and the serum level of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) before introduction of chemotherapy and after 2 months of treatment. Sixteen patients, current cigarette smokers, with advanced pulmonary TB were enrolled into the study. As a control served two groups: I group--16 asymptomatic cigarette smokers, II group--17 healthy never smoked subjects. The level of H(2)O(2) in EBC was significantly higher in patients with TB (1.3+/-0.7 microM) as compared to cigarette are healthy nonsmoker subjects (0.4+/-0.1 and 0.2+/-0.1 microM, respectively, P<0.05). Two months of treatment significantly decreased the level of H(2)O(2) exhalation in TB patients (0.5+/-0.3 microM) to the value that was not different from that in asymptomatic smokers but was still higher than in never smoked subjects. Serum concentration of IL-18 in TB patients was higher than that found in both control groups either before and after antituberculous treatment (P<0.05). Exhaled H(2)O(2) did not correlate with circulating IL-18 in TB patients before or after treatment. These results demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative stress in the airways of TB patients completely attenuating after 2 months of successful antituberculous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kwiatkowska
- Department of Tuberculosis, Cancer and Lung Diseases , Medical University of Lodz, 90-520 Lodz, Okolna st 181, Poland.
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Brugmann WB, Firmani MA. Low concentrations of nitric oxide exert a hormetic effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4844-6. [PMID: 16145155 PMCID: PMC1234096 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4844-4846.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibilities of 12 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to acidified sodium nitrite (ASN) were compared. The results demonstrate that 8 of the 12 isolates exhibited enhanced survival levels in 1.5 mM ASN compared to levels in medium alone, suggesting that low concentrations of reactive nitrogen intermediates have a hormetic effect on M. tuberculosis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Benjamin Brugmann
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Allied Health Professions, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, New Orleans, 70112-2223, USA
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20
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Rooyakkers AWJ, Stokes RW. Absence of complement receptor 3 results in reduced binding and ingestion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis but has no significant effect on the induction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates or on the survival of the bacteria in resident and interferon-gamma activated macrophages. Microb Pathog 2005; 39:57-67. [PMID: 16084683 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of host macrophage (Mphi) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is mediated by cell surface receptors and is important in establishing intracellular infection. Mphis can kill invading organisms via reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). Using a Complement Receptor 3 (CR3) knockout mouse model we have examined whether the presence of CR3 affects the binding and uptake of viable Mtb by Mphis, the survival of the ingested bacteria and the induction of ROI and RNI during this interaction. We show that, although CR3 plays a role in the uptake of viable Mtb, the receptor plays no role in the subsequent survival of the bacteria. The finding holds true for resident Mphis and for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) activated Mphis, both in the absence and presence of serum opsonins. Activation of Mphi populations with IFN-gamma significantly inhibits the growth of Mtb in host Mphis and enhances the production of ROI and RNI. However, the presence of CR3 was not critical in any of these mechanisms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the control of intracellular growth of Mtb in IFN-gamma activated Mphis is not mediated by a direct effect of RNI.
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Firmani MA, Riley LW. Reactive nitrogen intermediates have a bacteriostatic effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3162-6. [PMID: 12202547 PMCID: PMC130711 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.9.3162-3166.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility of six isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CB3.3, CDC1551, RJ2E, C.C.13, H37Rv, and H37Ra) and two isolates of Mycobacterium bovis (Ravenel and BCG) to reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) was determined by standard in vitro survival assays. After 21 days of incubation, the survival of most strains exposed to either acidified sodium nitrite (ASN) or hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was significantly lower than the same strains unexposed to these RNI or ROI products. However, after 50 days of incubation, these differences in susceptibility became less apparent for strains exposed to ASN but not for strains exposed to H(2)O(2). The recovery of these strains after exposure to RNI suggests that the effect of RNI on M. tuberculosis is bacteriostatic. The in vitro concentrations of ROI and RNI used in these assays were higher than those expected in vivo. These observations suggest that, in vivo, RNI expression at physiologically achievable concentrations may keep M. tuberculosis from proliferating but that removal of RNI may allow the organisms to proliferate. Furthermore, the ability of some M. tuberculosis strains to cause rapidly progressive disease may relate to their intrinsic levels of RNI and ROI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia A Firmani
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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