1
|
Holder T, Coad M, Allan G, Hogarth PJ, Vordermeier HM, Jones GJ. Vaccination of calves with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Danish strain 1331 results in a duration of immunity of at least 52 weeks. Vaccine 2023; 41:7290-7296. [PMID: 37925317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Danish strain 1331 (CattleBCG) is currently the lead vaccine candidate for the control of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle in GB, where prior vaccination has shown to result in a significant reduction in bovine TB pathology induced by infection with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). A critical knowledge gap in our understanding of CattleBCG is the duration of immunity post vaccination at the minimum intended vaccine dose. To this end, we performed an experiment where calves were vaccinated with a targeted dose of 106 CFU and, after a period of 52 weeks, experimentally infected with M. bovis. Post mortem examination performed 13 weeks after infection revealed a statistically significant reduction in the severity of TB pathology in the CattleBCG vaccinated group compared with the unvaccinated control group. Additionally, this study allowed us to further assess the diagnostic performance of a defined antigen DIVA reagent (DST-F) developed to detect infected amongst vaccinated animals. Our results demonstrate that when used in a skin test format, DST-F showed high specificity (100 %) in BCG-vaccinated animals when tested prior to infection, whilst detecting all infected animals when re-tested after infection. Furthermore, we also present results supporting the use of the DST-F reagent in an interferon-gamma release assay. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate a 52-week duration of immunity following administration of a minimum dose of CattleBCG. This evidence will be a fundamental component in our efforts to apply for UK marketing authorisation to enable vaccination of cattle as a significant additional control measure in the ongoing fight against bovine TB in GB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holder
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Coad
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Allan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip J Hogarth
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hope JC, Khalid H, Thom ML, Howard CJ, Shaw DJ. Protective Efficacy of BCG Vaccination in Calves Vaccinated at Different Ages. Pathogens 2023; 12:789. [PMID: 37375479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is a globally prevalent pathogen with significant animal welfare, economic and public health impacts. In the UK, the control of bTB relies on detection via tuberculin skin tests with ancillary interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assays, followed by culling infected animals. Vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) could be an important element of bTB control, and a number of studies have demonstrated its protective efficacy, particularly when young calves are vaccinated. Here, we compared immune responses and the protective efficacy of BCG in calves vaccinated within the first day of life and at three weeks of age. Significant protection from M. bovis infection was observed in BCG-vaccinated calves compared to non-vaccinated, age-matched controls. No significant differences were shown between calves vaccinated at one day and at three weeks of age when assessing the protective efficacy of BCG (measured as a reduction in lesions and bacterial burden). Antigen-specific IFN-γ levels were similar between the BCG-vaccinated groups, but significantly different from the non-vaccinated control animals. Antigen-specific IFN-γ expression post-BCG vaccination was correlated significantly with protection from M. bovis infection, whereas IFN-γ levels post-challenge correlated with pathology and bacterial burden. These results indicate that early-life vaccination with BCG could have a significant impact on M. bovis infection and, therefore, bTB incidence, and they demonstrate that age, at least within the first month of life, does not significantly impact the protective effect of vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne C Hope
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hamza Khalid
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michelle L Thom
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton RG20 7NN, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Darren J Shaw
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maurizio E, Rossi UA, Trangoni MD, Rossetti CA. Cytokine expression profile of B. melitensis-infected goat monocyte-derived macrophages. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152375. [PMID: 36913828 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Brucella parasitize the macrophage where is able to replicate and modulate the immune response in order to establish a chronic infection. The most adequate response to control and eliminate Brucella infection is a type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated effector immunity. Research in immune response of B. melitensis-infected goats is relatively scarce. In this study, we first evaluated changes in the gene expression of cytokines, a chemokine (CCL2) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) of goat macrophage cultures derived from monocytes (MDMs) infected for 4 and 24 h with Brucella melitensis strain 16 M. TNFα, IL-1β and iNOS, and IL-12p40, IFNγ and also iNOS were significantly expressed (p < 0.05) at 4 and 24 h respectively, in infected compared to non-infected MDMs. Therefore, the in vitro challenge of goat MDMs with B. melitensis promoted a transcriptional profile consistent with a type 1 response. However, when the immune response to B. melitensis infection was contrasted between MDM cultures phenotypically restrictive or permissive to intracellular multiplication of B. melitensis 16 M, it was observed that the relative IL-4 mRNA expression was significantly higher in permissive macrophage cultures with respect to restrictive cultures (p < 0.05), independently of the time p.i. A similar trend, although non-statistical, was recorded for IL-10, but not for pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the up-expression profile of inhibitory instead of pro-inflammatory cytokines could explain, in part, the difference observed in the ability to restrict intracellular replication of Brucella. In this sense, the present results make a significant contribution to the knowledge of the immune response induced by B. melitensis in macrophages of its preferential host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Maurizio
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425) CABA, Argentina
| | - Ursula A Rossi
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425) CABA, Argentina
| | - Marcos D Trangoni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia Molecular (IABIMO), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Rossetti
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IP-IPVET), UEDD INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto y de Los Reseros (B1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kanipe C, Boggiatto PM, Putz EJ, Palmer MV. Histopathologic differences in granulomas of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle with bovine tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1048648. [PMID: 36425039 PMCID: PMC9678917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1048648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the zoonotic bacterium responsible for bovine tuberculosis. An attenuated form of M. bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), is a modified live vaccine known to provide variable protection in cattle and other species. Protection for this vaccine is defined as a reduction in disease severity rather than prevention of infection and is determined by evaluation of the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis: the granuloma. Despite its recognized ability to decrease disease severity, the mechanism by which BCG imparts protection remains poorly understood. Understanding the histopathologic differences between granulomas which form in BCG vaccinates compared to non-vaccinates may help identify how BCG imparts protection and lead to an improved vaccine. Utilizing special stains and image analysis software, we examined 88 lymph nodes obtained from BGC-vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals experimentally infected with M. bovis. We evaluated the number of granulomas, their size, severity (grade), density of multinucleated giant cells (MNGC), and the amounts of necrosis, mineralization, and fibrosis. BCG vaccinates had fewer granulomas overall and smaller high-grade granulomas with less necrosis than non-vaccinates. The relative numbers of high- and low- grade lesions were similar as were the amounts of mineralization and the density of MNGC. The amount of fibrosis was higher in low-grade granulomas from vaccinates compared to non-vaccinates. Collectively, these findings suggest that BCG vaccination reduces bacterial establishment, resulting in the formation of fewer granulomas. In granulomas that form, BCG has a protective effect by containing their size, reducing the relative amount of necrosis, and increasing fibrosis in low-grade lesions. Vaccination did not affect the amount of mineralization or density of MNGC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Kanipe
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - P. M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - E. J. Putz
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - M. V. Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Byrne AW, Barrett D, Breslin P, Fanning J, Casey M, Madden JM, Lesellier S, Gormley E. Bovine tuberculosis in youngstock cattle: A narrative review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1000124. [PMID: 36213413 PMCID: PMC9540495 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a high-priority global pathogen of concern. The role of youngstock animals in the epidemiology of bTB has not been a focus of contemporary research. Here we have aimed to collate and summarize what is known about the susceptibility, diagnosis, transmission (infectiousness), and epidemiology to M. bovis in youngstock (up to 1-year of age). Youngstock are susceptible to M. bovis infection when exposed, with the capacity to develop typical bTB lesions. Calves can be exposed through similar routes as adults, via residual infection, contiguous neighborhood spread, wildlife spillback infection, and the buying-in of infected but undetected cattle. Dairy systems may lead to greater exposure risk to calves relative to other production systems, for example, via pooled milk. Given their young age, calves tend to have shorter bTB at-risk exposure periods than older cohorts. The detection of bTB varies with age when using a wide range of ante-mortem diagnostics, also with post-mortem examination and confirmation (histological and bacteriological) of infection. When recorded as positive by ante-mortem test, youngstock appear to have the highest probabilities of any age cohort for confirmation of infection post-mortem. They also appear to have the lowest false negative bTB detection risk. In some countries, many calves are moved to other herds for rearing, potentially increasing inter-herd transmission risk. Mathematical models suggest that calves may also experience lower force of infection (the rate that susceptible animals become infected). There are few modeling studies investigating the role of calves in the spread and maintenance of infection across herd networks. One study found that calves, without operating testing and control measures, can help to maintain infection and lengthen the time to outbreak eradication. Policies to reduce testing for youngstock could lead to infected calves remaining undetected and increasing onwards transmission. Further studies are required to assess the risk associated with changes to testing policy for youngstock in terms of the impact for within-herd disease control, and how this may affect the transmission and persistence of infection across a network of linked herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Byrne
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Andrew W. Byrne ;
| | - Damien Barrett
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
- ERAD, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip Breslin
- ERAD, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - June Fanning
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miriam Casey
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie M. Madden
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (LRFSN), ANSES, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Test performance data demonstrates utility of a cattle DIVA skin test reagent (DST-F) compatible with BCG vaccination. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12052. [PMID: 35835806 PMCID: PMC9283413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is the lead candidate vaccine for control of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. However, BCG vaccination sensitises cattle to bovine tuberculin, thus compromising the use of the current bovine TB surveillance tests. To address this, we have developed a diagnostic skin test that is not compromised by BCG vaccination and is able to detect BCG vaccinated animals that subsequently develop bovine TB following exposure to M. bovis. Building on previous work using ‘in house’ formulated protein cocktail reagents, we herein present test performance data for a single fusion protein (DST-F) containing the mycobacterial antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c formulated as a ‘ready to use’ reagent by a commercial manufacturer. Our results demonstrate that, unlike tuberculin reagents, a diagnostic skin test using DST-F maintained high specificity in BCG vaccinated animals. Furthermore, the DST-F skin test demonstrated a high relative sensitivity in identifying M. bovis infected animals, including those where BCG vaccination failed to prevent bovine TB pathology following experimental exposure to M. bovis. The DST-F is currently undergoing field trials in Great Britain to support its licensure and commercialisation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Vaccination of Calves with the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strain Induces Protection against Bovine Tuberculosis in Dairy Herds under a Natural Transmission Setting. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091083. [PMID: 35565515 PMCID: PMC9102018 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis, of which control is based on culling infected animals and, without official compensations, is associated with major economic losses for milk and meat producers. The vaccination of cattle with the M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strain, as a strategy for bTB control, might attenuate this situation. The objective of this trial was to assess the efficacy of the BCG Russia strain in a cohort study performed under field conditions, with the vaccination of 501 calves in seven dairy farms, including 441 non-vaccinated control animals. Peripheral blood was collected at 6, 12 and 18 months post-vaccination, and infection status was determined using a diagnostic procedure which discriminates the infected amongst vaccinated animals. On average, the BCG vaccine showed a low but significant level of protection (22.4%) at the end of the trial, although diverse levels of protection and duration of immunity were observed between trial herds, suggesting that the efficacy of the BCG vaccination could be influenced by the general health condition of calves and their exposition to non-tuberculous mycobacteria. These results support the use of BCG as a complementary tool in the control of the disease in high prevalence areas. Abstract Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis, which is associated with major economic losses for milk and meat producers. The objective of this trial was to assess the efficacy of the BCG Russia strain in a cohort study performed under field conditions, with the vaccination of calves in seven dairy farms from a high prevalence area in central Chile. The trial was performed with 501 animals, subcutaneously vaccinated with 2–8 × 105 colony-forming units of BCG, whilst 441 matched control animals received a saline placebo. Peripheral blood was collected at 6, 12 and 18 months post-vaccination, and infection status was determined using the IFNγ release assay in conjunction with the DIVA (Detecting Infected amongst Vaccinated Animals) antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c. The BCG vaccine showed a low but significant level of protection of 22.4% (95% CI 4.0 to 36.4) at the end of the trial. However, diverse levels of protection and a variable duration of immunity were observed between trial herds. This diverse outcome could be influenced by the general health condition of calves and their exposition to non-tuberculous mycobacteria. These results suggest that BCG vaccination of dairy calves in a natural transmission setting confers variable protection to animals against bTB in a high prevalence area.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hoseinpur R, Hasani A, Baradaran B, Abdolalizadeh J, Amini Y, Salehi R, Samadi Kafil H, Azizian K, Memar MY, Gholizadeh P, Hasani A. Chitosan nanoparticles containing fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV) and resiquimod adjuvant (HPERC) as a novel booster vaccine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:40-47. [DOI: 10.1177/08853282221079105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to explore the immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles containing fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV; HPE) and resiquimod adjuvant (HPERC) in BALB/c mice. HPE was initially expressed in E. coli BL21 cells. HPE and resiquimod adjuvant were then encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (HPERC). One group of mice were subcutaneously vaccinated on days 0, 14, and 28 with HPERC, and the other group was primed with bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) on day 0 and then boosted with HPERC on days 14 and 28. Two weeks after the last injection, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 in spleen cell culture supernatants, and IgG2a and IgG1 titers in sera were measured. HPERC size was 130.84 ± 12.08 nm ( n = 5). Zeta potential of HPERC was 29 ± 4 mv. The highest IFN-γ concentration was detected in BCG-primed mice that were boosted with HPERC. In addition, IL-17 production was significantly increased in all groups compared with that of control, except in those that received nanoparticle (NP), adjuvant (ADJ), NP/ADJ, and fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV) (HPE). Comparison of IFN-γ and IL-4 concentration determined that Th1 was activated in BCG-primed and HPERC-boosted group in comparison to the other groups. No significant difference in concentration of IL-4 was observed between groups receiving HPERC and BCG-primed and HPERC-boosted group in comparison to group BCG. Concentrations of IgG2a and IgG1 also increased compared to the control group and the rate of IgG2a was higher compared to IgG1. Chitosan containing HPERC vaccine could induce a high level of specific cytokines in mice. The group of mice which first received BCG and then HPERC as booster vaccine could produce significant amounts of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IgG2a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasul Hoseinpur
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Amini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Subramanian S, Srinivasan S, Ramaiyan Selvaraju K, Vinoli PM, Selladurai S, Ramasamy B, Kumaragurubaran K, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V, Gopal DR. Defined Antigen Skin Test for Bovine Tuberculosis Retains Specificity on Revaccination With Bacillus Calmette–Guérin. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:814227. [PMID: 35498753 PMCID: PMC9043861 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.814227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination provides partial protection against, and reduces severity of pathological lesions associated with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle. Accumulating evidence also suggests that revaccination with BCG may be needed to enhance the duration of immune protection. Since BCG vaccine cross-reacts with traditional tuberculin-based diagnostic tests, a peptide-based defined antigen skin test (DST) comprising of ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Rv3615c to detect the infected among the BCG-vaccinated animals (DIVA) was recently described. The DST reliably identifies bTB-infected animals in experimental challenge models and in natural infection settings, and differentiated these from animals immunized with a single dose of BCG in both skin tests and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The current investigation sought to assess the diagnostic specificity of DST in calves (Bos taurus ssp. taurus × B. t. ssp. indicus; n = 15) revaccinated with BCG 6 months after primary immunization. The results show that none of the 15 BCG-revaccinated calves exhibited a delayed hypersensitivity response when skin tested with DST 61 days post-revaccination, suggesting 100% diagnostic specificity (one-tailed lower 95% CI: 82). In contrast, 8 of 15 (diagnostic specificity = 47%; 95% CI: 21, 73) BCG-revaccinated calves were positive per the single cervical tuberculin (SCT) test using bovine tuberculin. Together, these results show that the DST retains its specificity even after revaccination with BCG and confirms the potential for implementation of BCG-based interventions in settings where test-and-slaughter are not economically or culturally feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kathiravan Ramaiyan Selvaraju
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Priyadharshini Michael Vinoli
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Suganya Selladurai
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Boominathan Ramasamy
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Karthik Kumaragurubaran
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Dhinakar Raj Gopal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bayissa B, Sirak A, Worku A, Zewude A, Zeleke Y, Chanyalew M, Gumi B, Berg S, Conlan A, Hewinson RG, Wood JLN, Vordermeier HM, Ameni G. Evaluation of the Efficacy of BCG in Protecting Against Contact Challenge With Bovine Tuberculosis in Holstein-Friesian and Zebu Crossbred Calves in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:702402. [PMID: 34368285 PMCID: PMC8339472 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.702402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is prevalent in intensive dairy farms in Ethiopia. Vaccination could be an alternative control approach given the socio-economic challenges of a test-and-slaughter control strategy. The efficacy of the BCG was evaluated on 40 Holstein-Friesian (HF) and zebu crossbred calves recruited from single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test negative herds and randomly allocated into two groups. Twenty-two calves were vaccinated within 2 weeks of age, and 18 were kept as a control. Six weeks post-vaccination, the two groups were exposed and kept mixed with known SICCT test positive cows for 1 year. Immune responses were monitored by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA), SICCT test, and antibody assay. Vaccinated calves developed strong responses to the SICCT test at the sixth week post-vaccination, but did not respond to ESAT-6/CFP-10 peptide antigen-based IGRA. During the exposure, IFN-γ response to the specific peptide cocktail [F(2.44, 92.67) = 26.96; p < 0.001] and skin reaction to the specific proteins cocktail [F(1.7, 64.3); p < 0.001] increased progressively in both groups while their antibody responses were low. The prevalence of bTB was 88.9% (95% CI: 65.3–98.6) and 63.6% (95% CI: 40.7–83.8) in the control and vaccinated calves, respectively, based on Mycobacterium bovis isolation, giving a direct protective efficacy estimate of 28.4% (95% CI: −2.7 to 50.1). The proportion of vaccinated calves with lesion was 7.0% (34/484) against 11.4% (45/396) in control calves, representing a 38% (95% CI: 5.8–59.4) reduction of lesion prevalence. Besides, the severity of pathology was significantly lower (Mann–Whitney U-test, p < 0.05) in vaccinated (median score = 2.0, IQR = 0–4.75) than in control (median score = 5, IQR = 3.0–6.25) calves. Moreover, survival from M. bovis infection in vaccinated calves was significantly (log-rank test: χ2 = 6.749, p < 0.01) higher than that of the control calves. In conclusion, the efficacy of BCG was low, but the reduced frequency and severity of lesion in vaccinated calves could suggest its potential role in containing onward transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berecha Bayissa
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Vaccine Production and Drug Formulation Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Asegedech Sirak
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Worku
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemisrach Zeleke
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mahlet Chanyalew
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Glyn Hewinson
- Institute of Biology, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | | | - James L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biology, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Animal Health and Zoonotic Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Díaz FE, Guerra-Maupome M, McDonald PO, Rivera-Pérez D, Kalergis AM, McGill JL. A Recombinant BCG Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Neonatal Calves and Reduces the Clinical Disease Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664212. [PMID: 33981309 PMCID: PMC8108697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) constitutes a major health burden, causing millions of hospitalizations in children under five years old worldwide due to acute lower respiratory tract infections. Despite decades of research, licensed vaccines to prevent hRSV are not available. Development of vaccines against hRSV targeting young infants requires ruling out potential vaccine-enhanced disease presentations. To achieve this goal, vaccine testing in proper animal models is essential. A recombinant BCG vaccine that expresses the Nucleoprotein of hRSV (rBCG-N-hRSV) protects mice against hRSV infection, eliciting humoral and cellular immune protection. Further, this vaccine was shown to be safe and immunogenic in human adult volunteers. Here, we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine in a neonatal bovine RSV calf infection model. Newborn, colostrum-replete Holstein calves were either vaccinated with rBCG-N-hRSV, WT-BCG, or left unvaccinated, and then inoculated via aerosol challenge with bRSV strain 375. Vaccination with rBCG-N-hRSV was safe and well-tolerated, with no systemic adverse effects. There was no evidence of vaccine-enhanced disease following bRSV challenge of rBCG-N-hRSV vaccinated animals, suggesting that the vaccine is safe for use in neonates. Vaccination increased virus-specific IgA and virus-neutralization activity in nasal fluid and increased the proliferation of virus- and BCG-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PBMCs and lymph nodes at 7dpi. Furthermore, rBCG-N-hRSV vaccinated calves developed reduced clinical disease as compared to unvaccinated control calves, although neither pathology nor viral burden were significantly reduced in the lungs. These results suggest that the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine is safe in neonatal calves and induces protective humoral and cellular immunity against this respiratory virus. These data from a newborn animal model provide further support to the notion that this vaccine approach could be considered as a candidate for infant immunization against RSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paiton O McDonald
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniela Rivera-Pérez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Retamal P, Ábalos P, Alegría-Morán R, Valdivieso N, Vordermeier M, Jones G, Saadi K, Perez Watt C, Salinas C, Ávila C, Padilla V, Benavides B, Orellana R. Vaccination of Holstein heifers with Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain induces protection against bovine tuberculosis and higher milk production yields in a natural transmission setting. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1419-1425. [PMID: 33872473 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis, a zoonotic pathogen that has a worldwide distribution causing serious economic losses for milk and meat producers. In Chile, the disease in dairy cattle has a heterogeneous distribution, where the Metropolitan Region concentrates the highest animal prevalence and the main challenge for the national control and eradication programme. In this epidemiological context, vaccination with the M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine might be a useful strategy for disease prevention and control. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and impacts on productivity and fertility of vaccination with the BCG Russia strain in 11 month-old heifers from a dairy farm, under a natural transmission condition. Sixty-two animals were vaccinated via the subcutaneous route with the equivalent of one human dose of BCG, and 60 control animals received saline. Subsequently, blood sampling was performed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months post-inoculation, and infection status was determined using the IFNγ release assay (IGRA) with the DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c. Efficacy was calculated as the percentage of reduction in the incidence of infection attributable to vaccination, which showed a statistically significant level of overall protection of 66.5%. No adverse effects on fertility and production were recorded. In contrast, we observed beneficial effects of vaccination on several milk production parameters, with the milk yield in the first 100 days after calving in the BCG group significantly higher compared to unvaccinated heifers (p < .05). These results suggest that BCG vaccination of heifers in a natural transmission setting might result in both sanitary and productive benefits, supporting its implementation as a new strategy for TB prevention in a high prevalence area of Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Retamal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Ábalos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK.,Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Karina Saadi
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Perez Watt
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Salinas
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Ávila
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Padilla
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Benavides
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Orellana
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prime Vaccination with Chitosan-Coated Phipps BCG and Boosting with CFP-PLGA against Tuberculosis in a Goat Model. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041046. [PMID: 33917739 PMCID: PMC8068168 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine tuberculosis is a disease that affects cattle and other animal species worldwide and represents a risk to public health. Even though there is a vaccine that has been used to control tuberculosis in humans for almost 100 years, up to now, it has not been used in animals. The reason is that vaccination interferes with the tuberculin test, the current test to diagnose tuberculosis in the field, and shows an inconsistent efficacy in animals. Recent studies report that prime vaccinating with BCG and boosting with proteins vaccinations perform better. In addition, there are reports that some polymers increase the immune response against various infectious diseases; therefore, testing a vaccine formula with polymers sounds like a wise thing to do. In this study, we showed that priming with BCG and boosting with a culture filtrate protein, alone or in combination with a polymer, the number of animals with lesions, the number of lesions per animal, and the size of the lesions in vaccinated animals, compared with those not vaccinated or those vaccinated with BCG alone, are significantly reduced. Our results mean that a vaccination used as a complement of actual tuberculosis control programs in animal populations can be useful to reduce tuberculosis dissemination. Abstract Attempts to improve the immune response and efficacy of vaccines against tuberculosis in cattle, goats, and other animal species have been the focus of research in this field during the last two decades. Improving the vaccine efficacy is essential prior to running long-lasting and expensive field trials. Studies have shown that vaccine protocols utilizing boosting with proteins improve the vaccine efficacy. The use of polymers such as chitosan and PolyLactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) improves the immune response against different diseases by improving the interaction of antigens with the cellular immune system and modulating the host immune response. This study shows that the prime BCG vaccination, boosted with a culture filtrate protein (CFP), alone or in combination with chitosan and PolyLactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA), have the potential to reduce tuberculosis (TB) dissemination by reducing the number of animals with lesions, the number of lesions per animal, and the size of the lesions in vaccinated animals, compared with those not vaccinated or those vaccinated with BCG alone. The vaccinated groups showed significantly higher Interferon-γ levels in the blood compared to the control, nonvaccinated group after vaccination, after boosting, and after the challenge with the wild-type Mycobacterium bovis strain.
Collapse
|
14
|
Srinivasan S, Conlan AJK, Easterling LA, Herrera C, Dandapat P, Veerasami M, Ameni G, Jindal N, Raj GD, Wood J, Juleff N, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis: Is Perfect the Enemy of Good? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637580. [PMID: 33681334 PMCID: PMC7930010 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50 million cattle are likely exposed to bovine tuberculosis (bTB) worldwide, highlighting an urgent need for bTB control strategies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and other regions where the disease remains endemic and test-and-slaughter approaches are unfeasible. While Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was first developed as a vaccine for use in cattle even before its widespread use in humans, its efficacy against bTB remains poorly understood. To address this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the direct efficacy of BCG against bTB challenge in cattle, and performed scenario analyses with transmission dynamic models incorporating direct and indirect vaccinal effects (“herd-immunity”) to assess potential impact on herd level disease control. The analysis shows a relative risk of infection of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.82) in 1,902 vaccinates as compared with 1,667 controls, corresponding to a direct vaccine efficacy of 25% (95% CI: 18, 32). Importantly, scenario analyses considering both direct and indirect effects suggest that disease prevalence could be driven down close to Officially TB-Free (OTF) status (<0.1%), if BCG were introduced in the next 10-year time period in low to moderate (<15%) prevalence settings, and that 50–95% of cumulative cases may be averted over the next 50 years even in high (20–40%) disease burden settings with immediate implementation of BCG vaccination. Taken together, the analyses suggest that BCG vaccination may help accelerate control of bTB in endemic settings, particularly with early implementation in the face of dairy intensification in regions that currently lack effective bTB control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel A Easterling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christian Herrera
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biological, Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - James Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gutema FD, Agga GE, Makita K, Smith RL, Mourits M, Tufa TB, Leta S, Beyene TJ, Asefa Z, Urge B, Ameni G. Evaluation of the Control Options of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:586056. [PMID: 33392283 PMCID: PMC7772415 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.586056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis and is characterized by the development of granulomatous lesions in the lymph nodes, lungs and other tissues. It poses serious public health impacts and food security challenges to the agricultural sector in terms of dairy and meat productions. In Ethiopia, BTB has been considered as a priority disease because of its high prevalence in urban and peri-urban dairy farms. However, there has not been any national control program in the country. Thus, in order to initiate BTB control program in the country, information on control options is needed to tailor the best option for the Ethiopian situation. The objective of this study was to identify, evaluate and rank various BTB control options in Ethiopia using a multi-criteria decision analysis based on preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) approach while accounting for the stakeholders' preferences. Control options were evaluated under two scenarios: with (scenario 1) and without (scenario 2) bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Nine potential control options were identified that include combinations of three control options (1) test and slaughter with or without government support, (2) test and segregation, and (3) BCG vaccination. Under scenario 1, BCG vaccination, BCG vaccination and test and slaughter with partial compensation by government, and BCG vaccination and test and slaughter with full compensation by government were the top three ranked control options. Under scenario 2, test and slaughter with full compensation by government was the preferred control option, followed by test and segregation supported by test and slaughter with full government compensation, and test and slaughter with half compensation by government. Irrespective of the variability in the weighting by the stakeholders, the sensitivity analysis showed the robustness of the ranking method. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that BCG vaccination, and test and slaughter with full compensation by government were the two most preferred control options under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. National level discussions were strongly recommended for further concretization and implementation of these control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanta D Gutema
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun E Agga
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Bowling Green, KY, United States
| | - Kohei Makita
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakukno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Monique Mourits
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Takele B Tufa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku J Beyene
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Beksissa Urge
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Arrieta-Villegas C, Vidal E, Martín M, Verdés J, Moll X, Espada Y, Singh M, Villarreal-Ramos B, Domingo M, Pérez de Val B. Immunogenicity and Protection against Mycobacterium caprae Challenge in Goats Vaccinated with BCG and Revaccinated after One Year. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040751. [PMID: 33322064 PMCID: PMC7770602 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has been proposed as a supplementary tool for the control of tuberculosis in livestock. The long-term immunogenicity elicited by bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and the efficacy of revaccination were investigated in thirty goat kids distributed into three groups: unvaccinated controls, BCG (vaccinated at week 0) and BCG-BCG (vaccinated at weeks 0 and 56). Sixty-four weeks after the first vaccination, all animals were challenged with Mycobacterium caprae and examined post-mortem (pathology and bacterial load) at week 73. Antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release was measured throughout the experiment. At week 59, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained for CD4, CD45RO and IFN-γ to determine the presence of antigen-specific cells secreting IFN-γ. The BCG-BCG group showed reductions in rectal temperatures, M. caprae DNA load in pulmonary lymph nodes (LN), the volume of lesions in pulmonary LN, mineralization in lungs, and higher weight gains compared to unvaccinated controls. IFN-γ responses were undetectable from 32 weeks after primary vaccination until revaccination, when the BCG-BCG group showed detectable IFN-γ production and a greater percentage of antigen-specific CD4+CD45RO+IFNγ+ and CD4−CD45RO+IFNγ+ cells compared to the BCG and control groups, which may be an indicator of the mechanisms of protection. Thus, re-vaccination of goats with BCG appears to prolong protection against infection with M. caprae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arrieta-Villegas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
| | - Maite Martín
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
| | - Judit Verdés
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Xavier Moll
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Yvonne Espada
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, D-38126 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK;
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Mariano Domingo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernat Pérez de Val
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu SJ, Tian SC, Zhang YW, Tang T, Zeng JM, Fan XY, Wang C. Heterologous Boosting With Listeria-Based Recombinant Strains in BCG-Primed Mice Improved Protection Against Pulmonary Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2036. [PMID: 32983151 PMCID: PMC7492678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While Baccillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is used worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is still a global concern due to the poor efficacy of BCG. Novel vaccine candidates are therefore urgently required. In this study, two attenuated recombinant Listeria strains, LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv were constructed by deletion of actA and plcB and expression of a fusion protein consisting of T cell epitopes from four Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens (Rv2460c, Rv2660c, Rv3875, and Rv3804c). The safety and immunogenicity of the two recombinant strains were evaluated in C57BL/6J mice. After intravenous immunization individually, both recombinant strains entered liver and spleen but eventually were eliminated from these organs after several days. Simultaneously, they induced antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, indicating that the recombinant Listeria strains were immunogenic and safe in vivo. LMΔ-msv immunization induced stronger cellular immune responses than LIΔ-msv immunization, and when boosted with LIΔ-msv, antigen-specific IFN-γ CD8+ T cell responses were notably magnified. Furthermore, we evaluated the protection conferred by the vaccine candidates against mycobacterial infection via challenging the mice with 1 × 107 CFU of BCG. Especially, we tested the feasibility of application of them as heterologous BCG supplement vaccine by immunization of mice with BCG firstly, and boosted with LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv sequentially before challenging. Combination immune strategy (LMΔ-msv prime-LIΔ-msv boost) conferred comparable protection efficacy as BCG alone. More importantly, BCG-vaccinated mice acquired stronger resistance to Mycobacterial challenge when boosted with LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv sequentially. Our results inferred that heterologous immunization with Listeria-based recombinant strains boosted BCG-primed protection against pulmonary mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jing Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Cheng Tian
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Wen Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju-Mei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grandoni F, Napolitano F, Scatà MC, De Matteis G. A new polymorphic epitope of bovine CD4 antigen evidenced by flow cytometry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 219:109957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
19
|
Baldwin CL, Yirsaw A, Gillespie A, Le Page L, Zhang F, Damani-Yokota P, Telfer JC. γδ T cells in livestock: Responses to pathogens and vaccine potential. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:119-128. [PMID: 31515956 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immediate objective of our research is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying activation and potentiation of the protective functional response of WC1+ γδ T cells to pathogens afflicting livestock species. The long-term goal is to incorporate stimulation of these cells into the next generation of vaccine constructs. γδ T cells have roles in the immune response to many infectious diseases including viral, bacterial, protozoan and worm infections, and their functional responses overlap with those of canonical αβ T cells, for example they produce cytokines including interferon-γ and IL-17. Stimulation of non-conventional lymphocytes including γδ T cells and αβ natural killer T (NKT) cells has been shown to contribute to protective immunity in mammals, bridging the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Because of their innate-like early response, understanding how to engage γδ T-cell responses has the potential to optimize strategies of those that aim to induce pro-inflammatory responses as discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alehegne Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Díez-Delgado I, Sevilla IA, Garrido JM, Romero B, Geijo MV, Dominguez L, Juste RA, Aranaz A, de la Fuente J, Gortazar C. Tuberculosis vaccination sequence effect on protection in wild boar. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101329. [PMID: 31437687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a reservoir for tuberculosis (TB) in which vaccination is a valuable tool for control. We evaluated the protection and immune response achieved by homologous and heterologous regimes administering BCG and heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (IV). Twenty-one wild boar piglets were randomly allocated in five groups: Control, homologous BCG, homologous IV, heterologous IV-BCG, heterologous BCG-IV. Significant 67% and 66% total lesion score reductions were detected in homologous IV (IVx2) and heterologous IV-BCG groups when compared with Control group (F4,16 = 6.393, p = 0.003; Bonferroni Control vs IVx2 p = 0.026, Tukey Control vs IV-BCG p = 0.021). No significant differences were found for homologous BCG (although a 48% reduction in total lesion score was recorded) and BCG-IV (3% reduction). Heterologous regimes did not improve protection over homologous regimes in the wild boar model and showed variable results from no protection to similar protection as homologous regimes. Therefore, homologous regimes remain the best option to vaccinate wild boar against TB. Moreover, vaccine sequence dramatically influenced the outcome underlining the relevance of studying the effects of prior sensitization in the outcome of vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Díez-Delgado
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department. Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department. Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María V Geijo
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department. Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón A Juste
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department. Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio (Bizkaia), Spain; Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera de Oviedo s/n 13 P.O. Box, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alicia Aranaz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tanner R, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, McShane H. The Humoral Immune Response to BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1317. [PMID: 31244856 PMCID: PMC6579862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the only currently available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), but it confers incomplete and variable protection against pulmonary TB in humans and bovine TB (bTB) in cattle. Insights into the immune response induced by BCG offer an underexploited opportunity to gain knowledge that may inform the design of a more efficacious vaccine, which is urgently needed to control these major global epidemics. Humoral immunity in TB and bTB has been neglected, but recent studies supporting a role for antibodies in protection against TB has driven a growing interest in determining their relevance to vaccine development. In this manuscript we review what is known about the humoral immune response to BCG vaccination and re-vaccination across species, including evidence for the induction of specific B cells and antibodies; and how these may relate to protection from TB or bTB. We discuss potential explanations for often conflicting findings and consider how factors such as BCG strain, manufacturing methodology and route of administration influence the humoral response. As novel vaccination strategies include BCG prime-boost regimens, the literature regarding off-target immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccination on non-specific humoral immunity is also reviewed. Overall, reported outcomes to date are inconsistent, but indicate that humoral responses are heterogeneous and may play different roles in different species, populations, or individual hosts. Further study is warranted to determine whether a new TB vaccine could benefit from the targeting of humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - H. Martin Vordermeier
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guerra-Maupome M, Vang DX, McGill JL. Aerosol vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces a trained innate immune phenotype in calves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212751. [PMID: 30794653 PMCID: PMC6386280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine for use against tuberculosis (TB); however, it is known to reduce childhood mortality from infections other than TB. The unspecific protection induced by BCG vaccination has been associated with the induction of memory-like traits of the innate immune system identified as ‘trained’ immunity. In humans and mouse models, in vitro and in vivo BCG training leads to enhanced production of monocyte-derived proinflammatory cytokines in response to secondary unrelated bacterial and fungal pathogens. While BCG has been studied extensively for its ability to induce innate training in humans and mouse models, BCG’s nonspecific protective effects have not been defined in agricultural species. Here, we show that in vitro BCG training induces a functional change in bovine monocytes, characterized by increased transcription of proinflammatory cytokines upon restimulation with the toll-like receptor agonists. Importantly, in vivo, aerosol BCG vaccination in young calves also induced a ‘trained’ phenotype in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), that lead to a significantly enhanced TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine response and changes in cellular metabolism compared to PBMCs from unvaccinated control calves. Similar to the long-term training effects of BCG reported in humans, our results suggest that in young calves, the effects of BCG induced innate training can last for at least 3 months in circulating immune populations. Interestingly, however, aerosol BCG vaccination did not ‘train’ the innate immune response at the mucosal level, as alveolar macrophages from aerosol BCG vaccinated calves did not mount an enhanced inflammatory response to secondary stimulation, compared to cells isolated from control calves. Together, our results suggest that, like mice and humans, the innate immune system of calves can be ‘trained’; and that BCG vaccination could be used as an immunomodulatory strategy to reduce disease burden in juvenile food animals before the adaptive immune system has fully matured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Dua X. Vang
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Identification of bovine tuberculosis biomarkers to detect tuberculin skin test and IFNγ release assay false negative cattle. Res Vet Sci 2019; 122:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
24
|
Buddle BM, Vordermeier HM, Chambers MA, de Klerk-Lorist LM. Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:259. [PMID: 30417002 PMCID: PMC6214331 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an intractable problem in many countries, particularly where "test and slaughter" policies cannot be implemented or where wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis infection serve as a recurrent source of infection for domestic livestock. Alternative control measures are urgently required and vaccination is a promising option. Although the M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used in humans for nearly a century, its use in animals has been limited, principally as protection against TB has been incomplete and vaccination may result in animals reacting in the tuberculin skin test. Valuable insights have been gained over the past 25 years to optimise protection induced by BCG vaccine in animals and in the development of tests to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). This review examines factors affecting the efficacy of BCG vaccine in cattle, recent field trials, use of DIVA tests and the effectiveness of BCG vaccine in other domestic livestock as well as in wildlife. Oral delivery of BCG vaccine to wildlife reservoirs of infection such as European badgers, brushtail possums, wild boar, and deer has been shown to induce protection against TB and could prove to be a practical means to vaccinate these species at scale. Testing of BCG vaccine in a wide range of animal species has indicated that it is safe and vaccination has the potential to be a valuable tool to assist in the control of TB in both domestic livestock and wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark A Chambers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Risalde MÁ, Thomas J, Sevilla I, Serrano M, Ortíz JA, Garrido J, Domínguez M, Domínguez L, Gortázar C, Ruíz-Fons JF. Development and evaluation of an interferon gamma assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in red deer experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:341. [PMID: 29145844 PMCID: PMC5691593 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is regarded as an epidemiologically relevant host for Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and closely related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that cause animal tuberculosis (TB). The standard antemortem screening test for the detection of TB in deer is the intradermal tuberculin skin test, but the detection of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) produced by white blood cells exposed to M. bovis antigens can be used as an alternative or supplemental assay in most TB eradication/control programs. This study aims to develop an in-house sandwich ELISA for deer IFNγ, based on the cross-reactivity of the antibodies to both cervid and bovine IFNγ, and to evaluate the potential of this assay to detect M. bovis-infected red deer in response to the in vitro stimulation of whole-blood cells with bovine purified protein derivative (bPPD), p22 protein complex derived from bPPD or using the specific tuberculous mycobacterial proteins ESAT-6/CFP-10, Rv3615c and Rv3020c. The positive control stimulant used in this study was pokeweed mitogen, which resulted in a consistent induction of IFNγ in samples from red deer, thus allowing the interpretation of the assay. RESULTS The percentage of animals correctly classified by this technique as M. bovis non-infected was 100%. The detection of infected animals as positive was high and ranged widely depending upon the antigen and the cut-off value applied, as well as the time after infection. Our findings indicate that this protocol may serve as a reliable assay for the antemortem diagnosis of TB from the initial stage of M. bovis-infection, and may also be adequately sensitive. CONCLUSIONS The suggested optimal antigens and cut-off are bPPD, p22 and the combination of ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv3020c with a 0.05 Δ optical density, which yielded a up to 100% correct classification of TB positive and negatve red deer under our experimental conditions. This technique will aid in TB testing of farmed and translocated deer. Future studies should evaluate the ability of this IFNγ assay to detect specific responses under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Risalde
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jobin Thomas
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Iker Sevilla
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Miriam Serrano
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - Joseba Garrido
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre. Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jose Francisco Ruíz-Fons
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development, biomarker discovery, and the definition of specific antigens for the differential diagnosis of infected and vaccinated animals. In particular, we highlight synergies between human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) research approaches and data and propose that the application of bovine TB models could make a valuable contribution to human TB vaccine research and that close alignment of both research programs in a one health philosophy will lead to mutual and substantial benefits.
Collapse
|
27
|
Tuberculin Skin Testing Boosts Interferon Gamma Responses to DIVA Reagents in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00551-16. [PMID: 28331078 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00551-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination sensitizes cattle to bovine tuberculin, which compromises the use of the current bovine tuberculosis (TB) surveillance tests. Although the performance of a blood test (that utilizes antigens expressed by Mycobacterium bovis but not by BCG) capable of discriminating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA interferon gamma test [DIT]) has been evaluated in naturally infected TB field reactors, there is a need to perform similar analysis in a BCG-vaccinated M. bovis-infected population. Furthermore, we explored different scenarios under which a DIT may be implemented alongside BCG vaccination: (i) serial testing to resolve potential false-positive skin test results or (ii) a standalone test to replace the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) skin test. Our results demonstrated significantly better relative test sensitivity when the DIT was evaluated in a serial test scenario. Direct comparison of pre- and post-skin test blood samples revealed that the SICCT test induced significant boosting of the gamma interferon response in M. bovis-infected animals to both the ESAT-6-CFP-10 and Rv3615c peptide cocktails that comprise the DIT, which persisted for the ESAT-6-CFP-10 reagent for at least 14 days. Importantly, no similar boosting effects were observed in noninfected BCG vaccinates, suggesting that DIVA blood testing after a recent skin test would have minimal impact on test specificity.
Collapse
|
28
|
Jenkins AO, Michel A, Rutten V. Original Mycobacterial Sin, a consequence of highly homologous antigens? Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:286-293. [PMID: 28619159 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of antigens shared between Mycobacteria in in-vivo cross-reactive immune responses in host animals, have been reported to be responsible for reduced BCG vaccination efficacy as well reduced specificity of routine immunological diagnostic tests. This presents with significant disease control challenges in humans and animals. The present review highlights the results of previous studies on the effect of pre-sensitization to environmental mycobacteria on either pathogenic mycobacteria and/or M. bovis BCG, in experimental animals. It also takes an in-depth view into assessing the genetic similarities and relationships between atypical mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and how they might explain the immunological imprint of environmental mycobacteria in directing the hosts' immune response upon subsequent exposure to other classes of mycobacteria. The outcome of this review suggests that genetic closeness between particular atypical mycobacteria and MTBC usually indicate a higher level of homology for certain shared protective antigens. This ultimately results in a higher level of cross reactive immune responses as compared with other atypical mycobacteria that are further away genetically. This would explain the different effects of environmental mycobacteria on MTBC that have been reported in the different studies. In other words the direction of the host immune system in response to exposure to MTBC would depend on the type of environmental mycobacteria that was encountered in the initial exposure. We also explain these mycobacterial interactions in the context of the phenomenon of "Original Mycobacterial Sin". The effects of these inevitable mycobacterial interactions on field diagnosis and control by vaccination and how to circumvent them are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O Jenkins
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - A Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - V Rutten
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Herrera Ramírez JC, De la Mora AC, De la Mora Valle A, Lopez-Valencia G, Hurtado RMB, Rentería Evangelista TB, Rodríguez Castillo JL, Rodríguez Gardea A, Gómez Gómez SD, Medina-Basulto GE. Immunopathological evaluation of recombinant mycobacterial antigen Hsp65 expressed in Lactococcus lactis as a novel vaccine candidate. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2017; 18:197-202. [PMID: 29163649 PMCID: PMC5674443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TBB) is a zoonotic disease distributed worldwide and is of great importance for public health and the livestock industry. Several experimental vaccines against this disease have been evaluated in recent years, yielding varying results. An example is the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which has been used extensively in humans and tested in cattle showing mixed results related to protection (0-80%) against Mycobacterium bovis. In this study, we used the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis as an expression system for production of mycobacterial protein Hsp65. For this purpose, the construction of a replicable plasmid in strain NZ9000 L. lactis (pVElepr) was conducted, which expressed the Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 antigen, and was recognized by traded anti-Hsp65 antibodies. The strain NZ9000-pVElepr was applied to calves that were negative to tuberculin test and the immune response was monitored. The results showed that immune response was not significantly increased in calves with NZ9000-pVElepr with respect to control groups, and no injury was observed in any lung or lymph of the calves. Finally, this study suggest that the recombinant NZ9000 strain of L. lactis may protect against the development of M. bovis infection, although studies with longer exposure to this pathogen are necessary to conclude the matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Herrera Ramírez
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Sciences, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - A. Ch. De la Mora
- MSc Student in Veterinary Sciences, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - A. De la Mora Valle
- MSc, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - G. Lopez-Valencia
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - R. M. B. Hurtado
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - T. B. Rentería Evangelista
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - J. L. Rodríguez Castillo
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Sciences, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - A. Rodríguez Gardea
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Sciences, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - S. D. Gómez Gómez
- MSc, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| | - G. E. Medina-Basulto
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, 21388, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vordermeier HM, Jones GJ, Buddle BM, Hewinson RG, Villarreal-Ramos B. Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle: Vaccines, DIVA Tests, and Host Biomarker Discovery. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 4:87-109. [PMID: 26884103 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis remains a major economic and animal welfare concern worldwide. Cattle vaccination is being considered as part of control strategies. This approach, used alongside conventional control policies, also requires the development of vaccine-compatible diagnostic assays to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA). We discuss progress made on optimizing the only potentially available vaccine, bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), and on strategies to improve BCG efficacy. We also describe recent advances in DIVA development based on the detection of host cellular immune responses by blood-testing or skin-testing approaches. Finally, to accelerate vaccine development, definition of host biomarkers that provide meaningful stage-gating criteria to select vaccine candidates for further testing is highly desirable. Some progress has also been made in this area of research, and we summarize studies that defined either markers predicting vaccine success or markers that correlate with disease stage or severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom;
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom;
| | - Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - R Glyn Hewinson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom;
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gu D, Chen W, Mi Y, Gong X, Luo T, Bao L. The Mycobacterium bovis BCG prime-Rv0577 DNA boost vaccination induces a durable Th1 immune response in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:385-90. [PMID: 26922320 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem and effective vaccines are urgently needed. In this study, we used the combined DNA- and protein-based vaccines of immunodominant antigen Rv0577 to boost BCG and evaluated their immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. Our data suggest that the booster vaccine may substantially enhance the immunogenicity of BCG and strengthen both CD4+ T cell-mediated Th1 and CD8+ T cell-mediated cytolytic responses. Compared with the protein-based vaccine, the DNA-based vaccine can induce more durable Th1 immune response, characterized by high levels of antibody response, proliferation response, percentages of CD4+/CD8+ and cytokine secretion in antigen-stimulated splenocyte cultures. In conclusion, we for the first time, developed a protein- and plasmid DNA-based booster vaccine based on Rv0577. Our findings suggest that antigen Rv0577-based DNA vaccine is immunogenic and can efficiently boost BCG, which could be helpful in the design of an efficient vaccination strategy against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Gu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China Center of Medical Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China Center of Medical Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youjun Mi
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China Center of Medical Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueli Gong
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China Center of Medical Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China Center of Medical Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lang Bao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China Center of Medical Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Current perspective in tuberculosis vaccine development for high TB endemic regions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:149-58. [PMID: 27156631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global epidemic, despite of the availability of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine for more than six decades. In an effort to eradicate TB, vaccinologist around the world have made considerable efforts to develop improved vaccine candidates, based on the understanding of BCG failure in developing world and immune response thought to be protective against TB. The present review represents a current perspective on TB vaccination research, including additional research strategies needed for increasing the efficacy of BCG, and for the development of new effective vaccines for high TB endemic regions.
Collapse
|
33
|
Waters WR, Palmer MV. Mycobacterium bovis Infection of Cattle and White-Tailed Deer: Translational Research of Relevance to Human Tuberculosis. ILAR J 2016; 56:26-43. [PMID: 25991696 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a premier example of a disease complex with pathogens primarily affecting humans (i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or livestock and wildlife (i.e., Mycobacterium bovis) and with a long history of inclusive collaborations between physicians and veterinarians. Advances in the study of bovine TB have been applied to human TB, and vice versa. For instance, landmark discoveries on the use of Koch's tuberculin and interferon-γ release assays for diagnostic purposes, as well as Calmette and Guérin's attenuated M. bovis strain as a vaccine, were first evaluated in cattle for control of bovine TB prior to wide-scale use in humans. Likewise, recent discoveries on the role of effector/memory T cell subsets and polyfunctional T cells in the immune response to human TB, particularly as related to vaccine efficacy, have paved the way for similar studies in cattle. Over the past 15 years, substantial funding for development of human TB vaccines has led to the emergence of multiple promising candidates now in human clinical trials. Several of these vaccines are being tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in cattle. Also, the development of population-based vaccination strategies for control of M. bovis infection in wildlife reservoirs will undoubtedly have an impact on our understanding of herd immunity with relevance to the control of both bovine and human TB in regions of the world with high prevalence of TB. Thus, the one-health approach to research on TB is mutually beneficial for our understanding and control of TB in humans, livestock, and wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- Dr. W. Ray Waters, DVM, PhD, is a veterinary medical officer in the TB Research Project in the Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, and a collaborator/assistant professor of veterinary microbiology and preventive medicine at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Dr. Mitchell V. Palmer, DVM, PhD, is a veterinary medical officer in the TB Research Project in the Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, and a collaborator/assistant professor of veterinary pathology at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Dr. W. Ray Waters, DVM, PhD, is a veterinary medical officer in the TB Research Project in the Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, and a collaborator/assistant professor of veterinary microbiology and preventive medicine at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Dr. Mitchell V. Palmer, DVM, PhD, is a veterinary medical officer in the TB Research Project in the Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, and a collaborator/assistant professor of veterinary pathology at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Evaluation of the immunogenicity and diagnostic interference caused by M. tuberculosis SO2 vaccination against tuberculosis in goats. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:73-9. [PMID: 26679799 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and diagnostic interference caused by M. tuberculosis SO2, a prototype vaccine first time tested in goats was evaluated. Tuberculosis-free goats were distributed in four groups: [1], non-vaccinated; [2], subcutaneously (SC) BCG vaccinated; [3], intranasally (IN) SO2 vaccinated and [4], SC SO2 vaccinated. Intradermal tuberculin and IFN-γ tests using PPDs and alternative antigenic cocktails containing mainly ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (E/C) were applied at different times post-vaccination. Results showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of reactors detected using both PPD-based intradermal and IFN-γ tests at different times in all the vaccinated groups. No intradermal reactivity was detected in the vaccinated goats using a cocktail containing E/C, Rv3615c and Rv3020c. A higher overall reactivity was observed in the group [4] in comparison with the other vaccinated groups. Results showed that antigens used to differentiate BCG vaccinated animals could be potentially used to differentiate SO2 vaccinated ones.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chambers MA, Carter SP, Wilson GJ, Jones G, Brown E, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier M. Vaccination against tuberculosis in badgers and cattle: an overview of the challenges, developments and current research priorities in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2015; 175:90-6. [PMID: 25059963 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a significant threat to the cattle industry in England and Wales. It is widely acknowledged that a combination of measures targeting both cattle and wildlife will be required to eradicate bovine TB or reduce its prevalence until European official freedom status is achieved. Vaccination of cattle and/or badgers could contribute to bovine TB control in Great Britain, although there are significant gaps in our knowledge regarding the impact that vaccination would actually have on bovine TB incidence. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that vaccination with BCG can reduce the progression and severity of TB in both badgers and cattle. This is encouraging in terms of the prospect of a sustained vaccination programme achieving reductions in disease prevalence; however, developing vaccines for tackling the problem of bovine TB is challenging, time-consuming and resource-intensive, as this review article sets out to explain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK and AHVLA, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - S P Carter
- AHVLA, Woodchester Park, Tinkley Lane, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire GL10 3UJ
| | - G J Wilson
- AHVLA, Woodchester Park, Tinkley Lane, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire GL10 3UJ
| | - G Jones
- AHVLA, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - E Brown
- Veterinary and Science Policy Advice, AHVLA, c/o Defra, 17 Smith Square, Nobel House, London SW1P 3JR, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li W, Li M, Deng G, Zhao L, Liu X, Wang Y. Prime-boost vaccination with Bacillus Calmette Guerin and a recombinant adenovirus co-expressing CFP10, ESAT6, Ag85A and Ag85B of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces robust antigen-specific immune responses in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3073-80. [PMID: 25962477 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains to be a prevalent health issue worldwide. At present, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is the singular anti-TB vaccine available for the prevention of disease in humans; however, this vaccine only provides limited protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Therefore, the development of alternative vaccines and strategies for increasing the efficacy of vaccination against TB are urgently required. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of a recombinant adenoviral vector (Ad5-CEAB) co-expressing 10-kDa culture filtrate protein, 6-kDa early-secreted antigenic target, antigen 85 (Ag85)A and Ag85B of Mtb to boost immune responses following primary vaccination with BCG in mice. The mice were first subcutaneously primed with BCG and boosted with two doses of Ad5-CEAB via an intranasal route. The immunological effects of Ad5-CEAB boosted mice primed with BCG were then evaluated using a series of immunological indexes. The results demonstrated that the prime-boost strategy induced a potent antigen-specific immune response, which was primarily characterized by an enhanced T cell response and increased production of cytokines, including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2, in mice. In addition, this vaccination strategy was demonstrated to have an elevated humoral response with increased concentrations of antigen-specific bronchoalveolar lavage secretory immunoglobulin (Ig)A and serum IgG in mice compared with those primed with BCG alone. These data suggested that the regimen of subcutaneous BCG prime and mucosal Ad5-CEAB boost was a novel strategy for inducing a broad range of antigen-specific immune responses to Mtb antigens in vivo, which may provide a promising strategy for further development of adenoviral-based vaccine against Mtb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
TALE nickase-mediated SP110 knockin endows cattle with increased resistance to tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1530-9. [PMID: 25733846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421587112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)-mediated genome modification has been applied successfully to create transgenic animals in various species, such as mouse, pig, and even monkey. However, transgenic cattle with gene knockin have yet to be created using TALENs. Here, we report site-specific knockin of the transcription activator-like effector (TALE) nickase-mediated SP110 nuclear body protein gene (SP110) via homologous recombination to produce tuberculosis-resistant cattle. In vitro and in vivo challenge and transmission experiments proved that the transgenic cattle are able to control the growth and multiplication of Mycobacterium bovis, turn on the apoptotic pathway of cell death instead of necrosis after infection, and efficiently resist the low dose of M. bovis transmitted from tuberculous cattle in nature. In this study, we developed TALE nickases to modify the genome of Holstein-Friesian cattle, thereby engineering a heritable genome modification that facilitates resistance to tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
38
|
Parlane NA, Buddle BM. Immunity and Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Cattle. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-014-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
39
|
Plessers E, Wyns H, Watteyn A, Pardon B, De Backer P, Croubels S. Characterization of an intravenous lipopolysaccharide inflammation model in calves with respect to the acute-phase response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 163:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. The bovine model for elucidating the role of γδ T cells in controlling infectious diseases of importance to cattle and humans. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:35-47. [PMID: 25547715 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There are several instances of co-investigation and related discoveries and achievements in bovine and human immunology; perhaps most interesting is the development of the BCG vaccine, the tuberculin skin test and the more recent interferon-gamma test that were developed first in cattle to prevent and diagnosis bovine tuberculosis and then applied to humans. There are also a number of immune-physiological traits that ruminant share with humans including the development of their immune systems in utero which increases the utility of cattle as a model for human immunology. These are reviewed here with a particular focus on the use of cattle to unravel γδ T cell biology. Based on the sheer number of γδ T cells in this γδ T cell high species, it is reasonable to expect γδ T cells to play an important role in protective immune responses. For that reason alone cattle may provide good models for elucidating at least some of the roles γδ T cells play in protective immunity in all species. This includes fundamental research on γδ T cells as well as the responses of ruminant γδ T cells to a variety of infectious disease situations including to protozoan and bacterial pathogens. The role that pattern recognition receptors (PRR) play in the activation of γδ T cells may be unique relative to αβ T cells. Here we focus on that of the γδ T cell specific family of molecules known as WC1 or T19 in ruminants, which are part of the CD163 scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) family that includes SCART1 and SCART2 expressed on murine γδ T cells. We review the evidence for WC1 being a PRR as well as an activating co-receptor and the role that γδ T cells bearing these receptors play in immunity to leptospirosis and tuberculosis. This includes the generation of memory responses to vaccines, thereby continuing the tradition of co-discovery between cattle and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States.
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
MicroRNA expression profiling of PPD-B stimulated PBMC from M. bovis-challenged unvaccinated and BCG vaccinated cattle. Vaccine 2014; 32:5839-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
42
|
Vaccination of domestic animals against tuberculosis: Review of progress and contributions to the field of the TBSTEP project. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
43
|
Parlane NA, Shu D, Subharat S, Wedlock DN, Rehm BHA, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM. Revaccination of cattle with bacille Calmette-Guérin two years after first vaccination when immunity has waned, boosted protection against challenge with Mycobacterium bovis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106519. [PMID: 25180583 PMCID: PMC4152303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In both humans and animals, controversy exists concerning the duration of protection induced by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) and whether revaccination enhances protection. A long-term study was undertaken to determine whether BCG-vaccinated calves would be protected against challenge with Mycobacterium bovis 2½ years after vaccination and to determine the effect of revaccination after 2 years. Seventy-nine calves were divided into five groups (n = 15-17 calves/group) with four of the groups vaccinated subcutaneously with 105 CFU of BCG Danish at 2-4 weeks of age and the fifth group serving as non-vaccinated controls. Three of the four BCG-vaccinated groups were revaccinated 2 years after the initial vaccination. One BCG-vaccinated group was revaccinated with BCG. A second group was vaccinated subcutaneously with a TB protein vaccine consisting of biopolyester particles (Biobeads) displaying two mycobacterial proteins, ESAT-6 and Antigen 85A, mixed with an adjuvant. A third group was vaccinated with TB proteins from M. bovis culture filtrate, mixed with an adjuvant. Twenty-three weeks after the BCG revaccination, all animals were challenged endotracheally with virulent M. bovis and a further 13 weeks later, animals were killed and necropsied to determine protection against TB. The BCG-vaccinated animals produced positive tuberculin caudal fold intradermal (15 of 62 animals) and IFN-γ TB test responses (six of 62 animals) at 6 months after vaccination, but not at subsequent time-points compared to the non-vaccinated animals. Calves receiving a single vaccination with BCG vaccine 2½ years prior to challenge were not protected against TB, while those revaccinated with BCG 2 years after the initial vaccination displayed significant reductions in lung and pulmonary lymph node lesion scores compared to the non-vaccinated animals. In contrast, no reduction in lesion scores was observed in the animals revaccinated with the TB protein vaccines with their immune responses biased towards induction of antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dairu Shu
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Supatsak Subharat
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D. Neil Wedlock
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey W. de Lisle
- AgResearch, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease - Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Bryce M. Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Villarreal-Ramos B, Berg S, Chamberlain L, McShane H, Hewinson RG, Clifford D, Vordermeier M. Development of a BCG challenge model for the testing of vaccine candidates against tuberculosis in cattle. Vaccine 2014; 32:5645-9. [PMID: 25138291 PMCID: PMC5441994 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of BCG from bovine tissues after vaccination. Potential novel routes of inoculation. Development of a BCG “challenge” model for the testing of vaccine candidates against bovine TB.
Vaccination is being considered as part of a sustainable strategy for the control of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the UK. The live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been used experimentally to vaccinate cattle against BTB. However, BCG confers partial protection against BTB and therefore, there is a need to develop improved vaccines. BTB vaccine efficacy experiments require the use of biosafety level 3 facilities which are expensive to maintain, generally oversubscribed and represent a bottle neck for the testing of vaccine candidates. One indicator of the induction of protective responses would be the ability of the host's immune response to control/kill mycobacteria. In this work we have evaluated an intranodal BCG challenge for the selection of vaccine candidates at biosafety level 2 which are capable of inducing mycobactericidal responses. To our knowledge, this is the first such report. Whilst BCG only confers partial protection, it is still the standard against which other vaccines are judged. Therefore we tested the BCG intranodal challenge in BCG (Danish strain) vaccinated cattle and showed that vaccinated cattle had lower BCG cfu counts than naïve cattle at 14 and 21 days after intranodal challenge with BCG (Tokyo strain). This model could help prioritize competing TB vaccine candidates and exploration of primary and secondary immune responses to mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Berg
- Bovine TB, AHVLA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Laura Chamberlain
- Bovine TB, AHVLA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute Old Road Campus Research Building Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - R Glyn Hewinson
- Bovine TB, AHVLA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Derek Clifford
- Bovine TB, AHVLA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Buddle BM, Parlane NA, Wedlock DN, Heiser A. Overview of vaccination trials for control of tuberculosis in cattle, wildlife and humans. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 1:136-46. [PMID: 24171859 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a key strategy for control of tuberculosis (TB), and considerable progress has been made in the past 5 years to develop improved vaccines for humans and animals, differentiate vaccinated animals from those infected with Mycobacterium bovis and deliver vaccines to wildlife. Studies have moved from testing vaccines in small animal models to clinical trials in humans and from experimental challenge studies in cattle and wildlife to evaluation of vaccines in the field. Candidate vaccines undergoing testing in humans include live mycobacterial vaccines to replace bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), subunit vaccines (virus vector or protein) to boost BCG and therapeutic vaccines used as an adjunct to chemotherapy. In cattle, a number of diagnostic tests have been developed and successfully tested for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals, which will facilitate the use of BCG vaccine in cattle. Encouraging results have been obtained from recent field trials in cattle using BCG vaccine to protect against natural exposure to M. bovis. To date, no subunit TB vaccines have induced improved protection compared with that for BCG, but prime-boost combinations of BCG with DNA, protein or virus-vectored vaccines have induced better protection than BCG vaccine alone. Development of an oral bait BCG formulation has demonstrated the practicality of delivering TB vaccines to wildlife. Oral BCG preparations have induced protection against experimental challenge of M. bovis in possums, badgers, wild boar and white-tailed deer and against natural exposure to M. bovis in possums. Recent progress in TB vaccine development has provided much impetus for their future use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Griffin F. Farmed deer: A veterinary model for chronic mycobacterial diseases that is accessible, appropriate and cost-effective. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6:10-5. [PMID: 24459398 PMCID: PMC3895287 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.124302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most studies in immunology have used inbred mice as the experimental model to study fundamental immune mechanisms they have been proven to be limited in their ability to chart complex functional immune pathways, such as are seen in outbred populations of humans or animals. Translation of the findings from inbred mouse studies into practical solutions in therapeutics or the clinic has been remarkably unproductive compared with many other areas of clinical practice in human and veterinary medicine. Access to an unlimited array of mouse strains and an increasing number of genetically modified strains continues to sustain their paramount position in immunology research. Since the mouse studies have provided little more than the dictionary and glossary of immunology, another approach will be required to write the classic exposition of functional immunity. Domestic animals such as ruminants and swine present worthwhile alternatives as models for immunological research into infectious diseases, which may be more informative and cost effective. The original constraint on large animal research through a lack of reagents has been superseded by new molecular technologies and robotics that allow research to progress from gene discovery to systems biology, seamlessly. The current review attempts to highlight how exotic animals such as deer can leverage off the knowledge of ruminant genomics to provide cost-effective models for research into complex, chronic infections. The unique opportunity they provide relates to their diversity and polymorphic genotypes and the integrity of their phenotype for a range of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Griffin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Disease Research Laboratory, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Baldwin CL, Hsu H, Chen C, Palmer M, McGill J, Waters WR, Telfer JC. The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: A model for cattle and humans. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:144-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
48
|
Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Waters WR, Robbe-Austerman S. Oral vaccination of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). PLoS One 2014; 9:e97031. [PMID: 24804678 PMCID: PMC4013142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis represent serious obstacles to the eradication of tuberculosis from livestock, particularly cattle. In Michigan, USA tuberculous white-tailed deer transmit M. bovis to other deer and cattle. One approach in dealing with this wildlife reservoir is to vaccinate deer, thus interfering with the intraspecies and interspecies transmission cycles. Thirty-three white-tailed deer were assigned to one of two groups; oral vaccination with 1 × 10(8) colony-forming units of M. bovis BCG Danish (n = 17); and non-vaccinated (n = 16). One hundred eleven days after vaccination deer were infected intratonsilarly with 300 colony-forming units of virulent M. bovis. At examination, 150 days after challenge, BCG vaccinated deer had fewer gross and microscopic lesions, fewer tissues from which M. bovis could be isolated, and fewer late stage granulomas with extensive liquefactive necrosis. Fewer lesions, especially those of a highly necrotic nature should decrease the potential for dissemination of M. bovis within the host and transmission to other susceptible hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V. Palmer
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tyler C. Thacker
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - W. Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gortazar C, Beltrán-Beck B, Garrido JM, Aranaz A, Sevilla IA, Boadella M, Lyashchenko KP, Galindo RC, Montoro V, Domínguez L, Juste R, de la Fuente J. Oral re-vaccination of Eurasian wild boar with Mycobacterium bovis BCG yields a strong protective response against challenge with a field strain. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:96. [PMID: 24766746 PMCID: PMC4005810 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Field vaccination trials with Mycobacterium bovis BCG, an attenuated mutant of M. bovis, are ongoing in Spain, where the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is regarded as the main driver of animal tuberculosis (TB). The oral baiting strategy consists in deploying vaccine baits twice each summer, in order to gain access to a high proportion of wild boar piglets. The aim of this study was to assess the response of wild boar to re-vaccination with BCG and to subsequent challenge with an M. bovis field strain. Results BCG re-vaccinated wild boar showed reductions of 75.8% in lesion score and 66.9% in culture score, as compared to unvaccinated controls. Only one of nine vaccinated wild boar had a culture-confirmed lung infection, as compared to seven of eight controls. Serum antibody levels were highly variable and did not differ significantly between BCG re-vaccinated wild boar and controls. Gamma IFN levels differed significantly between BCG re-vaccinated wild boar and controls. The mRNA levels for IL-1b, C3 and MUT were significantly higher in vaccinated wild boar when compared to controls after vaccination and decreased after mycobacterial challenge. Conclusions Oral re-vaccination of wild boar with BCG yields a strong protective response against challenge with a field strain. Moreover, re-vaccination of wild boar with BCG is not counterproductive. These findings are relevant given that re-vaccination is likely to happen under real (field) conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortazar
- SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Alves Da Silva D, Cavalcanti MAR, Muniz De Oliveira F, Trentini MM, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Kipnis A. Immunogenicity of a recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis vaccine expressing the fusion protein CMX in cattle from Goiás State, Brazil. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:977-84. [PMID: 24681608 PMCID: PMC4143659 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of a recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis vaccine expressing the CMX fusion protein composed of immunodominant epitopes Ag85C, MPT51 and HspX of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which are important mycobacteria virulence factors. A group of Nelore heifers that were 10 to 12 months of age and negative for the tuberculin skin test (TST) were immunized with four doses of the recombinant vaccine mc(2)-CMX (M. smegmatis-Ag85C-MPT51-HspX) during a period of one year. Before each immunization, blood was collected to obtain sera for antibody analysis. Serological analysis demonstrated that mc(2)-CMX was able to induce a humoral response with increased levels of specific IgG antibodies against CMX, despite minimum antibody levels being detected for individual Ag85C, MPT51 or HspX recombinant antigens. However, there was no significant increase in specific CD4(+) IFN-γ-positive T cells. Lymphadenomegaly was observed in superficial cervical lymph nodes adjacent to the site of vaccination among mc(2)-CMX-vaccinated bovines, and the histopathological analysis demonstrated follicular hyperplasia without inflammatory infiltrate or granuloma formation. Animals remained negative for the TST until the end of the experiments, showing no cross-reactivity with the recombinant vaccine and tuberculin proteins. We discuss the potential of mc(2)-CMX to induce an immune response in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duanne Alves Da Silva
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 esquina com 1a Avenida, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|