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Abdo NM, Aslam I, Irfan S, George JA, Alsuwaidi AR, Ahmed LA, Al-Rifai RH. Seroepidemiology of Treponema pallidum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum in fertility treatment-seeking patients in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:163-171. [PMID: 38039859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genital pathogens affect fertility. The study estimated the seroprevalence of Treponema pallidum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis and identify specific factors associated with exposure to at least one of these pathogens in patients seeking fertility treatment in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. METHODS A seroepidemiological survey was conducted in a major fertility clinic in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Serum samples were screened for eight immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA) against T. pallidum, U. urealyticum, and M. hominis using enzyme-linked immunoassays. Factors associated with seropositivity to at least one of the pathogens were investigated. RESULTS The study surveyed 308 patients seeking fertility treatment (mean age: 36.1 ± 6.8 years). Most patients were female (88.0%), 24.9% had at least one chronic comorbidity, 19.3% had a previous genital infection, and 68.1% had been diagnosed with infertility for ≥ 6 months. Ig seroprevalence of T. pallidum (IgG: 3.0%, IgM: 3.2%), U. urealyticum (IgG: 2.6%, IgM: 2.0%), and M. hominis (IgG: 33.9%) was 6.4%, 4.6%, and 49.0%, respectively. Nearly one quarter (23.0%) and one decile (9.2%) of the patients exhibited evidence of ongoing infection (IgM seropositivity) or recent infection (IgA seropositivity) with M. hominis, respectively. Overall, 53.0% of the patients were seropositive for at least one of the screened immunoglobulins. Patients with an education level of secondary schooling or below (66.2%) or those who were unemployed (61.1%) had a higher seroprevalence of IgG antibodies compared with patients with college or higher-level education (48.4%) or those who were employed (48.1%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Exposure to T. pallidum or U. urealyticum was relatively low, whereas that to M. hominis was common in the surveyed patients. Enhanced awareness and screening programmes for genital pathogens are crucial to prevent and control the transmission of infections and reduce the growing burden of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Motea Abdo
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Irfan Aslam
- HealthPlus Fertility Center, HealthPlus Network of Specialty Centers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shazia Irfan
- HealthPlus Fertility Center, HealthPlus Network of Specialty Centers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Junu A George
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed R Alsuwaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luai A Ahmed
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami H Al-Rifai
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Aroh O, Liles MR, Halanych KM. Genomic characterization of a novel, widely distributed Mycoplasma species "Candidatus Mycoplasma mahonii" associated with the brittlestar Gorgonocephalus chilensis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290305. [PMID: 37616244 PMCID: PMC10449156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships are ubiquitous throughout the world's oceans, yet for many marine organisms, including those in the high latitudes, little is understood about symbiotic associations and functional relationships. From a recently determined genome sequence of a filter-feeding basket star from Argentina, Gorgonocephalus chilensis, we discovered a novel Mycoplasma species with a 796Kb genome (CheckM completeness of 97.9%, G+C content = 30.1%). Similar to other Mycoplasma spp. within Mycoplasmatota, genomic analysis of the novel organism revealed reduced metabolic pathways including incomplete biosynthetic pathways, suggesting an obligate association with their basket star host. Results of 16S rRNA and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses revealed that this organism belonged to a recently characterized non-free-living lineage of Mycoplasma spp. specifically associated with marine invertebrate animals. Thus, the name "Candidatus Mycoplasma mahonii" is proposed for this novel species. Based on 16S rRNA PCR-screening, we found that Ca. M. mahonii also occurs in Gorgonocephalus eucnemis from the Northwest Pacific and other Gorgonocephalus chilensis from Argentinian waters. The level of sequence conservation within Ca. M. mahonii is considerable between widely disparate high-latitude Gorgonocephalus species, suggesting that oceanic dispersal of this microbe may be greater than excepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluchi Aroh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Halanych
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Centre for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States of America
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3
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Gioia G, Severgnini M, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Freeman J, Sipka A, Santisteban C, Wieland M, Gallardo VA, Scott JG, Moroni P, Addis MF. Genomic Characterization of Mycoplasma arginini Isolated from a Housefly on a Dairy Farm and Comparison with Isolates from Bovine Milk and Lung Tissue. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0301022. [PMID: 37199649 PMCID: PMC10269790 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03010-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mastitis can be highly contagious, unresponsive to treatment, and cause severe economic problems in affected herds. Notable routes of Mycoplasma spp. transmissions are contaminated milking equipment and animal contact through respiratory secretions. Only a few studies report the environment as a possible source of infection. Our group studied the presence of pathogens in houseflies (Musca domestica) in a New York State dairy in the United States. Among others, a Mycoplasma spp. was found in the gut of a housefly captured in the sick pen and identified as M. arginini. Here, we characterized its genome and investigated its relatedness with eight isolates from milk, one isolate from lung tissue collected in the same dairy, and five other dairies in New York State. We applied whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the 16S rRNA gene and 76 conserved proteins. We also assessed an in silico virulence profile by considering a panel of 94 putative virulence genes. As a result of the genome analysis, the housefly M. arginini isolate was highly similar to the milk isolates; interestingly, the similarity was highest with M. arginini isolated from milk on the same dairy farm where the housefly was captured. The housefly and milk M. arginini isolates possessed 54 of the 94 pathogenicity genes considered. Our data support the hypothesis that houseflies are carriers of Mycoplasma spp. and can be considered within the possible roots of environmental transmission of infection in dairy cows. Nevertheless, M. arginini pathogenicity will need to be investigated with dedicated studies. IMPORTANCE It is critical to control the spread of bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma spp., as this disease can be highly contagious and have a severe economic impact on affected dairies. A better understanding of possible transmission routes is crucial for infection control and prevention. Based on our data, the composite milk isolates are genetically similar to the housefly isolate. This provides evidence that the same Mycoplasma species found in milk and associated with mastitis can also be isolated from houseflies captured in the dairy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gioia
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - M. Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - B. Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - J. Freeman
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - A. Sipka
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - C. Santisteban
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - M. Wieland
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - V. Alanis Gallardo
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - P. Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - M. F. Addis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Carrillo-Ávila JA, Aguilar-Quesada R, Ligero G, Panadero-Fajardo S, Santos-Pírez MV, Catalina P. Identification of cell culture contamination by an unusual species of Mycoplasma related to the M. mycoides cluster. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:135-141. [PMID: 36969572 PMCID: PMC10030751 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination is a significant problem in cell culture replication and maintenance. From more than 200 known species, a limited number of Mycoplasma species have been detected in cell cultures, representing new species or variants that can escape detection systems. A qPCR commercial kit was used for Mycoplasma detection in cell cultures. Furthermore, an amplified Mycoplasma species was sequenced and summited for sequence assembly, clustering, and evolutionary analysis study. Our work has identified a new and unusual variant or species of Mycoplasma that possesses a high degree of homology with species related with M. mycoides cluster. This variant is usually associated with cattle but has been detected contaminating a cell culture. Mycoplasma testing (even for unusual species) in cell cultures is essential to ensure the validity and reproducibility of research that uses cell cultures and to ensure the quality of cell line deposits in biobanks. For this reason, it is necessary to perform continuous checks for the absence of Mycoplasma in cell cultures and engage in the continuous adaptation of relevant detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Aguilar-Quesada
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - G Ligero
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - S Panadero-Fajardo
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - M V Santos-Pírez
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - P Catalina
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Coordinating Node, Av. del Conocimiento, S/N, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Kasai T, Miyata M. Motility Assays of Mycoplasma mobile Under Light Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2646:321-325. [PMID: 36842126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3060-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile forms a membrane protrusion at a pole as an organelle. M. mobile cells bind to solid surfaces and glide in the direction of the protrusion. In gliding motility, M. mobile cells catch, pull and release sialylated oligosaccharides on host cells. The observation of Mycoplasma species under light microscopy is useful for the analysis of adhesion ability and the motility mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Kasai
- College of Science, Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,The OMU Advanced Research Center for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Soares B, Barbosa C, Oliveira MJ. Chitosan application towards the improvement of grapevine performance and wine quality. CIÊNCIA E TÉCNICA VITIVINÍCOLA 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of agrochemicals application in vineyards has raised several concerns in Viticulture and Oenology value chain. Efforts have been developed to optimize grapevine health and productivity, assuring that viticulture is sustainable and competitive in today’s wine market. Viticulture practices have constantly been improved for a more sustainable and environment-friendly production, reducing the application of agrochemicals, replacing them by natural compounds that can have a double effect: protect grapevine against pathogens and improve compounds related to grape organoleptic quality. In this context, the development and optimization of alternative strategies to improve and enhance plant defences and grape/wine quality is becoming a necessity. Since the 1980s, chitosan has become a compound of special interest due to its double effect as elicitor and grapevine biostimulant, representing a complement to soil fertilisation, and reducing the negative effects nutrients leaching into the groundwater. The present review aims to present the wide possibilities of chitosan applications on grapevines to prevent and combat the main diseases and to improve wine quality. In this way, relevant studies about chitosan application will be presented as well as some concerns and limitations in order to cover the knowledge gaps inherent to its application in vineyard and wine as well.
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Lesiak-Markowicz I, Tscherwizek C, Pöppl W, Mooseder G, Walochnik J, Fürnkranz U. Prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infectious agents in a cohort of asymptomatic soldiers in Austria. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:424. [PMID: 36372885 PMCID: PMC9661754 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than one million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide. Although STIs may be asymptomatic in many cases, they can cause severe symptoms and can also lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes and both male and female infertility. Asymptomatic carriers seem to play an important role in terms of the distribution of STIs; however, studies revealing the prevalence of STIs in asymptomatic individuals are rare. METHODS In the current study, 654 leftovers of standard urine samples from healthy, asymptomatic Austrian soldiers were investigated for the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, and Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii) by specific PCRs. RESULTS We detected T. vaginalis, M. hominis, U. urealyticum, U. parvum, and C. trachomatis in the investigated samples with prevalence of 7.6%, 4%, 2.4%, 5.4%, and 3.2%, respectively; neither M. genitalium nor Ca. Mycoplasma girerdii was found in our sample collection. CONCLUSIONS Our study introduces data on STIs of a mainly male cohort, which are scarce because most of the available information on sexually transmitted infectious agents arises from fertility clinics (mainly women) or symptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Lesiak-Markowicz
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Tscherwizek
- Division of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Sanitätszentrum Ost, Van Swieten Kaserne, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Pöppl
- Division of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Sanitätszentrum Ost, Van Swieten Kaserne, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Mooseder
- Division of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Sanitätszentrum Ost, Van Swieten Kaserne, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Fürnkranz
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Hou L, Du J, Ren Q, Zhu L, Zhao X, Kong X, Gu W, Wang L, Meng Q. Ubiquitin-modified proteome analysis of Eriocheir sinensis hemocytes during Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:109-119. [PMID: 35500876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris, the pathogen of Eriocheir sinensis tremor disease (TD), has bring a huge economic loss to China aquaculture. The hemocytes of crab as the first target cells of S. eriocheiris, but the interactive relationship between the E. sinensis and this pathogen not particularly clear. The present study is the first time to analysis the role of protein ubiquitination in the process of E. sinensis hemocytes response S. eriocheiris infection. By applying label-free quantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry proteomics, 950 lysine ubiquitination sites and 803 ubiquitination peptides on 458 proteins were identified, of which 48 ubiquitination sites on 40 proteins were quantified as significantly changed after the S. eriocheiris infection. Bioinformatics analysis of ubiquitination different proteins suggested many biological process and pathways were participated in the interaction between S. eriocheiris and host cell, such as ubiquitin system, endocytosis, prophenoloxidase system (proPO system), cell apoptosis, glycolysis. Our study can enhance our understanding of interaction between the crab and S. eriocheiris, and also provides basis to study the role of protein ubiquitination in other crustacean innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Hou
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jie Du
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu, 212400, China
| | - Qiulin Ren
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Talenton V, Baby V, Gourgues G, Mouden C, Claverol S, Vashee S, Blanchard A, Labroussaa F, Jores J, Arfi Y, Sirand-Pugnet P, Lartigue C. Genome Engineering of the Fast-Growing Mycoplasma feriruminatoris toward a Live Vaccine Chassis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1919-1930. [PMID: 35511588 PMCID: PMC9128628 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of a new generation of vaccines is a key challenge for the control of infectious diseases affecting both humans and animals. Synthetic biology methods offer new ways to engineer bacterial chassis that can be used as vectors to present heterologous antigens and train the immune system against pathogens. Here, we describe the construction of a bacterial chassis based on the fast-growing Mycoplasma feriruminatoris, and the first steps toward its application as a live vaccine against contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). To do so, the M. feriruminatoris genome was cloned in yeast, modified by iterative cycles of Cas9-mediated deletion of loci encoding virulence factors, and transplanted back in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum recipient cells to produce the designed M. feriruminatoris chassis. Deleted genes encoded the glycerol transport and metabolism systems GtsABCD and GlpOKF and the Mycoplasma Ig binding protein-Mycoplasma Ig protease (MIB-MIP) immunoglobulin cleavage system. Phenotypic assays of the M. feriruminatoris chassis confirmed the corresponding loss of H2O2 production and IgG cleavage activities, while growth remained unaltered. The resulting mycoplasma chassis was further evaluated as a platform for the expression of heterologous surface proteins. A genome locus encoding an inactivated MIB-MIP system from the CCPP-causative agent Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was grafted in replacement of its homolog at the original locus in the chassis genome. Both heterologous proteins were detected in the resulting strain using proteomics, confirming their expression. This study demonstrates that advanced genome engineering methods are henceforth available for the fast-growing M. feriruminatoris, facilitating the development of novel vaccines, in particular against major mycoplasma diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Talenton
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Baby
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Geraldine Gourgues
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Stephane Claverol
- Plateforme Proteome, University of Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alain Blanchard
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Yonathan Arfi
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Carole Lartigue
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Chen R, Zhao L, Gan R, Feng Z, Cui C, Xie X, Hao F, Zhang Z, Wang L, Ran T, Wang W, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhang W, Pang M, Xiong Q, Shao G. Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:811106. [PMID: 35145997 PMCID: PMC8822174 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.811106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are a group of prokaryotes without cell walls that have evolved through several rounds of degenerative evolution. With a low cell DNA G + C content and definitively long genetic lineages, mycoplasmas are thought to be in a state of rapid evolution. However, little associated evidence has been provided. Enolase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that is widely found in all species from the three domains, and it is evolutionarily conserved. In our previous studies, enolase acted as a virulence factor and participated in cell-surface adhesion in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Furthermore, unique loop regions were first found in the crystal structure of Mhp Eno. Here, enolase structures from Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma bovis were determined. An extra helix 7 is specific and conservatively found in almost all mycoplasma enolases, as confirmed by crystal structures and sequence alignment. Particular motifs for helix 7, which is composed of F-K/G-K-L/F-K-X-A-I, have been proposed and could be regarded as molecular markers. To our surprise, the genetic distances between any two mycoplasma enolases were obviously longer than those between the two corresponding species themselves, indicating divergent evolution of mycoplasma enolases, whereas no horizontal gene transfer was detected in mycoplasma enolase genens. Furthermore, different evolutionary patterns were adopted by different loop regions of mycoplasma enolase. Enolases from different Mycoplasma species also showed different affinities for PLG and fibronectin. Our results indicate the rapid and divergent evolution of mycoplasma enolase and mycoplasmas. This study will also aid understanding the independent evolution of Mycoplasma species after separation from their common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Ran
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhang, ; Maoda Pang, ; Qiyan Xiong,
| | - Maoda Pang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhang, ; Maoda Pang, ; Qiyan Xiong,
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhang, ; Maoda Pang, ; Qiyan Xiong,
| | - Guoqing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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11
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Sagouti T, Belabess Z, Rhallabi N, Barka EA, Tahiri A, Lahlali R. Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards. Microorganisms 2022; 10:183. [PMID: 35056632 PMCID: PMC8779666 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus stubborn was initially observed in California in 1915 and was later proven as a graft-transmissible disease in 1942. In the field, diseased citrus trees have compressed and stunted appearances, and yield poor-quality fruits with little market value. The disease is caused by Spiroplasma citri, a phloem-restricted pathogenic mollicute, which belongs to the Spiroplasmataceae family (Mollicutes). S. citri has the largest genome of any Mollicutes investigated, with a genome size of roughly 1780 Kbp. It is a helical, motile mollicute that lacks a cell wall and peptidoglycan. Several quick and sensitive molecular-based and immuno-enzymatic pathogen detection technologies are available. Infected weeds are the primary source of transmission to citrus, with only a minor percentage of transmission from infected citrus to citrus. Several phloem-feeding leafhopper species (Cicadellidae, Hemiptera) support the natural spread of S. citri in a persistent, propagative manner. S. citri-free buds are used in new orchard plantings and bud certification, and indexing initiatives have been launched. Further, a quarantine system for newly introduced types has been implemented to limit citrus stubborn disease (CSD). The present state of knowledge about CSD around the world is summarized in this overview, where recent advances in S. citri detection, characterization, control and eradication were highlighted to prevent or limit disease spread through the adoption of best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tourya Sagouti
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Ecotoxicologie et Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco; (T.S.); (N.R.)
| | - Zineb Belabess
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Oujda, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Mohamed VI, BP428 Oujda, Oujda 60000, Morocco;
| | - Naima Rhallabi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Ecotoxicologie et Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco; (T.S.); (N.R.)
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Abdessalem Tahiri
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Meknes 50001, Morocco;
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Meknes 50001, Morocco;
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12
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Ras TA, Strauss E, Botes A. Evaluating the Genetic Capacity of Mycoplasmas for Coenzyme A Biosynthesis in a Search for New Anti-mycoplasma Targets. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:791756. [PMID: 34987490 PMCID: PMC8721197 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are responsible for a wide range of disease states in both humans and animals, in which their parasitic lifestyle has allowed them to reduce their genome sizes and curtail their biosynthetic capabilities. The subsequent dependence on their host offers a unique opportunity to explore pathways for obtaining and producing cofactors - such as coenzyme A (CoA) - as possible targets for the development of new anti-mycoplasma agents. CoA plays an essential role in energy and fatty acid metabolism and is required for membrane synthesis. However, our current lack of knowledge of the relevance and importance of the CoA biosynthesis pathway in mycoplasmas, and whether it could be bypassed within their pathogenic context, prevents further exploration of the potential of this pathway. In the universal, canonical CoA biosynthesis pathway, five enzymes are responsible for the production of CoA. Given the inconsistent presence of the genes that code for these enzymes across Mycoplasma genomes, this study set out to establish the genetic capacity of mycoplasmas to synthesize their own CoA de novo. Existing functional annotations and sequence, family, motif, and domain analysis of protein products were used to determine the existence of relevant genes in Mycoplasma genomes. We found that most Mycoplasma species do have the genetic capacity to synthesize CoA, but there was a differentiated prevalence of these genes across species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the phylogenetic position of a species could not be used to predict its enzyme-encoding gene combinations. Despite this, the final enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway - dephospho-coenzyme A kinase (DPCK) - was found to be the most common among the studied species, suggesting that it has the most potential as a target in the search for new broad-spectrum anti-mycoplasma agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annelise Botes
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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13
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Barthel D, Dordevic N, Fischnaller S, Kerschbamer C, Messner M, Eisenstecken D, Robatscher P, Janik K. Detection of apple proliferation disease in Malus × domestica by near infrared reflectance analysis of leaves. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120178. [PMID: 34280798 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study near infrared spectroscopical analysis of dried and ground leaves was performed and combined with a multivariate data analysis to distinguish 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' infected from non-infected apple trees (Malus × domestica). The bacterium is the causative agent of Apple Proliferation, one of the most threatening diseases in commercial apple growing regions. In a two-year study, leaves were sampled from three apple orchards, at different sampling events throughout the vegetation period. The spectral data were analyzed with a principal component analysis and classification models were developed. The model performance for the differentiation of Apple Proliferation diseased from non-infected trees increased throughout the vegetation period and gained best results in autumn. Even with asymptomatic leaves from infected trees a correct classification was possible indicating that the spectral-based method provides reliable results even if samples without visible symptoms are analyzed. The wavelength regions that contributed to the differentiation of infected and non-infected trees could be mainly assigned to a reduction of carbohydrates and N-containing organic compounds. Wet chemical analyses confirmed that N-containing compounds are reduced in leaves from infected trees. The results of our study provide a valuable indication that spectral analysis is a promising technique for Apple Proliferation detection in future smart farming approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Barthel
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy.
| | - Nikola Dordevic
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Stefanie Fischnaller
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Christine Kerschbamer
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Manuel Messner
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Daniela Eisenstecken
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Katrin Janik
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy.
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14
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Williams TA, Schrempf D, Szöllősi GJ, Cox CJ, Foster PG, Embley TM. Inferring the deep past from molecular data. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6192802. [PMID: 33772552 PMCID: PMC8175050 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an expectation that analyses of molecular sequences might be able to distinguish between alternative hypotheses for ancient relationships, but the phylogenetic methods used and types of data analyzed are of critical importance in any attempt to recover historical signal. Here, we discuss some common issues that can influence the topology of trees obtained when using overly simple models to analyze molecular data that often display complicated patterns of sequence heterogeneity. To illustrate our discussion, we have used three examples of inferred relationships which have changed radically as models and methods of analysis have improved. In two of these examples, the sister-group relationship between thermophilic Thermus and mesophilic Deinococcus, and the position of long-branch Microsporidia among eukaryotes, we show that recovering what is now generally considered to be the correct tree is critically dependent on the fit between model and data. In the third example, the position of eukaryotes in the tree of life, the hypothesis that is currently supported by the best available methods is fundamentally different from the classical view of relationships between major cellular domains. Since heterogeneity appears to be pervasive and varied among all molecular sequence data, and even the best available models can still struggle to deal with some problems, the issues we discuss are generally relevant to phylogenetic analyses. It remains essential to maintain a critical attitude to all trees as hypotheses of relationship that may change with more data and better methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Schrempf
- Dept. of Biological Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely J Szöllősi
- Dept. of Biological Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Evolutionary Genomics Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cymon J Cox
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-319 Faro, Portugal
| | - Peter G Foster
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - T Martin Embley
- Biosciences Institute, Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
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15
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Ghimire S, Wongkuna S, Scaria J. Description of a new member of the family Erysipelotrichaceae: Dakotella fusiforme gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from healthy human feces. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10071. [PMID: 33083133 PMCID: PMC7543727 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A Gram-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacterial strain SG502T was isolated from healthy human fecal samples in Brookings, SD, USA. The comparison of the 16S rRNA gene placed the strain within the family Erysipelotrichaceae. Within this family, Clostridium innocuum ATCC 14501T, Longicatena caecimuris strain PG-426-CC-2, Eubacterium dolichum DSM 3991T and E. tortuosum DSM 3987T(=ATCC 25548T) were its closest taxa with 95.28%, 94.17%, 93.25%, and 92.75% 16S rRNA sequence identities respectively. The strain SG502T placed itself close to C. innocuum in the 16S rRNA phylogeny. The members of genus Clostridium within family Erysipelotrichaceae was proposed to be reassigned to genus Erysipelatoclostridium to resolve the misclassification of genus Clostridium. Therefore, C. innocuum was also classified into this genus temporarily with the need to reclassify it in the future because of its difference in genomic properties. Similarly, genome sequencing of the strain and comparison with its 16S phylogenetic members and proposed members of the genus Erysipelatoclostridium, SG502T warranted a separate genus even though its 16S rRNA similarity was >95% when comapred to C. innocuum. The strain was 71.8% similar at ANI, 19.8% [17.4–22.2%] at dDDH and 69.65% similar at AAI to its closest neighbor C. innocuum. The genome size was nearly 2,683,792 bp with 32.88 mol% G+C content, which is about half the size of C. innocuum genome and the G+C content revealed 10 mol% difference. Phenotypically, the optimal growth temperature and pH for the strain SG502T were 37 °C and 7.0 respectively. Acetate was the major short-chain fatty acid product of the strain when grown in BHI-M medium. The major cellular fatty acids produced were C18:1ω9c, C18:0and C16:0. Thus, based on the polyphasic analysis, for the type strain SG502T (=DSM 107282T= CCOS 1889T), the name Dakotella fusiforme gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
| | - Supapit Wongkuna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
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16
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Moridi K, Hemmaty M, Azimian A, Fallah MH, Khaneghahi Abyaneh H, Ghazvini K. Epidemiology of genital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis study (2000-2019). BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1020. [PMID: 32600306 PMCID: PMC7322857 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many species of mycoplasmas regard as normal flora, but some species causes serious genital disease. In Iran several epidemiological studies have documented the prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in genital disorders. This meta-analysis is going to represent the prevalence of M. hominis, M. genitalium and U. urealyticum among Iranian couples and the correlation between mycoplasmas infection and infertility. METHODS We search online databases from January 2000 to June 2019. We used following MeSH keywords (Prevalence, M. hominis, M. genitalium, U. urealyticum, male, female, fertility, Infertility, genitourinary tract infection and Iran) with all possible combinations with "OR" and "AND". Finally, forty-four articles from 2670 were chosen for data extraction and analysis by software using STATA version 14.0. RESULTS This meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of U. urealyticum was 17.53% in Iran and the prevalence of M. genitalium and M. hominis were 11.33 and 9.68% respectively. The rate of M. genitalium, M. hominis and U. urealyticum infection in women with symptoms of genitourinary tract infection was higher than men with genitourinary tract infection (6.46% vs 5.4, 7.67% vs 5.88 and 21.04% vs 12.13%, respectively). As expected, the prevalence of M. genitalium, U. urealyticum and M. hominis among infertile women (12.73, 19.58 and 10.81%) were higher than fertile women (3%, 10. 85% and 4. 35%). Similarly, the prevalence of M. hominis and U. urealyticum among infertile men (14 and 21.18%) were higher than fertile men (4 and 3%). Based on this analysis, the rate of U. urealyticum was higher than M. genitalium and M. hominis among infertile men and women compared to the fertile group. The prevalence rate of M. genitalium, M. hominis and U. urealyticum in central provinces is higher than other parts of Iran. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis reemphasizes a significant relationship between the infertility rate and U. urealyticum, M. genitalium and M. hominis infections. Our finding help to plan the prevalence map of M. hominis, M. genitalium and U. urealyticum in Iran but further studies are needed to suggest routine screening of the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Moridi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Vice Chancellory for Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hemmaty
- Branch Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
- Salim Immune Production Co.Technology Incbator of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Ahmad abad str, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Azimian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Fallah
- Branch Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Khaneghahi Abyaneh
- Branch Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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17
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Ahmad F, Khan H, Khan FA, Carson BD, Sadique U, Ahmad I, Saeed M, Rehman FU, Rehman HU. The first isolation and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae Pakistan strain: A causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:710-717. [PMID: 32601044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) causes a severe, usually fatal disease in goats known as Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP). CCPP is listed by OIE as a notifiable animal diseases, causing economic losses in terms of high morbidity and mortality. Thus far, very limited information is available on the molecular characterization of the unique Mccp strains prevalent in Pakistan. The study was aimed to isolate Mccp local strain for the development of diagnostics and vaccines. METHODS Samples were collected during November 2017-December 2018 at Northern areas of Pakistan from 10 goat flocks each in Gilgit-Baltistan, Chitral, Swat, Buner, and Hazara. 900 samples were collected; nasal swabs (n = 400), tracheal swabs (n = 150) from naturally infected goats showing clinical signs of CCPP, and lungs tissue (n = 200), pleural fluid (n = 150) from goats at necropsy. RESULTS The clinical signs recorded were mucopurulent nasal discharges, cough, abdominal respiration and hyperthermia. The post-mortem revealed, pulmonary consolidation, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, and accumulation pleural fluid. The fried egg like growth was observed on agar in 16 (4%), 11 (7.3%), 38 (19%), and 24 (16%) nasal swab, tracheal swabs, lungs and pleural fluid samples, respectively. PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene revealed isolates, belongs to Mycoplasma mycoides cluster, in 72 (8%) samples. Forty one (4.5%) isolates were Mccp by specie specific PCR generating an amplicon of 316 bp. CONCLUSIONS We successfully isolated local strain of Mccp for the first time in Pakistan. This Mccp strain could be further utilized for the development of diagnostics and control measures against Mccp infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ahmad
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Directorate of Livestock and Dairy Development (Extension), Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hayatullah Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Directorate of Livestock and Dairy Development (Research), Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Anwar Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Bryan D Carson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA
| | - Umar Sadique
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Directorate of Livestock and Dairy Development (Research), Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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18
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Cao Y, Trivellone V, Dietrich CH. A timetree for phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 149:106826. [PMID: 32283136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first comprehensive timetree is presented for phytoplasmas, a diverse group of obligate intracellular bacteria restricted to phloem sieve elements of vascular plants and tissues of their hemipteran insect vectors. Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data from the 16S rRNA and methionine aminopeptidase (map) genes yielded well resolved estimates of phylogenetic relationships among major phytoplasma lineages, 16Sr groups and known strains of phytoplasmas. Age estimates for divergences among two major lineages of Mollicutes based on a previous comprehensive bacterial timetree were used to calibrate an initial 16S timetree. A separate timetree was estimated based on the more rapidly-evolving map gene, with an internal calibration based on a recent divergence within two related 16Sr phytoplasma subgroups in group 16SrV thought to have been driven by the introduction of the North American leafhopper vector Scaphoideus titanus Ball into Europe during the early part of the 20th century. Combining the resulting divergence time estimates into a final 16S timetree suggests that evolutionary rates have remained relatively constant overall through the evolution of phytoplasmas and that the origin of this lineage, at ~641 million years ago (Ma), preceded the origin of land plants and hemipteran insects. Nevertheless, the crown group of phytoplasmas is estimated to have begun diversifying ~316 Ma, roughly coinciding with the origin of seed plants and Hemiptera. Some phytoplasma groups apparently associated with particular plant families or insect vector lineages generally arose more recently than their respective hosts and vectors, suggesting that vector-mediated host shifts have been an important mechanism in the evolutionary diversification of phytoplasmas. Further progress in understanding macroevolutionary patterns in phytoplasmas is hindered by large gaps in knowledge of the identity of competent vectors and lack of data on phytoplasma associations with non-economically important plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Cao
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Valeria Trivellone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Christopher H Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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19
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Gupta RS, Oren A. Necessity and rationale for the proposed name changes in the classification of Mollicutes species. Reply to: 'Recommended rejection of the names Malacoplasma gen. nov., Mesomycoplasma gen. nov., Metamycoplasma gen. nov., Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov., Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov., Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., Mycoplasmoides gen. nov., Mycoplasmopsis gen. nov. [Gupta, Sawnani, Adeolu, Alnajar and Oren 2018] and all proposed species comb. nov. placed therein', by M. Balish et al. ( Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2019;69:3650-3653). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:1431-1438. [PMID: 31971499 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This response summarizes the highly disordered state of the Mollicutes taxonomy that existed until recently, where most Mollicutes taxa lacked proper circumscriptions and their names were not in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes and illegitimate. We also summarize the comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative genomic studies forming the basis for the proposed changes in the classification of Mollicultes species. Our responses to the concerns raised by Balish et al., show that the proposed taxonomic changes do not violate any essential point of the Code. Instead the proposed name changes rectify numerous taxonomic anomalies that have long plagued the classification of Mollicutes species, leading to a better understanding of their evolutionary relationships and bringing their nomenclature in conformity with the Code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
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Ghimire TR, Regmi GR, Huettmann F. When Micro Drives the Macro: A Fresh Look at Disease and its Massive Contributions in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya. HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYA WATERSHEDS DOWNHILL: LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7197387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36275-1_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have a high impact on the human and animal health because they are the underlying causes of disability, death, and long-term illness. For many regions those details are not, or just poorly known. Here we present on the morbidity and mortality in faunal diversities including domestic and wild species caused by various viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases prevalent in Nepal and relevant for the wider Hindu Kush Himalaya. In addition, we provide details how antibiotic resistivity, vectors, and zoonosis have resulted on a landscape-scale in the huge public and veterinary health problem has been dealt with in the context of Nepal and the wider region.
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Spiroplasma eriocheiris Enters Drosophila Schneider 2 Cells and Relies on Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Macropinocytosis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00233-19. [PMID: 31451616 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00233-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris causes great economic losses in the crustacean aquaculture industry. However, the mechanism of S. eriocheiris infecting host cells has been poorly studied. We established a Spiroplasma-infected Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cell model and investigated its pathogenic mechanism. First, S. eriocheiris induced S2 cell apoptosis and necrosis, seriously decreased cell viability, and increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Further research showed that S. eriocheiris can invade S2 cells, and the number of copies of intracellular spiroplasmas is sharply increased by 12 h postinfection. In addition, S. eriocheiris can cause S2 cells to form typical inclusion bodies and exhibit large vacuoles. Second, S. eriocheiris is internalized into S2 cells and strongly inhibited through blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis using chlorpromazine and dynasore. Inhibitors of macropinocytosis, protein kinase C and myosin II, cause a significant reduction in S. eriocheiris in S2 cells. In contrast, disruption of cellular cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nystatin has no effect on S. eriocheiris infection. These results suggest that the entry of S. eriocheiris into S2 cells relies on clathrin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis, but not via the caveola-mediated endocytic pathway. In addition, the intracellular numbers of S. eriocheiris are dramatically reduced after S2 cells are treated with cytoskeleton-depolymerizing agents, including nocodazole and cytochalasin B. Thus, cellular infection by S. eriocheiris is related to microtubules and actin filaments. This research successfully shows for the first time that S. eriocheiris can invade Drosophila S2 cells and provides a process for S. eriocheiris infection.
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22
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Pecher P, Moro G, Canale MC, Capdevielle S, Singh A, MacLean A, Sugio A, Kuo CH, Lopes JRS, Hogenhout SA. Phytoplasma SAP11 effector destabilization of TCP transcription factors differentially impact development and defence of Arabidopsis versus maize. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008035. [PMID: 31557268 PMCID: PMC6802841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial pathogens that colonize a wide range of plant species, including vegetable and cereal crops, and herbaceous and woody ornamentals. Phytoplasma-infected plants often show dramatic symptoms, including proliferation of shoots (witch's brooms), changes in leaf shapes and production of green sterile flowers (phyllody). Aster Yellows phytoplasma Witches' Broom (AY-WB) infects dicots and its effector, secreted AYWB protein 11 (SAP11), was shown to be responsible for the induction of shoot proliferation and leaf shape changes of plants. SAP11 acts by destabilizing TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1-CYCLOIDEA-PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors, particularly the class II TCPs of the CYCLOIDEA/TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (CYC/TB1) and CINCINNATA (CIN)-TCP clades. SAP11 homologs are also present in phytoplasmas that cause economic yield losses in monocot crops, such as maize, wheat and coconut. Here we show that a SAP11 homolog of Maize Bushy Stunt Phytoplasma (MBSP), which has a range primarily restricted to maize, destabilizes specifically TB1/CYC TCPs. SAP11MBSP and SAP11AYWB both induce axillary branching and SAP11AYWB also alters leaf development of Arabidopsis thaliana and maize. However, only in maize, SAP11MBSP prevents female inflorescence development, phenocopying maize tb1 lines, whereas SAP11AYWB prevents male inflorescence development and induces feminization of tassels. SAP11AYWB promotes fecundity of the AY-WB leafhopper vector on A. thaliana and modulates the expression of A. thaliana leaf defence response genes that are induced by this leafhopper, in contrast to SAP11MBSP. Neither of the SAP11 effectors promote fecundity of AY-WB and MBSP leafhopper vectors on maize. These data provide evidence that class II TCPs have overlapping but also distinct roles in regulating development and defence in a dicot and a monocot plant species that is likely to shape SAP11 effector evolution depending on the phytoplasma host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pecher
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Moro
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Canale
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sylvain Capdevielle
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Archana Singh
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Allyson MacLean
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Akiko Sugio
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joao R. S. Lopes
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Saskia A. Hogenhout
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Buoso S, Pagliari L, Musetti R, Martini M, Marroni F, Schmidt W, Santi S. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' interferes with the distribution and uptake of iron in tomato. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:703. [PMID: 31500568 PMCID: PMC6734453 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is endemic in Europe and infects a wide range of weeds and cultivated plants. Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens that colonize the sieve elements of their host plant, causing severe alterations in phloem function and impairment of assimilate translocation. Typical symptoms of infected plants include yellowing of leaves or shoots, leaf curling, and general stunting, but the molecular mechanisms underlying most of the reported changes remain largely enigmatic. To infer a possible involvement of Fe in the host-phytoplasma interaction, we investigated the effects of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ infection on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) grown under different Fe regimes. Results Both phytoplasma infection and Fe starvation led to the development of chlorotic leaves and altered thylakoid organization. In infected plants, Fe accumulated in phloem tissue, altering the local distribution of Fe. In infected plants, Fe starvation had additive effects on chlorophyll content and leaf chlorosis, suggesting that the two conditions affected the phenotypic readout via separate routes. To gain insights into the transcriptional response to phytoplasma infection, or Fe deficiency, transcriptome profiling was performed on midrib-enriched leaves. RNA-seq analysis revealed that both stress conditions altered the expression of a large (> 800) subset of common genes involved in photosynthetic light reactions, porphyrin / chlorophyll metabolism, and in flowering control. In Fe-deficient plants, phytoplasma infection perturbed the Fe deficiency response in roots, possibly by interference with the synthesis or transport of a promotive signal transmitted from the leaves to the roots. Conclusions ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ infection changes the Fe distribution in tomato leaves, affects the photosynthetic machinery and perturbs the orchestration of root-mediated transport processes by compromising shoot-to-root communication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6062-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Marroni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.,IGA Technology Services, Via Jacopo Linussio, 51, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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24
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Gasparich GE, Kuo CH. Genome analysis-based union of the genus Mesoplasma with the genus Entomoplasma. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:2735-2738. [PMID: 31483242 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early characterization of strains designated into the genera Entomoplasma and Mesoplasma was based upon biological and chemical characteristics. With the advent of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as an added taxonomic character, it became clear that the two genera did not form distinct and separate monophyletic clusters. A genome-level analysis of all 17 validly published species within the family Entomoplasmataceae has recently been performed. Phylogenetic analyses, comparisons of gene content, and the lack of genus-specific genes supported that species from the two genera are intermixed and should not be taxonomically separated. This level of analysis clearly reveals the necessity to revise the taxonomy of this family by merging the two genera into one, Entomoplasma. Additionally, it was definitively determined that the strain originally designated as Acholeplasma multilocale resides in this cluster and should be formally renamed as Entomoplasma multilocale. Merging Mesoplasma and Entomoplasma yields a paraphyletic genus, but is supported by cell morphology and ecology to be distinguished from the genera Spiroplasma and Mycoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Gasparich
- Department of Biology, Salem State University, Salem, MA 01970, USA
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Rafels-Ybern À, Torres AG, Camacho N, Herencia-Ropero A, Roura Frigolé H, Wulff TF, Raboteg M, Bordons A, Grau-Bove X, Ruiz-Trillo I, Ribas de Pouplana L. The Expansion of Inosine at the Wobble Position of tRNAs, and Its Role in the Evolution of Proteomes. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:650-662. [PMID: 30590541 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of adenosine to inosine at the first position of transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodons (I34) is widespread among bacteria and eukaryotes. In bacteria, the modification is found in tRNAArg and is catalyzed by tRNA adenosine deaminase A, a homodimeric enzyme. In eukaryotes, I34 is introduced in up to eight different tRNAs by the heterodimeric adenosine deaminase acting on tRNA. This substrate expansion significantly influenced the evolution of eukaryotic genomes in terms of codon usage and tRNA gene composition. However, the selective advantages driving this process remain unclear. Here, we have studied the evolution of I34, tRNA adenosine deaminase A, adenosine deaminase acting on tRNA, and their relevant codons in a large set of bacterial and eukaryotic species. We show that a functional expansion of I34 to tRNAs other than tRNAArg also occurred within bacteria, in a process likely initiated by the emergence of unmodified A34-containing tRNAs. In eukaryotes, we report on a large variability in the use of I34 in protists, in contrast to a more uniform presence in fungi, plans, and animals. Our data support that the eukaryotic expansion of I34-tRNAs was driven by the improvement brought by these tRNAs to the synthesis of proteins highly enriched in certain amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àlbert Rafels-Ybern
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adrian Gabriel Torres
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noelia Camacho
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Herencia-Ropero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helena Roura Frigolé
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas F Wulff
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Raboteg
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Bordons
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Grau-Bove
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiología i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiología i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Ribas de Pouplana
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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26
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Silva JK, Marques LM, Timenetsky J, de Farias ST. Ureaplasma diversum protein interaction networks: evidence of horizontal gene transfer and evolution of reduced genomes among Mollicutes. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:596-612. [PMID: 31018106 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ureaplasma diversum is a member of the Mollicutes class responsible for urogenital tract infection in cattle and small ruminants. Studies indicate that the process of horizontal gene transfer, the exchange of genetic material among different species, has a crucial role in mollicute evolution, affecting the group's characteristic genomic reduction process and simplification of metabolic pathways. Using bioinformatics tools and the STRING database of known and predicted protein interactions, we constructed the protein-protein interaction network of U. diversum and compared it with the networks of other members of the Mollicutes class. We also investigated horizontal gene transfer events in subnetworks of interest involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism and urease function, chosen because of their intrinsic importance for host colonization and virulence. We identified horizontal gene transfer events among Mollicutes and from Ureaplasma to Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium, bacterial groups that colonize the urogenital niche. The overall tendency of genome reduction and simplification in the Mollicutes is echoed in their protein interaction networks, which tend to be more generalized and less selective. Our data suggest that the process was permitted (or enabled) by an increase in host dependence and the available gene repertoire in the urogenital tract shared via horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Kästle Silva
- a Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- b Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.,c Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- c Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Ramírez AS, Vega-Orellana OM, Viver T, Poveda JB, Rosales RS, Poveda CG, Spergser J, Szostak MP, Caballero MJ, Ressel L, Bradbury JM, Mar Tavío M, Karthikeyan S, Amann R, Konstantinidis KT, Rossello-Mora R. First description of two moderately halophilic and psychrotolerant Mycoplasma species isolated from cephalopods and proposal of Mycoplasma marinum sp. nov. and Mycoplasma todarodis sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 42:457-467. [PMID: 31072660 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two moderately halophilic and psychrotolerant new Mycoplasma species were isolated from common cephalopods. Three strains were isolated in pure culture from two individual European flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus), and two individual octopuses (Octopus vulgaris). The strains showed optimal growth at 25 °C and a salinity of 3% (w/v) NaCl. Molecular analyses revealed that the isolates belonged to two new, but phylogenetically related species, divergent from all previously described Mollicutes, representing the first marine isolates of the class, and also the first Mycoplasma strains for which NaCl requirement has been demonstrated. A genome search against all available marine metagenomes and 16S rRNA gene databases indicated that these two species represent a novel non-free-living marine lineage of Mollicutes, specifically associated with marine animals. Morphology and physiology were compatible with other members of this group, and genomic and phenotypic analyses demonstrated that these organisms represent two novel species of the genus Mycoplasma, for which the names Mycoplasma marinum sp. nov. and Mycoplasma todarodis sp. nov. are proposed; the type strains are PET (DSM 105487T, CIP 111404T) and 5HT (DSM 105,488T, CIP 111405T), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Orestes M Vega-Orellana
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Tomeu Viver
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Rubén S Rosales
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos G Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mª José Caballero
- Unidad de Histología y Patología Animal, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Janet M Bradbury
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Mª Mar Tavío
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Smruthi Karthikeyan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolf Amann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Bremen D-28359, Germany
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ramon Rossello-Mora
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
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28
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Abstract
Phytoplasmas are among the most recently discovered plant pathogens. They are wall-less prokaryotes restricted to phloem tissue, associated with diseases affecting several hundred plant species. The impact of phytoplasma diseases on agriculture is impressive and, at the present day, no effective curative strategy has been developed. The availability of rapid and sensitive techniques for phytoplasma detection as well as the possibility to study their relationship with the host plants is a prerequisite for the management of phytoplasma-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - R Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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29
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Roachford O, Nelson KE, Mohapatra BR. Virulence and molecular adaptation of human urogenital mycoplasmas: a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1607556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Orville Roachford
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | | | - Bidyut Ranjan Mohapatra
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
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30
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A phylogenomic and molecular markers based taxonomic framework for members of the order Entomoplasmatales: proposal for an emended order Mycoplasmatales containing the family Spiroplasmataceae and emended family Mycoplasmataceae comprised of six genera. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:561-588. [PMID: 30392177 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The "Spiroplasma cluster" is a taxonomically heterogeneous assemblage within the phylum Tenericutes encompassing different Entomoplasmatales species as well as the genus Mycoplasma, type genus of the order Mycoplasmatales. Within this cluster, the family Entomoplasmataceae contains two non-cohesive genera Entomoplasma and Mesoplasma with their members exhibiting extensive polyphyletic branching; additionally, the genus Mycoplasma is also embedded within this family. Genome sequences are now available for all 19 Entomoplasmataceae species with validly published names, as well as 6 of the 7 species from the genus Mycoplasma. With the aim of developing a reliable phylogenetic and taxonomic framework for the family Entomoplasmataceae, exhaustive phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies were carried out on these genome sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on concatenated sequences of 121 core proteins for this cluster, 67 conserved proteins shared with the phylum Firmicutes, 40 ribosomal proteins, three major subunits of RNA polymerase (RpoA, B and C) by different means and also for the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The interspecies relationships as well as different species groups observed in these trees were identical and robustly resolved. In all of these trees, members of the genera Mesoplasma and Entomoplasma formed three and two distinct clades, respectively, which were interspersed among the members of the other genus. The observed species groupings in the phylogenetic trees are independently strongly supported by our identification of 103 novel molecular markers or synapomorphies in the forms of conserved signature indels and conserved signature proteins, which are uniquely shared by the members of different observed species clades. To account for the different observed species clades, we are proposing a division of the genus Mesoplasma into an emended genus Mesoplasma and two new genera Tullyiplasma gen. nov. and Edwardiiplasma gen. nov. Likewise, to recognize the distinct species groupings of Entomoplasma, we are proposing its division into an emended genus Entomoplasma and a new genus Williamsoniiplasma gen. nov. Lastly, to rectify the long-existing taxonomic anomaly caused by the presence of genus Mycoplasma (order Mycoplasmatales) within the Entomoplasmatales, we are proposing an emendation of the family Mycoplasmataceae to include both Entomoplasmataceae plus Mycoplasma species and an emendation of the order Mycoplasmatales, which now comprises of the emended family Mycoplasmataceae and the family Spiroplasmataceae. The taxonomic reclassifications proposed here accurately reflect the species relationships within this group of Tenericutes and they should lead to a better understanding of their biological and pathogenic characteristics.
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31
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Lo WS, Gasparich GE, Kuo CH. Convergent Evolution among Ruminant-Pathogenic Mycoplasma Involved Extensive Gene Content Changes. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2130-2139. [PMID: 30102350 PMCID: PMC6117150 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent evolution, a process by which organisms evolved independently to have similar traits, provides opportunities to understand adaptation. The bacterial genus Mycoplasma contains multiple species that evolved independently to become ruminant pathogens, which represents an interesting study system for investigating the process. In this work, we determined the genome sequences of 11 Entomoplasma/Mesoplasma species. This new data set, together with the other available Mollicutes genomes, provided comprehensive taxon sampling for inferring the gene content evolution that led to the emergence of Mycoplasma Mycoides cluster. Our results indicated that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the Mycoides-Entomoplasmataceae clade lost ∼15% of the core genes when it diverged from the Spiroplasma Apis clade. After this initial wave of genome reduction, relatively few gene gains or losses were inferred until the emergence of the Mycoides cluster. Compared with those Entomoplasmataceae lineages that maintained the association with insects, the MRCA of the Mycoides cluster experienced a second wave of gene losses, as well as acquiring >100 novel genes through horizontal gene transfer. These gene acquisitions involved many with the Mycoplasma Hominis/Pneumoniae lineages as the putative donors, suggesting that gene exchanges among these vertebrate symbionts with distinct phylogenetic affiliations may be important in the emergence of the Mycoides cluster. These findings demonstrated that the gene content of bacterial genomes could be exceedingly dynamic, even for those symbionts with highly reduced genomes. Moreover, the emergence of novel pathogens may involve extensive remodeling of gene content, rather than acquisition of few virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sui Lo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Spiroplasma infection in Harmonia axyridis - Diversity and multiple infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198190. [PMID: 29813113 PMCID: PMC5973594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The heritable endosymbiotic bacterium Spiroplasma is found in the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis. The proportion of beetles infected with Spiroplasma in different native H. axyridis populations varies from 2% to 49%. We investigated the polymorphism of Spiroplasma strains in samples from individual beetles from Kyoto, Vladivostok, Troitsa Bay, Novosibirsk, and Gorno-Altaisk. To identify Spiroplasma strains, we analyzed nucleotide polymorphisms of the 16S rRNA gene and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1). The majority of infected beetles were infected with two or more Spiroplasma strains. We measured Spiroplasma density in beetles with different infection status using quantitative PCR. The abundance of Spiroplasma in samples with a single infection is an order of magnitude lower than in samples with multiple infections. Density dependent biological effects of Spiroplasma are discussed.
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Alvarez-Ponce D, Weitzman CL, Tillett RL, Sandmeier FC, Tracy CR. High quality draft genome sequences of Mycoplasma agassizii strains PS6 T and 723 isolated from Gopherus tortoises with upper respiratory tract disease. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:12. [PMID: 29725499 PMCID: PMC5921776 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-018-0315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agassizii is one of the known causative agents of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) in Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) and in gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). We sequenced the genomes of M. agassizii strains PS6T (ATCC 700616) and 723 (ATCC 700617) isolated from the upper respiratory tract of a Mojave desert tortoise and a gopher tortoise, respectively, both with signs of URTD. The PS6T genome assembly was organized in eight scaffolds, had a total length of 1,274,972 bp, a G + C content of 28.43%, and contained 979 protein-coding genes, 13 pseudogenes and 35 RNA genes. The 723 genome assembly was organized in 40 scaffolds, had a total length of 1,211,209 bp, a G + C content of 28.34%, and contained 955 protein-coding genes, seven pseudogenes, and 35 RNA genes. Both genomes exhibit a very similar organization and very similar numbers of genes in each functional category. Pairs of orthologous genes encode proteins that are 93.57% identical on average. Homology searches identified a putative cytadhesin. These genomes will enable studies that will help understand the molecular bases of pathogenicity of this and other Mycoplasma species.
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Weitzman CL, Tillett RL, Sandmeier FC, Tracy CR, Alvarez-Ponce D. High quality draft genome sequence of Mycoplasma testudineum strain BH29 T, isolated from the respiratory tract of a desert tortoise. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:9. [PMID: 29682170 PMCID: PMC5896096 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-018-0309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma testudineum is one of the pathogens that can cause upper respiratory tract disease in desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii. We sequenced the genome of M. testudineum BH29T (ATCC 700618T = MCCM 03231T), isolated from the upper respiratory tract of a Mojave desert tortoise with upper respiratory tract disease. The sequenced draft genome, organized in 25 scaffolds, has a length of 960,895 bp and a G + C content of 27.54%. A total of 788 protein-coding sequences, six pseudogenes and 35 RNA genes were identified. The potential presence of cytadhesin-encoding genes is investigated. This genome will enable comparative genomic studies to help understand the molecular bases of the pathogenicity of this and other Mycoplasma species.
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Gupta RS, Sawnani S, Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Oren A. Phylogenetic framework for the phylum Tenericutes based on genome sequence data: proposal for the creation of a new order Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., containing two new families Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. harbouring Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma and five novel genera. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:1583-1630. [PMID: 29556819 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Mycoplasma, including species earlier classified in the genera Eperythrozoon and Haemobartonella, contains ~ 120 species and constitutes an extensively polyphyletic assemblage of bacteria within the phylum Tenericutes. Due to their small genome sizes and lack of unique characteristics, the relationships among the mycoplasmas/Tenericutes are not reliably discerned. Using genome sequences for 140 Tenericutes, their evolutionary relationships were examined using multiple independent approaches. Phylogenomic trees were constructed for 63 conserved proteins, 45 ribosomal proteins, three main subunits of RNA polymerase and 16S rRNA gene sequences. In all of these trees, Tenericutes species reliably grouped into four main clades designated as the "Acholeplasma", "Spiroplasma", "Pneumoniae" and "Hominis" clusters. These clades are also distinguished based on a similarity matrix constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Mycoplasma species were dispersed across 3 of these 4 clades highlighting their extensive polyphyly. In parallel, our comparative genomic analyses have identified > 100 conserved signature indels (CSIs) and 14 conserved signature proteins (CSPs), which are uniquely shared by the members of four identified clades, strongly supporting their monophyly and identifying them in molecular terms. Mycoplasma mycoides, the type species of the genus Mycoplasma, and a small number of other Mycoplasma species, formed a strongly supported clade within the "Spiroplasma" cluster. Nine CSIs and 14 CSPs reliably distinguish this clade from all other Mycoplasmatales species. The remainder of the Mycoplasmatales species are part of the "Pneumoniae" and "Hominis" clusters, which group together in phylogenetic trees. Here we are proposing that the order Mycoplasmatales should be emended to encompass only the Mycoplasma species within the "Spiroplasma" cluster and that a new order, Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., should be created to encompass the other Mycoplasma species. The "Pneumoniae" and the "Hominis" clusters are proposed as two new families, Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov., which includes the genera Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma, and the newly proposed genera Malacoplasma and Mycoplasmoides, and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. to contain the newly proposed genera Metamycoplasma, Mycoplasmopsis, and Mesomycoplasma. The results presented here allow reliable discernment, both in phylogenetic and molecular terms, of the members of the two proposed families as well as different described genera within these families including members of the genus Eperythrozoon, which is comprised of uncultivable organisms. The taxonomic reclassifications proposed here, which more accurately portray the genetic diversity among the Tenericutes/Mycoplasma species, provide a new framework for understanding the biological and clinical aspects of these important microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Sahil Sawnani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mobolaji Adeolu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Seema Alnajar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
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Infection Function of Adhesin-Like Protein ALP609 from Spiroplasma melliferum CH-1. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:701-708. [PMID: 29362879 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spiroplasma melliferum is the causative agent of spiroplasmosis in honeybees. During infection, adhesion of spiroplasmas to the host cells through adhesion factors is a crucial step. In this study, we identified an adhesin-like protein (ALP609) in S. melliferum CH-1 and investigated its role in the infection. To determine whether ALP609 is an adhesion factor, we performed indirect immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize its adhesion properties. Subsequently, an infection model of S. melliferum CH-1 was established using primary midgut cells of Apis mellifera to examine the adhesion and invasion of spiroplasma using anti-ALP609 antibodies inhibition assays and competition assays with recombinant ALP609 in vitro. We found that anti-ALP609 antibodies could inhibit the adhesion and invasion of spiroplasma to the midgut cells of A. mellifera and reduce midgut cell invasion on increased exposure to recombinant ALP609. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying adhesion-related factors in S. melliferum. Our results suggested that ALP609 is an adhesin-like protein critical for invasion of S. melliferum CH-1 into midgut cells of A. mellifera.
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Kama-Kama F, Omosa LK, Nganga J, Maina N, Osanjo G, Yaouba S, Ilias M, Midiwo J, Naessens J. Antimycoplasmal Activities of Compounds from Solanum aculeastrum and Piliostigma thonningii against Strains from the Mycoplasma mycoides Cluster. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:920. [PMID: 29311927 PMCID: PMC5742823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Mycoplasma species belonging to the ‘mycoides cluster’ negatively affect the agricultural sector through losses in livestock productivity. These Mycoplasma strains are resistant to many conventional antibiotics due to the total lack of cell wall. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents from alternative sources such as medicinal plants to curb the resistance threat. Recent studies on extracts from Solanum aculeastrum and Piliostigma thonningii revealed interesting antimycoplasmal activities hence the motivation to investigate the antimycoplasmal activities of constituent compounds. The CH2Cl2/MeOH extracts from the berries of S. aculeastrum yielded a new β-sitosterol derivative (1) along with six known ones including; lupeol (2), two long-chain fatty alcohols namely undecyl alcohol (3) and lauryl alcohol (4); two long-chain fatty acids namely; myristic acid (5) and nervonic acid (6) as well as a glycosidic steroidal alkaloid; (25R)-3β-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-22α-N-spirosol-5-ene (7) from the MeOH extracts. A new furan diglycoside, (2,5-D-diglucopyranosyloxy-furan) (8) was also characterized from the CH2Cl2/MeOH extract of stem bark of P. thonningii. The structures of the compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with literature data. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 7, and 8 isolated in sufficient yields were tested against the growth of two Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm), two M. mycoides. capri (Mmc), and one M. capricolum capricolum (Mcc) using broth dilution methods, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by serial dilution. The inhibition of Mycoplasma in vitro growth was determined by the use of both flow cytometry (FCM) and color change units (CCU) methods. Compounds 4 and 7 showed moderate activity against the growth of Mmm and Mmc but were inactive against the growth of Mcc. The lowest MIC value was 50 μg/ml for compound 7 against Mmm. The rest of the compounds showed minimal or no activity against the strains of Mycoplasma mycoides tested. This is the first report on the use of combined FCM and CCU to determine inhibition of in vitro growth of Mycoplasma mycoides. The activity of these compounds against other bacterial strains should be tested and their safety profiles determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Kama-Kama
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joseph Nganga
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naomi Maina
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Georges Osanjo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Souaibou Yaouba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muhammad Ilias
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Jacob Midiwo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jan Naessens
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Yang D, Zha G, Li X, Gao H, Yu H. Immune responses in the haemolymph and antimicrobial peptide expression in the abdomen of Apis mellifera challenged with Spiroplasma melliferum CH-1. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:279-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jeger M, Bragard C, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Gregoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navarro MN, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Dickinson M, Marzachi C, Hollo G, Caffier D. Pest categorisation of Witches' broom disease of lime ( Citrus aurantifolia) phytoplasma. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05027. [PMID: 32625316 PMCID: PMC7009860 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation for the Witches' broom disease of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) phytoplasma for the EU territory. The pest has been reported in a few countries in the Middle East and is not known to occur in the EU. The disease is caused by a well-defined phytoplasma strain in the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia' species, for which efficient molecular detection assays are available. The most important known natural host is Citrus aurantifolia, which is only grown for ornamental purposes in the EU. Sweet limes, rough lemon and trifoliate orange are also naturally infected by that phytoplasma. The latter can be transmitted by grafting also to some citrus species. Other citrus species were reported to be resistant; however, their susceptibility has been assessed only by symptom observations, and the possible presence of phytoplasmas in symptomless plants cannot be ruled out. The phytoplasma is transmitted by the leafhopper Hishimonus phycitis, which is not known to occur in the EU. There is no information on the vector status of other phloem feeding insects of citrus present in the EU. The pest is listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. The main pathways for entry, plants for planting and the vector insect, are closed by existing legislation on import of citrus plants. Nevertheless, should the pest enter, it could establish and spread. In countries where Witches' broom disease of lime (WBDL) is present, it has significant impact. The main knowledge gaps concern (1) and vertical transmission of the phytoplasma to H. phycitis eggs (2) lack of information regarding susceptibility of citrus crops grown in the EU (3) status of potential insect vectors in the EU. Therefore, the WBDL phytoplasma meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential Union quarantine pest.
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Maheshwari Y, Selvaraj V, Hajeri S, Yokomi R. Application of droplet digital PCR for quantitative detection of Spiroplasma citri in comparison with real time PCR. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184751. [PMID: 28910375 PMCID: PMC5599046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is a method for performing digital PCR that is based on water-oil emulsion droplet technology. It is a unique approach to measure the absolute copy number of nucleic acid targets without the need of external standards. This study evaluated the applicability of ddPCR as a quantitative detection tool for the Spiroplasma citri, causal agent of citrus stubborn disease (CSD) in citrus. Two sets of primers, SP1, based on the spiral in housekeeping gene, and a multicopy prophage gene, SpV1 ORF1, were used to evaluate ddPCR in comparison with real time (quantitative) PCR (qPCR) for S. citri detection in citrus tissues. Standard curve analyses on tenfold dilution series showed that both ddPCR and qPCR exhibited good linearity and efficiency. However, ddPCR had a tenfold greater sensitivity than qPCR and accurately quantified up to one copy of spiralin gene. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that the ddPCR methodology was more robust for diagnosis of CSD and the area under the curve was significantly broader compared to qPCR. Field samples were used to validate ddPCR efficacy and demonstrated that it was equal or better than qPCR to detect S. citri infection in fruit columella due to a higher pathogen titer. The ddPCR assay detected both the S. citri spiralin and the SpV1 ORF1 targets quantitatively with high precision and accuracy compared to qPCR assay. The ddPCR was highly reproducible and repeatable for both the targets and showed higher resilience to PCR inhibitors in citrus tissue extract for the quantification of S. citri compare to qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Maheshwari
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States of America
| | - Vijayanandraj Selvaraj
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States of America
| | - Subhas Hajeri
- Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Raymond Yokomi
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States of America
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41
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Wang Y, Xiu Y, Bi K, Ou J, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. Integrated analysis of mRNA-seq in the haemocytes of Eriocheir sinensis in response to Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:289-298. [PMID: 28734969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is an important economic crustacean that has been exposed to various diseases. Spiroplasma eriocheiris, isolated from tremor-diseased E. sinensis, was first identified as a lethal pathogen of freshwater crustaceans. To understand the pathogenesis of S. eriocheiris to E. sinensis, the transcriptomic profiles of haemocytes in the experimental and control groups at 1 d and 7 d post-injection were obtained using Illumina HiSeq 2500. These results showed that 40,358,724, 44,462,112, 45,516,576 and 37,713,728 paired-end clean reads were obtained from the cDNA libraries of DZ1 (the control group at 1 d), DZ7 (the control group at 7 d), SY1 (the experimental group at 1 d) and SY7 (the experimental group at 7 d), respectively. In total, 106,641 unique transcript fragments (unigenes) were assembled, with an average length of 710 bp. On the first day of stimulation, 33,084 up-regulated transcripts and 19,208 down-regulated transcripts were found in the experimental group compared with those in the control group. On the seventh day of stimulation, 40,198 up-regulated transcripts and 12,032 down-regulated transcripts were found in the experimental group compared with those in the control group. Some canonical immune-related pathways were identified via KEGG pathway analysis, including complement and coagulation cascades, the VEGF signalling pathway, the Wnt signalling pathway, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the MAPK signalling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, and the Lysosome pathway. We found important immune-related genes (GNPTAB, MASP2, F7, F5, NFATC, TRAF6, MAP3K5, and TRa) in the KEGG pathway, and those genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. In addition, the significantly enriched neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway was associated with intense paroxysmal tremors of infected crabs. Our results provide valuable information for the further analysis of the mechanisms of E. sinensis defence against S. eriocheiris invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunji Xiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Keran Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Marine Biotechnology, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Jiangtao Ou
- School of Marine and Bioengneering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren A Ladefoged
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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43
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Chen Y, Shao J, Nick N, Li C, Xin J. Mmm-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via TLR2, MyD88, and IRAK4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4349. [PMID: 28659605 PMCID: PMC5489475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides (Mmm) is a pathogen that causes pneumonia, otitis media, and arthritis in young calves. Its pathogenesis is attributed in part to excessive immune responses. Mmm-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) are potent inducers of the host innate immune system; however, interactions between Mmm-derived LAMPs as pathogenic agents, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the signaling pathways responsible for activating inflammation and nuclear factor (NF)-κB have not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed the expression kinetics of interleukin (IL)-1β in Mmm-derived LAMP-stimulated embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells and found that Mmm-derived LAMPs induced IL-1β expression. Subcellular localization analysis revealed the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit after EBL cells were stimulated with Mmm-derived LAMPs. Furthermore, a specific inhibitor assay demonstrated that NF-κB is required for Mmm-derived LAMP-induced IL-1β expression. Additionally, overexpression of TLR2, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) increased IL-1β expression during LAMP stimulation, and TLR2-neutralizing antibodies reduced IL-1β expression in EBL cells during LAMP stimulation. Furthermore, LAMPs inhibited IL-1β expression following transfection with dominant-negative MyD88 and IRAK4 variants. These results suggested that Mmm-derived LAMPs activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via TLR2, MyD88, and IRAK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiari Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nwankpa Nick
- African Union, Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China.
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Ambroset C, Pau-Roblot C, Game Y, Gaurivaud P, Tardy F. Identification and Characterization of Mycoplasma feriruminatoris sp. nov. Strains Isolated from Alpine Ibex: A 4th Species in the Mycoplasma mycoides Cluster Hosted by Non-domesticated Ruminants? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:939. [PMID: 28611743 PMCID: PMC5447728 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Mycoplasma, a group of free-living, wall-less prokaryotes includes more than 100 species of which dozens are primary pathogens of humans and domesticated animals. Mycoplasma species isolated from wildlife are rarely investigated but could provide a fuller picture of the evolutionary history and diversity of this genus. In 2013 several isolates from wild Caprinae were tentatively assigned to a new species, Mycoplasma (M.) feriruminatoris sp. nov., characterized by an unusually rapid growth in vitro and close genetic proximity to ruminant pathogenic species. We suspected that atypical isolates recently collected from Alpine ibex in France belonged to this new species. The present study was undertaken to verify this hypothesis and to further characterize the French ibex isolates. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify the isolates and position them in trees containing several other mycoplasma species pathogenic to domesticated ruminants. Population diversity was characterized by genomic macrorestriction and by examining the capacity of different strains to produce capsular polysaccharides, a feature now known to vary amongst mycoplasma species pathogenic to ruminants. This is the first report of M. feriruminatoris isolation from Alpine ibex in France. Phylogenetic analyses further suggested that M. feriruminatoris might constitute a 4th species in a genetic cluster that so far contains only important ruminant pathogens, the so-called Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. A PCR assay for specific identification is proposed. These French isolates were not clonal, despite being collected in a restricted region of the Alps, which signifies a considerable diversity of the new species. Strains were able to concomitantly produce two types of capsular polysaccharides, β-(1→6)-galactan and β-(1→6)-glucan, with variation in their respective ratio, a feature never before described in mycoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Ambroset
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des RuminantsMarcy-l'Étoile, France.,Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des RuminantsLyon, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- Unité de Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, EA 3900, Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens, France
| | - Yvette Game
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses Vétérinaires de SavoieChambéry, France
| | - Patrice Gaurivaud
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des RuminantsMarcy-l'Étoile, France.,Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des RuminantsLyon, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des RuminantsMarcy-l'Étoile, France.,Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des RuminantsLyon, France
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Kamminga T, Koehorst JJ, Vermeij P, Slagman SJ, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Bijlsma JJE, Schaap PJ. Persistence of Functional Protein Domains in Mycoplasma Species and their Role in Host Specificity and Synthetic Minimal Life. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:31. [PMID: 28224116 PMCID: PMC5293770 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating organisms and obligate parasites of a specific vertebrate host. An in-depth analysis of the functional capabilities of mycoplasma species is fundamental to understand how some of simplest forms of life on Earth succeeded in subverting complex hosts with highly sophisticated immune systems. In this study we present a genome-scale comparison, focused on identification of functional protein domains, of 80 publically available mycoplasma genomes which were consistently re-annotated using a standardized annotation pipeline embedded in a semantic framework to keep track of the data provenance. We examined the pan- and core-domainome and studied predicted functional capability in relation to host specificity and phylogenetic distance. We show that the pan- and core-domainome of mycoplasma species is closed. A comparison with the proteome of the “minimal” synthetic bacterium JCVI-Syn3.0 allowed us to classify domains and proteins essential for minimal life. Many of those essential protein domains, essential Domains of Unknown Function (DUFs) and essential hypothetical proteins are not persistent across mycoplasma genomes suggesting that mycoplasma species support alternative domain configurations that bypass their essentiality. Based on the protein domain composition, we could separate mycoplasma species infecting blood and tissue. For selected genomes of tissue infecting mycoplasmas, we could also predict whether the host is ruminant, pig or human. Functionally closely related mycoplasma species, which have a highly similar protein domain repertoire, but different hosts could not be separated. This study provides a concise overview of the functional capabilities of mycoplasma species, which can be used as a basis to further understand host-pathogen interaction or to design synthetic minimal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerko Kamminga
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands; Bioprocess Technology and Support, MSD Animal HealthBoxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Koehorst
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Vermeij
- Discovery and Technology, MSD Animal Health Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Simen-Jan Slagman
- Bioprocess Technology and Support, MSD Animal Health Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Wageningen, Netherlands
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Identification of Strain-Specific Sequences That Distinguish a Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine Strain from Field Isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 55:244-252. [PMID: 27847370 PMCID: PMC5228237 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00833-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite attempts to control avian mycoplasmosis through management, vaccination, and surveillance, Mycoplasma gallisepticum continues to cause significant morbidity, mortality, and economic losses in poultry production. Live attenuated vaccines are commonly used in the poultry industry to control avian mycoplasmosis; unfortunately, some vaccines may revert to virulence and vaccine strains are generally difficult to distinguish from natural field isolates. In order to identify genome differences among vaccine revertants, vaccine strains, and field isolates, whole-genome sequencing of the M. gallisepticum vaccine strain ts-11 and several “ts-11-like” strains isolated from commercial flocks was performed using Illumina and 454 pyrosequencing and the sequenced genomes compared to the M. gallisepticum Rlow reference genome. The collective contigs for each strain were annotated using the fully annotated Mycoplasma reference genome. The analysis revealed genetic differences among vlhA alleles, as well as among genes annotated as coding for a cell wall surface anchor protein (mg0377) and a hypothetical protein gene, mg0359, unique to M. gallisepticum ts-11 vaccine strain. PCR protocols were designed to target 5 sequences unique to the M. gallisepticum ts-11 strain: vlhA3.04a, vlhA3.04b, vlhA3.05, mg0377, and mg0359. All ts-11 isolates were positive for the five gene alleles tested by PCR; however, 5 to 36% of field isolates were also positive for at least one of the alleles tested. A combination of PCR tests for vlhA3.04a, vlhA3.05, and mg0359 was able to distinguish the M. gallisepticum ts-11 vaccine strain from field isolates. This method will further supplement current approaches to quickly distinguish M. gallisepticum vaccine strains from field isolates.
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Stubborn Disease in Iran: Diversity of Spiroplasma citri Strains in Circulifer haematoceps Leafhoppers Collected in Sesame Fields in Fars Province. Curr Microbiol 2016; 74:239-246. [PMID: 27995305 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spiroplasma citri is a bacterial pathogen responsible for the economically important citrus stubborn disease. Sesame and citrus seeds serve as hosts for both S. citri and its leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps. To evaluate whether sesame could act as a reservoir for citrus-infecting strains or not, the genetic diversity among S. citri strains found in leafhoppers collected in citrus and citrus-free sesame fields was investigated. Among 26 periwinkle plants exposed to the collected C. haematoceps leafhoppers, 12 plants developed typical stubborn symptoms. All symptomatic periwinkles were polymerase chain reaction positive using S. citri-specific primer pairs targeting the spiralin and P89 genes. Phylogenetic trees based on spiralin gene sequence analysis indicated that the novel field-collected strains clustered with those belonging to two formerly defined S. citri groups (groups 6 and 1). In addition, our results strongly suggest that group 1 strains could be transmitted from sesame-infected plants to citrus trees by C. haematoceps, while group 6 strains may not infect citrus trees.
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Eveillard S, Jollard C, Labroussaa F, Khalil D, Perrin M, Desqué D, Salar P, Razan F, Hévin C, Bordenave L, Foissac X, Masson JE, Malembic-Maher S. Contrasting Susceptibilities to Flavescence Dorée in Vitis vinifera, Rootstocks and Wild Vitis Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1762. [PMID: 27965681 PMCID: PMC5126068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is a quarantine disease of grapevine, involving interactions between the plants, leafhopper vectors, and FD phytoplasma. Characterizing the susceptibility of vine varieties could limit disease propagation. After extensive surveys in vineyards, we showed that Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) is highly susceptible, with a high proportion of symptomatic branches and phytoplasma titers, in contrast to Merlot (M). Localized insect transmissions and grafting showed that phytoplasma circulate in the whole plant in the CS cultivar, but in M they are restricted to the transmission point. Insect-mediated transmission under high confinement mimicking natural conditions confirmed these phenotypes and allowed the classification of 28 Vitis accessions into three distinct categories, according to the percentage of infected plants and their phytoplasma titers. Reduced symptoms, low phytoplasma titers, and low percentages of infected plants were found to be associated in the Vitis vinifera cultivars tested. Interestingly, the low susceptibility of M was observed for one of its parents, i.e., Magdeleine Noire des Charentes. Rootstocks and their Vitis parents, although having high percentages of infected plants and intermediate to high phytoplasma titers, shared a symptomless response. This is troubling, because rootstocks can constitute a silent reservoir of contamination in mother plants or when they grow wild nearby vineyards. Altogether, data suggest distribution of genetic traits within the Vitis genus involved in insect-mediated phytoplasma transmission, multiplication, circulation, and symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Eveillard
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Camille Jollard
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Dima Khalil
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Mireille Perrin
- UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Strasbourg Colmar, France
| | - Delphine Desqué
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal Salar
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédérique Razan
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Cyril Hévin
- UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Louis Bordenave
- UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean E Masson
- UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Strasbourg Colmar, France
| | - Sylvie Malembic-Maher
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Xia X, Zhao Y, Shao W. Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus paracasei FM-LP-4 isolated from Xinjiang camel milk yoghurt. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Hegde S, Hegde SM, Rosengarten R, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Mycoplasma agalactiae Induces Cytopathic Effects in Infected Cells Cultured In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163603. [PMID: 27662492 PMCID: PMC5035028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is the etiological agent of the contagious agalactia syndrome in sheep and goats and causes significant economic losses worldwide. Yet the mechanism of pathogenesis is largely unknown. Even whole-genome sequence analysis of its pathogenic type strain did not lead to any conclusions regarding its virulence or pathogenicity factors. Although inflammation and tissue destruction at the local site of M. agalactiae infection are largely considered as effects of the host immune response, the direct effect of the agent on host cells is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of M. agalactiae infection on the quality and viability of host cells in vitro. Changes in cell morphology including cell elongation, cytoplasm shrinkage and membrane blebbing were observed in infected HeLa cells. Chromatin condensation and increased caspase-3 cleavage in infected HeLa cells 48 h after infection suggests an apoptosis-like phenomenon in M. agalactiae-infected cells. In compliance with these results, decreased viability and cell lysis of M. agalactiae-infected HeLa cells was also observed. Measurement of the amount of LDH released after M. agalactiae infection revealed a time- and dose-dependent increase in HeLa cell lysis. A significant decrease in LDH released after gentamicin treatment of infected cells confirmed the major role of cytadherent M. agalactiae in inducing host cell lysis. This is the first study illustrating M. agalactiae's induction of cytopathic effects in infected HeLa cells. Further detailed investigation of infected host tissue for apoptotic markers might demonstrate the association between M. agalactiae-induced host cell lysis and the tissue destruction observed during M. agalactiae natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilakshmi Hegde
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shivanand Manjunath Hegde
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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