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Patel MG, Patel AC, Raval SH, Sharma KK, Patel SS, Chauhan HC, Parmar RS, Shrimali MD, Vamja HG, Bhatol J, Mohapatra SK. Ante-mortem and Post-mortem Diagnosis Modalities and Phylogenetic Analysis of Rabies Virus in Domestic and Wild Animals of Gujarat, India. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:645-657. [PMID: 38031621 PMCID: PMC10682330 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, total of 32 ante-mortem (AM) samples (saliva = 18 and corneal smears = 14) from six animal species (cattle = 5; camel = 1; goat = 1; horse = 1; buffalo = 4; dog = 6) and 28 post-mortem (PM) samples of domestic (cattle = 6; camel = 1; goat = 1; buffalo = 5; dog = 7) and wild animals (lion = 4, mongoose = 2; bear = 1; leopard = 1) were examined for rabies diagnosis in Gujarat, India. Direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were applied on AM samples, whereas along with dFAT and RT-PCR, histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real time PCR (qPCR) were used for PM diagnosis. Nucleotide sequencing of full nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes were carried out upon representative amplicons. In AM examination, 7/18 saliva and 5/14 corneal impressions samples were found positive in dFAT and 8/18 saliva samples were found positive in RT-PCR. In PM examination, 14/28 samples showed positive results in dFAT and IHC with unusual large fluorescent foci in two samples. In histopathology, 11/28 samples showed appreciable lesion and Negri bodies were visible in 6 samples, only. Out of 23 brain samples examined. 12 samples were found positive in N gene RT-PCR and qPCR, and 10 samples in G gene RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of N gene revealed that test isolates (except sample ID: lion-1; lion, Gir) form a close group with sequence ID, KM099393.1 (Mongoose, Hyderabad) and KF660246.1 (Water Buffalo, Hyderabad) which was far from some south Indian and Sri Lankan isolates but similar to Indian isolates from rest of India and neighboring countries. In G gene analysis, the test isolates form a close group with sequence ID, KP019943.1. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01126-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik G. Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Arun C. Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Samir H. Raval
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Kishan K. Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Sandip S. Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Harshad C. Chauhan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Rohit S. Parmar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Mehul D. Shrimali
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Hitesh G. Vamja
- Gir (East) Forest Division-Dhari, Gov. of Gujarat, Dhari, Gujarat India
| | - Jitendra Bhatol
- Forest Division- Banaskantha, Gov. of Gujarat, Banaskantha, Gujarat India
| | - Sushil K. Mohapatra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
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Tiwari HK, Gogoi-Tiwari J, Robertson ID. Eliminating dog-mediated rabies: challenges and strategies. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRabies is an acute encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. It is primarily transmitted through bites of infected dogs which results in the worldwide death of an estimated 59000 humans every year. The disease is preventable through the application of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and its elimination has been demonstrated in many countries by applying multiple interventions simultaneously. Nonetheless, rabies is still widespread in many developing countries, primarily due to the poor implementation of intervention strategies that include inadequate dog-bite wound management practices, unavailability/unaffordability of PEP by the communities, failure to control the disease in free-roaming dogs and wildlife, improper dog population management, weak surveillance and diagnostic facilities and a lack of a One Health approach to the disease. In this review, strategies to control dog-mediated rabies through a One Health approach were discussed. We recommend applying multiple interventions against the disease by involving all the concerned stakeholders in selected urban and rural areas of the countries where rabies is endemic. An empirical demonstration of disease freedom in the selected areas through a One Health approach is needed to convince policymakers to invest in rabies prevention and control on the national level. This multifaceted One Health control model will enhance the likelihood of achieving the goal of global rabies eradication by 2030.
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Hassine TB, Ali MB, Ghodhbane I, Said ZB, Hammami S. Rabies in Tunisia: A spatio-temporal analysis in the region of CapBon-Nabeul. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105822. [PMID: 33421422 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies is a significant public health concern in Tunisia. However, the spatiotemporal spread pattern of rabies in dogs, the major reservoir and vector, and its determinants are poorly understood. We collected geographic locations and timeline of reported animal rabies cases in the region of CapBon (study area), for the years 2015-2019 and integrated them in Geographical Information System (GIS) approach to explore the spatio-temporal pattern of dog rabies. The results show that roads and irrigated areas can act as ecological corridors to viral spread. Our study showed that there was a significant seasonal variation in the number of cases of rabies recorded, with a strong peak in spring and lower peak in winter and summer. These findings may play a role in updating and directing public health policy, as well as providing opportunities for authorities to explore control options in time and space. A better knowledge of the ecology and dog population dynamics is still necessary and important to achieve an effective rabies control.
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Pharande RR, Majee SB, Gaikwad SS, Moregoankar SD, Bannalikar A, Doiphode A, Gandge R, Dighe D, Ingle S, Mukherjee S. Evolutionary analysis of rabies virus using the partial Nucleoprotein and Glycoprotein gene in Mumbai region of India. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33544071 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 1.7 million cases of dog bites are reported every year in India and many cases of animal rabies are left unattended and undiagnosed. Therefore, a mere diagnosis of rabies is not sufficient to understand the epidemiology and the spread of the rabies virus (RV) in animals. There is a paucity of information about the evolutionary dynamics of RV in dogs and its biodiversity patterns in India. In total, 50 dog-brain samples suspected of rabies were screened by the nucleoprotein- (N) and glycoprotein- (G) gene PCR. The N and G genes were subsequently sequenced to understand the molecular evolution in these genes. The phylogenetic analysis of the N gene revealed that six isolates in the Mumbai region belonged to a single Arctic lineage. Time-scaled phylogeny by Bayesian coalescent analysis of the partial N gene revealed that the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the sequences belonged to the cluster from 2006.68 with a highest posterior density of 95 % betweeen 2005-2008, which is assigned to Indian lineage I. Migration pattern revealed a strong Bayes factor between Mumbai to Delhi, Panji to Hyderabad, Delhi to Chennai, and Chennai to Chandigarh. Phylogenetic analysis of the G gene revealed that the RVs circulating in the Mumbai region are divided into three lineages. Time-scaled phylogeny by the Bayesian coalescent analysis method estimated that the TMRCA for sequences under study was from 1993 and Indian clusters was from 1962. In conclusion, the phylogenetic analysis of the N gene revealed that six isolates belonged to single Arctic lineages along with other Indian isolates and they were clustered into a single lineage but divided into three clades based on the G-gene sequences. The present study highlights and enhances the current molecular epidemiology and evolution of RV and revealed strong location bias and geographical clustering within Indian isolates on the basis of N and G genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharmila Badal Majee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-400012, India
| | - Satish S Gaikwad
- Animal Biotechnology Educational and Research Cell, COVAS, Parbhani, India
| | | | | | - Aakash Doiphode
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, KNPCVS, Shirval, Pune, India
| | - Rajashri Gandge
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Mumbai, India
| | - Dhananjay Dighe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Sonal Ingle
- Animal Biotechnology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Mumbai
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Gigante CM, Yale G, Condori RE, Costa NC, Long NV, Minh PQ, Chuong VD, Tho ND, Thanh NT, Thin NX, Hanh NTH, Wambura G, Ade F, Mito O, Chuchu V, Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Hampson K, Thumbi SM, Thomae BG, de Paz VH, Meneses S, Munyua P, Moran D, Cadena L, Gibson A, Wallace RM, Pieracci EG, Li Y. Portable Rabies Virus Sequencing in Canine Rabies Endemic Countries Using the Oxford Nanopore MinION. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111255. [PMID: 33158200 PMCID: PMC7694271 DOI: 10.3390/v12111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As countries with endemic canine rabies progress towards elimination by 2030, it will become necessary to employ techniques to help plan, monitor, and confirm canine rabies elimination. Sequencing can provide critical information to inform control and vaccination strategies by identifying genetically distinct virus variants that may have different host reservoir species or geographic distributions. However, many rabies testing laboratories lack the resources or expertise for sequencing, especially in remote or rural areas where human rabies deaths are highest. We developed a low-cost, high throughput rabies virus sequencing method using the Oxford Nanopore MinION portable sequencer. A total of 259 sequences were generated from diverse rabies virus isolates in public health laboratories lacking rabies virus sequencing capacity in Guatemala, India, Kenya, and Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis provided valuable insight into rabies virus diversity and distribution in these countries and identified a new rabies virus lineage in Kenya, the first published canine rabies virus sequence from Guatemala, evidence of rabies spread across an international border in Vietnam, and importation of a rabid dog into a state working to become rabies-free in India. Taken together, our evaluation highlights the MinION's potential for low-cost, high volume sequencing of pathogens in locations with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M. Gigante
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa 403001, India;
| | - Rene Edgar Condori
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Niceta Cunha Costa
- Disease Investigation Unit, Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India;
| | - Nguyen Van Long
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Phan Quang Minh
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Vo Dinh Chuong
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Nguyen Dang Tho
- National Center for Veterinary Diseases, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Nguyen Tat Thanh
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Nguyen Xuan Thin
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Gati Wambura
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Frederick Ade
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Oscar Mito
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Veronicah Chuchu
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Samuel M. Thumbi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Byron G. Thomae
- Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Food, Guatemala City 01013, Guatemala;
| | - Victor Hugo de Paz
- National Health Laboratory, MSPAS, Villa Nueva 01064, Guatemala; (V.H.d.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Meneses
- National Health Laboratory, MSPAS, Villa Nueva 01064, Guatemala; (V.H.d.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - David Moran
- University del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala;
| | - Loren Cadena
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala;
| | - Andrew Gibson
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Ryan M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Emily G. Pieracci
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Suleiman MA, Kwaga JK, Okubanjo OO, Abarshi MM, Kia GSN. Molecular study of rabies virus in slaughtered dogs in Billiri and Kaltungo local government areas of Gombe state, Nigeria. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105461. [PMID: 32243880 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is one of the most dreadful diseases and a major viral zoonosis which has been shown to cause an almost 100% fatality rate in infected victims. It is characterized by acute progressive encephalitis in mammals. This study determined the genotypic characteristics of rabies virus in dogs slaughtered for human consumption based on sequence of a fragment of nucleoprotein gene. Brain tissues were collected from 50 dogs slaughtered in Billiri and Kaltungo Local Government Areas of Gombe State, Nigeria. Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) was used to screen for the presence of rabies virus antigen. Viral RNA isolated from DFAT positive brain tissues were subjected to the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing of the amplicons. Maximum Likelihood (ML) was used to construct a phylogenetic tree for sequences obtained with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The DFAT detected rabies antigen in 3 (6%) of the 50 dog brain tissues, from which 1 (2%) was positive by RT-PCR. ML phylogeny approach of the nucleotide sequences inferred members as originating lyssavirus genus and dog species. Essentially, MK234794 in this study displayed 99.3% sequence similarity with other related rabies viruses in the Africa 2 cluster (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger). Interestingly, MK234794 showed no cluster relation with the Africa 1a, 1b, 3 and Africa 4 clades, respectively. This indicates there is in-country and trans-boundary circulation of the rabies viruses with no co-circulation between the Africa lineages, especially as dogs are continuously being traded due to consumption of dog meat in West Africa. This finding has given additional insight into the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Nigeria, therefore providing more baseline information for future design of rabies control programs in the country.
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Manjunatha Reddy GB, Krishnappa S, Vinayagamurthy B, Singh R, Singh KP, Saminathan M, Sajjanar B, Rahman H. Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus circulating in domestic animals in India. Virusdisease 2018; 29:362-368. [PMID: 30159372 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected viral zoonotic disease affecting humans, domestic and wild animals and is endemic in most parts of the India. Dog mediated rabies is more predominant than other forms of rabies and molecular epidemiology is poorly understood in both reservoir and susceptible hosts. In the present study, a total of 140 rabies suspected brain samples from different species of animals from different geographical regions of India were used. The samples were parallelly tested by direct fluorescent antibody test, reverse transcriptase PCR and real-time PCR. Thirty positive samples were subjected for partial nucleoprotein gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. On sequence and phylogenetic analysis, it was observed that all Indian rabies viruses belonged to classical rabies virus of genotype 1 of Lyssavirus and formed two distinct groups. The majority of isolates were in group-1 and are closely related to arctic/arctic like lineage, whereas group-II isolated are closely related to cosmopolitan lineage. These results indicated there is simultaneous existence of two distinct lineages of rabies viruses in Indian subcontinent. Further whole genome studies are needed for better understanding of molecular epidemiology of rabies virus circulating in animals for control and prevention of rabies in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumana Krishnappa
- 1ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy
- 1ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- 2Division of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- 3CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- 2Division of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - Basavaraj Sajjanar
- 4Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - Habibur Rahman
- International Livestock Research Institute, NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
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Castillo-Neyra R, Zegarra E, Monroy Y, Bernedo RF, Cornejo-Rosello I, Paz-Soldan VA, Levy MZ. Spatial Association of Canine Rabies Outbreak and Ecological Urban Corridors, Arequipa, Peru. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2030038. [PMID: 30270895 PMCID: PMC6082090 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the city of Arequipa, Peru, a rabid dog was detected in March 2015, marking the reintroduction of the rabies virus in the area; more rabid dogs have been detected since then. The presence of free-roaming dogs in Arequipa seems to be higher in dry water channels, which are widespread in the city. We created a geographic information system (GIS) with surveillance data on the location of rabid dogs detected during the first year of the outbreak, as well as the water channels. We conducted a spatial analysis using Monte Carlo simulations to determine if detected rabid dogs were closer to the water channels than expected. Thirty rabid dogs were detected during the first year of the outbreak, and they were statistically associated with the water channels (average distance to closest water channel = 334 m; p-value = 0.027). Water channels might play a role in the ecology of free-roaming dog populations, functioning as ecological corridors. Landscape ecology could assist in understanding the impact of these urban structures on control activities and the persistence of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
| | - Edith Zegarra
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | - Ynes Monroy
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | - Reyno F Bernedo
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | | | - Valerie A Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
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Zhang Y, Vrancken B, Feng Y, Dellicour S, Yang Q, Yang W, Zhang Y, Dong L, Pybus OG, Zhang H, Tian H. Cross-border spread, lineage displacement and evolutionary rate estimation of rabies virus in Yunnan Province, China. Virol J 2017; 14:102. [PMID: 28578663 PMCID: PMC5457581 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is an important but underestimated threat to public health, with most cases reported in Asia. Since 2000, a new epidemic wave of rabies has emerged in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, which borders three countries in Southeast Asia. Method We estimated gene-specific evolutionary rates for rabies virus using available data in GenBank, then used this information to calibrate the timescale of rabies virus (RABV) spread in Asia. We used 452 publicly available geo-referenced complete nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences, including 52 RABV sequences that were recently generated from samples collected in Yunnan between 2008 and 2012. Results The RABV N gene evolutionary rate was estimated to be 1.88 × 10−4 (1.37–2.41 × 10−4, 95% Bayesian credible interval, BCI) substitutions per site per year. Phylogenetic reconstructions show that the currently circulating RABV lineages in Yunnan result from at least seven independent introductions (95% BCI: 6–9 introductions) and represent each of the three main Asian RABV lineages, SEA-1, -2 and -3. We find that Yunnan is a sink location for the domestic spread of RABV and connects RABV epidemics in North China, South China, and Southeast Asia. Cross-border spread from southeast Asia (SEA) into South China, and intermixing of the North and South China epidemics is also well supported. The influx of RABV into Yunnan from SEA was not well-supported, likely due to the poor sampling of SEA RABV diversity. We found evidence for a lineage displacement of the Yunnan SEA-2 and -3 lineages by Yunnan SEA-1 strains, and considered whether this could be attributed to fitness differences. Conclusion Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of the spread of RABV that could facilitate future rabies virus control and prevention efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0769-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China.
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Mehta S, Charan P, Dahake R, Mukherjee S, Chowdhary A. Molecular characterization of nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus from Maharashtra, India. J Postgrad Med 2017; 62:105-8. [PMID: 26821566 PMCID: PMC4944340 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.175006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Rabies poses a serious public health concern in developing countries such as India. Aims: The study focuses on molecular diagnosis of street rabies virus (RABV) from human clinical specimens received from Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: Nucleoprotein gene from eight (of total 20 suspected samples) rabies cases that tested positive for rabies antigen using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were sequenced. Results: Sequence analysis using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) and multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and phylogenetic analysis showed similarity to previously reported sequences from India and those of Arctic lineages. Conclusions: The circulating RABV strains in Maharashtra, India show genetic relatedness to RABV strains reported from Indo-Arctic lineages and India-South and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Charan
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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11
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Phylogenetic analysis of Indian rabies virus isolates targeting the complete glycoprotein gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:333-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Sharma P, Singh CK, Narang D. Comparison of immunochromatographic diagnostic test with Hheminested Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies virus from brain samples of various species. Vet World 2015; 8:135-8. [PMID: 27047061 PMCID: PMC4774692 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.135-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Detection of rabies is a cause of serious concern in developing countries, where dearth of highly equipped laboratories and trained personnel to handle sophisticated investigations is felt. The availability of a diagnostic kit, which can be used in the field, is essential for diagnosis and control programs as well as for epidemiological surveillance of the prevalence of the disease. This study was planned to evaluate anigen rabies Ag test kit for its efficacy to be used for rapid diagnosis of rabies under field conditions. The test results were compared with hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and with a gold standard fluorescent antibody test. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 34 brain samples from different rabies suspected animals including dogs, buffaloes, cow, horse, and cat were examined in this study. RESULTS Sensitivity of the kit was found to be 91.66%, specificity 100%, and accuracy was 94.11%. CONCLUSION The study implies that the immunochromatographic diagnostic test kit may be employed for diagnosis of rabies in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranoti Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - C K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - Deepti Narang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
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13
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Reddy RVC, Mohana Subramanian B, Surendra KSNL, Babu RPA, Rana SK, Manjari KS, Srinivasan VA. Rabies virus isolates of India - simultaneous existence of two distinct evolutionary lineages. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:163-72. [PMID: 25077994 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal viral disease of serious public health implication. The disease is enzootic in India. In the present study, thirty six rabies virus isolates were obtained from terrestrial mammals of India during 2002-2012. Ecto-domain coding region of the glycoprotein gene from all the isolates were sequenced and the phylogenetic analysis was performed in relation to the global rabies and rabies related virus isolates. The Indian isolates grouped into two distinctly separate lineages with majority of the Indian isolates in Arctic like 1 lineage and the remaining isolates in sub-continental lineage. Isolates of the two distinct lineages were identified simultaneously from the same geographical region. Time scaled phylogenetic tree indicated that the sub-continental lineage of the virus is one of the earliest clade of rabies virus that diverged from bat rabies virus. On the contrary, the Arctic-like 1 lineage of India appeared to be a more recent divergence event. The amino acid sequence comparison revealed that all the major antigenic sites were almost conserved among the Indian isolates whereas few amino acid variations could be identified around site IIa, minor site I and IV. The dN/dS study based on G ecto-domain is in support of the earlier reports of strong purifying selection. In conclusion, it is evident that the Indian rabies virus isolates are of two major distinct lineages with distant phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Chandrasekhar Reddy
- Research and Development Laboratory, National Dairy Development Board, c/o Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, India
| | - B Mohana Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Chennai 600051, India
| | - K S N L Surendra
- Research and Development Laboratory, National Dairy Development Board, c/o Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - R P Aravindh Babu
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Chennai 600051, India; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India
| | - S K Rana
- Research and Development Laboratory, National Dairy Development Board, c/o Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - K Sunitha Manjari
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune 411007, India
| | - V A Srinivasan
- Advisor (Animal Health), National Dairy Development Board, 33, Telecom nagar, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India.
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14
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Mani RS, Madhusudana SN, Mahadevan A, Reddy V, Belludi AY, Shankar SK. Utility of real-time Taqman PCR for antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of human rabies. J Med Virol 2013; 86:1804-12. [PMID: 24136727 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies, a fatal zoonotic viral encephalitis remains a neglected disease in India despite a high disease burden. Laboratory confirmation is essential, especially in patients with paralytic rabies who pose a diagnostic dilemma. However, conventional tests for diagnosis of rabies have several limitations. In the present study the utility of a real-time TaqMan PCR assay was evaluated for antemortem/postmortem diagnosis of rabies. Human clinical samples received for antemortem rabies diagnosis (CSF, saliva, nuchal skin biopsy, serum), and samples obtained postmortem from laboratory confirmed rabies in humans (brain tissue, CSF, serum) and animals (brain tissue) were included in the study. All CSF and sera were tested for rabies viral neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and all samples (except sera) were processed for detection of rabies viral RNA by real-time TaqMan PCR. All the 29 (100%) brain tissues from confirmed cases of human and animal rabies, and 11/14 (78.5%) CSF samples obtained postmortem from confirmed human rabies cases were positive by real-time TaqMan PCR. Rabies viral RNA was detected in 5/11 (45.4%) CSF samples, 6/10 (60%) nuchal skin biopsies, and 6/7 (85.7%) saliva samples received for antemortem diagnosis. Real-time TaqMan PCR alone could achieve antemortem rabies diagnosis in 11/13 (84.6%) cases; combined with RVNA detection in CSF antemortem rabies diagnosis could be achieved in all 13 (100%) cases. Real-time TaqMan PCR should be made available widely as an adjunctive test for diagnosis of human rabies in high disease burden countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Subramaniam Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Bangalore, India
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15
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Madhusudana S, Mani R, Ashwin Y, Desai A. Rabid Fox Bites and Human Rabies in a Village Community in Southern India: Epidemiological and Laboratory Investigations, Management and Follow-Up. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:324-9. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S.N. Madhusudana
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), and WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Bangalore, India
| | - Reeta Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), and WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Bangalore, India
| | - Y.B. Ashwin
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), and WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), and WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Bangalore, India
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16
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Ward MP. Review of rabies epidemiology and control in South, South East and East Asia: past, present and prospects for elimination. Zoonoses Public Health 2013. [PMID: 23180493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a serious public health problem in Asia. It causes substantial animal welfare, economic and human health impacts, with approximately 39,000 human deaths each year. Domestic dogs are the main reservoir and source of rabies in Asia. Common constraints for the control of rabies in the countries of Asia include inadequate resources; lack of political commitment to control programs; lack of consensus on strategy; weak intersectoral coordination and inadequate management structure; insensitive surveillance systems; limited accessibility to modern rabies vaccine and supply problems; lack of public awareness and public cooperation; and the existence of myths and religious issues. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of rabies in both human and animals in each South and South East Asian country, the past and current approaches to control and the prospect for rabies elimination. We conclude that defining the cost of rabies to society and communicating this to decisionmakers might be the key to achieving such an advance.
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17
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Madhusudana SN, Subha S, Thankappan U, Ashwin YB. Evaluation of a direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) for rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals and humans. Virol Sin 2012; 27:299-302. [PMID: 23055005 PMCID: PMC8218131 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay (dFA) which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein (N) antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under light microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampur Narayan Madhusudana
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
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18
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Xie T, Yu H, Wu J, Ming P, Huang S, Shen Z, Xu G, Yan J, Yu B, Zhou D. Molecular characterization of the complete genome of a street rabies virus WH11 isolated from donkey in China. Virus Genes 2012; 45:452-62. [PMID: 22836559 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The complete genomic sequence of a rabies virus isolate WH11, isolated from brain tissue of a rabid donkey in China, was determined and compared with other rabies viruses. This is the first Chinese street strain which was isolated from donkey and the entire length and organization of the virus was similar to that of other rabies viruses. Multiple alignments of amino acid sequences of the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, glycoprotein, and large protein of WH11 with those of other rabies viruses were undertaken to examine the conservative degree of functional regions. Phylogenetic analysis using the complete genomic sequence of WH11 determined that this isolate is most closely related with rabies viruses previously isolated in China and the attenuated Chinese vaccine strain CTN181.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbo Xie
- Center for Rabies Diagnosis, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Recent emergence of the Arctic rabies virus lineage. Virus Res 2011; 163:352-62. [PMID: 22100340 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rabies viruses that circulate in Arctic countries and in much of northern and central Asia are phylogenetically closely related and collectively referred to as the Arctic/Arctic-like (AL) lineage. The emergence and spread of this lineage is of significant interest given that rabies remains a serious zoonotic disease in many parts of Asia, especially in India where the prevalence of dog rabies leads to frequent human exposures and deaths. Previous molecular epidemiological studies of rabies viruses in India identified the AL lineage as the type circulating across much of the country. To further explore the relationship of Indian and Arctic rabies viruses, a collection of samples recovered from Rajasthan state in northern India was characterised at the N gene locus. Combination of these data with a larger collection of samples from India, central/northern Asia and the Arctic has permitted detailed phylogenetic analysis of this viral lineage and estimation of its time-frame of emergence. These analyses suggest that most current Indian viruses emerged from a common progenitor within the last 40 years and that the entire Arctic/AL lineage emerged within the last 200 years, a time-frame in accord with historical records of the invasion of Canada by the Arctic clade.
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20
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Yang DK, Park YN, Hong GS, Kang HK, Oh YI, Cho SD, Song JY. Molecular characterization of Korean rabies virus isolates. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:57-63. [PMID: 21368564 PMCID: PMC3053468 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) of 11 Korean rabies virus (RABV) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. Six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. The similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the N gene among all Korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the G gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. Based on the nucleotide analysis of the N and G genes, the Korean RABV isolates were confirmed as genotype I of Lyssavirus and classified into four distinct subgroups with high similarity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Korean isolates were most closely related to the non-Korean NeiMeng1025B and 857r strains, which were isolated from rabid raccoon dogs in Eastern China and Russia, respectively. These findings suggest that the Korean RABV isolates originated from a rabid raccoon dog in Northeastern Asia. Genetic analysis of the Korean RABV isolates revealed no substitutions at several antigenic sites, indicating that the isolates circulating in Korea may be pathogenic in several hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kun Yang
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang 430-824, Korea.
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21
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Reddy GBM, Singh R, Singh RP, Singh KP, Gupta PK, Desai A, Shankar SK, Ramakrishnan MA, Verma R. Molecular characterization of Indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes. Virus Genes 2011; 43:13-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
We report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus (RABV) strains circulating in animal populations in Bhutan, and investigate potential origins of these viruses. Twenty-three RABV isolates originating from dogs and other domestic animals were characterized by sequencing the partial nucleoprotein (N) gene (395 bp). Phylogenetic analysis was conducted and the Bhutanese isolates were compared with rabies viruses originating from other parts of the world. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Bhutanese isolates were highly similar and were closely related to Indian strains and South Asian Arctic-like-1 viruses. Our study suggests that the rabies viruses spreading in southern parts of Bhutan have originated from a common ancestor, perhaps from the Indian virus strain.
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23
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Gong W, Jiang Y, Za Y, Zeng Z, Shao M, Fan J, Sun Y, Xiong Z, Yu X, Tu C. Temporal and spatial dynamics of rabies viruses in China and Southeast Asia. Virus Res 2010; 150:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Nandi S, Kumar M. Development in Immunoprophylaxis against Rabies for Animals and Humans. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2010; 2:3-21. [PMID: 23407587 PMCID: PMC3558146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal neurological disease and a persistent global problem. It is spread primarily by domestic dogs but other canid, viverrid (skunks and raccoons) and chiropteran species are considered as the most efficient vectors of the disease. Since dogs are the main perpetuator of rabies, special attention has to be given to bring all the dogs including unauthorized stray dogs under immunization umbrella in order to control rabies. Vaccination is the only way to combat the disease before and after exposure or infection as there is no treatment available once the symptoms have appeared. After the first crude nerve tissue vaccine developed by Pasteur in 1885, a number of rabies vaccines for animal and human use have been developed with varying degree of safety and efficacy over the years. Presently, cell culture based inactivated rabies vaccines are largely used in most of the parts of the world. However, these vaccines are too expensive and unaffordable for vaccination of people and animals in developing countries. The comparatively cheaper inactivated nerve tissues vaccines can cause serious side-effects such as autoimmune encephalomyelitis in inoculated animals and production has been discontinued in several countries. Although attenuated live vaccines can efficiently elicit a protective immune response with a smaller amount of virus, they sometimes can cause rabies in the inoculated animals by its residual virulence or pathogenic mutation during viral propagation in the body. New-generation rabies vaccines generated by gene manipulation although in experimental stage may be a suitable alternative to overcome the disadvantages of the live attenuated vaccines. So, awareness must be created in general public about the disease and the cell culture based vaccines available in the market should be recommended for wide scale use to prevent and control this emerging and reemerging infectious disease in foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukdeb Nandi
- Corresponding author: Sukdeb Nandi, Ph.D., Virology Laboratory, Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, U.P., India. E-mail:
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25
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Tao XY, Tang Q, Li H, Mo ZJ, Zhang H, Wang DM, Zhang Q, Song M, Velasco-Villa A, Wu X, Rupprecht CE, Liang GD. Molecular epidemiology of rabies in Southern People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1192-8. [PMID: 19751579 PMCID: PMC2815963 DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration and transport of dogs may have caused recent epidemics of human rabies. In recent years, the number of human rabies cases in the People’s Republic of China has increased during severe epidemics in 3 southern provinces (Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan). To analyze the causes of the high incidence of human rabies in this region, during 2005–2007, we collected 2,887 brain specimens from apparently healthy domestic dogs used for meat consumption in restaurants, 4 specimens from suspected rabid dogs, and 3 from humans with rabies in the 3 provinces. Partial nucleoprotein gene sequences were obtained from rabies-positive specimens. Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of viruses were determined. We infer that the spread of rabies viruses from high-incidence regions, particularly by long-distance movement or transprovincial translocation of dogs caused by human-related activities, may be 1 cause of the recent massive human rabies epidemics in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Tao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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26
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Kuzmin IV, Hughes GJ, Botvinkin AD, Gribencha SG, Rupprecht CE. Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary history. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136:509-19. [PMID: 17599781 PMCID: PMC2870842 DOI: 10.1017/s095026880700903x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-one newly sequenced isolates of Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses, were genetically compared to each other and to those available from GenBank. Four phylogenetic lineages of Arctic viruses were identified. Arctic-1 viruses circulate in Ontario, Arctic-2 viruses circulate in Siberia and Alaska, Arctic-3 viruses circulate circumpolarly, and a newly described lineage Arctic-4 circulates locally in Alaska. The oldest available isolates from Siberia (between 1950 and 1960) belong to the Arctic-2 and Arctic-3 lineages and share 98.6-99.2% N gene identity with contemporary viruses. Two lineages of Arctic-like viruses were identified in southern Asia and the Middle East (Arctic-like-1) and eastern Asia (Arctic-like-2). A time-scaled tree demonstrates that the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of Arctic and Arctic-like viruses is dated between 1255 and 1786. Evolution of the Arctic viruses has occurred through a northerly spread. The Arctic-like-2 lineage diverged first, whereas Arctic viruses share a TMRCA with Arctic-like-1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Kuzmin
- Rabies Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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27
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Nagaraja T, Madhusudana S, Desai A. Molecular characterization of the full-length genome of a rabies virus isolate from India. Virus Genes 2008; 36:449-59. [PMID: 18363090 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an important public health problem in South East Asia, with cases in this part of the world contributing to about 70% of the global burden. A large number of rabies cases occur in India, however, there is no organized system of surveillance and hence there is a lack of reliable data. Moreover, comprehensive molecular epidemiological studies have not been performed on Indian virus isolates. In this study, we determined the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of a primary isolate of rabies virus obtained from the brain of an infected patient. Comparison of the genomic sequence with those of the ten fully sequenced rabies strains available in GenBank showed nucleotide homology ranging from 97% with AY956319 to 81% with AY705373. Amino acid homology of nucleoprotein ranged from 99.7% with AY352493 to 92% with DQ875051. In case of the glycoprotein gene, the homology ranged from 98.8% with AY956319 to 87.2 % with AY705373. An extensive nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, and full-length genome-based phylogenetic analysis was performed along with sequences available from the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequence indicated that this isolate exhibited close homology with the ex Indian strain AY956319.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirumuru Nagaraja
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
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28
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Nagarajan T, Rupprecht CE, Dessain SK, Rangarajan PN, Thiagarajan D, Srinivasan VA. Human monoclonal antibody and vaccine approaches to prevent human rabies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 317:67-101. [PMID: 17990790 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72146-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, being a major zoonotic disease, significantly impacts global public health. It is invariably fatal once clinical signs are apparent. The majority of human rabies deaths occur in developing countries. India alone reports more than 50% of the global rabies deaths. Although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, effective rabies prevention in humans with category III bites requires the combined administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and vaccine. Cell culture rabies vaccines have become widely available in developing countries, virtually replacing the inferior and unsafe nerve tissue vaccines. Limitations inherent to the conventional RIG of either equine or human origin have prompted scientists to look for monoclonal antibody-based human RIG as an alternative. Fully human monoclonal antibodies have been found to be safer and equally efficacious than conventional RIG when tested in mice and hamsters. In this chapter, rabies epidemiology, reservoir control measures, post-exposure prophylaxis of human rabies, and combination therapy for rabies are discussed. Novel human monoclonal antibodies, their production, and the significance of plants as expression platforms are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagarajan
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, India.
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Sugiyama M, Ito N. Control of rabies: Epidemiology of rabies in Asia and development of new-generation vaccines for rabies. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:273-86. [PMID: 17619057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an enzootic viral disease widespread throughout the world. Although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, the annual number of human deaths caused by rabies is estimated to be 32,000 in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data of the partial N gene of rabies viruses in Asia has shown that the viruses are divided into five genogroups, distributed in Middle East, South Asia, South East Asia, Malay, and Arctic regions. The genetic relationships among these rabies viruses agree basically with the results of previous studies. Meanwhile, new types of vaccines are being developed by applying gene manipulation techniques to rabies virus in order to overcome the disadvantages of current vaccines. This article reviews the molecular epidemiology of rabies in Asia and progress made in the development of new-generation rabies vaccines with the goal of elimination or control of rabies in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sugiyama
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Hu RL, Liu Y, Zhang SF, Zhang F, Fooks AR. Experimental immunization of cats with a recombinant rabies-canine adenovirus vaccine elicits a long-lasting neutralizing antibody response against rabies. Vaccine 2007; 25:5301-7. [PMID: 17576027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, human rabies caused by cats has ranked the second highest in China. Several recombinant rabies vaccines have been developed for dogs. However, seldom have these vaccines been assessed or used in cats. In this trial, we report the experimental immunization of a recombinant canine adenovirus-rabies vaccine, CAV-2-E3Delta-RGP, in cats. Thirty cats were inoculated with the recombinant vaccine intramuscularly, orally and intranasally, respectively. Safety and efficacy studies were undertaken using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test and evaluated. Results showed that this recombinant vaccine is safe for cats as demonstrated by the three different routes of administration. The vaccine stimulated an efficient humoral response in the vaccinated cats when 10(8.5)PFU/ml of the recombinant vaccine was injected intramuscularly in a single dose. The neutralizing antibody level increased above 0.5IU/ml at 4 weeks after the vaccination. The mean antibody level ranged from 0.96+/-0.26 to 4.47+/-1.57IU/ml among individuals, and the antibody levels were elicited for at least 12 months. After this period, the immunized cats survived the challenge of CVS-24 and an obvious anemnestic and protective immune response was stimulated after the challenge. The immune response occurred later than the inactivated vaccine and the overall antibody level in the vaccinated cats was lower, but it was sufficient to confer protection of cats against infection. This demonstrated that a single, intramuscular dose of CAV-2-E3Delta-RGP stimulated a long-lasting protective immune response in cats and suggested that CAV-2-E3Delta-RGP could be considered as a potential rabies vaccine candidate for cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.
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