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Safain KS, Islam MS, Amatullah J, Mahmud-Un-Nabi MA, Bhuyan GS, Rahman J, Sarker SK, Islam MT, Sultana R, Qadri F, Mannoor K. Prevalence of silver resistance determinants and extended-spectrum β-lactamases in bacterial species causing wound infection: First report from Bangladesh. New Microbes New Infect 2023; 52:101104. [PMID: 36915390 PMCID: PMC10006487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of silver is rapidly rising in wound care and silver-containing dressings are widely used along with other antibiotics, particularly β-lactams. Consequently, concerns are being raised regarding the emergence of silver-resistance and cross-resistance to β-lactams. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of silver-resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamases in isolates from chronic wounds. Methods 317 wound swab specimens were collected from tertiary hospitals of Dhaka city and analysed for the microbial identification. The antibiotic resistance/susceptibility profiles were determined and phenotypes of silver resistant isolates were examined. The presence of silver-resistance (sil) genes (silE, silP, and silS) and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) (CTX-M-1, NDM-1, KPC, OXA-48, and VIM-1) were explored in isolated microorganisms. Results A total of 501 strains were isolated with Staphylococcus aureus (24%) as the predominant organism. In 29% of the samples, polymicrobial infections were observed. A large proportion of Enterobacterales (59%) was resistant to carbapenems and a significantly high multiple antibiotic-resistance indexes (>0.2) were seen for 53% of organisms (P < 0.001). According to molecular analysis, the most prevalent types of ESBL and sil gene were CTX-M-1 (47%) and silE (42%), respectively. Furthermore, phenotypic silver-nitrate susceptibility testing showed significant minimum-inhibitory-concentration patterns between sil-negative and sil-positive isolates. We further observed co-occurrence of silver-resistance determinants and ESBLs (65%). Conclusions Notably, this is the first-time detection of silver-resistance along with its co-detection with ESBLs in Bangladesh. This research highlights the need for selecting appropriate treatment strategies and developing new alternative therapies to minimize microbial infection in wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Sarjana Safain
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sazzadul Islam
- Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jumanah Amatullah
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Al Mahmud-Un-Nabi
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Sarower Bhuyan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jakia Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suprovath Kumar Sarker
- Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tarikul Islam
- Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rosy Sultana
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Immunology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Enteric and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kaiissar Mannoor
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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2
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Singh A, Chauhan S, Varjani S, Pandey A, Bhargava PC. Integrated approaches to mitigate threats from emerging potentially toxic elements: A way forward for sustainable environmental management. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112844. [PMID: 35101398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as toxic metal (loid)s and other emerging hazardous contaminants, exist in the environment and poses a serious threat. A large amount of wastewater containing PTEs such as cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, arsenic, lead, zinc, etc. Release from industries during production process. Besides these, chemical-based fertilizers used in soils during crop production have become one of the crucial sources of PTEs. Various techniques are being employed for the mitigation of PTEs like chemical precipitation, ion exchange, coagulation, activated carbon, adsorption, membrane filtration, and bioremediation. Among these mitigation strategies, biological processes such as bioremediation, phytoremediation etc. Are extensively used, as they are economic have high-efficiency rate and are eco-friendly. This review intends to provide information on PTEs contamination through various sources; along with the toxicity of metal (loid)s with respect to their patterns of transmission and risks in the changing environment. Various remediation methods for the management of these pollutants along with their techno-economic perspective are also summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shraddha Chauhan
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Transnational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007,Uttarakhand, India
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi Bhargava
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Perez-Palacios P, Delgado-Valverde M, Gual-de-Torrella A, Oteo-Iglesias J, Pascual Á, Fernández-Cuenca F. Co-transfer of plasmid-encoded bla carbapenemases genes and mercury resistance operon in high-risk clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9231-9242. [PMID: 34846573 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp) is a real global health threat. Environmental reservoirs of resistance gene determinats, such as effluents of hospital wastewaters, are acquiring increased relevance in the selection of plasmid-encoded carbapenemase genes. The presence of Hg in environmental reservoirs may exert a positive selective pressure on tolerant bacteria, favoring the co-transfer of carbapenemase genes and mer operons. In our study, 63 CP-Kp isolates were screened for mer operons by whole genome sequencing (MySeq). Conjugation assays were performed with 24 out of 63 CP-Kp isolates harboring the mer operon. Ten transconjugants (Tc-Kp) were selected with Hg. Plasmid DNA of Tc-Kp was extracted and sequenced using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology (PacBio, Sequel II system) with later annotation. Plasmid analysis revealed that Tc-Kp from blaIMP-like (n = 3) showed a single plasmid belonging to IncC group with two complete mer operon next to blaIMP-like. Tc-Kp from blaVIM-1 (n = 2) harbored two plasmids, one with blaVIM-1 in an IncL, and mer operon was in an IncFIB plasmid. Tc-Kp from blaOXA-48-like (n = 5) showed 2 plasmids. blaOXA-48-like was found in an IncL plasmid, whereas mer operon was (i) in an IncR plasmid associated with blaCTX-M-15 in 3 Tc-Kp-OXA-48-like, (ii) in an IncC plasmid associated with blaCMY-2 in 1 Tc-Kp-OXA-48-like, (iii) and in an IncFIB plasmid associated with blaCTX-M-15 in 1 Tc-Kp-OXA-48-like. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to describe in K. pneumoniae producing plasmid-encoded carbapenemase, the potential impact of Hg in the co-transfer of mer operons and carbapenemase genes located in the same or different plasmids. KEY POINTS: • Environmental reservoirs are playing an important role in the selection of carbapenemase genes. • Conjugation assays, selecting with Hg, obtained 10 transconjugants with carbapenemase genes. • mer operons were located in the same or different plasmids than carbapenemase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Perez-Palacios
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain. .,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016, RD16/CIII/0004/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Delgado-Valverde
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain.,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016, RD16/CIII/0004/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gual-de-Torrella
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain.,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016, RD16/CIII/0004/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús Oteo-Iglesias
- Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016, RD16/CIII/0004/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pascual
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain.,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016, RD16/CIII/0004/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Felipe Fernández-Cuenca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain.,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016, RD16/CIII/0004/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Maillard JY, Kampf G, Cooper R. Antimicrobial stewardship of antiseptics that are pertinent to wounds: the need for a united approach. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab027. [PMID: 34223101 PMCID: PMC8209993 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long before the nature of infection was recognized, or the significance of biofilms in delayed healing was understood, antimicrobial agents were being used in wound care. In the last 70 years, antibiotics have provided an effective means to control wound infection, but the continued emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and the documented antibiotic tolerance of biofilms has reduced their effectiveness. A range of wound dressings containing an antimicrobial (antibiotic or non-antibiotic compound) has been developed. Whereas standardized methods for determining the efficacy of non-antibiotic antimicrobials in bacterial suspension tests were developed in the early twentieth century, standardized ways of evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial dressings against microbial suspensions and biofilms are not available. Resistance to non-antibiotic antimicrobials and cross-resistance with antibiotics has been reported, but consensus on breakpoints is absent and surveillance is impossible. Antimicrobial stewardship is therefore in jeopardy. This review highlights these difficulties and in particular the efficacy of current non-antibiotic antimicrobials used in dressings, their efficacy, and the challenges of translating in vitro efficacy data to the efficacy of dressings in patients. This review calls for a unified approach to developing standardized methods of evaluating antimicrobial dressings that will provide an improved basis for practitioners to make informed choices in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Günter Kampf
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rose Cooper
- School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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5
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Bacterial isolates harboring antibiotics and heavy-metal resistance genes co-existing with mobile genetic elements in natural aquatic water bodies. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2660-2668. [PMID: 32994725 PMCID: PMC7499102 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria and contamination of water bodies is a serious issue that demands immense attention of scientific acumen. Here, we examined the pervasiveness of ESBL producing bacteria in Dal Lake and Wular Lake of Kashmir valley, India. Isolates were screened for antibiotic, heavy metal resistant elements, and their coexistence with mobile genetic elements. Out of two hundred one isolates screened, thirty-eight were found positive for ESBL production. Antibiotic profiling of ESBL positive isolates with 16 different drugs representing β-lactam or -non-β-lactam, exhibited multidrug resistance phenotype among 55% isolates. Molecular characterization revealed the occurrence of drug resistance determinants blaTEM, AmpC, qnrS, and heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs) merB, merP, merT, silE, silP, silS, and arsC. Furthermore, mobile genetic elements IntI, SulI, ISecp1, TN3, TN21 were also detected. Conjugation assay confirmed the transfer of different ARGs, HMRGs, and mobile elements in recipient Escherichia coli J53 AZR strain. Plasmid incompatibility studies showed blaTEM to be associated with Inc groups B/O, HI1, HI2, I1, N, FIA, and FIB. Co-occurrence of blaTEM, HMRGs, and mobile elements from the aquatic milieu of Kashmir, India has not been reported so far. From this study, the detection of the blaTEM gene in the bacteria Bacillus simplex and Brevibacterium frigoritolerans are found for the first time. Considering all the facts it becomes crucial to conduct studies in natural aquatic environments that could help depict the epidemiological situations in which the resistance mechanism might have clinical relevance.
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6
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Dissemond J, Steinmann J, Münter KC, Brill H, Böttrich JG, Braunwarth H, Schümmelfeder F, Wilken P. Risk and clinical impact of bacterial resistance/susceptibility to silver-based wound dressings: a systematic review. J Wound Care 2020; 29:221-234. [PMID: 32281507 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2020.29.4.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To perform a systematic review of the literature on bacterial resistance, tolerance and susceptibility of silver within the context of wound therapy using silver-based dressings. Methods: A literature search was carried out using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, the focus was whether results from microbiological experimental in vitro tests with reference strains and clinical wound isolates are reflected in clinical practice with regards to their ‘resistance’ profiles, comparable with those observed for antibiotics. The search results were allocated to six categories: resistance and resistance mechanism, in vitro tests with standard strains and wound isolates, prevalence and incidence, impact on clinical practice and impact on antibiotic therapy as well as reviews, expert opinions and consensus. Results: Based on all findings of the literature, it cannot be confirmed that a related clinical resistance to silver-ions in silver-based dressings has clinical impact, although endogenous and exogenous genetic resistance patterns have been described and intensively investigated. A translation of these genetic resistance-expression structures to phenotypic appearances, similar to those known for antibiotics, has not been demonstrated for silver in the literature. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is no definitive evidence available and further studies should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Dissemond
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinmann
- Institute for Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Clinical Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Nuremberg Hospital, Nuremberg (Nürnberg), Germany
| | | | - Holger Brill
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Yuan L, Li ZH, Zhang MQ, Shao W, Fan YY, Sheng GP. Mercury/silver resistance genes and their association with antibiotic resistance genes and microbial community in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1014-1022. [PMID: 30677869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important reservoir for heavy metal (e.g., Hg and Ag) resistance genes and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, current knowledge on Hg/Ag resistance genes and their association with ARGs in WWTPs remains largely unknown. In this study, the fates of five Hg/Ag resistance genes (merB, merD, merR, silE, and silR), five ARGs (sulI, sulII, tetO, tetQ, tetW), and class 1 integrase (intI1) in a WWTP were investigated. Results show that the absolute abundances of all target genes were greatly reduced through the treatment systems. The dynamics of merB, merD and silE were significantly correlated with tetW and sulII. Based on network analysis, Hg/Ag resistance genes might share the same microbial hosts with tetQ and tetW, implying the potential importance of Hg/Ag in ARGs evolution and spread. These findings advanced our understanding of the occurrence of Hg/Ag resistance genes and ARGs in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zheng-Hao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming-Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang-Yang Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guo-Ping Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Porta E, Cogliati S, Francisco M, Roldán MV, Mamana N, Grau R, Pellegri N. Stable Colloidal Copper Nanoparticles Functionalized with Siloxane Groups and Their Microbicidal Activity. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-01071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Heavy Metal Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine Samples from Sweden, Germany, and Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018. [PMID: 29530862 PMCID: PMC5923176 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00209-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major health care problem, with the intensive use of heavy metals and biocides recently identified as a potential factor contributing to the aggravation of this situation. The present study investigated heavy metal susceptibility and genetic resistance determinants in Escherichia coli isolated from clinical urine samples from Sweden, Germany, and Spain. A total of 186 isolates were tested for their sodium arsenite, silver nitrate, and copper(II) sulfate MICs. In addition, 88 of these isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing for characterization of their genetic resistance determinants and epidemiology. For sodium arsenite, the isolates could be categorized into a resistant and a nonresistant group based on MIC values. Isolates of the resistant group exhibited the chromosomal ars operon and belonged to non-B2 phylogenetic groups; in contrast, within the B2 phylogroup, no ars operon was found, and the isolates were susceptible to sodium arsenite. Two isolates also harbored the silver/copper resistance determinant pco/sil, and they belonged to sequence types ST10 (phylogroup A) and ST295 (phylogroup C). The ST295 isolate had a silver nitrate MIC of ≥512 mg/liter and additionally produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the distribution of the arsenic resistance ars operon within phylogroups of E. coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. The arsenic resistance ars operon was present only in all non-B2 clades, which have previously been associated with the environment and commensalism in both humans and animals, while B2 clades lacked the ars operon.
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10
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Andrade LN, Siqueira TES, Martinez R, Darini ALC. Multidrug-Resistant CTX-M-(15, 9, 2)- and KPC-2-Producing Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter asburiae Isolates Possessed a Set of Acquired Heavy Metal Tolerance Genes Including a Chromosomal sil Operon (for Acquired Silver Resistance). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:539. [PMID: 29628916 PMCID: PMC5876308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is concern in healthcare-associated infections. On the other hand, bacterial tolerance to other antimicrobials, like heavy metals, has been neglected and underestimated in hospital pathogens. Silver has long been used as an antimicrobial agent and it seems to be an important indicator of heavy metal tolerance. To explore this perspective, we searched for the presence of acquired silver resistance genes (sil operon: silE, silS, silR, silC, silF, silB, silA, and silP) and acquired extended-spectrum cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance genes (blaCTX−M and blaKPC) in Enterobacter cloacae Complex (EcC) (n = 27) and Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 8) isolated from inpatients at a general hospital. Moreover, the genetic background of the silA (silver-efflux pump) and the presence of other acquired heavy metal tolerance genes, pcoD (copper-efflux pump), arsB (arsenite-efflux pump), terF (tellurite resistance protein), and merA (mercuric reductase) were also investigated. Outstandingly, 21/27 (78%) EcC isolates harbored silA gene located in the chromosome. Complete sil operon was found in 19/21 silA-positive EcC isolates. Interestingly, 8/20 (40%) E. hormaechei and 5/6 (83%) E. asburiae co-harbored silA/pcoD genes and blaCTX−M−(15,2,or9) and/or blaKPC−2 genes. Frequent occurrences of arsB, terF, and merA genes were detected, especially in silA/pcoD-positive, multidrug-resistant (MDR) and/or CTX-M-producing isolates. Our study showed co-presence of antibiotic and heavy metal tolerance genes in MDR EcC isolates. In our viewpoint, there are few studies regarding to bacterial heavy metal tolerance and we call attention for more investigations and discussion about this issue in different hospital pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo N Andrade
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago E S Siqueira
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Roberto Martinez
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia C Darini
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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11
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Gwin CA, Gunsch CK. Examining relationships between total silver concentration and Sil silver resistance genes in domestic wastewater treatment plants. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1638-1646. [PMID: 29444378 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The overarching aims of this study were to determine if microbes found in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) carry silver resistance genes and ascertain whether a relationship exists between silver loading and sil silver resistance gene copy numbers. METHODS AND RESULTS Activated sludge samples were collected from 17 WWTPs across the United States and characterized for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total silver concentration. Gene copy numbers were quantified using qPCR for four common silver resistance genes (silC, silP, silR and silS). Spearman correlation analyses were performed to examine associations between three WWTP characteristics (i.e. size, COD and total silver concentration) and sil gene copy numbers. sil genes were found in all activated sludge samples, however the quantity of gene copy numbers was inconsistent. Of the sil genes screened, silS was the most abundant, followed by silR. Gene copy numbers for silC and silP were generally similar and overall lower than silS and silR. CONCLUSIONS Neither individual or combined sil gene copy numbers correlated significantly with total silver concentration, suggesting either the presence of alternate mechanisms of silver resistance or that a critical silver concentration threshold within WWTPs was not met that would require specific resistance against silver. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THIS STUDY To the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first studies to measure the prevalence of sil genes in engineered systems. Results from this study suggest that at least four silver resistance genes are commonly found within WWTP-activated sludge, however it is unclear if these genes are being expressed under current total silver loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gwin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C K Gunsch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Graves JL, Thomas M, Ewunkem JA. Antimicrobial Nanomaterials: Why Evolution Matters. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7100283. [PMID: 28934114 PMCID: PMC5666448 DOI: 10.3390/nano7100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread occurrence of multidrug resistant microbes there is increasing interest in the use of novel nanostructured materials as antimicrobials. Specifically, metallic nanoparticles such as silver, copper, and gold have been deployed due to the multiple impacts they have on bacterial physiology. From this, many have concluded that such nanomaterials represent steep obstacles against the evolution of resistance. However, we have already shown that this view is fallacious. For this reason, the significance of our initial experiments are beginning to be recognized in the antimicrobial effects of nanomaterials literature. This recognition is not yet fully understood and here we further explain why nanomaterials research requires a more nuanced understanding of core microbial evolution principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Graves
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University and UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA.
| | - Misty Thomas
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
| | - Jude Akamu Ewunkem
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University and UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA.
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13
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Elkrewi E, Randall CP, Ooi N, Cottell JL, O’Neill AJ. Cryptic silver resistance is prevalent and readily activated in certain Gram-negative pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:3043-3046. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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High frequency of silver resistance genes in invasive isolates of Enterobacter and Klebsiella species. J Hosp Infect 2017; 96:256-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Gunawan C, Marquis CP, Amal R, Sotiriou GA, Rice SA, Harry EJ. Widespread and Indiscriminate Nanosilver Use: Genuine Potential for Microbial Resistance. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3438-3445. [PMID: 28339182 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this era of increasing antibiotic resistance, the use of alternative antimicrobials such as silver has become more widespread. Superior antimicrobial activity has been provided through fabrication of silver nanoparticles or nanosilver (NAg), which imparts cytotoxic actions distinct from those of bulk silver. In the wake of the recent discoveries of bacterial resistance to NAg and its rising incorporation in medical and consumer goods such as wound dressings and dietary supplements, we argue that there is an urgent need to monitor the prevalence and spread of NAg microbial resistance. In this Perspective, we describe how the use of NAg in commercially available products facilitates prolonged microorganism exposure to bioavailable silver, which underpins the development of resistance. Furthermore, we advocate for a judicial approach toward NAg use in order to preserve its efficacy and to avoid environmental disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gunawan
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | | | - Georgios A Sotiriou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Elizabeth J Harry
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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16
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Gallo J, Panacek A, Prucek R, Kriegova E, Hradilova S, Hobza M, Holinka M. Silver Nanocoating Technology in the Prevention of Prosthetic Joint Infection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E337. [PMID: 28773461 PMCID: PMC5503077 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a feared complication of total joint arthroplasty associated with increased morbidity and mortality. There is a growing body of evidence that bacterial colonization and biofilm formation are critical pathogenic events in PJI. Thus, the choice of biomaterials for implanted prostheses and their surface modifications may significantly influence the development of PJI. Currently, silver nanoparticle (AgNP) technology is receiving much interest in the field of orthopaedics for its antimicrobial properties and a strong anti-biofilm potential. The great advantage of AgNP surface modification is a minimal release of active substances into the surrounding tissue and a long period of effectiveness. As a result, a controlled release of AgNPs could ensure antibacterial protection throughout the life of the implant. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of AgNPs may be strengthened in combination with conventional antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. Here, our main attention is devoted to general guidelines for the design of antibacterial biomaterials protected by AgNPs, its benefits, side effects and future perspectives in PJI prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Gallo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Ales Panacek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Prucek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Kriegova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Sarka Hradilova
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Hobza
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Holinka
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic.
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17
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Silver nanoparticles: A new view on mechanistic aspects on antimicrobial activity. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:789-799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 832] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Panáček A, Smékalová M, Večeřová R, Bogdanová K, Röderová M, Kolář M, Kilianová M, Hradilová Š, Froning JP, Havrdová M, Prucek R, Zbořil R, Kvítek L. Silver nanoparticles strongly enhance and restore bactericidal activity of inactive antibiotics against multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 142:392-399. [PMID: 26970828 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is currently one of the most important healthcare issues, and has serious negative impacts on medical practice. This study presents a potential solution to this problem, using the strong synergistic effects of antibiotics combined with silver nanoparticles (NPs). Silver NPs inhibit bacterial growth via a multilevel mode of antibacterial action at concentrations ranging from a few ppm to tens of ppm. Silver NPs strongly enhanced antibacterial activity against multiresistant, β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae when combined with the following antibiotics: cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. All the antibiotics, when combined with silver NPs, showed enhanced antibacterial activity at concentrations far below the minimum inhibitory concentrations (tenths to hundredths of one ppm) of individual antibiotics and silver NPs. The enhanced activity of antibiotics combined with silver NPs, especially meropenem, was weaker against non-resistant bacteria than against resistant bacteria. The double disk synergy test showed that bacteria produced no β-lactamase when treated with antibiotics combined with silver NPs. Low silver concentrations were required for effective enhancement of antibacterial activity against multiresistant bacteria. These low silver concentrations showed no cytotoxic effect towards mammalian cells, an important feature for potential medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Panáček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Smékalová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Večeřová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bogdanová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Röderová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolář
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kilianová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Hradilová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jens P Froning
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Havrdová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Prucek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kvítek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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19
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Panáček A, Smékalová M, Kilianová M, Prucek R, Bogdanová K, Večeřová R, Kolář M, Havrdová M, Płaza GA, Chojniak J, Zbořil R, Kvítek L. Strong and Nonspecific Synergistic Antibacterial Efficiency of Antibiotics Combined with Silver Nanoparticles at Very Low Concentrations Showing No Cytotoxic Effect. Molecules 2015; 21:E26. [PMID: 26729075 PMCID: PMC6273824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The resistance of bacteria towards traditional antibiotics currently constitutes one of the most important health care issues with serious negative impacts in practice. Overcoming this issue can be achieved by using antibacterial agents with multimode antibacterial action. Silver nano-particles (AgNPs) are one of the well-known antibacterial substances showing such multimode antibacterial action. Therefore, AgNPs are suitable candidates for use in combinations with traditional antibiotics in order to improve their antibacterial action. In this work, a systematic study quantifying the synergistic effects of antibiotics with different modes of action and different chemical structures in combination with AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Employing the microdilution method as more suitable and reliable than the disc diffusion method, strong synergistic effects were shown for all tested antibiotics combined with AgNPs at very low concentrations of both antibiotics and AgNPs. No trends were observed for synergistic effects of antibiotics with different modes of action and different chemical structures in combination with AgNPs, indicating non-specific synergistic effects. Moreover, a very low amount of silver is needed for effective antibacterial action of the antibiotics, which represents an important finding for potential medical applications due to the negligible cytotoxic effect of AgNPs towards human cells at these concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Panáček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Smékalová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Kilianová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Prucek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Bogdanová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Renata Večeřová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Kolář
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Havrdová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Experimental Physics and Physical Chemistry, faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Grażyna Anna Płaza
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Joanna Chojniak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Kvítek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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20
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Guérin F. Infections à Enterobacter cloacae complex : résistance aux antibiotiques et traitement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antinf.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Hao X, Lüthje FL, Qin Y, McDevitt SF, Lutay N, Hobman JL, Asiani K, Soncini FC, German N, Zhang S, Zhu YG, Rensing C. Survival in amoeba--a major selection pressure on the presence of bacterial copper and zinc resistance determinants? Identification of a "copper pathogenicity island". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5817-24. [PMID: 26088177 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of metal resistance determinants in bacteria usually is attributed to geological or anthropogenic metal contamination in different environments or associated with the use of antimicrobial metals in human healthcare or in agriculture. While this is certainly true, we hypothesize that protozoan predation and macrophage killing are also responsible for selection of copper/zinc resistance genes in bacteria. In this review, we outline evidence supporting this hypothesis, as well as highlight the correlation between metal resistance and pathogenicity in bacteria. In addition, we introduce and characterize the "copper pathogenicity island" identified in Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains isolated from copper- and zinc-fed Danish pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Hao
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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22
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Mourão J, Novais C, Machado J, Peixe L, Antunes P. Metal tolerance in emerging clinically relevant multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- clones circulating in Europe. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 45:610-6. [PMID: 25816978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of acquired metal tolerance genes in emerging MDR Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- clones was assessed and their associated platforms and tolerance phenotype were characterised. Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- from different sources belonging to European, Spanish and Southern European clones were studied. Screening for copper (pcoA-pcoD/tcrB), silver/copper (silA-silE), mercury (merA), arsenic (arsB) and tellurite (terF) tolerance genes was performed by PCR/sequencing. CuSO(4)/AgNO(3) MICs were determined in aerobic/anaerobic atmospheres by agar dilution. Conjugation assays, genomic location and plasmid analysis were performed by standard procedures. Most isolates from European (98%) and Spanish (74%) clones carried silA-silE, contrasting with the Southern European clone (26%). merA/62% (European and Spanish clones) and pcoA-pcoD/50% (European clone) were also detected. merA±pco+sil were chromosomally located in the European clone, whereas in Spanish and Southern European clones sil±merA were within plasmids, both with antibiotic resistance genes. The pcoA-pcoD/silA-silE(+) isolates showed higher MICCuSO(4) in anaerobiosis than those without these genes (MIC(50)=24-28 vs. 2 mM). Different MICAgNO(3) of silA-silE(+) (MIC(50)=0.25 mM) and silA-silE(-)(MIC(50)=0.16 mM) isolates were observed in both atmospheres, with an MIC increment after prior exposure to silver (>3 vs. 0.08-0.125 mM) in aerobiosis. A high frequency of copper and silver tolerance, particularly among the two major Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- MDR clones (European/Spanish) circulating in Europe and causing human infections, might facilitate adaptation/expansion of these strains in metal-contaminated environments, particularly copper in anaerobiosis. Furthermore, metal toxic concentrations in food-animal environments can contribute to persistence of genetic platforms carrying metal/antibiotic resistance genes in this foodborne zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mourão
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Machado
- Laboratório Nacional de Referência de Infecções Gastrointestinais, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Genome Sequences of Two Copper-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Copper-Fed Pigs. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/6/e01341-14. [PMID: 25540351 PMCID: PMC4276829 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01341-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The draft genome sequences of two copper-resistant Escherichia coli strains were determined. These had been isolated from copper-fed pigs and contained additional putative operons conferring copper and other metal and metalloid resistances.
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24
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Hobman JL, Crossman LC. Bacterial antimicrobial metal ion resistance. J Med Microbiol 2014; 64:471-497. [PMID: 25418738 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.023036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metals such as mercury, arsenic, copper and silver have been used in various forms as antimicrobials for thousands of years with until recently, little understanding of their mode of action. The discovery of antibiotics and new organic antimicrobial compounds during the twentieth century saw a general decline in the clinical use of antimicrobial metal compounds, with the exception of the rediscovery of the use of silver for burns treatments and niche uses for other metal compounds. Antibiotics and new antimicrobials were regarded as being safer for the patient and more effective than the metal-based compounds they supplanted. Bacterial metal ion resistances were first discovered in the second half of the twentieth century. The detailed mechanisms of resistance have now been characterized in a wide range of bacteria. As the use of antimicrobial metals is limited, it is legitimate to ask: are antimicrobial metal resistances in pathogenic and commensal bacteria important now? This review details the new, rediscovered and 'never went away' uses of antimicrobial metals; examines the prevalence and linkage of antimicrobial metal resistance genes to other antimicrobial resistance genes; and examines the evidence for horizontal transfer of these genes between bacteria. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of the widespread dissemination of these resistances on re-emergent uses of antimicrobial metals and how this could impact upon the antibiotic resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon L Hobman
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lisa C Crossman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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25
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Percival SL, Finnegan S, Donelli G, Vuotto C, Rimmer S, Lipsky BA. Antiseptics for treating infected wounds: Efficacy on biofilms and effect of pH. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:293-309. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.940495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Silver resistance genes are overrepresented among Escherichia coli isolates with CTX-M production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6863-9. [PMID: 25128339 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01803-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) of the CTX-M type have disseminated rapidly in recent years and have become a threat to public health. In parallel with the CTX-M type expansion, the consumption and widespread use of silver-containing products has increased. To determine the carriage rates of silver resistance genes in different Escherichia coli populations, the presence of three silver resistance genes (silE, silP, and silS) and genes encoding CTX-M-, TEM-, and SHV-type enzymes were explored in E. coli isolates of human (n = 105) and avian (n = 111) origin. The antibiotic profiles were also determined. Isolates harboring CTX-M genes were further characterized, and phenotypic silver resistance was examined. The silE gene was present in 13 of the isolates. All of them were of human origin. Eleven of these isolates harbored ESBLs of the CTX-M type (P = 0.007), and eight of them were typed as CTX-M-15 and three as CTX-M-14. None of the silE-positive isolates was related to the O25b-ST131 clone, but 10 out of 13 belonged to the ST10 or ST58 complexes. Phenotypic silver resistance (silver nitrate MIC > 512 mg/liter) was observed after silver exposure in 12 of them, and a concomitant reduced susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam developed in three. In conclusion, 12% of the human E. coli isolates but none of the avian isolates harbored silver resistance genes. This indicates another route for or level of silver exposure for humans than that caused by common environmental contamination. Since silE-positive isolates were significantly more often found in CTX-M-positive isolates, it is possible that silver may exert a selective pressure on CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates.
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German N, Doyscher D, Rensing C. Bacterial killing in macrophages and amoeba: do they all use a brass dagger? Future Microbiol 2014; 8:1257-64. [PMID: 24059917 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells that are known to engulf pathogens and destroy them by employing several mechanisms, including oxidative burst, induction of Fe(II) and Mn(II) efflux, and through elevation of Cu(I) and Zn(II) concentrations in the phagosome ('brass dagger'). The importance of the latter mechanism is supported by the presence of multiple counteracting efflux systems in bacteria, responsible for the efflux of toxic metals. We hypothesize that similar bacteria-killing mechanisms are found in predatory protozoa/amoeba species. Here, we present a brief summary of soft metal-related mechanisms used by macrophages, and perhaps amoeba, to inactivate and destroy bacteria. Based on this, we think it is likely that copper resistance is also selected for by protozoan grazing in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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28
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Ohad S, Block C, Kravitz V, Farber A, Pilo S, Breuer R, Rorman E. Rapid identification of Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter cloacae genetic cluster III. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1315-21. [PMID: 24428402 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Enterobacter cloacae complex bacteria are of both clinical and environmental importance. Phenotypic methods are unable to distinguish between some of the species in this complex, which often renders their identification incomplete. The goal of this study was to develop molecular assays to identify Enterobacter hormaechei and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III which are relatively frequently encountered in clinical material. METHODS AND RESULTS The molecular assays developed in this study are qPCR technology based and served to identify both Ent. hormaechei and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III. qPCR results were compared to hsp60 sequence analysis. Most clinical isolates were assigned to Ent. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III. The latter was proportionately more frequently isolated from bloodstream infections than from other material (P < 0·05). CONCLUSION The qPCR assays detecting Ent. hormaechei and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The presented qPCR assays allow accurate and rapid identification of clinical isolates of the Ent. cloacae complex. The improved identifications obtained can specifically assist analysis of Ent. hormaechei and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III in nosocomial outbreaks and can promote rapid environmental monitoring. An association was observed between Ent. cloacae cluster III and systemic infection that deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohad
- National Public Health Laboratory Tel Aviv, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Mijnendonckx K, Leys N, Mahillon J, Silver S, Van Houdt R. Antimicrobial silver: uses, toxicity and potential for resistance. Biometals 2013; 26:609-21. [PMID: 23771576 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a comprehensive overview of the widespread use and toxicity of silver compounds in many biological applications. Moreover, the bacterial silver resistance mechanisms and their spread in the environment are discussed. This study shows that it is important to understand in detail how silver and silver nanoparticles exert their toxicity and to understand how bacteria acquire silver resistance. Silver ions have shown to possess strong antimicrobial properties but cause no immediate and serious risk for human health, which led to an extensive use of silver-based products in many applications. However, the risk of silver nanoparticles is not yet clarified and their widespread use could increase silver release in the environment, which can have negative impacts on ecosystems. Moreover, it is shown that silver resistance determinants are widely spread among environmental and clinically relevant bacteria. These resistance determinants are often located on mobile genetic elements, facilitating their spread. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the silver toxicity and resistance mechanisms can improve its applications and lead to a better understanding of the impact on human health and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Mijnendonckx
- Unit of Microbiology, Expert Group Molecular and Cellular Biology, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK.CEN, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
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