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Kolsi A, Haukka K, Dougnon V, Agbankpè AJ, Fabiyi K, Virta M, Skurnik M, Kantele A, Kiljunen S. Isolation and characterization of three novel Acinetobacter baumannii phages from Beninese hospital wastewater. Arch Virol 2023; 168:228. [PMID: 37574509 PMCID: PMC10423700 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that is mostly associated with hospital-acquired infections. The rapid emergence of multi- and pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter strains poses an increasing challenge in hospitals. Phage therapy offers one treatment option for infections caused by A. baumannii. We isolated three phages from Beninese hospital wastewater - fBenAci001, fBenAci002, and fBenAci003 - that infected clinical A. baumannii strains from Finnish patients. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these phages resemble phages of the genus Friunavirus, family Autographiviridae. The isolated phages meet the requirements set for phages used for phage therapy. However, they were found to have a narrow host range, which may limit their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kolsi
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Haukka
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victorien Dougnon
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of natural substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Alidehou Jerrold Agbankpè
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of natural substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Kafayath Fabiyi
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of natural substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Meilahti Vaccine Research Center MeVac, Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saija Kiljunen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland.
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Suladze T, Jaiani E, Darsavelidze M, Elizbarashvili M, Gorge O, Kusradze I, Kokashvili T, Lashkhi N, Tsertsvadze G, Janelidze N, Chubinidze S, Grdzelidze M, Tsanava S, Valade E, Tediashvili M. New Bacteriophages with Podoviridal Morphotypes Active against Yersinia pestis: Characterization and Application Potential. Viruses 2023; 15:1484. [PMID: 37515171 PMCID: PMC10385128 DOI: 10.3390/v15071484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phages of highly pathogenic bacteria represent an area of growing interest for bacterial detection and identification and subspecies typing, as well as for phage therapy and environmental decontamination. Eight new phages-YpEc56, YpEc56D, YpEc57, YpEe58, YpEc1, YpEc2, YpEc11, and YpYeO9-expressing lytic activity towards Yersinia pestis revealed a virion morphology consistent with the Podoviridae morphotype. These phages lyse all 68 strains from 2 different sets of Y. pestis isolates, thus limiting their potential application for subtyping of Y. pestis strains but making them rather promising in terms of infection control. Two phages-YpYeO9 and YpEc11-were selected for detailed studies based on their source of isolation and lytic cross activity towards other Enterobacteriaceae. The full genome sequencing demonstrated the virulent nature of new phages. Phage YpYeO9 was identified as a member of the Teseptimavirus genus and YpEc11 was identified as a member of the Helsettvirus genus, thereby representing new species. A bacterial challenge assay in liquid microcosm with a YpYeO9/YpEc11 phage mixture showed elimination of Y. pestis EV76 during 4 h at a P/B ratio of 1000:1. These results, in combination with high lysis stability results of phages in liquid culture, the low frequency of formation of phage resistant mutants, and their viability under different physical-chemical factors indicate their potential for their practical use as an antibacterial mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Suladze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ekaterine Jaiani
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marina Darsavelidze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maia Elizbarashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Olivier Gorge
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 1, Place du Général Valérie André-BP 73, 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Ia Kusradze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Kokashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
- School of Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 77a, Kostava Str., 0171 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Lashkhi
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - George Tsertsvadze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Janelidze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
- School of Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 77a, Kostava Str., 0171 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Svetlana Chubinidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Pubic Health (NCDC), 99, Kakheti Highway, 0109 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marina Grdzelidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Pubic Health (NCDC), 99, Kakheti Highway, 0109 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Shota Tsanava
- National Center for Disease Control and Pubic Health (NCDC), 99, Kakheti Highway, 0109 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eric Valade
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 1, Place du Général Valérie André-BP 73, 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Marina Tediashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
- School of Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 77a, Kostava Str., 0171 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Characterization and genome analysis of Escherichia phage fBC-Eco01, isolated from wastewater in Tunisia. Arch Virol 2023; 168:44. [PMID: 36609878 PMCID: PMC9825357 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains has led to vigorous exploration for alternative treatments. To this end, phage therapy has been revisited, and it is gaining increasing attention, as it may represent an efficient alternative for treating multiresistant pathogenic bacteria. Phage therapy is considered safe, and phages do not infect eukaryotic cells. There have been many studies investigating phage-host bacteria interactions and the ability of phages to target specific hosts. Escherichia coli is the causative agent of a multitude of infections, ranging from urinary tract infections to sepsis, with growing antibiotic resistance. In this study, we characterized the Escherichia phage fBC-Eco01, which was isolated from a water sample collected at Oued, Tunis. Electron microscopy showed that fBC-Eco01 phage particles have siphovirus morphology, with an icosahedral head of 61 ± 3 nm in diameter and a non-contractile tail of 94 ± 2 nm in length and 12 ± 0.9 nm in width. The genome of fBC-Eco01 is a linear double-stranded DNA of 43.466 bp with a GC content of 50.4%. Comparison to databases allowed annotation of the functions to 39 of the 78 predicted gene products. A single-step growth curve revealed that fBC-Eco01 has a latent period of 30 minutes and a burst size of 175 plaque-forming units (PFU) per infected cell. Genomic analysis indicated that fBC-Eco01 is a member of the subfamily Guernseyvirinae. It is most closely related to a group of phages of the genus Kagunavirus that infect Enterobacter, Raoultella, and Escherichia strains.
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Badawy S, Baka ZAM, Abou-Dobara MI, El-Sayed AKA, Skurnik M. Biological and molecular characterization of fEg-Eco19, a lytic bacteriophage active against an antibiotic-resistant clinical Escherichia coli isolate. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1333-1341. [PMID: 35399144 PMCID: PMC9038960 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of bacteriophages facilitates better understanding of their biology, host specificity, genomic diversity, and adaptation to their bacterial hosts. This, in turn, is important for the exploitation of phages for therapeutic purposes, as the use of uncharacterized phages may lead to treatment failure. The present study describes the isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage effective against the important clinical pathogen Escherichia coli, which shows increasing accumulation of antibiotic resistance. Phage fEg-Eco19, which is specific for a clinical E. coli strain, was isolated from an Egyptian sewage sample. Phage fEg-Eco19 formed clear, sharp-edged, round plaques. Electron microscopy showed that the isolated phage is tailed and therefore belongs to the order Caudovirales, and morphologically, it resembles siphoviruses. The diameter of the icosahedral head of fEg-Eco19 is 68 ± 2 nm, and the non-contractile tail length and diameter are 118 ± 0.2 and 13 ± 0.6 nm, respectively. The host range of the phage was found to be narrow, as it infected only two out of 137 clinical E. coli strains tested. The phage genome is 45,805 bp in length with a GC content of 50.3% and contains 76 predicted genes. Comparison of predicted and experimental restriction digestion patterns allowed rough mapping of the physical ends of the phage genome, which was confirmed using the PhageTerm tool. Annotation of the predicted genes revealed gene products belonging to several functional groups, including regulatory proteins, DNA packaging and phage structural proteins, host lysis proteins, and proteins involved in DNA/RNA metabolism and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Badawy
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517 Egypt
| | - Zakaria A. M. Baka
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517 Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Abou-Dobara
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517 Egypt
| | - Ahmed K. A. El-Sayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517 Egypt
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Filik K, Szermer-Olearnik B, Wernecki M, Happonen LJ, Pajunen MI, Nawaz A, Qasim MS, Jun JW, Mattinen L, Skurnik M, Brzozowska E. The Podovirus ϕ80-18 Targets the Pathogenic American Biotype 1B Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1356. [PMID: 32636826 PMCID: PMC7316996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence and characterization of Yersinia bacteriophage vB_YenP_ϕ80-18. ϕ80-18 was isolated in 1991 using a Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8 strain 8081 as a host from a sewage sample in Turku, Finland, and based on its morphological and genomic features is classified as a podovirus. The genome is 42 kb in size and has 325 bp direct terminal repeats characteristic for podoviruses. The genome contains 57 predicted genes, all encoded in the forward strand, of which 29 showed no similarity to any known genes. Phage particle proteome analysis identified altogether 24 phage particle-associated proteins (PPAPs) including those identified as structural proteins such as major capsid, scaffolding and tail component proteins. In addition, also the DNA helicase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, 5'-exonuclease, and the lytic glycosylase proteins were identified as PPAPs, suggesting that they might be injected together with the phage genome into the host cell to facilitate the take-over of the host metabolism. The phage-encoded RNA-polymerase and DNA-primase were not among the PPAPs. Promoter search predicted the presence of four phage and eleven host RNA polymerase -specific promoters in the genome, suggesting that early transcription of the phage is host RNA-polymerase dependent and that the phage RNA polymerase takes over later. The phage tolerates pH values between 2 and 12, and is stable at 50°C but is inactivated at 60°C. It grows slowly with a 50 min latent period and has apparently a low burst size. Electron microscopy revealed that the phage has a head diameter of about 60 nm, and a short tail of 20 nm. Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis confirmed that ϕ80-18 belongs to the Autographivirinae subfamily of the Podoviridae family, that it is 93.2% identical to Yersinia phage fHe-Yen3-01. Host range analysis showed that ϕ80-18 can infect in addition to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8 strains also strains of serotypes O:4, O:4,32, O:20 and O:21, the latter ones representing similar to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8, the American pathogenic biotype 1B strains. In conclusion, the phage ϕ80-18 is a promising candidate for the biocontrol of the American biotype 1B Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Filik
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bożena Szermer-Olearnik
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Wernecki
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lotta J Happonen
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria I Pajunen
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayesha Nawaz
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammad Suleman Qasim
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, The Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Laura Mattinen
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Badawy S, Pajunen MI, Haiko J, Baka ZAM, Abou-Dobara MI, El-Sayed AKA, Skurnik M. Identification and Functional Analysis of Temperate Siphoviridae Bacteriophages of Acinetobacter baumannii. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060604. [PMID: 32486497 PMCID: PMC7354433 DOI: 10.3390/v12060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that presents a serious clinical challenge due to its increasing resistance to all available antibiotics. Phage therapy has been introduced recently to treat antibiotic-incurable A. baumannii infections. In search for new A. baumannii specific bacteriophages, 20 clinical A. baumannii strains were used in two pools in an attempt to enrich phages from sewage. The enrichment resulted in induction of resident prophage(s) and three temperate bacteriophages, named vB_AbaS_fEg-Aba01, vB_AbaS_fLi-Aba02 and vB_AbaS_fLi-Aba03, all able to infect only one strain (#6597) of the 20 clinical strains, were isolated. Morphological characteristics obtained by transmission electron microscopy together with the genomic information revealed that the phages belong to the family Siphoviridae. The ca. 35 kb genomic sequences of the phages were >99% identical to each other. The linear ds DNA genomes of the phages contained 10 nt cohesive end termini, 52–54 predicted genes, an attP site and one tRNA gene each. A database search revealed an >99% identical prophage in the genome of A. baumannii strain AbPK1 (acc. no. CP024576.1). Over 99% identical prophages were also identified from two of the original 20 clinical strains (#5707 and #5920) and both were shown to be spontaneously inducible, thus very likely being the origins of the isolated phages. The phage vB_AbaS_fEg-Aba01 was also able to lysogenize the susceptible strain #6597 demonstrating that it was fully functional. The phages showed a very narrow host range infecting only two A. baumannii strains. In conclusion, we have isolated and characterized three novel temperate Siphoviridae phages that infect A.baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Badawy
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (S.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34511 New Damietta, Egypt; (Z.A.M.B.); (M.I.A.-D.); (A.K.A.E.-S.)
| | - Maria I. Pajunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (S.B.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Johanna Haiko
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Zakaria A. M. Baka
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34511 New Damietta, Egypt; (Z.A.M.B.); (M.I.A.-D.); (A.K.A.E.-S.)
| | - Mohamed I. Abou-Dobara
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34511 New Damietta, Egypt; (Z.A.M.B.); (M.I.A.-D.); (A.K.A.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed K. A. El-Sayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34511 New Damietta, Egypt; (Z.A.M.B.); (M.I.A.-D.); (A.K.A.E.-S.)
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (S.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2941-26464
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Leon-Velarde CG, Jun JW, Skurnik M. Yersinia Phages and Food Safety. Viruses 2019; 11:E1105. [PMID: 31795231 PMCID: PMC6950378 DOI: 10.3390/v11121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the human- and animal-pathogenic species in genus Yersinia is Yersinia enterocolitica, a food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes enteric infections, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and sometimes sequelae such as reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum. Y. enterocolitica is able to proliferate at 4 C, making it dangerous if contaminated food products are stored under refrigeration. The most common source of Y. enterocolitica is raw pork meat. Microbiological detection of the bacteria from food products is hampered by its slow growth rate as other bacteria overgrow it. Bacteriophages can be exploited in several ways to increase food safety with regards to contamination by Y. enterocolitica. For example, Yersinia phages could be useful in keeping the contamination of food products under control, or, alternatively, the specificity of the phages could be exploited in developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools for the identification of the bacteria in food products. In this review, we will discuss the present state of the research on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Leon-Velarde
- Agriculture and Food Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 8J7, Canada;
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 HY Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
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Leon-Velarde CG, Happonen L, Pajunen M, Leskinen K, Kropinski AM, Mattinen L, Rajtor M, Zur J, Smith D, Chen S, Nawaz A, Johnson RP, Odumeru JA, Griffiths MW, Skurnik M. Yersinia enterocolitica-Specific Infection by Bacteriophages TG1 and ϕR1-RT Is Dependent on Temperature-Regulated Expression of the Phage Host Receptor OmpF. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5340-53. [PMID: 27342557 PMCID: PMC4988191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01594-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacteriophages present huge potential both as a resource for developing novel tools for bacterial diagnostics and for use in phage therapy. This potential is also valid for bacteriophages specific for Yersinia enterocolitica To increase our knowledge of Y. enterocolitica-specific phages, we characterized two novel yersiniophages. The genomes of the bacteriophages vB_YenM_TG1 (TG1) and vB_YenM_ϕR1-RT (ϕR1-RT), isolated from pig manure in Canada and from sewage in Finland, consist of linear double-stranded DNA of 162,101 and 168,809 bp, respectively. Their genomes comprise 262 putative coding sequences and 4 tRNA genes and share 91% overall nucleotide identity. Based on phylogenetic analyses of their whole-genome sequences and large terminase subunit protein sequences, a genus named Tg1virus within the family Myoviridae is proposed, with TG1 and ϕR1-RT (R1RT in the ICTV database) as member species. These bacteriophages exhibit a host range restricted to Y. enterocolitica and display lytic activity against the epidemiologically significant serotypes O:3, O:5,27, and O:9 at and below 25°C. Adsorption analyses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and OmpF mutants demonstrate that these phages use both the LPS inner core heptosyl residues and the outer membrane protein OmpF as phage receptors. Based on RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics, we also demonstrate that temperature-dependent infection is due to strong repression of OmpF at 37°C. In addition, ϕR1-RT was shown to be able to enter into a pseudolysogenic state. Together, this work provides further insight into phage-host cell interactions by highlighting the importance of understanding underlying factors which may affect the abundance of phage host receptors on the cell surface. IMPORTANCE Only a small number of bacteriophages infecting Y. enterocolitica, the predominant causative agent of yersiniosis, have been previously described. Here, two newly isolated Y. enterocolitica phages were studied in detail, with the aim of elucidating the host cell receptors required for infection. Our research further expands the repertoire of phages available for consideration as potential antimicrobial agents or as diagnostic tools for this important bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Leon-Velarde
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Pajunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Leskinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Mattinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Rajtor
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Zur
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Darren Smith
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Chen
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesha Nawaz
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph A Odumeru
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mansel W Griffiths
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
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Leskinen K, Blasdel BG, Lavigne R, Skurnik M. RNA-Sequencing Reveals the Progression of Phage-Host Interactions between φR1-37 and Yersinia enterocolitica. Viruses 2016; 8:111. [PMID: 27110815 PMCID: PMC4848604 DOI: 10.3390/v8040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the expanding interest in bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), insights into the intracellular development of bacteriophage and its impact on bacterial physiology are still scarce. Here we investigate during lytic infection the whole-genome transcription of the giant phage vB_YecM_φR1-37 (φR1-37) and its host, the gastroenteritis causing bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica. RNA sequencing reveals that the gene expression of φR1-37 does not follow a pattern typical observed in other lytic bacteriophages, as only selected genes could be classified as typically early, middle or late genes. The majority of the genes appear to be expressed constitutively throughout infection. Additionally, our study demonstrates that transcription occurs mainly from the positive strand, while the negative strand encodes only genes with low to medium expression levels. Interestingly, we also detected the presence of antisense RNA species, as well as one non-coding intragenic RNA species. Gene expression in the phage-infected cell is characterized by the broad replacement of host transcripts with phage transcripts. However, the host response in the late phase of infection was also characterized by up-regulation of several specific bacterial gene products known to be involved in stress response and membrane stability, including the Cpx pathway regulators, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, phage- and cold-shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Leskinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FIN-00014 HY Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Bob G Blasdel
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FIN-00014 HY Helsinki, Finland.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, FIN-00270 Helsinki, Finland.
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Fathi Azar Khavarani M, Najafi M, Shakibapour Z, Zaeifi D. Kinetics activity of Yersinia Intermedia Against ZnO Nanoparticles Either Synergism Antibiotics by Double-Disc Synergy Test Method. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 14:39-44. [PMID: 28959316 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial resistance to the commonly used antibacterial agents is an increasing challenge in the medicine, and a major problem for the health care systems; the control of their spread is a constant challenge for the hospitals. OBJECTIVES In this study, we have investigated the antimicrobial activity of the Zinc Oxide nanoparticles against clinical sample; Yersinia intermedia bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nanoparticle susceptibility constants and death kinetic were used to evaluate the antimicrobial characteristics of the Zinc Oxide (ZnO) against the bacteria. Antimicrobial tests were performed with 108 cfu.mL-1 at baseline. At first, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ZnO was determined and then nanoparticle suspension at one and two times of the MIC was used for death kinetic and susceptibility constant assay at 0 to 360 min treatment time. RESULTS ZnO nanoparticles with size ranging from 10 to 30 nm showed the highest susceptibility reaction against Y. intermedia (Z=39.06 mL.μg-1). The process of Y. intermedia death in ZnO suspension was assumed to follow the first-order kinetics and the survival ratio of bacteria decreased with the increasing treatment time. An increased concentration of the nanoparticle was seen to enhance the bactericidal action of the nanoparticle. Then we performed the best ratio of the nanoparticles on semi-sensitive and resistance antibiotic for the bacteria. However, based on experimental results, synergy of ZnO nanoparticles and Oxacilin was determined and Y. intermedia showed a higher sensitivity compared to the ZnO nanoparticles alone. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study illustrates that ZnO has a strong antimicrobial effect and could potentially be employed to aid the bacterial control. It could also improve- antibacterial effects in combination with the antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahla Najafi
- Institute of Microbial and Molecular Research Center of Viravigene, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shakibapour
- Institute of Microbial and Molecular Research Center of Viravigene, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Zaeifi
- Department of Biology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Bozcal E, Uzel A, Aydemir S, Skurnik M. Isolation of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains from different sources in Izmir region, Turkey. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:523-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Salem M, Virtanen S, Korkeala H, Skurnik M. Isolation and characterization of Yersinia-specific bacteriophages from pig stools in Finland. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:599-608. [PMID: 25495090 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bacteriophages infect bacteria, and they are present everywhere in the world including the intestinal tracts of animals. Yersiniosis is a common foodborne infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. As these bacteria are frequently isolated from pigs, we wanted to know whether Yersinia-specific bacteriophages are also present in the pig stools and, if so, whether there is a positive or negative association between the prevalence of the Yersinia phages and the pathogenic Yersinia in the stool samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Altogether 793 pig stool samples collected between November 2010 and March 2012 from 14 Finnish pig farms were screened for the presence of bacteriophages able to infect Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3, O:5,27 or O:9 strains, or Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype O:1a, O:1b or O:3 strains. Yersinia phages were isolated from 90 samples from eight farms. Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 was infected by 59 phages, 28 phages infected serotypes O:3 and O:5,27, and eight phages infected serotypes O:3, O:5,27 and O:9, and Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1a by eight phages. Many phages originating from pigs in the same farm were identical based on their restriction enzyme digestion patterns; 20 clearly different phages were selected for further characterization. Host ranges of these phages were tested with 94 Yersinia strains. Six of the phages infected eight strains, 13 phages infected three strains, and one phage infected only one strain, indicating that the phages had a relatively narrow host range. CONCLUSIONS There was a clear association between the presence of the host bacteria and specific phages in the stools. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The isolated bacteriophages may have potential as biocontrol agents for yersiniosis in both humans and pigs in future, and as alternatives or in addition to antibiotics. To our knowledge, this is the first reported isolation of Yersinia-specific phages from pig stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salem
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
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13
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Leon-Velarde CG, Kropinski AM, Chen S, Abbasifar A, Griffiths MW, Odumeru JA. Complete genome sequence of bacteriophage vB_YenP_AP5 which infects Yersinia enterocolitica of serotype O:3. Virol J 2014; 11:188. [PMID: 25347934 PMCID: PMC4283147 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophage vB_YenP_AP5 is a lytic bacteriophage capable of infecting Yersinia enterocolitica strains of serotype O:3, an epidemiologically significant serotype within this bacterial species that causes yersiniosis in humans. This work describes the complete genome sequence of this phage. RESULTS The genome consists of linear double-stranded DNA of 38,646 bp, with direct terminal repeats of 235 bp in length, and a GC content of 50.7%. There are 45 open reading frames which occupy 89.9% of the genome. Most of the proteins encoded by this virus exhibit sequence similarity to Yersinia phage φYeO3-12 and Salmonella phage φSG-JL2 proteins. CONCLUSIONS Genomic and morphological analyses place the bacteriophage vB_YenP_AP5 in the T7likevirus genus of the subfamily Autographivirinae within the family Podoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Leon-Velarde
- />Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 8J7 Canada
- />Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- />Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Shu Chen
- />Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 8J7 Canada
| | - Arash Abbasifar
- />Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Mansel W Griffiths
- />Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
- />Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Joseph A Odumeru
- />Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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Abstract
The transcriptional regulator RovA positively regulates transcription of the Yersinia enterocolitica virulence gene inv. Invasin, encoded by inv, is important for establishment of Y. enterocolitica infection. However, a rovA mutant is more attenuated for virulence than an inv mutant, implying that RovA regulates additional virulence genes. When the Y. enterocolitica RovA regulon was defined by microarray analysis, YE1984 and YE1985 were among the genes identified as being upregulated by RovA. Since these genes are homologous to Xenorhabdus nematophila cytotoxin genes xaxA and xaxB, we named them yaxA and yaxB, respectively. In this work, we demonstrate the effects of YaxAB on the course of infection in the murine model. While a yaxAB mutant (ΔyaxAB) is capable of colonizing mice at the same level as the wild type, it slightly delays the course of infection and results in differing pathology in the spleen. Further, we found that yaxAB encode a probable cytotoxin capable of lysing mammalian cells, that both YaxA and YaxB are required for cytotoxic activity, and that the two proteins associate. YaxAB-mediated cell death occurs via osmotic lysis through the formation of distinct membrane pores. In silico tertiary structural analysis identified predicted structural homology between YaxA and proteins in pore-forming toxin complexes from Bacillus cereus (HBL-B) and Escherichia coli (HlyE). Thus, it appears that YaxAB function as virulence factors by inducing cell lysis through the formation of pores in the host cell membrane. This characterization of YaxAB supports the hypothesis that RovA regulates expression of multiple virulence factors in Y. enterocolitica.
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Schofield DA, Sharp NJ, Westwater C. Phage-based platforms for the clinical detection of human bacterial pathogens. BACTERIOPHAGE 2012; 2:105-283. [PMID: 23050221 PMCID: PMC3442824 DOI: 10.4161/bact.19274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) have been utilized for decades as a means for uniquely identifying their target bacteria. Due to their inherent natural specificity, ease of use, and straightforward production, phage possess a number of desirable attributes which makes them particularly suited as bacterial detectors. As a result, extensive research has been conducted into the development of phage, or phage-derived products to expedite the detection of human pathogens. However, very few phage-based diagnostics have transitioned from the research lab into a clinical diagnostic tool. Herein we review the phage-based platforms that are currently used for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus in the clinical field. We briefly describe the disease, the current diagnostic options, and the role phage diagnostics play in identifying the cause of infection, and determining antibiotic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Craniofacial Biology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC USA
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Martin L, Leclercq A, Savin C, Carniel E. Characterization of atypical isolates of Yersinia intermedia and definition of two new biotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2377-80. [PMID: 19494062 PMCID: PMC2725658 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02512-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The species Yersinia intermedia is a member of the genus Yersinia which belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. This species is divided into eight biotypes, according to Brenner's biotyping scheme. This scheme relies on five tests (utilization of Simmons citrate and acid production from d-melibiose, d-raffinose, alpha-methyl-d-glucoside [alphaMG], and l-rhamnose). The collection of the French Yersinia Reference Laboratory (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France) contained 44 strains that were originally identified as Y. intermedia but whose characteristics did not fit into the biotyping scheme. These 44 strains were separated into two biochemical groups: variant 1 (positive for acid production from l-rhamnose and alphaMG and positive for Simmons citrate utlization) and variant 2 (positive for acid production from l-rhamnose and alphaMG). These atypical strains could correspond to new biotypes of Y. intermedia, to Y. frederiksenii strains having the atypical property of fermenting alphaMG, or to new Yersinia species. These strains did not exhibit growth or phenotypic properties different from those of Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii and did not harbor any of the virulence traits usually found in pathogenic species. DNA-DNA hybridizations performed between one strain each of variants 1 and 2 and the Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii type strains demonstrated that these variants do belong to the Y. intermedia species. We thus propose that Brenner's biotyping scheme be updated by adding two new biotypes: 9 (for variant 1) and 10 (for variant 2) to the species Y. intermedia.
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17
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YspM, a newly identified Ysa type III secreted protein of Yersinia enterocolitica. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:7315-25. [PMID: 18805975 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00861-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica has three type three secretion systems, the flagellar, the plasmid Ysc type III secretion system (T3SS), and the chromosomal Ysa T3SS. The Ysc T3SS, through the proteins it secretes (Yops), prevents phagocytosis of Y. enterocolitica and is required for disease processes in the mouse host. Recent data demonstrate a role for the Ysa T3SS during initial colonization of the mouse via secretion of Ysps (Yersinia secreted proteins). This work characterizes the discovery of a newly identified Ysa type III secreted protein, YspM. Expression of yspM is regulated by temperature, NaCl concentration, and other known regulators of the ysa system. In addition, YspM is translocated into host cells via the Ysa T3SS. YspM is homologous to proteins classified as GDSL bacterial lipases, which possess a catalytic triad of amino acids (Ser, Asp, and His) located in three of five blocks of amino acid identity. Sequence analysis of the JB580v strain of Y. enterocolitica shows that, due to a premature stop codon, it no longer encodes the fifth block of amino acid identity containing the predicted catalytic histidine. However, seven other biotype 1B strains sequenced did possess the domain. A functional difference between the forms was revealed when YspM was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast growth was uninhibited when YspM from JB580v was expressed but greatly inhibited when YspM from Y295 (YspM(Y295)) was expressed. Site-directed mutagenesis of the histidine of YspM(Y295) ablated the toxic effects. These results indicate that YspM is secreted by the Ysa T3SS and that, possibly due to lipase activity, it targets eukaryotic cellular component(s).
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18
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Gilmour A, Walker SJ. Isolation and identification ofYersinia enterocoliticaand theYersinia enterocoliticalike bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb04653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gierczyński R, Golubov A, Neubauer H, Pham JN, Rakin A. Development of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica and its application to bioserogroup 4/O3 subtyping. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2508-15. [PMID: 17553973 PMCID: PMC1951228 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02252-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica bioserogroup 4/O3 is the predominant causative agent of yersiniosis in Europe and North America. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) was developed to improve the resolution power of classical genotyping methods. MLVA based on six loci was able to distinguish 76 genotypes among 91 Y. enterocolitica isolates of worldwide origin and 41 genotypes among 51 nonepidemiologically linked bioserogroup 4/O3 isolates, proving that it has a high resolution power. However, only a slight correlation of the MLVA genotypes and the geographic distribution of the isolates was observed. Although MLVA was also capable of distinguishing strains of Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica O9 and O5,27, there was only a minor correlation between the MLVA genotypes and serogroups. MLVA may be a helpful tool for epidemiological investigations of Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Gierczyński
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Kiljunen S, Hakala K, Pinta E, Huttunen S, Pluta P, Gador A, Lönnberg H, Skurnik M. Yersiniophage phiR1-37 is a tailed bacteriophage having a 270 kb DNA genome with thymidine replaced by deoxyuridine. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 151:4093-4102. [PMID: 16339954 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage piR1-37 was isolated based on its ability to infect strain YeO3-R1, a virulence-plasmid-cured O antigen-negative derivative of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O : 3. In this study, the phage receptor was found to be a structure in the outer core hexasaccharide of Y. enterocolitica O : 3 LPS. The phage receptor was present in the outer core of strains of many other Y. enterocolitica serotypes, but also in some Yersinia intermedia strains. Surprisingly, the receptor structure resided in the O antigen of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O : 9. Electron microscopy demonstrated that phiR1-37 particles have an icosahedral head of 88 nm, a short neck of 10 nm, a long contractile tail of 236 nm, and tail fibres of at least 86 nm. This implies that the phage belongs to the order Caudovirales and the family Myoviridae in the ICTV (International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses) classification. phiR1-37 was found to have a lytic life cycle, with eclipse and latent periods of 40 and 50 min, respectively, and a burst size of approximately 80 p.f.u. per infected cell. Restriction digestions and PFGE showed that the phiR1-37 genome was dsDNA and approximately 270 kb in size. Enzymically hydrolysed DNA was subjected to HPLC-MS/MS analysis, which demonstrated that the phiR1-37 genome is composed of DNA in which thymidine (T) is >99 % replaced by deoxyuridine (dU). The only organisms known to have similar DNA are the Bacillus subtilis-specific bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2. N-terminal amino acid sequences of four major structural proteins did not show any similarity to (viral) protein sequences in databases, indicating that close relatives of phiR1-37 have not yet been characterized. Genes for two of the structural proteins, p24 and p46, were identified from the partially sequenced phiR1-37 genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija Kiljunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kristo Hakala
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elise Pinta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Huttunen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Patrycja Pluta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aneta Gador
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Kotetishvili M, Kreger A, Wauters G, Morris JG, Sulakvelidze A, Stine OC. Multilocus sequence typing for studying genetic relationships among Yersinia species. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2674-84. [PMID: 15956383 PMCID: PMC1151872 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.6.2674-2684.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intra- and interspecies genetic relationships of 58 strains representing all currently known species of the genus Yersinia were examined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), using sequence data from 16S RNA, glnA, gyrB, recA, and Y-HSP60 loci. Yersinia aldovae, Y. bercovieri, Y. intermedia, Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. rohdei, and Y. ruckeri were genetically more homogeneous than were Y. enterocolitica, Y. frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii, and Y. mollaretii. The MLST data concerning the genetic relatedness within and among various species of Yersinia support the idea that Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis are two lineages within the same species rather than two distinct species. Y. ruckeri is the genetically most distant species within the genus. There was evidence of O-antigen switching and genetic recombination within and among various species of Yersinia. The genetic relatedness data obtained by MLST of the four housekeeping genes and 16S RNA agreed in most, but not all, instances. MLST was better suited for determining genetic relatedness among yersiniae than was 16S RNA analysis. Some strains of Y. frederiksenii and Y. kristensenii are genetically less related to other strains within those species, compared to strains of all other species within the genus. The taxonomic standing of these strains should be further examined because they may represent currently unrecognized Yersinia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamuka Kotetishvili
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF Bldg., 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201.
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Pajunen MI, Molineux IJ, Skurnik M. Yersiniophages. Special reference to phi YeO3-12. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 529:233-40. [PMID: 12756763 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48416-1_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Pajunen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Our purpose was to describe the clinical features of patients with novel Yersinia species. Between 1985 and 1999; 194 patients had yersinia species isolated from stool specimens, 38 (20%) had non-Yersinia enterocolitica species; 12 (32%) had Yersinia intermedia, 7 (18%) Yersinia fredericksenii, 3 (8%) Yersinia kristensenii, and the remaining 16 (42%) were unclassified non-Yersinia enterocolitica species. The most common presenting symptom was diarrhea alone in 10 (26.3%) patients. Symptoms persisted for >1 month in 54% of cases; 21% had symptoms for <1 week; 18 (47%) patients were taking corticosteroids, acid suppressants, and/or antibiotics when Yersinia was isolated. An immunocompromised state was present in 11 (29%) patients. An immunocompromised host and administration of acid suppressants predicted persistence of symptoms for >1 month. Most [27 (71%)] patients received no treatment; 5 (13%) received antibiotics. In conclusion, novel non-Yersinia enterocolitica species, including Yersinia intermedia, Y. fredericksenii, and Y. kristensenii may represent up to 20% of all Yersinia isolates. Diarrhea is the most common symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G Loftus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Gray JT, WaKabongo M, Campos FE, Diallo AA, Tyndal C, Tucker CA. Recognition of Yersinia enterocolitica multiple strain infection in twin infants using PCR-based DNA fingerprinting. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:358-64. [PMID: 11298230 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Yersinia enterocolitica causes several syndromes in humans. The most common presentation is enterocolitis in children, presenting as fever and diarrhoea. A Y. enterocolitica multiple strain infection in twin infants was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS One isolate was recovered from one patient and two morphologically-different isolates were recovered from the other infant. Biochemically, all isolates were identified as Y. enterocolitica group. The genomic DNA from each strain was purified and DNA fingerprinting was performed. The banding patterns observed for Y. enterocolitica isolates 2 and 3, from patients 1 and 2, respectively, were identical when comparing the presence or absence of major bands. However, Y. enterocolitica isolate 1, from patient 1, showed a distinctive banding pattern from isolates 2 and 3. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that one infant was colonized by more than one strain of Y. enterocolitica, demonstrating that multiple strains can colonize and invade a patient. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Recognition of multiple strain infections can be important in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of Y. enterocolitica infections, as well as in disease epidemiology. The technique described here offers a straightforward method for strain comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Gray
- USDA, ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Hertwig S, Popp A, Freytag B, Lurz R, Appel B. Generalized transduction of small Yersinia enterocolitica plasmids. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3862-6. [PMID: 10473387 PMCID: PMC99712 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.9.3862-3866.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study phage-mediated gene transfer in Yersinia, the ability of Yersinia phages to transduce naturally occurring plasmids was investigated. The transduction experiments were performed with a temperate phage isolated from a pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strain and phage mixtures isolated from sewage. Small plasmids (4.3 and 5.8 kb) were transduced at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-7)/PFU. However, we could not detect the transduction of any indigenous virulence plasmid (ca. 72 kb) in pathogenic Yersinia strains. Transductants obtained by infection with the temperate phage were lysogenic and harbored the phage genome in their chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hertwig
- Department of Biological Safety, Robert Koch-Institut, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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26
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27
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Odinot PT, Meis JF, Van den Hurk PJ, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Melchers WJ. PCR-based characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica: comparison with biotyping and serotyping. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 115:269-77. [PMID: 7589266 PMCID: PMC2271416 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800058398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PCR-based DNA fingerprinting was used to characterize 48 clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica. The samples were examined by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) and inter-repeat PCR (IR-PCR). IR-PCR with two enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus primers resulted in patterns which were poorly discriminated; 2 of 11 arbitrary primers (RAPD-PCR) provided sufficient discriminatory power. In comparisons with serotyping and biotyping, RAPD-fingerprinting was the most discriminatory technique and may therefore be a valuable epidemiological tool for the study of Y. enterocolitica infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Odinot
- University Hospital Nijmegen, Department of Medical Microbiology, The Netherlands
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28
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Zhang L, Skurnik M. Isolation of an R- M+ mutant of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:8 and its application in construction of rough mutants utilizing mini-Tn5 derivatives and lipopolysaccharide-specific phage. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:1756-60. [PMID: 8132471 PMCID: PMC205264 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.6.1756-1760.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A generally applicable procedure was used to isolate a spontaneous restriction-deficient mutant of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:8. Transposition frequency in the mutant strain 8081-res was approximately 6.7 x 10(-6) per recipient, while it was practically zero in the wild-type strain 8081-c. Mobilization frequency into 8081-res was 10(5) times higher than that into the wild-type strain. The mutant had lost the ability to express the YenI restriction endonuclease activity present in serotype O:8 strains. This allowed the construction of a transposon library in 8081-res. Insertion mutants with transposons in the genes of the rfa region were selected from this library.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Finland
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29
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Beer KB, Miller VL. Amino acid substitutions in naturally occurring variants of ail result in altered invasion activity. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:1360-9. [PMID: 1370953 PMCID: PMC206433 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.4.1360-1369.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is the causative agent of a variety of gastrointestinal syndromes ranging from acute enteritis to mesenteric lymphadenitis. In addition, systemic infections resulting in high mortality rates can occur in elderly and immunocompromised patients. More than 50 serotypes of Y. enterocolitica have been identified, but only a few of them commonly cause disease in otherwise healthy hosts. Those serotypes that cause disease have been divided into two groups, American and non-American, based on their geographical distributions, biotypes, and pathogenicity. We have been studying two genes, inv and ail, from Y. enterocolitica that confer in tissue culture assays an invasive phenotype that strongly correlates with virulence. Some differences between the American and non-American serotypes at the ail locus were noted previously and have been investigated further in this report. The ail locus was cloned from seven Y. enterocolitica strains (seven different serotypes). Although the different clones produced similar amounts of Ail, the product of the ail gene from non-American serotypes (AilNA) was less able to promote invasion by Escherichia coli than was the product of the ail gene from American serotypes (AilA). This difference is probably due to one or more of the eight amino acid changes found in the derived amino acid sequence for the mature form of AilNA compared with that of AilA. Seven of these changes are predicted to be in cell surface domains of the protein (a model for the proposed folding of Ail within the outer membrane is presented). These results are discussed in relation to the growing family of outer membrane proteins, which includes Lom from bacteriophage lambda, PagC from salmonella typhimurium, and OmpX from Enterobacter cloacae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1489
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30
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al-Hendy A, Toivanen P, Skurnik M. Expression cloning of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 rfb gene cluster in Escherichia coli K12. Microb Pathog 1991; 10:47-59. [PMID: 1857198 DOI: 10.1016/0882-4010(91)90065-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The genes of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 (YeO3) that determine the synthesis of the O-side-chain of the lipopolysaccharide, the rfb region, were cloned into plasmid pBR322. The O-side-chain of YeO3 was expressed by the clone both in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium indicating that the entire rfb region was included in the clone. It was shown by restriction mapping, deletion analysis and transposition mutagenesis that about 10.4 kilobase pairs of DNA was essential for the synthesis and expression of the O-side-chain. The correct assembly of the O-side-chain on the cell surface of the clone was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and slide agglutination. Immunoblotting using monoclonal antibody specific for the O-side-chain of YeO3 revealed that the O-side-chain material synthesized by the clone in E. coli was similar to that of YeO3. The clone did not show the in vitro temperature variation in O-side-chain expression characteristic of YeO3. Instead analogous O-side-chain was produced both at 25 degrees C and at 37 degrees C. Using transposon Tn2507, which carries a promotorless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, transcriptional fusions with the target DNA were generated. When testing the ability of mutated clones to produce CAT, transcription was shown to occur in a uniform direction throughout the whole rfb region. In colony hybridizations, using the cloned insert as a probe, homologous DNA was detected only in pathogenic Y. enterocolitica serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A al-Hendy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Finland
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31
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Kapperud G, Nesbakken T, Aleksic S, Mollaret HH. Comparison of restriction endonuclease analysis and phenotypic typing methods for differentiation of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:1125-31. [PMID: 2199484 PMCID: PMC267889 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1125-1131.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal DNA (REAC) was used to study polymorphism in restriction fragment patterns among Yersinia enterocolitica isolates belonging to serogroups O3, O5,27, O8, O9, O13, and O21. Using the enzyme HaeIII and electrophoresis on thin (0.75-mm) vertical 5% polyacrylamide gels, we were able to distinguish at least 22 DNA fragment patterns among the 72 strains examined. The method showed the greatest discriminatory power with regard to serogroup O8, within which as many as 10 different DNA fragment patterns were detected among the 16 strains examined. Compared with O8, serogroups O3 and O9 were relatively homogeneous with regard to REAC patterns. The discriminatory power of the method was compared with H-antigen typing, biotyping, phage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility typing, and restriction enzyme analysis of the virulence plasmid (REAP), by means of Simpson's index of diversity. The results showed that REAC and REAP constitute an effective supplement or alternative to conventional phenotypic methods for tracing epidemiologically related isolates of Y. enterocolitica. Our finding that human and porcine isolates exhibited the same REAC, REAP, and H-antigen patterns provides additional support for the hypothesis that pigs play an important role in the epidemiology of human Y. enterocolitica infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kapperud
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Cover
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033
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Miller VL, Farmer JJ, Hill WE, Falkow S. The ail locus is found uniquely in Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes commonly associated with disease. Infect Immun 1989; 57:121-31. [PMID: 2642465 PMCID: PMC313052 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.1.121-131.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous group of organisms with more than 50 serotypes and several biotypes. Only a few of these serotypes cause gastrointestinal disease in otherwise healthy hosts; these serotypes are the pathogenic serotypes. Although Y. enterocolitica requires a high-molecular-weight plasmid to cause disease, chromosome-encoded determinants are required for the full expression of virulence. The ability of Yersinia spp. to invade eucaryotic cells is thought to be a virulence factor, because nonpathogenic serotypes are noninvasive in animals and in tissue culture cell models. Current evidence indicates that invasion ability is chromosome encoded. We recently reported cloning two loci, inv and ail, from Y. enterocolitica O8 strain 8081c that allow Escherichia coli to invade tissue culture cells. We investigated the link between invasion in an in vitro tissue culture invasion (TCI) model and hybridization to probes derived from the two invasion loci, inv and ail. We examined 177 Yersinia strains. Strains of serotypes and species associated with disease were TCI+, whereas strains of serotypes and species not associated with disease were TCI-. Only TCI+ strains had DNA homologous to probes derived from ail. All strains (TCI+ and TCI-) had DNA homologous to probes derived from inv, but there were certain restriction fragment-linked polymorphisms that were associated primarily with TCI+ strains. These observations held true for strains epidemiologically associated with disease. Both the inv and ail loci were found to be clearly located on the chromosome. No other genera, including other invasive organisms, had DNA homologous to inv or ail. These data support the hypothesis that the ail locus encodes a Y. enterocolitica invasion factor that may be involved in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Miller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stanford University, California 94305
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35
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Gilmour A, Walker SJ. Isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica and the Yersinia enterocolitica like bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb04565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Gilmour A, Walker SJ. Isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica and the Yersinia enterocolitica like bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb04472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Isolation of sucrose-negativeYersinia enterocolitica biotype 3 serotype 03 strains and their pathogenicity. Curr Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01589452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Punsalang A, Edinger R, Nolte FS. Identification and characterization of Yersinia intermedia isolated from human feces. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:859-62. [PMID: 3584421 PMCID: PMC266104 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.5.859-862.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since May 1983, our laboratory has, upon request, cultured stools for Yersinia spp. by using direct plating on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar and a 3-week cold enrichment procedure. We isolated bacteria identified as Y. intermedia from six adult patients. All isolates were recovered only by the cold enrichment procedure and misidentified as Y. enterocolitica by the API 20E system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.). Final identification was made on the basis of results obtained with conventional tube biochemical tests. The isolates were tested for the following characteristics associated with virulence in Y. enterocolitica: lack of pyrazinamidase activity, autoagglutinability, presence of a 40- to 50-megadalton plasmid, production of heat-stable enterotoxin, and mouse lethality. All isolates tested had pyrazinamidase activity, and none were autoagglutinable. However, one isolate possessed a 40-megadalton plasmid. None produced enterotoxin or were lethal for mice. Review of the medical histories of the patients revealed that four of the six had diarrhea; however, none had disease typical of that caused by Y. enterocolitica. Our data confirmed the limited pathogenic potential of Y. intermedia and suggested that its isolation was without clinical significance in our patients. Conventional biochemical tests were required for reliable identification of Y. intermedia.
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Bejar V, Calvo C, Ramos Cormenzana A. In vitro susceptibility of Yersinia kristensenii strains to beta-lactam antibiotics. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. MICROBIOLOGIE 1986; 137A:169-77. [PMID: 3501272 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2609(86)80022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The beta-lactam antibiotic susceptibility and beta-lactamase activity of 22 Yersinia kristensenii strains were determined in order to compare these properties with those reported for Y. enterocolitica. Carbenicillin, cephaloridine, cefoxitin and cefotaxime were the most active antimicrobial agents tested against Y. kristensenii. All strains were resistant to penicillin G, cephalothin, cephapirin and cephalexin. On the other hand, ampicillin and cefazolin activity could be considerated as intermediate. The influence of incubation temperature was also evaluated. All Y. kristensenii strains were more resistant at 22 degrees C than at 37 degrees C to beta-lactam antibiotics. Susceptibility to cefazolin was not affected by the incubation temperature. All Y. kristensenii strains produce beta-lactamase. The substrate profile of this enzyme is that of a cephalosporinase: its activity was highest on cephalothin, cephapirin, cephaloridine and cefazolin, while hydrolysis of ampicillin and carbenicillin was not detected. beta-Lactamase-resistant cefoxitin and cefotaxime were not hydrolysed. A correlation between beta-lactam antibiotic susceptibility and the hydrolysis rate of these antibiotics by beta-lactamase was observed, except for cephaloridine and cefazolin; these antibiotics were very good beta-lactamase substrates, but their MIC values were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bejar
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, España
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40
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41
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Prpic JK, Robins-Browne RM, Davey RB. In vitro assessment of virulence in Yersinia enterocolitica and related species. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22:105-10. [PMID: 4019734 PMCID: PMC268331 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.22.1.105-110.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined 136 isolates of Yersinia species, comprising 112 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, 12 of Y. frederiksenii, 8 of Y. intermedia, and 5 of Y. kristensenii, for the presence of 40- to 50-megadalton virulence-associated plasmids and expression of the following plasmid-associated characteristics: Congo red pigmentation (CR), calcium dependence, autoagglutination, hydrophobicity, resistance to normal human serum, and pathogenicity in mice. All 136 strains yielded both pigmented (CR+) and nonpigmented (CR-) variants. Only CR+ variants, however, were virulent for iron-overloaded, desferrioxamine B-treated mice (R. M. Robins-Browne and J. K. Prpic, Infect. Immun. 47:744-779, 1985). Although the in vitro virulence-associated characteristics generally occurred together, each one could be expressed independently. Strains of Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, and Y. kristensenii also expressed individual virulence-associated properties. Of 53 Y. enterocolitica strains which were virulent for iron-overloaded, desferrioxamine-treated mice, all but one expressed every virulence-associated characteristic. Several strains which were avirulent for mice, however, demonstrated these characteristics in various combinations. Because many Yersinia strains, particularly environmental isolates, carried plasmids of 40 to 50 megadaltons, detection of plasmids provided little information about bacterial pathogenicity unless virulence-associated properties were also sought. The best in vitro predictor of virulence was autoagglutination, followed by calcium dependence. Because only CR+ variants expressed virulence-associated determinants, Congo red pigmentation is useful for selecting potentially virulent strains.
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42
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Franzin L, Fantino P, Vidotto V. Isolation ofYersinia enterocolitica andYersinia enterocolitica-like organisms from raw milk in Italy. Curr Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01626565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Abstract
Eight bacteriophages effective against
Yersinia ruckeri
, the enteric redmouth disease bacterium, were isolated. Phage YerA41, a tailed icosahedral virus isolated from sewage enrichments, lysed 34 of 35 strains of
Y. ruckeri
serovar I, but was inactive against 15 strains belonging to three other serological groups. Six other phages lysed strains of serovars II, V, and I′, a subgroup of serovar I. YerL62, a phage obtained by mitomycin C induction, was specific for one of three serovar V strains. These bacteriophages, particularly YerA41, have potential value for fish disease diagnostic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Abstract
A review of three "emerging" foodborne pathogen groups is presented, including Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, and foodborne Vibrio sp.
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