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Ide-Pérez MR, Sánchez-Reyes A, Folch-Mallol JL, Sánchez-Carbente MDR. Exophiala chapopotensis sp. nov., an extremotolerant black yeast from an oil-polluted soil in Mexico; phylophenetic approach to species hypothesis in the Herpotrichiellaceae family. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297232. [PMID: 38354109 PMCID: PMC10866521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Exophiala is a black fungi of the family Herpotrichiellaceae that can be found in a wide range of environments like soil, water and the human body as potential opportunistic pathogen. Some species are known to be extremophiles, thriving in harsh conditions such as deserts, glaciers, and polluted habitats. The identification of novel Exophiala species across diverse environments underlines the remarkable biodiversity within the genus. However, its classification using traditional phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses has posed a challenges. Here we describe a novel taxon, Exophiala chapopotensis sp. nov., strain LBMH1013, isolated from oil-polluted soil in Mexico, delimited according to combined morphological, molecular, evolutionary and statistics criteria. This species possesses the characteristic dark mycelia growing on PDA and tends to be darker in the presence of hydrocarbons. Its growth is dual with both yeast-like and hyphal forms. LBMH1013 differs from closely related species such as E. nidicola due to its larger aseptate conidia and could be distinguished from E. dermatitidis and E. heteromorpha by its inability to thrive above 37°C or 10% of NaCl. A comprehensive genomic analyses using up-to-date overall genome relatedness indices, several multigene phylogenies and molecular evolutionary analyzes using Bayesian speciation models, further validate its species-specific transition from all current Exophiala/Capronia species. Additionally, we applied the phylophenetic conceptual framework to delineate the species-specific hypothesis in order to incorporate this proposal within an integrative taxonomic framework. We believe that this approach to delimit fungal species will also be useful to our peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín R. Ide-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ayixon Sánchez-Reyes
- Investigador por México-Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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A comparative study of extracellular enzymes from chromoblastomycosis agents reveals the potential association of phospholipase with the severity of the lesions. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104367. [PMID: 32649963 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, progressive subcutaneous mycosis that is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. Cladophialophora carrionii and Fonsecaea pedrosoi are prevalent etiological agents. The potential role of the proteolytic activity of extracellular enzymes in these fungi and its relationship with the pathogenesis of the disease has not been proven. Some phenotypic traits have been associated with the virulence of other fungi; i.e., their different rate of protease, phospholipase, and esterase excretion, melanin, and thermotolerance. The aim of this study was the identification of extracellular enzymes that could be considered virulence markers of chromoblastomycosis agents. Therefore, we tested 29 C. carrionii and 11 F. pedrosoi clinical isolates to determine their hydrolytic and physiologic characteristics. All the tested isolates grew at a range of 30°-37 °C; except 2 strains of F. pedrosoi that grew slowly at 40 °C. We noticed that the hydrolytic capabilities of the tested isolates were positive for urea hydrolysis in almost all, while both strains were negative for DNase, hemolysin, and gelatin. C. carrionii and F. pedrosoi had phospholipase and esterase activity. These findings were similar for most isolates. All strains showed an association between phospholipase activity and moderate to severe lesions. However, only in F. pedrosoi isolates, the association remains significant. We conclude that the different enzymatic production reported here may be linked to the clinical manifestations of these pathologies. Notwithstanding, the influence of other virulence factors is not excluded.
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Inglis GD, Sigler L, Goettel MS. Trichosporonoides Megachiliensis, A New Hyphomycete Associated with Alfalfa Leafcutter Bees, With Notes onTrichosporonoidesandMoniliella. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1992.12026177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Douglas Inglis
- University of Alberta Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Devonian Botanic Garden, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Lynne Sigler
- University of Alberta Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Devonian Botanic Garden, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Mark S. Goettel
- Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
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Rojas OC, Bonifaz A, Campos C, Treviño-Rangel RDJ, González-Álvarez R, González GM. Molecular Identification, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Geographic Origin of Clinical Strains of Sporothrix schenckii Complex in Mexico. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030086. [PMID: 30036959 PMCID: PMC6162654 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii complex. The disease has been reported worldwide. However, the incidence of the etiological agent varies in its geographic distribution. We studied 39 clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii from diverse regions in Mexico, collected from 1998 to 2016. Molecular identification was performed by sequence analysis of the partial calmodulin gene. In vitro antifungal susceptibility to amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VRC), posaconazole (PSC), fluconazole (FLC), terbinafine (TRB), caspofungin (CSF), anidulafungin (ANF), and micafungin (MCF) was evaluated. Thirty-eight isolates of S. schenckii complex were divided into five supported clades in a phylogenetic tree. The predominant clinical form was lymphocutaneous (92.3%), fixed cutaneous (5.1%), and disseminated (2.5%). Terbinafine exhibited the best in vitro antifungal activity, while fluconazole was ineffective against Sporothrix schenckii complex. Our results showed diverse geographic distribution of clinical isolates in eight states; definitive identification was done by CAL gen PCR-sequencing. In Mexico, S. schenckii is considered to be an etiological agent of human sporotrichosis cases, and lymphocutaneous is the most prevalent form of the disease. This study revealed four clades of S. schenckiisensu stricto by phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, we report one case of S. globosa isolated from human origin from the North of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C Rojas
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Monterrey 66238, Mexico.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
| | - Alexandro Bonifaz
- Departamento de Micología & Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General de México, México City 06726, Mexico.
| | - Christian Campos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio de J Treviño-Rangel
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
| | - Rafael González-Álvarez
- Departamento de Genética y Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Mexico.
| | - Gloria M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
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Sav H, Ozakkas F, Altınbas R, Kiraz N, Tümgör A, Gümral R, Döğen A, Ilkit M, de Hoog GS. Virulence markers of opportunistic black yeast in Exophiala. Mycoses 2016; 59:343-50. [PMID: 26857806 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The black yeast genus Exophiala is known to cause a wide variety of diseases in severely ill individuals but can also affect immunocompetent individuals. Virulence markers and other physiological parameters were tested in eight clinical and 218 environmental strains, with a specific focus on human-dominated habitats for the latter. Urease and catalase were consistently present in all samples; four strains expressed proteinase and three strains expressed DNase, whereas none of the strains showed phospholipase, haemolysis, or co-haemolysis activities. Biofilm formation was identified in 30 (13.8%) of the environmental isolates, particularly in strains from dishwashers, and was noted in only two (25%) of the clinical strains. These results indicate that virulence factors are inconsistently present in the investigated Exophiala species, suggesting opportunism rather than pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafize Sav
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozakkas
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabiye Altınbas
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Kiraz
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Tümgör
- Department of Microbiology, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Gümral
- Department of Microbiology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mersin, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Carolina Rojas O, León-Cachón RBR, Pérez-Maya AA, Aguirre-Garza M, Moreno-Treviño MG, González GM. Phenotypic and molecular identification ofFonsecaea pedrosoistrains isolated from chromoblastomycosis patients in Mexico and Venezuela. Mycoses 2015; 58:267-72. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Carolina Rojas
- División Ciencias de la Salud; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad de Monterrey; San Pedro Garza García Nuevo León México
- Departamento de Microbiología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León México
| | - Rafael B. R. León-Cachón
- División Ciencias de la Salud; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad de Monterrey; San Pedro Garza García Nuevo León México
| | - Antonio Alí Pérez-Maya
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León México
| | - Marcelino Aguirre-Garza
- División Ciencias de la Salud; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad de Monterrey; San Pedro Garza García Nuevo León México
| | - María G. Moreno-Treviño
- División Ciencias de la Salud; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad de Monterrey; San Pedro Garza García Nuevo León México
| | - Gloria M. González
- Departamento de Microbiología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León México
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González GM, Rojas OC, González JG, Kang Y, de Hoog G. Chromoblastomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella aquaspersa. Med Mycol Case Rep 2013; 2:148-51. [PMID: 24432242 PMCID: PMC3885939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of chromoblastomycosis of the hand caused by Rhinocladiella aquaspersa is described. The case was acquired locally in tropical Venezuela and was successfully treated with oral itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - O. Carolina Rojas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - José G. González
- Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yingqian Kang
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - G.S. de Hoog
- Department of Microbiology, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Peking University Health Science Center, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- King Abdulassiz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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González GM, Rojas OC, Bocanegra-García V, González JG, Garza-González E. Molecular diversity of Cladophialophora carrionii in patients with chromoblastomycosis in Venezuela. Med Mycol 2012; 51:170-7. [PMID: 22734968 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.695457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified 29 Cladophialophora carrionii isolates recovered from Venezuelan patients with chromoblastomycosis using phenotypic and molecular characteristics. The genetic diversity of isolates was assessed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting. We detected four electrophoretic patterns divided into two main clusters (I and II) comprising 10 and 17 isolates, respectively, and two minor clusters (III and IV) with one isolate each. An interesting cluster-age-lesion type association was detected. The median age of patients in cluster I was 37.5 years and in cluster II, 55 years of age (P = 0.04). The C. carrionii isolates found in cluster I were generally obtained from crusty lesions (60%) and isolates in cluster II were usually recovered from plaque type lesions (53%) even though the P values were only slightly less than significant (P = 0.08). No associations were found among the genetic features strains in the two clusters and gender, occupation, geographic origin, lesion size, severity, and duration of the disease. There was also no correlation between antifungal susceptibilities and strain clustering. In conclusion, molecular typing using ERIC-PCR revealed a genomic heterogeneity in the C. carrionii clinical isolates studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.
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Physiological typing of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium strains using Taxa Profile, a semi-automated, 384-well microtitre system. Mycoses 2011; 54 Suppl 3:56-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Madurella pseudomycetomatis sp. nov., a novel opportunistic fungus possibly causing black-grain mycetoma. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 48:251-7. [PMID: 19923486 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00018-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of black-grain mycetoma occurring on the lower jaw with an odontogenic origin, which to our knowledge is the first case reported in China, is presented here. The clinical manifestation, histopathological morphology, and microbiological features are described. The new species, Madurella pseudomycetomatis, isolated from the black grains discharged by this patient, was analyzed using sequence data of the multiloci of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and its ability to ferment carbohydrate as well as morphology. The analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the D1/D2 hypervariable region of the 28S ribosomal gene sequences support a new species designation. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted, indicating that Madurella pseudomycetomatis was highly susceptible to itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B; moderately susceptible to terbinafine; and resistant to fluconazole and flucytosine.
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Zeng JS, De Hoog GS. Exophiala spinifera and its allies: diagnostics from morphology to DNA barcoding. Med Mycol 2008; 46:193-208. [PMID: 18404547 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701799217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic features of morphology, physiology, serology and genetics of species belonging to the Exophiala spinifera clade (including 11 species: Exophiala oligosperma, E. spinifera, E. xenobiotica, E. jeanselmei, E. exophialae, E. nishimurae, E. bergeri, E. nigra, Rhinocladiella similis, Ramichloridium basitonum and Phaeoannellomyces elegans), comprising a large number of human-associated Exophiala species, are summarized. Several species have closely similar morphological characters and physiological profiles. Taxonomy is therefore primarily based on sequence diversity of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Multilocus sequencing has shown that ITS is reliable for identification of the species in this clade, and is a therefore a good candidate for barcoding species of Exophiala. Species-specific fragments were searched in the ITS region of species in the Exophiala spinifera clade and can be used to design probes for diagnosis by hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Zeng
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Tsai TH, Chen WL, Peng Y, Wang IJ, Hu FR. Dematiaceous fungal keratitis presented as a foreign body-like isolated pigmented corneal plaque: a case report. Eye (Lond) 2005; 20:740-1. [PMID: 16021192 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Abliz P, Fukushima K, Takizawa K, Nishimura K. Specific oligonucleotide primers for identification of Cladophialophora carrionii, a causative agent of chromoblastomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:404-7. [PMID: 14715791 PMCID: PMC321686 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.1.404-407.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladophialophora carrionii is one of the relatively common causative agents of chromoblastomycosis. We have developed the specific oligonucleotide primer set based on the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA for the rapid identification of this pathogen. PCR with this primer set amplified a 362-bp amplicon from C. carrionii strains. From other relevant dematiaceous species, including medically important dematiaceous fungi, such as Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, and Exophiala dermatitidis, and eight species of medically important yeasts, such as Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, the primer set did not produce any amplicon. PCR with this primer set may be a useful tool for the identification of C. carrionii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Abliz
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Abliz P, Fukushima K, Takizawa K, Nishimura K. Identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa based on large subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 40:41-9. [PMID: 14734185 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the D1/D2 domains of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA for 76 strains of 46 species of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa were determined. Intra-species sequence diversity of medically important dematiaceous fungi including Phialophora verrucosa, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fonsecaea compacta, Cladophialophora carrionii, Cladophialophora bantiana, Exophiala dermatitidis, Exophiala jeanselmei, Exophiala spinifera, Exophiala moniliae, and Hortaea werneckii were extremely small; as few as 0 changes were detected in C. bantiana, Fonsecaea and Exophiala species, 1 bp in C. carrionii and H. werneckii, and 2 bp in P. verrucosa. Inter-species nucleotide diversity between most species was higher. These data suggested that the D1/D2 domain is sufficiently variable for identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and relevant species. The phylogenetic trees constructed from the sequence data revealed that most human pathogenic species formed a single cluster and that Cladosporium and Phialophora species were distributed polyphyletically into several clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Abliz
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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Porteous NB, Grooters AM, Redding SW, Thompson EH, Rinaldi MG, De Hoog GS, Sutton DA. Identification of Exophiala mesophila isolated from treated dental unit waterlines. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3885-9. [PMID: 12904410 PMCID: PMC179780 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.8.3885-3889.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Exophiala are often difficult to identify to the species level because of their variable morphological appearances. This paper describes the methods used to identify Exophiala mesophila and provides salient differential features for distinguishing other mesophilic members of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Porteous
- Department of Community Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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16
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Abliz P, Fukushima K, Takizawa K, Miyaji M, Nishimura K. Specific oligonucleotide primers for identification of Hortaea werneckii, a causative agent of tinea nigra. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 46:89-93. [PMID: 12812723 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(03)00035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hortaea werneckii, a black yeast-like hyphomycete that is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical environments, can cause superficial mycotic infection in humans. This fungus was recently isolated from superficial infectious lesions of a guinea pig in Japan. An oligonucleotide primer set specific for Hortaea werneckii was designed on the basis of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with this primer set yielded a 306 bp PCR amplicon from only H. werneckii. This primer set did not amplify DNAs of 42 other related dematiaceous species, including the medically important dematiaceous fungi Cladophialophora carrionii, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, and Exophiala dermatitidis, and eight species of medically important yeasts, including Candida (C.) albicans, C. dublinensis, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, Malassezia furfur, and Trichosporon asahii var. asahii. PCR with this primer set may be a useful technique for rapid identification of H. werneckii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Abliz
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
Fungal infections, especially those caused by opportunistic species, have become substantially more common in recent decades. Numerous species cause human infections, and several new human pathogens are discovered yearly. This situation has created an increasing interest in fungal taxonomy and has led to the development of new methods and approaches to fungal biosystematics which have promoted important practical advances in identification procedures. However, the significance of some data provided by the new approaches is still unclear, and results drawn from such studies may even increase nomenclatural confusion. Analyses of rRNA and rDNA sequences constitute an important complement of the morphological criteria needed to allow clinical fungi to be more easily identified and placed on a single phylogenetic tree. Most of the pathogenic fungi so far described belong to the kingdom Fungi; two belong to the kingdom Chromista. Within the Fungi, they are distributed in three phyla and in 15 orders (Pneumocystidales, Saccharomycetales, Dothideales, Sordariales, Onygenales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Ophiostomatales, Microascales, Tremellales, Poriales, Stereales, Agaricales, Schizophyllales, and Ustilaginales).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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Kitch TT, Jacobs MR, McGinnis MR, Appelbaum PC. Ability of RapID Yeast Plus System to identify 304 clinically significant yeasts within 5 hours. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:1069-71. [PMID: 8727877 PMCID: PMC228956 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.5.1069-1071.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The RapID Yeast Plus System (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Norcross, Ga.) is a qualitative micromethod that uses conventional and chromogenic substrates for the identification of medically important yeasts. The ability of the RapID Yeast Plus system to accurately identify 304 clinical yeast isolates within 5 h was evaluated. The RapID Yeast Plus method correctly identified 286 (94.1%) of strains to the species level without the need for additional tests. A further 12 strains (3.9%) were classified as correct to the genus level or to a low-probability identification with two or more possibilities. In these latter cases, additional tests were required to delineate the correct identification. Organisms in the latter group comprised Candida parapsilosis (n = 1), Candida tropicalis (n = 1), Candida ciferrii (n = 1), Candida guilliermondii (n = 2), Candida humicola (n = 1), Candida kefyr (n = 1), Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 1), and Rhodotorula rubra (n = 4). Six strains (2.0%) were misidentified or did not yield codes in the manufacturer's database. These included one Candida utilis (identified as Candida famata/Candida guilliermondii), one Trichosporon beigelii (identified as Cryptococcus neoformans), one Candida diddensiae (identified as Candida albicans), one Candida membranaefaciens (identified as Candida parapsilosis), one Candida norvegensis (identified as Candida zeylanoides), and one Candida catenulata (no code) isolate; the last four strains are not included in the firm's current database. The RapID Yeast Plus system yielded excellent results and may be recommended for use in the routine laboratory for accurate same-day identification of clinically significant yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Kitch
- Department of Pathology (Clinical Microbiology), Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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de Hoog GS, Gerritis van den Ende AH, Uijthof JM, Untereiner WA. Nutritional physiology of type isolates of currently accepted species of Exophiala and Phaeococcomyces. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1995; 68:43-9. [PMID: 8526480 DOI: 10.1007/bf00873291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional physiological and tolerance tests were performed for all type strains of species currently classified in the black yeast genera Exophiala and Phaeococcomyces, including some additional type strains of taxa recently reidentified as Exophiala species. Most described Exophiala species can be distinguished by physiological characters. Exophiala jeanselmei with its varieties, and E. castellanii should all be retained as separate taxa. The pairs of strains Mycotorula schawii/Exophiala dermatitidis, Hormodendrum negronii/Exophiala jeanselmei var. lecaniicorni and Sporotrichum gougerotii/Torulabergeri were found to be conspecific. Phenetic analyses of physiological data support the identity of Phaeococcomyces exophialae as a yeast-like synanamorph of Exophiala spinifera. The taxonomic positions of the genera Nadsoniella, Phaeoannellomyces and Wangiella are discussed. The genera Exophiala and Phaeococcomyces are unrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S de Hoog
- Centraalburau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands
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Matsumoto T, Matsuda T, McGinnis MR, Ajello L. Clinical and mycological spectra of Wangiella dermatitidis infections. Mycoses 1993; 36:145-55. [PMID: 8264710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1993.tb00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The article reviews 37 cases of phaeohyphomycosis from the world literature up to 1992 accepted as being caused by Wangiella dermatitidis. The various clinical aspects of these infections are characterized, and the nomenclatural implications in the history of this emerging pathogen are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsumoto
- Department of Dermatology, Toshiba Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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de Hoog GS, Haase G. Nutritional physiology and selective isolation of Exophiala dermatitidis. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1993; 64:17-26. [PMID: 8273999 DOI: 10.1007/bf00870917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional physiology of ten strains of Exophiala dermatitidis was investigated. The growth reactions to lactose, citrate, nitrate, nitrite, lysine, creatine and creatinine differ from those found in closely related black yeasts. In addition, it is the only Exophiala species which is able to grow at 40 degrees C. A selective medium containing meso-erythritol as sole carbon source was evaluated. This medium is particularly useful for the isolation of black yeasts from lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis as well as from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S de Hoog
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands
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de Hoog GS, Gerrits van den Ende AH. Nutritional pattern and eco-physiology of Hortaea werneckii, agent of human tinea nigra. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1992; 62:321-9. [PMID: 1283680 DOI: 10.1007/bf00572601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of Hortaea werneckii includes yeast-like, hyphal and meristematic growth. The preponderance of each form of propagation can be influenced by environmental conditions. The clinical entity 'tinea nigra' is explained by ecological similarities between supposed natural niches and human hyperhydrotic skin. The species is recognizable by assimilation of lactose, nitrate and nitrite, no or little growth with L-lysine, cadaverine, creatine and creatinine, and tolerance of 10% NaCl. It generally does not grow at 36 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S de Hoog
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Dixon
- Laboratories for Mycology, Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-0509
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Differentiation between Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum by sorbitol assimilation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:219-20. [PMID: 1993760 PMCID: PMC269735 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.1.219-220.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum was easily differentiated from T. mentagrophytes by its ability to assimilate sorbitol with an API 20C AUX strip. One hundred percent of 36 T. rubrum strains and none of 147 T. mentagrophytes strains assimilated sorbitol.
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Standard P, Padhye A, Kaufman L. Exoantigen test for the rapid identification ofExophiala spinifera. Med Mycol 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219180000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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