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Fotooh Abadi L, Damiri F, Zehravi M, Joshi R, Pai R, Berrada M, Massoud EES, Rahman MH, Rojekar S, Cavalu S. Novel Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Targeting HIV Reservoirs. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153090. [PMID: 35956604 PMCID: PMC9370744 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is prescribed for HIV infection and, to a certain extent, limits the infection’s spread. However, it cannot completely eradicate the latent virus in remote and cellular reservoir areas, and due to the complex nature of the infection, the total eradication of HIV is difficult to achieve. Furthermore, monotherapy and multiple therapies are not of much help. Hence, there is a dire need for novel drug delivery strategies that may improve efficacy, decrease side effects, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient adherence to therapy. Such a novel strategy could help to target the reservoir sites and eradicate HIV from different biological sanctuaries. In the current review, we have described HIV pathogenesis, the mechanism of HIV replication, and different biological reservoir sites to better understand the underlying mechanisms of HIV spread. Further, the review deliberates on the challenges faced by the current conventional drug delivery systems and introduces some novel drug delivery strategies that have been explored to overcome conventional drug delivery limitations. In addition, the review also summarizes several nanotechnology-based approaches that are being explored to resolve the challenges of HIV treatment by the virtue of delivering a variety of anti-HIV agents, either as combination therapies or by actively targeting HIV reservoir sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Fotooh Abadi
- Department of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Fouad Damiri
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BIOSYNTHO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (S.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Mehrukh Zehravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Precision NanoSystem Inc., Vancouver, BC V6P 6T7, Canada;
| | - Rohan Pai
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Mohammed Berrada
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BIOSYNTHO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
| | - Ehab El Sayed Massoud
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Dahran Aljnoub, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Agriculture Research Centre, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Giza 3725004, Egypt
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju 26426, Korea;
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (S.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (S.R.); (S.C.)
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James AM, King JR, Ofotokun I, Sheth AN, Acosta EP. Uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine into non-monocytic female genital tract cells with and without hormonal contraceptives. J Exp Pharmacol 2013; 5:55-64. [PMID: 27186136 PMCID: PMC4863541 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s45308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis is becoming a strategic component used to control the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) epidemic. The goal of this study was to characterize intracellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine using five surrogate cell lines of the female genital tract and determine whether exogenous hormones influence their uptake. Methods Surrogate cell lines, ie, THP-1 (representing macrophages), BC-3 (CD8+), Ect1/E6E7 (squamous epithelial), HeLa (CD4+), and TF-1 (dendritic), were incubated for one hour with tenofovir and emtricitabine to assess uptake. In separate experiments, ethinyl estradiol (EE) and etonogestrel (ET) individually and together (EE/ET) were added prior to, simultaneously, and after incubation. Intracellular phosphorylated tenofovir and emtricitabine were quantified using validated tandem mass spectrometry methods. Results HeLa and Ect1/E6E7 cells showed significantly increased uptake relative to THP-1 controls for both antiretrovirals. Individually, ethinyl estradiol and etonogestrel significantly altered antiretroviral uptake across all cell lines, except Ect1/E6E7 for tenofovir and HeLa for emtricitabine. Cellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine in BC-3 and TF-1 cells were significantly lower when dosed one hour prior to EE/ET administration compared with each antiretroviral administered in the absence of EE/ET (tenofovir, 80 versus 470 fmol/106 for BC-3 and 77 versus 506 fmol/106 cells for TF-1; emtricitabine, 36 versus 12 fmol/106 for BC-3 and 75 versus 5 fmol/106 cells for TF-1; P < 0.01 for each). Conclusion These data suggest that intracellular uptake of tenofovir and emtricitabine within the female genital tract varies by cell type and in the presence of hormonal contraceptives. The potential clinical implications of these findings should be further evaluated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marie James
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer R King
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ighovwerha Ofotokun
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anandi N Sheth
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward P Acosta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Bennetto-Hood C, Johnson VA, King JR, Hoesley CJ, Acosta EP. Novel methodology for antiretroviral quantitation in the female genital tract. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2009; 10:193-9. [PMID: 19632958 DOI: 10.1310/hct1003-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Challenges exist regarding antiretroviral quantitation in the female genital tract. Endocervical wicking using sterile tear flow test strips is an alternative to conventional methods due to the consistent sample volume obtained. METHODS A novel method for measuring antiretrovirals in cervicovaginal secretions using Sno-strip wicking was developed and tested by spiking Sno-strips with known concentrations of tenofovir, nevirapine, atazanavir, lopinavir, and ritonavir in blank cervicovaginal lavage fluid. Drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or mass spectrometry detection. RESULTS Mean extraction recoveries were 91% for tenofovir, 89% for nevirapine, 63% for atazanavir, 60% for lopinavir, and 61% for ritonavir relative to controls. Freezing spiked samples for 24 hours at -80 degrees C had no effect on recovery. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the antiretrovirals tested can be efficiently extracted from Sno-strips, although a greater percentage of tenofovir and nevirapine was recovered. Storage of Sno-strip samples up to 24 hours before analysis showed no difference in the percentage of drug recovered compared with immediate analysis. Quantitating antiretroviral penetration into the female genital tract may assist in determining optimal therapeutic antiretroviral regimens to both decrease the risk of HIV transmission and prevent development of HIV drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Bennetto-Hood
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Sagar M, Kirkegaard E, Long EM, Celum C, Buchbinder S, Daar ES, Overbaugh J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) diversity at time of infection is not restricted to certain risk groups or specific HIV-1 subtypes. J Virol 2004; 78:7279-83. [PMID: 15194805 PMCID: PMC421693 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.13.7279-7283.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African women frequently acquire several genetically distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants from a heterosexual partner, whereas the acquisition of multiple variants appears to be rare in men. To determine whether newly infected individuals in other risk groups acquire genetically diverse viruses, we examined the viral envelope sequences in plasma samples from 13 women and 4 men from the United States infected with subtype B viruses and 10 men from Kenya infected with non-subtype B viruses. HIV-1 envelope sequences differed by more than 2% in three U.S. women, one U.S. man, and one Kenyan man near the time of seroconversion. These findings suggest that early HIV-1 genetic diversity is not exclusive to women from Africa or to infection with any particular HIV-1 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sagar
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Long EM, Martin HL, Kreiss JK, Rainwater SM, Lavreys L, Jackson DJ, Rakwar J, Mandaliya K, Overbaugh J. Gender differences in HIV-1 diversity at time of infection. Nat Med 2000; 6:71-5. [PMID: 10613827 DOI: 10.1038/71563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To develop an HIV-1 vaccine with global efficacy, it is important to identify and characterize the viruses that are transmitted, particularly to individuals living in areas of high incidence. Several studies have shown that virus from the blood of acutely infected adults was homogeneous, even when the virus population in the index case was genetically diverse. In contrast to those results with mainly male cohorts in America and Europe, in several cases a heterogeneous virus population has been found early in infection in women in Africa. Thus, we more closely compared the diversity of transmitted HIV-1 in men and women who became infected through heterosexual contact. We found that women from Kenya were often infected by multiple virus variants, whereas men from Kenya were not. Moreover, a heterogeneous virus was present in the women before their seroconversion, and in each woman it was derived from a single index case, indicating that diversity was most likely to be the result of transmission of multiple variants. Our data indicate that there are important differences in the transmitted virus populations in women and men, even when cohorts from the same geographic region who are infected with the same subtypes of HIV-1 are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Long
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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