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Wilson-Welder JH, Han S, Bayles DO, Alt DP, Kanipe C, Garrison K, Mansfield KG, Olsen SC. Correlation of lesion severity with bacterial changes in Treponeme-Associated Hoof Disease from free-roaming wild elk (Cervus canadensis). Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:20. [PMID: 38650043 PMCID: PMC11036743 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treponeme-Associated Hoof Disease (TAHD) is a polybacterial, multifactorial disease affecting free-ranging wild elk (Cervus canadensis) in the Pacific Northwest. Previous studies have indicated a bacterial etiology similar to digital dermatitis in livestock, including isolation of Treponema species from lesions. The lesions appear to progress rapidly from ulcerative areas in the interdigital space or along the coronary band to severe, ulcerative, necrotic, proliferative lesions under-running the hoof wall, perforating the sole, and contributing to hoof elongation, deformity, and overgrowth. Eventually the lesions undermine the laminal structure leading to sloughing of the hoof horn capsule. The objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial communities associated with hoof lesions, which were categorized into 5 stages or disease grade severities, with 0 being unaffected tissue and 4 being sloughed hoof capsule. We also wanted to determine if the etiology of TAHD through morphological changes was dominated by Treponema, as observed in hoof diseases in livestock. RESULTS The bacterial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced from 66 hoof skin biopsy samples representing 5 lesion grades from samples collected by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife as part of a voluntary hunter program. Analysis of the relative abundance of bacterial sequences showed that lesions were dominated by members of the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. In lesion samples, members of the genus Treponema, Porphyromonas, and Mycoplasma increased with lesion severity. Association analysis indicated frequent identification of Treponema with Porphyromonas, Bacteroides and other anaerobic Gram-positive cocci. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the presence of Treponema species at all stages of TAHD lesions, treponeme specie-specific PCR and histopathology, indicating that the morphological changes are a continual progression of disease severity with similar bacterial communities. Association and abundance of these other pathogenic genera within lesions may mean synergistic role with Treponema in hoof disease pathogenesis. Characterizing bacteria involved in lesion development, and their persistence during disease progression, provides evidence for science-based management decisions in TAHD infected elk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Wilson-Welder
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service- USDA, 1920 Dayton Ave, 50010, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Sushan Han
- Colorado State University Diagnostic Medicine Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service- USDA, 1920 Dayton Ave, 50010, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David P Alt
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service- USDA, 1920 Dayton Ave, 50010, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Carly Kanipe
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service- USDA, 1920 Dayton Ave, 50010, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kyle Garrison
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, USA
| | | | - Steven C Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service- USDA, 1920 Dayton Ave, 50010, Ames, IA, USA
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2
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Belkacemi S, Tidjani Alou M, Khelaifia S, Raoult D. A review of in vitro attempts to develop the axenic culture of Treponema pallidum and genomics-based suggestions to achieve this elusive goal. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34328411 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the axenic culture of Treponema pallidum remains a challenge in the field of microbiology despite countless attempts. Here, we conducted a comprehensive bibliographic analysis using several databases and search engines, namely Pubmed, Google scholar, Google, Web of Science and Scopus. Numerous unsuccessful empiric studies have been conducted and evaluated using as criteria dark-field microscopic observation of motile spiral shaped cells in the culture and virulence of the culture through rabbit infectivity. All of these studies failed to induce rabbit infectivity, even when deemed positive after microscopic observation leading to the misnomer of avirulent T. pallidum. In fact, this criterion was improperly chosen because not all spiral shaped cells are T. pallidum. However, these studies led to the formulation of culture media particularly favourable to the growth of several species of Treponema, including Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Zürich medium (OMIZ), Oral Treponeme Enrichment Broth (OTEB) and T-Raoult, thus allowing the increase in the number of cultivable strains of Treponema. The predicted metabolic capacities of T. pallidum show limited metabolism, also exhibited by other non-cultured and pathogenic Treponema species, in contrast to cultured Treponema species. The advent of next generation sequencing represents a turning point in this field, as the knowledge inferred from the genome can finally lead to the axenic culture of T. pallidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Belkacemi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Tidjani Alou
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Saber Khelaifia
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13005, Marseille, France
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3
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Borsanelli AC, Ramos TNM, Gaetti-Jardim E, Schweitzer CM, Dutra IS. Treponema
species in the subgingival microflora of ovine periodontitis. Vet Rec 2017; 180:150. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Borsanelli
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences of Jaboticabal; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal SP 14884-900 Brazil
| | - T. N. M. Ramos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680 Brazil
| | - E. Gaetti-Jardim
- Department of Pathology and Oral Diagnostics; School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015-050 Brazil
| | - C. M. Schweitzer
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Av. Brasil 56, Ilha Solteira, SP 15385-000 Brazil
| | - I. S. Dutra
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680 Brazil
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4
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Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Phylogroup 1 and 2 Oral Treponeme Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02499-16. [PMID: 27864174 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02499-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 75 "species-level" phylotypes of spirochete bacteria belonging to the genus Treponema reside within the human oral cavity. The majority of these oral treponeme phylotypes correspond to as-yet-uncultivated taxa or strains of uncertain standing in taxonomy. Here, we analyze phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships between oral treponeme strains using a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme based on the highly conserved 16S rRNA, pyrH, recA, and flaA genes. We utilized this MLSA scheme to analyze genetic data from a curated collection of oral treponeme strains (n = 71) of diverse geographical origins. This comprises phylogroup 1 (n = 23) and phylogroup 2 (n = 48) treponeme strains, including all relevant American Type Culture Collection reference strains. The taxonomy of all strains was confirmed or inferred via the analysis of ca. 1,450-bp 16S rRNA gene sequences using a combination of bioinformatic and phylogenetic approaches. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between the respective treponeme strains were further investigated by analyzing individual and concatenated flaA (1,074-nucleotide [nt]), recA (1,377-nt), and pyrH (696-nt) gene sequence data sets. Our data confirmed the species differentiation between Treponema denticola (n = 41) and Treponema putidum (n = 7) strains. Notably, our results clearly supported the differentiation of the 23 phylogroup 1 treponeme strains into five distinct "species-level" phylotypes. These respectively corresponded to "Treponema vincentii" (n = 11), Treponema medium (n = 1), "Treponema sinensis" (Treponema sp. IA; n = 4), Treponema sp. IB (n = 3), and Treponema sp. IC (n = 4). In conclusion, our MLSA-based approach can be used to effectively discriminate oral treponeme taxa, confirm taxonomic assignment, and enable the delineation of species boundaries with high confidence. IMPORTANCE Periodontal diseases are caused by persistent polymicrobial biofilm infections of the gums and underlying tooth-supporting structures and have a complex and variable etiology. Although Treponema denticola is strongly associated with periodontal diseases, the etiological roles of other treponeme species/phylotypes are less well defined. This is due to a paucity of formal species descriptions and a poor understanding of genetic relationships between oral treponeme taxa. Our study directly addresses these issues. It represents one of the most comprehensive analyses of oral treponeme strains performed to date, including isolates from North America, Europe, and Asia. We envisage that our results will greatly facilitate future metagenomic efforts aimed at characterizing the clinical distributions of oral treponeme species/phylotypes, helping investigators to establish a more detailed understanding of their etiological roles in periodontal diseases and other infectious diseases. Our results are also directly relevant to various polymicrobial tissue infections in animals, which also involve treponeme populations.
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Kuboniwa M, Inaba H, Amano A. Genotyping to distinguish microbial pathogenicity in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:136-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Capone RF, Ning Y, Pakulis N, Alhazzazi T, Fenno JC. Characterization of Treponema denticola pyrF encoding orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 268:261-7. [PMID: 17187656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 genome annotation contains most of the genes for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. To initiate characterization of pyrimidine synthesis in Treponema, we focused on TDE2110 (the putative pyrF, encoding orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxlyase). Unlike the parent strain, an isogenic pyrF mutant was resistant to 5-fluoroorotic acid. In complex medium, growth of the pyrF mutant was independent of added uracil, indicating activity of a uracil uptake/salvage pathway. Transcription of pyrF was greatly reduced in T. denticola grown in excess uracil, demonstrating that de novo pyrimidine synthesis is regulated and suggesting a feedback mechanism. Treponema denticola PyrF complemented uracil auxotrophy in an Escherichia coli pyrF mutant. This study provides biochemical confirmation of T. denticola genome predictions of de novo and salvage pyrimidine pathways and provides proof of concept that pyrF has potential as a selectable marker in T. denticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Capone
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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7
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McDowell JV, Frederick J, Stamm L, Marconi RT. Identification of the gene encoding the FhbB protein of Treponema denticola, a highly unique factor H-like protein 1 binding protein. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1050-4. [PMID: 17101650 PMCID: PMC1828522 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01458-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the Treponema denticola factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1) binding protein, FhbB, was recovered and characterized. Sequence conservation, expression, and properties of FhbB were analyzed. The identification of FhbB represents an important step in understanding the contribution of FHL-1 binding in T. denticola pathogenesis and in development of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V McDowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0678, USA
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Moter A, Riep B, Haban V, Heuner K, Siebert G, Berning M, Wyss C, Ehmke B, Flemmig TF, Göbel UB. Molecular epidemiology of oral treponemes in patients with periodontitis and in periodontitis-resistant subjects. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3078-85. [PMID: 16954230 PMCID: PMC1594669 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00322-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiologic role of oral treponemes in human periodontitis is still under debate. Although seen by dark-field microscopy in large numbers, their possible role is still unclear since they comprise some 60 different phylotypes, most of which are still uncultured. To determine their status as mere commensals or opportunistic pathogens, molecular epidemiological studies are required that include both cultured and as-yet-uncultured organisms. Here we present such data, comparing treponemal populations from chronic periodontitis (CP) or generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) patients. As a periodontitis-resistant (PR) control group, we included elderly volunteers with more than 20 natural teeth and no history of periodontal treatment and no or minimal clinical signs of periodontitis. Almost every treponemal phylotype was present in all three groups. For most treponemes, the proportion of subjects positive for a certain species or phylotype was higher in both periodontitis groups than in the PR group. This difference was pronounced for treponemes of the phylogenetic groups II and IV and for Treponema socranskii and Treponema lecithinolyticum. Between the periodontitis groups the only significant differences were seen for T. socranskii and T. lecithinolyticum, which were found more often in periodontal pockets of GAP patients than of CP patients. In contrast, no difference was found for Treponema denticola. Our findings, however, strengthen the hypothesis of treponemes being opportunistic pathogens. It appears that T. socranskii, T. lecithinolyticum and group II and IV treponemes may represent good indicators for periodontitis and suggest the value of the respective probes for microbiological diagnosis in periodontitis subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Moter
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Dorotheen-Str. 96, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Ellen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Stamm LV, Bergen HL, Walker RL. Molecular typing of papillomatous digital dermatitis-associated Treponema isolates based on analysis of 16S-23S ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer regions. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3463-9. [PMID: 12202594 PMCID: PMC130723 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.9.3463-3469.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD), an emerging infectious disease of cattle, is characterized by painful, ulcerative foot lesions. The detection of high numbers of invasive spirochetes in PDD lesions suggests an important role for these organisms in the pathogenesis of PDD. PDD-associated spirochetes have phenotypic characteristics consistent with members of the genus TREPONEMA: Partial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence analysis of clonal isolates from California cattle showed that they comprise three phylotypes which cluster closely with human-associated Treponema spp. of the oral cavity (T. denticola and T. medium/T. vincentii) or genital area (T. phagedenis). The goal of our study was to apply 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) sequence analysis to the molecular typing of U.S. PDD-associated Treponema isolates. This methodology has potentially greater discriminatory power for differentiation of closely related bacteria than 16S rDNA analysis. We PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced the ISRs from six California PDD-associated Treponema isolates and, for comparative purposes, one strain each of T. denticola, T. medium, T. vincentii, and T. phagedenis. Two ISRs that varied in length and composition were present in all the PDD-associated Treponema isolates and in T. denticola, T. medium, and T. phagedenis. ISR1 contained a tRNA(Ala) gene, while ISR2 contained a tRNA(Ile) gene. Only a single ISR (ISR1) was identified in T. vincentii. Comparative analyses of the ISR1 and ISR2 sequences indicated that the California PDD-associated Treponema isolates comprised three phylotypes, in agreement with the results of 16S rDNA analysis. PCR amplification of the 16S-tRNA(Ile) region of ISR2 permitted rapid phylotyping of California and Iowa PDD-associated Treponema isolates based on product length polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Stamm
- Program in Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7435, USA.
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Riviere GR, Riviere KH, Smith KS. Molecular and immunological evidence of oral Treponema in the human brain and their association with Alzheimer's disease. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 17:113-8. [PMID: 11929559 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2001.00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to use molecular and immunological techniques to determine whether oral Treponema infected the human brain. Pieces of frontal lobe cortex from 34 subjects were analyzed with species-specific PCR and monoclonal antibodies. PCR detected Treponema in 14/16 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 4/18 non-AD donors (P < 0.001), and AD specimens had more Treponema species than controls (P < 0.001). PCR also detected Treponema in trigeminal ganglia from three AD and two control donors. Cortex from 15/16 AD subjects and 6/18 controls contained Treponema pectinovorum and/or Treponema socranskii species-specific antigens (P < 0.01). T. pectinovorum and/or T. socranskii antigens were also found in trigeminal ganglia and pons from four embalmed cadavers, and 2/4 cadavers also had Treponema in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that oral Treponema may infect the brain via branches of the trigeminal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Riviere
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201-3097, USA
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Stamm LV, Bergen HL, Shangraw KA. Natural rifampin resistance in Treponema spp. correlates with presence of N531 in RpoB rif cluster i. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2973-4. [PMID: 11702716 PMCID: PMC90769 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.10.2973-2974.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sato T, Kuramitsu HK. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of flaA-1 genes of oral spirochaetes in human advanced periodontal pockets. Arch Oral Biol 2000; 45:921-5. [PMID: 10973566 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(00)00058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel group of oral spirochaetes that were specifically labeled by H9-2, a monoclonal antibody against the 37-kDa endoflagellar sheath protein of Treponema pallidum, have earlier been demonstrated in periodontitis-associated plaque samples; two cultivable oral spirochaetes T. vincentii and T. medium displayed cross-reactivity with that monoclonal, but the molecular basis for this cross-reactivity is not yet defined. Here, the flaA-1 genes which encode the 37-kDa sheath protein from T. vincentii and the oral spirochaetes present in samples from advanced periodontitis were examined. A 856 bp fragment of the flaA-1 gene was amplified in T. pallidum and T. vincentii. The same-size polymerase chain reaction fragments were also amplified in two clinical samples from patients with advanced periodontitis but not from samples of healthy plaque. The sequences of the flaA-1 genes of the oral spirochaetes detected in human periodontal plaque were closely similar to those of T. pallidum and T. vincentii, but neither of these two organisms could be detected in these samples using rRNA-specific primers. The identity of the flaA-1 positive spirochaetes associated with periodontitis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214-3092, USA
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