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Evaluation of Next-Generation Sequencing Applied to Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis Epidemiological Study. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080938. [PMID: 36015058 PMCID: PMC9414878 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Nowadays, most of the C. parvum and C. hominis epidemiological studies are based on gp60 gene subtyping using the Sanger sequencing (SgS) method. Unfortunately, SgS presents the limitation of being unable to detect mixed infections. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) seems to be an interesting solution to overcome SgS limits. Thus, the aim of our study was to (i) evaluate the reliability of NGS as a molecular typing tool for cryptosporidiosis, (ii) investigate the genetic diversity of the parasite and the frequency of mixed infections, (iii) assess NGS usefulness in Cryptosporidium sp. outbreak investigations, and (iv) assess an interpretation threshold of sequencing data. Methods. 108 DNA extracts from positive samples were sequenced by NGS. Among them, two samples were used to validate the reliability of the subtyping obtained by NGS and its capacity to detect DNA mixtures. In parallel, 106 samples from French outbreaks were used to expose NGS to epidemic samples. Results. NGS proved suitable for Cryptosporidium sp. subtyping at the gp60 gene locus, bringing more genetic information compared to SgS, especially by working on many samples simultaneously and detecting more diversity. Conclusions. This study confirms the usefulness of NGS applied to C. hominis and C. parvum epidemiological studies, especially aimed at detecting minority variants.
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Costa D, Razakandrainibe R, Basmaciyan L, Raibaut J, Delaunay P, Morio F, Gargala G, Villier V, Mouhajir A, Levy B, Rieder C, Larreche S, Lesthelle S, Coron N, Menu E, Demar M, de Santi VP, Blanc V, Valot S, Dalle F, Favennec L. A summary of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks reported in France and overseas departments, 2017–2020. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00160. [PMID: 35586547 PMCID: PMC9108463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a known foodborne pathogen, ranked fifth out of 24 among foodborne parasites in terms of importance and a cause of many cryptosporidiosis outbreaks worldwide. In France, very few outbreaks were reported before 2017, and data recently obtained by the Expert Laboratory of the Cryptosporidiosis National Reference Center (CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis) have shown that outbreaks are in fact common and frequently underreported. In this work, we aim to report the characteristics of outbreaks detected in France during the period 2017–2020 and present a summary of investigations carried out by the CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis. During the study period, there were eleven cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, including three with no identified origin. Among the eight identified outbreaks: six were due to water contamination (five tap water and one recreational water), one was due to direct contact with infected calves, and one was due to consumption of contaminated curd cheese. Among these outbreaks, five of them exceeded one hundred cases. Recent results obtained by the CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis revealed the multiannual occurrence of Cryptosporidium outbreaks in France. Waterborne outbreaks were more frequently detected, while foodborne outbreaks which are more difficult to detect were likely underreported. Massive Cryptosporidium outbreaks were detected in France recently. Waterborne origin appeared predominant. Foodborne origin is probably strongly neglected. Develop adapted monitoring and preventing strategies could reduce cryptosporidiosis
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Menu E, Mosnier E, Cotrel A, Favennec L, Razakandrainibe R, Valot S, Blanchet D, Dalle F, Costa D, Gaillet M, Demar M, de Laval F. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Amazonia, French Guiana, 2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010068. [PMID: 35100286 PMCID: PMC8803148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in South America are poorly documented. In March 2018, 51 cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in Maripasoula, a village located in a remote forest area along the border between Surinam and French Guiana. METHOD To identify the origin of the epidemic, we performed epidemiological, microbiological, and environmental investigations. Only the cases involving diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium-positive stool were considered as bona fide, while cases involving diarrhoea and close contact with a confirmed case were classified as "possible". RESULTS We identified 16 confirmed cases and 35 possible ones. Confirmed cases comprised nine children (median age of 18 months, range: 6-21), one immunocompromised adult and six soldiers. One child required a hospitalisation for rehydration. All 16 Cryptosporidium stools were PCR positive, and sequencing of the gp60 gene confirmed only one Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2. Tap water consumption was the only common risk factor identified. Contamination of the water network with Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIdA19G2 was found. CONCLUSION Water quality is a major public health issue in Amazonian French Guiana, especially for population at risk (children, people with comorbidity, travelers). For them, alternative water supply or treatment should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Menu
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée-Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, UMR Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mosnier
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Cotrel
- French Armed Forces Health Service in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Loic Favennec
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
- University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen EA ESCAPE 7510, Rouen, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
- University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen EA ESCAPE 7510, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Valot
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Laboratoire Collaborateur du CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée-Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Laboratoire Collaborateur du CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
- UMR PAM, Equipe VAlMiS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Damien Costa
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
- University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen EA ESCAPE 7510, Rouen, France
| | - Mélanie Gaillet
- Pôle des Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée-Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Franck de Laval
- Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Marseille, France
- French Armed Forces Health Service in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- SSA, Service de Santé des Armées, CESPA, Centre d’épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Marseille, France
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4
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Hamilton KA, Waso M, Reyneke B, Saeidi N, Levine A, Lalancette C, Besner MC, Khan W, Ahmed W. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wastewater and Surface Water Environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1006-1023. [PMID: 30272766 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
and spp. are significant contributors to the global waterborne disease burden. Waterways used as sources of drinking water and for recreational activity can become contaminated through the introduction of fecal materials derived from humans and animals. Multiple studies have reported the occurence or concentrations of these pathogens in the environment. However, this information has not been comprehensively reviewed. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for and can be beneficial, but it often relies on the concentrations in environmental sources reported from the literature. A thorough literature review was conducted to develop an inventory of reported and concentrations in wastewater and surface water available in the literature. This information can be used to develop QMRA inputs. and (oo)cyst concentrations in untreated wastewater were up to 60,000 oocysts L and 100,000 cysts L, respectively. The maximum reported concentrations for and in surface water were 8400 oocysts L and 1000 cysts L, respectively. A summary of the factors for interpretation of concentration information including common quantification methods, survival and persistence, biofilm interactions, genotyping, and treatment removal is provided in this review. This information can help in identifying assumptions implicit in various QMRA parameters, thus providing the context and rationale to guide model formulation and application. Additionally, it can provide valuable information for water quality practitioners striving to meet the recreational water quality or treatment criteria. The goal is for the information provided in the current review to aid in developing source water protection and monitoring strategies that will minimize public health risks.
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Boué G, Wasiewska L, Cummins E, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B, Guillou S, Membré JM. Development of a Cryptosporidium-arsenic multi-risk assessment model for infant formula prepared with tap water in France. Food Res Int 2018; 108:558-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Mosnier E, Martin N, Razakandrainibe R, Dalle F, Roux G, Buteux A, Favennec L, Brousse P, Guarmit B, Blanchet D, Epelboin L, Girouin C, Martin E, Djossou F, Nacher M, Demar M. Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak in Immunocompetent Children from a Remote Area of French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1727-1732. [PMID: 29692312 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2014, an increase in the number of Cryptosporidium spp. gastrointestinal tract infections was reported over a 6-month period among children living in a remote area along the Maroni River in French Guiana. Children presented gastroenteritis symptoms with Cryptosporidium-positive stools. Questionnaires were administered and stool examinations were controlled 3 months after the onset of symptoms. Data collection included demographics, food consumption, river behavior, symptoms, and outcome. Stool specimens were tested using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Samples from the water systems were examined for turbidity and culture for bacteria. Data from the reference laboratory were analyzed to calculate the median cryptosporidiosis incidence among immunocompetent patients from 2008 to 2015. Data on gastroenteritis cases reported by the Delocalized Center for Prevention and Care in the area were also collected. We report a cluster of 14 cases. All cases were children, aged between 4.5 and 38 months. Seven reported moderate to severe dehydration and required hospitalization. Speciation and microbiological typing revealed the cluster strain was Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2 but C. hominis IbA9G2 and IbA15G1 strains were also identified. The median incidence in French Guiana was 5.8 cases per year before the outbreak. The first cases of the cluster appeared in the dry season. We describe the clinical features, epidemiology, and state of current investigations for the largest documented outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in French Guiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mosnier
- Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Noémie Martin
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne/AgrSup, Dijon, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Guillaume Roux
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Arnaud Buteux
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Paul Brousse
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Basma Guarmit
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | | | - Elise Martin
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Félix Djossou
- Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
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Moreira NA, Bondelind M. Safe drinking water and waterborne outbreaks. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:83-96. [PMID: 28151442 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present work compiles a review on drinking waterborne outbreaks, with the perspective of production and distribution of microbiologically safe water, during 2000-2014. The outbreaks are categorised in raw water contamination, treatment deficiencies and distribution network failure. The main causes for contamination were: for groundwater, intrusion of animal faeces or wastewater due to heavy rain; in surface water, discharge of wastewater into the water source and increased turbidity and colour; at treatment plants, malfunctioning of the disinfection equipment; and for distribution systems, cross-connections, pipe breaks and wastewater intrusion into the network. Pathogens causing the largest number of affected consumers were Cryptosporidium, norovirus, Giardia, Campylobacter, and rotavirus. The largest number of different pathogens was found for the treatment works and the distribution network. The largest number of affected consumers with gastrointestinal illness was for contamination events from a surface water source, while the largest number of individual events occurred for the distribution network.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Moreira
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers, Sven Hultins gata 8, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden E-mail:
| | - M Bondelind
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers, Sven Hultins gata 8, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden E-mail:
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Brunet J, Lemoine JP, Pesson B, Valot S, Sautour M, Dalle F, Muller C, Borni-Duval C, Caillard S, Moulin B, Pfaff AW, Razakandrainibe R, Abou-Bacar A, Favennec L, Candolfi E. Ruling out nosocomial transmission of Cryptosporidium in a renal transplantation unit: case report. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:363. [PMID: 27484187 PMCID: PMC4969980 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. is a ubiquitous parasite affecting humans as well as domestic and wild vertebrates, causing diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts worldwide. Its transmission occurs primarily by the fecal-oral route. In humans, C. parvum and C. hominis are the most prevalent species, whereas immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals can also be infected by other zoonotic species. Renal transplant patients are prone to develop cryptosporidiosis, which can induce severe and life-threatening diarrhea. Case presentation We report here a series of nearly concomitant cases of acute symptomatic cryptosporidiosis in three renal transplant patients attending the Strasbourg University Hospital Nephrology Unit. The clinical presentation was persistent diarrhea and acute renal failure. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic stool examination using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method and species identification by molecular tools. All patients were treated with nitazoxanide and recovered from diarrhea after 14 days of therapy. Conclusion Genotypic species identification was not consistent with an epidemic context, thus underlining the need for genotyping to monitor at risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brunet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France. .,Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - J P Lemoine
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - B Pesson
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - S Valot
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU Dijon, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, F-21070, Dijon cedex, France
| | - M Sautour
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU Dijon, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, F-21070, Dijon cedex, France.,UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne, 17 rue de Sully, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - F Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Plateau Technique de Biologie du CHU Dijon, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, F-21070, Dijon cedex, France.,UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne, 17 rue de Sully, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - C Muller
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - C Borni-Duval
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - S Caillard
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - B Moulin
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - A W Pfaff
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France.,Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - R Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, F-76031, Rouen, France
| | - A Abou-Bacar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - L Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, F-76031, Rouen, France
| | - E Candolfi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, F-67091, Strasbourg cedex, France.,Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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Ghaffari S, Kalantari N. Molecular analysis of 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium parasites from patients living in Iran, Malawi, Nigeria and Vietnam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2012; 1:153-61. [PMID: 24551771 PMCID: PMC3920505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species are one of the most common causes of gastrointestinal infection in humans around the world. This study has aimed to investigate the hyper variable region of the 18S rRNA gene in Cryptosporidium for exact parasite identification. DNA was extracted from 26 fecal samples from which initially Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast , Auramine phenol and ELISA techniques. Nested PCR, targeting the most polymorphic region of the 18S rRNA gene and genotyping was performed by restriction endonuclease digestion of the PCR product followed by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenic analysis. Among 26 isolates analyzed, three species of Cryptosporidium were identified; 38.5% of the isolates were C. hominis while 53.8% of the isolates were C. parvum and 7.7% of the isolates were C. meleagridis, which the last two species have the potentially zoonotic transmission. The only 11T subtype of C. hominis was demonstrated. These strains clustered distinctly into either human or animal origin regardless of the geographical origin, age, or immunity status of the patients. In summary, this work is the first report of C. meleagridis infecting human in Iran. Moreover, it suggested that multi-locus study of Cryptosporidium species in developing countries would be necessary to determine the extent of transmission of cryptosporidiosis in the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ghaffari
- Parasitology and Mycology Deparment, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Narges Kalantari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Corresponding author: Ganj-Afroz Ave, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. E-mail:
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10
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Legrand F, Grenouillet F, Larosa F, Dalle F, Saas P, Millon L, Deconinck E, Rohrlich PS. Diagnosis and treatment of digestive cryptosporidiosis in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a prospective single centre study. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 46:858-62. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2010.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Putignani L, Menichella D. Global distribution, public health and clinical impact of the protozoan pathogen cryptosporidium. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:753512. [PMID: 20706669 PMCID: PMC2913630 DOI: 10.1155/2010/753512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are coccidians, oocysts-forming apicomplexan protozoa, which complete their life cycle both in humans and animals, through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission, causing cryptosporidiosis. The global burden of this disease is still underascertained, due to a conundrum transmission modality, only partially unveiled, and on a plethora of detection systems still inadequate or only partially applied for worldwide surveillance. In children, cryptosporidiosis encumber is even less recorded and often misidentified due to physiological reasons such as early-age unpaired immunological response. Furthermore, malnutrition in underdeveloped countries or clinical underestimation of protozoan etiology in developed countries contribute to the underestimation of the worldwide burden. Principal key indicators of the parasite distribution were associated to environmental (e.g., geographic and temporal clusters, etc.) and host determinants of the infection (e.g., age, immunological status, travels, community behaviours). The distribution was geographically mapped to provide an updated picture of the global parasite ecosystems. The present paper aims to provide, by a critical analysis of existing literature, a link between observational epidemiological records and new insights on public health, and diagnostic and clinical impact of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Putignani
- Microbiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Scientific Institute, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Menichella
- Microbiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Scientific Institute, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
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CHEUN HI, CHO SH, LIM YY, LEE BC, KIM JY, JU JW, NA BK, KIMATA I, YU JR, KIM TS. Cryptosporidium parvum in Korea: Prevalence in Individuals Residing in Three Major River Valleys and Genetic Characteristics of the Isolates. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:167-72. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeng-Il CHEUN
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Shin-Hyeong CHO
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yi-Young LIM
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Byung-Chul LEE
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jung-Yeon KIM
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jung-Won JU
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Byoung-Kuk NA
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine
| | - Isao KIMATA
- Department of Medical Zoology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Jae-Ran YU
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine
| | - Tong-Soo KIM
- Department of Parasitology and Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine
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Mons C, Dumètre A, Gosselin S, Galliot C, Moulin L. Monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia river contamination in Paris area. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:211-217. [PMID: 18996551 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the protozoan contamination of river waters, which are used for drinking water in Paris and its surrounding area (about 615,000 m(3) per day in total, including 300,000 m(3) for Paris area). Twenty litre samples of Seine and Marne Rivers were collected over 30 months and analyzed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts detection according to standard national or international methods. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were found, respectively, in 45.7% and 93.8% of a total of 162 river samples, with occasional high concentration peaks. A significant seasonal pattern was observed, with positive samples for Cryptosporidium more frequent in autumn than spring, summer and winter, and positive samples for Giardia less frequent in summer. Counts of enterococci and rainfalls were significantly associated with Giardia concentration but not Cryptosporidium. Other faecal bacteria were not correlated with monitored protozoan. Marne seems to contribute mainly to the parasitic contamination observed in Seine. Based on seasonal pattern and rainfall correlation, we hypothesize that the origin of contamination is agricultural practices and possible dysfunction of sewage treatment plants during periods of heavy rainfalls. High concentrations of protozoa found at the entry of drinking water plants justify the use of efficient water treatment methods. Treatment performances must be regularly monitored to ensure efficient disinfection according to the French regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Mons
- CRECEP, Centre de recherche d'expertise et de contrôle des eaux de Paris, 144 Avenue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 75014 Paris, France
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Cohen S, Dalle F, Gallay A, Di Palma M, Bonnin A, Ward HD. Identification of Cpgp40/15 Type Ib as the predominant allele in isolates of Cryptosporidium spp. from a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in South Burgundy, France. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:589-91. [PMID: 16455918 PMCID: PMC1392645 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.2.589-591.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium sp. isolates from a waterborne outbreak of diarrhea in France were analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of the Cpgp40/15 locus. Ninety-one percent of the isolates were Cryptosporidium hominis type Ib. The results of this study and those of studies of other outbreaks suggest that the type Ib allele is the predominant allele associated with waterborne cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Cohen
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Smith HV, Cacciò SM, Tait A, McLauchlin J, Thompson RCA. Tools for investigating the environmental transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in humans. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:160-7. [PMID: 16503418 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are major public health concerns. The role of water and food in the epidemiology of these diseases is now well recognized. Molecular techniques are available to determine the species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and to distinguish human from non-human pathogens. Validated methods to determine the species, genotype and subgenotype that are present in heterologous mixtures should be applied to environmental samples to enable the monitoring and characterization of infection sources, disease tracking and the establishment of causative links to both waterborne and foodborne outbreaks. Meaningful interpretation of population structures and occurrence-prevalence baselines can be performed only by analysing a well-planned set of samples from all possible sources taken regularly over time, rather than focusing on outbreak investigations. For food, this includes such analyses in the country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw V Smith
- Scottish Parasite Diagnostic Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK, G21 3UW.
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Coupe S, Sarfati C, Hamane S, Derouin F. Detection of cryptosporidium and identification to the species level by nested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1017-23. [PMID: 15750054 PMCID: PMC1081268 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.3.1017-1023.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging protozoan disease associated with large waterborne outbreaks. Diagnosis relies on microscopic examination of stools, but this method cannot identify the infecting species of Cryptosporidium. We have developed a test based on nested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) that offers simple identification of Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and most other human infective species in stool samples. Purified C. parvum oocysts were used for PCR development. Extracted DNA was amplified by nested PCR targeting a 214-bp fragment of the 18S RNA gene. Enzymatic restriction sites were identified by bioinformatic analysis of all published Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA sequences. Experiments with spiked stool samples gave an estimated PCR detection limit of one oocyst. Specificity was assessed by testing 68 stool samples from patients with microscopically proven cryptosporidiosis and 31 Cryptosporidium-negative stools. Sixty-seven (98.5%) of the 68 stool samples from patients with microscopically proven cryptosporidiosis and 2 of the other stool samples were positive by PCR and could be genotyped. RFLP analysis identified 36 C. hominis, 19 C. parvum, 8 Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and 6 Cryptosporidium felis or Cryptosporidium canis samples. Species determination in 26 PCR-positive cases was in full agreement with DNA sequencing of the 18S rRNA hypervariable region. The excellent sensitivity of PCR, coupled with the accuracy of RFLP for species identification, make this method a suitable tool for routine diagnosis and genotyping of Cryptosporidium in stools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Coupe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, UFR Lariboisière St-Louis Université Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Molecular tools have been developed to detect and differentiate Cryptosporidium at the species/genotype and subtype levels. These tools have been increasingly used in the characterization of the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. This review addresses the most recent developments in molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis. RECENT FINDINGS The recent development of subtyping tools has led to better understanding of the population genetics and transmission of Cryptosporidium in humans. The population structure of C. parvum and C. hominis is apparently more complicated than previously suggested, with the likely existence of both clonal and panmictic populations. Thus, the transmission of C. parvum (genotype II) in humans is shown to be different in different areas, with zoonotic transmission important in certain places and anthroponotic transmission in others. The use of molecular tools has also led to the identification of geographic and temporal differences in the transmission of C. parvum and C. hominis, and better appreciation of the public health importance of other Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and the frequency of infections with mixed genotypes or subtypes. SUMMARY Factors involved in the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis are difficult to examine using conventional methods. The use of molecular tools has been helpful in the assessment of the zoonotic potential of various Cryptosporidium spp. and sources of human infections, and has started to play a significant role in the characterization of transmission dynamic in endemic and epidemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xiao
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Abstract
The genus Cryptosporidium consists of different species and genotypes which infect a wide range of hosts, including humans. The parasite is ubiquitous and lack of differentiation between the species and strains has made it difficult to track down sources of human and animal infections. Genetic analysis of strains and isolates has led to the redescription of Cryptosporidium with special consideration of the host specificity and possible ways of transmission to humans. Infection with the small oocysts usually occurs directly by faecal-oral transmission, water- or food-borne. In Europe water from different sources is frequently contaminated with oocysts. Generally, humans are most frequently infected with C. hominis in an anthroponotic cycle (especially in cases of infections imported from highly endemic (sub-) tropical regions) and the animal genotype (type II) of C. parvum in a zoonotic cycle which seems to play a major role in autochthonous infections in Switzerland, the UK and probably other European countries. Other species (such as C. felis or the avian species C. meleagridis and C. baileyi) and genotypes are rare in humans and mostly restricted to immunocompromised individuals who are highly susceptible to serious opportunistic cryptosporidial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joachim
- Department für Pathobiologie, Institut für Parasitologie und Zoologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Delaunay A, Baishanbo A, Favennec L, Gargala G. [Cryptosporidium oocyst viability and infectivity evaluation by flow cytometry]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2004; 62:310-5. [PMID: 15314578 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(04)94319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating waterborne Cryptosporidium sp. oocyst infectivity is presently a major Issue for the estimation of environmental risks. The aim of this presentation, was to describe a new model suitable for determining in vivo oocyst infectivity. In this model, infection was assessed in suckling mice seven days after oocyst ingestion by measuring the number of gut oocysts using flow cytometry. Four days old mice were orally infected by serially diluted C. parvum oocyst suspensions. This model was found highly sensitive since ingestion of 1-10 oocysts resulted in infection in 70% of animals. Assays with Cryptosporidium oocysts from the environment suggest that this model may contribute to the evaluation of environmental risks due to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delaunay
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie ADEN, EA 3234, Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie de Rouen, 76031 Rouen Cedex
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Traversa D, Giangaspero A, Molini U, Iorio R, Paoletti B, Otranto D, Giansante C. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium isolates from Chamelea gallina clams in Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:4367-70. [PMID: 15240321 PMCID: PMC444758 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.7.4367-4370.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chamelea gallina clams collected from the mouths of rivers along the Adriatic Sea (central Italy) were found to harbor Cryptosporidium parvum (genotype 2), which is the lineage involved in zoonotic transmission. The clams were collected from the mouths of rivers near whose banks ruminants are brought to graze. This paper reports the environmental spread of C. parvum in Italy and highlights the fact that genotyping of seaborne Cryptosporidium isolates is a powerful tool with which to investigate the transmission patterns and epidemiology of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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