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Kim T, Zhao X, Hozalski RM, LaPara TM. Residual disinfectant effectively suppresses Legionella species in drinking water distribution systems supplied by surface water in Minnesota, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 940:173317. [PMID: 38788954 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Seven public water systems in Minnesota, USA were analyzed from one to five times over a two-year period to assess temporal changes in the concentrations of total bacteria, Legionella spp., and Legionella pneumophila from source (i.e., raw water) through the water treatment process to the end water user. Bacterial biomass was collected by filtering large volumes of raw water (12 to 425 L, median: 38 L) or finished and tap water (27 to 1205 L, median: 448 L) using ultrafiltration membrane modules. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was then used to enumerate all bacteria (16S rRNA gene fragments), all Legionella spp. (ssrA), and Legionella pneumophila (mip). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and L. pneumophila also were quantified in the water samples via cultivation. Median concentrations of total bacteria and Legionella spp. (ssrA) in raw water (8.5 and 4.3 log copies/L, respectively) decreased by about 2 log units during water treatment. The concentration of Legionella spp. (ssrA) in water collected from distribution systems inversely correlated with the total chlorine concentration for chloraminated systems significantly (p = 0.03). Although only 8 samples were collected from drinking water distribution systems using free chlorine as a residual disinfectant, these samples had significantly lower concentrations of Legionella spp. (ssrA) than samples collected from the chloraminated systems (p = 5 × 10-4). There was considerable incongruity between the results obtained via cultivation-independent (qPCR) and cultivation-dependent assays. Numerous samples were positive for L. pneumophila via cultivation, none of which tested positive for L. pneumophilia (mip) via qPCR. Conversely, a single sample tested positive for L. pneumophilia (mip) via qPCR, but this sample tested negative for L. pneumophilia via cultivation. Overall, the results suggest that conventional treatment is effective at reducing, but not eliminating, Legionella spp. from surface water supplies and that residual disinfection is effective at suppressing these organisms within drinking water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegyu Kim
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin-Cities, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin-Cities, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raymond M Hozalski
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin-Cities, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN, USA; Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 1479 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Timothy M LaPara
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin-Cities, 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E., Minneapolis, MN, USA; Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 1479 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Arent Z, Gilmore C, Pardyak L, Dubniewicz K, McInerney B, Ellis W. The serological and genetic diversity of the Leptospira interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup circulating in the UK. J Vet Res 2023; 67:529-536. [PMID: 38130449 PMCID: PMC10730551 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Strains of Leptospira interrogans belonging to two very closely related serovars, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni, have been associated with disease in mammalian species and are the most frequently reported agents of human leptospirosis. They are considered the most pathogenic serovars and represent more than half of the leptospires encountered in severe human infections. Material and Methods Nineteen such isolates from the United Kingdom - human, domestic and wildlife species - were typed using three monoclonal antibodies (F12 C3, F70 C14 and F70 C24) in an attempt to elucidate their epidemiology. They were further examined by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and lic12008 gene sequence analysis. Results Monoclonal antibody F12 C3, which is highly specific for Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni, confirmed that all the strains belonged to these two serovars. Sixteen strains were identified as Copenhageni and three as Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar. Only one restriction pattern type was identified, thus confirming that REA is not able to discriminate between the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni serovars. Variable-number tandem-repeat analysis found three loci with differences in the repeat number, indicating genetic diversity between British isolates. Sequences of the lic12008 gene showed that all isolates identified as the Icterohaemorrhagiae serotype have a single base insertion, in contrast to the same sequences of the Copenhageni serotype. Conclusion Copenhageni is the predominant serovar in the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup isolated in British Isles. There is a genetic diversity of MLVA patterns of the isolates but no genetic tool used in the study was able to determine serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Arent
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-248Kraków, Poland
| | - Colm Gilmore
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Laura Pardyak
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-248Kraków, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dubniewicz
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-248Kraków, Poland
| | - Barry McInerney
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - William Ellis
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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Grippi F, Blanda V, Galluzzo P, Bongiorno M, Sciacca C, Arcuri F, D’Agostino R, Giacchino I, Gucciardi F, D’Incau M, Bertasio C, Torina A, Guercio A. A Canine Leptospirosis Clinical Case Due to Leptospira interrogans (Serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae) in a Dog Kennel in Castelvetrano (Western Sicily, South Italy). Vet Sci 2023; 10:508. [PMID: 37624294 PMCID: PMC10458989 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide widespread zoonosis caused by Leptospira genus. We report an acute leptospirosis case in a puppy housed at a municipal kennel and the subsequent diagnostic investigations carried out on all dogs housed in the kennel. Laboratory investigation included mainly a microagglutination test, real-time PCR, and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) for Leptospira genus. Other agents of infection were excluded. The puppy resulted positive for Leptospira interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae both with serological and molecular assays. All of the other 66 dogs in the kennel underwent clinical and laboratory investigations twice, 15 days apart. No other dog showed leptospirosis clinical signs. At the first sampling, eight dogs (12%) showed antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorragiae serovar Copenhageni. Real-time PCR on urine samples of seropositive dogs detected Leptospira spp. DNA in one sample, then identified as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorragiae by MLST. Fifteen days after, four of the previous seropositive dogs still showed antibodies against Leptospira spp. All urine samples collected from seropositive dogs were negative at real-time PCR. The study allowed the early confirmation of a Leptospirosis case and the identification of at least one asymptomatic carrier of pathogenic Leptospira spp. The prompt activation of all appropriate management measures allowed limiting and extinguishing the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Grippi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Paola Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Manuel Bongiorno
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinaria-Area di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Unità Operativa Territoriale Alcamo Castelvetrano, Via Sardegna, 91022 Castelvetrano, Italy;
| | - Carmela Sciacca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Francesca Arcuri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Rosalia D’Agostino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Ilenia Giacchino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Francesca Gucciardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Mario D’Incau
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.); (F.A.); (R.D.); (I.G.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (A.G.)
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de Oliveira NR, Kremer FS, de Brito RSA, Zamboni R, Dellagostin OA, Jorge S. Pathogenesis and Genomic Analysis of a Virulent Leptospira Interrogans Serovar Copenhageni Isolated from a Dog with Lethal Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:333. [PMID: 36355875 PMCID: PMC9698576 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are highly susceptible to leptospirosis and are a public health concern due to their important role as a source of spreading disease, particularly in urban settings. In this study, we present the pathogenesis, serological characterization, and complete genome sequencing of a virulent Brazilian strain (NEG7) of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni isolated from the urine of a dog that died due to acute leptospirosis. Clinical investigation showed that the dog was presented with icteric mucous membranes, weakness, dehydration, anorexia, and kidney and liver failures. Necropsy followed by histopathological evaluation revealed lesions compatible with liver and kidney leptospirosis. The leptospires recovered from the urine were further characterized by genome analysis, which confirmed that the isolate belonged to L. interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Copenhageni. Multiple bioinformatics tools were used to characterize the genomic features, and comparisons with other available Copenhageni strains were performed. Characterization based on absence of an INDEL in the gene lic12008, associated with phylogenetic and ANI (99.99% identity) analyses, confirmed the genetic relatedness of the isolate with L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni. A better understanding of the diversity of the pathogenic Leptospira isolates could help in identifying genotypes responsible for severe infections. Moreover, it can be used to develop control and prevention strategies for Leptospira serovars associated with particular animal reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Frederico Schmitt Kremer
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rosimeri Zamboni
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Jorge
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil
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Medeiros EJDS, Ferreira LCA, Ortega JM, Cosate MRV, Sakamoto T. Genetic basis underlying the serological affinity of leptospiral serovars from serogroups Sejroe, Mini and Hebdomadis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105345. [PMID: 35917899 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis caused by pathogenic strains of bacteria of the genus Leptospira (Phylum Spirochaetes). Its agents are commonly classified based on their antigenic characteristics into serogroups and serovars, which are relevant for epidemiologic studies and vaccine development. Serological tests are considered laborious and require a specialized infrastructure. Some molecular methods have been proposed to accelerate these procedures, but they still can not replace the immunological tests, thus requiring a further understanding of the genetic basis underlying the serological classification. In this work, we focused on elucidating the genetic factors determinant for the serogroup Sejroe, which is one of the most prevalent serogroups in livestock. For this, we conducted a comparative analysis using >700 leptospiral genomic samples available in the public database. The analysis showed that the genes comprising the rfb locus are the main genetic factors associated with the serological classification. Samples from the serogroup Sejroe have an rfb locus with a conserved gene composition that differs from most other serogroups. Hebdomadis and Mini were the only serogroups whose samples have an rfb locus with similar gene composition to those from serogroup Sejroe, corroborating with the serological affinity shared by them. Finally, we could determine a small region in the rfb locus in which each of those three serogroups can be distinguished by its gene composition. This is the first work that uses an extensive repertoire of genomic data of leptospiral samples to elucidate the molecular basis of the serological classification and open the road to more reliable strategies based on molecular methods for serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Jayro de Souza Medeiros
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cabral Afonso Ferreira
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J Miguel Ortega
- Laboratório de Biodados, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tetsu Sakamoto
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodados, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Grillová L, Robinson MT, Chanthongthip A, Vincent AT, Nieves C, Oppelt J, Mariet JF, Lorioux C, Vongsouvath M, Mayxay M, Phonemeexay O, Rattanavong S, Phommasone K, Douangnouvong A, Šmajs D, Veyrier FJ, Newton PN, Picardeau M. Genetic diversity of Leptospira isolates in Lao PDR and genome analysis of an outbreak strain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010076. [PMID: 34962921 PMCID: PMC8746763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Southeast Asia is one of the most leptospirosis afflicted regions, little is known about the diversity and molecular epidemiology of the causative agents of this widespread and emerging zoonotic disease. Methodology/Principal findings We used whole genome sequencing to examine genetic variation in 75 Leptospira strains isolated from patients in the Lao PDR (Laos) between 2006 and 2017. Eleven serogroups from 4 Leptospira species and 43 cgMLST-defined clonal groups (CGs) were identified. The most prevalent CG was CG272 (n = 18, 26.8%), composed of L. interrogans serogroup Autumnalis isolates. This genotype was recovered throughout the 12-year period and was associated with deaths, and with a large outbreak in neighbouring Thailand. Genome analysis reveals that the CG272 strains form a highly clonal group of strains that have, for yet unknown reasons, recently spread in Laos and Thailand. Additionally, accessory genes clearly discriminate CG272 strains from the other Leptospira strains. Conclusions/Significance The present study reveals a high diversity of Leptospira genotypes in Laos, thus extending our current knowledge of the pan- and core-genomes of these life-threatening pathogens. Our results demonstrate that the CG272 strains belong to a unique clonal group, which probably evolved through clonal expansion following niche adaptation. Additional epidemiological studies are required to better evaluate the spread of this genotype in Southeast Asia. To further investigate the key factors driving the virulence and spread of these pathogens, more intense genomic surveillance is needed, combining detailed clinical and epidemiological data. Pathogenic Leptospira are the causative agents for leptospirosis, a neglected and emerging zoonosis occurring worldwide. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of Leptospira strains isolated from patients over a 12-year period in Lao PDR. Our genome analysis revealed a high diversity of Leptospira genotypes in this endemic country for leptospirosis, including a group of clonal strains which was responsible for a large outbreak in neighboring Thailand. Further progress in our understanding of the epidemiology of Leptospira circulating genotypes should contribute to the implementation of prevention and intervention measures to reduce the risk of leptospirosis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Grillová
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew T. Robinson
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anisone Chanthongthip
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Antony T. Vincent
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé-Biotechnologie, Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Laval, Canada
| | - Cecilia Nieves
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé-Biotechnologie, Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Laval, Canada
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | | | - Céline Lorioux
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Manivanh Vongsouvath
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Ooyanong Phonemeexay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Sayaphet Rattanavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Koukeo Phommasone
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Anousone Douangnouvong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frédéric J. Veyrier
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé-Biotechnologie, Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Laval, Canada
| | - Paul N. Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Shinya S, Muraoka Y, Negishi D, Koizumi N. Molecular epidemiology of Leptospira spp. among wild mammals and a dog in Amami Oshima Island, Japan. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249987. [PMID: 33886632 PMCID: PMC8061989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the pathogenic Leptospira spp. Canine and human leptospirosis sometimes occur on Amami Oshima Island, located in the Nansei Archipelago, southwestern Japan; however, information on the causative Leptospira spp. on this island is quite limited. This study aimed to investigate the molecular and serological characteristics of Leptospira spp. isolated from wild animals and a dog in Amami Oshima Island. We obtained seven Leptospira strains by culturing kidney tissues of wild animals, such as black rats (2), wild boars (3), and rabbit (1) as well as blood from a symptomatic dog. Using flaB sequencing and microscopic agglutination test with antisera for 18 serovars, the isolates were identified as Leptospira borgpetersenii serogroups Javanica (black rat), L. interrogans serogroup Australis (black rat and dog), and L. interrogans serogroup Hebdomadis (wild boar and rabbit). The sequence type (ST) of L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica was determined to be ST143 via multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using seven housekeeping genes. For L. interrogans, MLST and multiple-locus variable-tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) revealed identical ST and MLVA types in rat and canine isolates, whereas two STs and MLVA types were identified in wild boar isolates. The STs and MLVA types of rabbit and one of the wild boars were identical. Bacterial culture and flaB-nested polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a high rate of Leptospira infection in wild boars (58.3%, 7/12), whereas Leptospira spp. were detected in 4.8% of black rats (2/42). This study revealed diverse Leptospira genotype and serotype maintenance in wild mammals on Amami Oshima Island. MLST and MLVA indicated that black rats were a source of canine infection. Wild boars carry L. interrogans and are considered an important maintenance host because antibodies against serogroup Hebdomadis were detected in human and canine leptospirosis patients on this island.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Shinya
- Yuinoshima Animal Clinic, Amami-City, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (NK)
| | | | - Daigo Negishi
- Yuinoshima Animal Clinic, Amami-City, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (NK)
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Kakita T, Kyan H, Miyahira M, Takara T, Nakama E, Kuba Y, Kato T, Nidaira M, Kudaka J, Koizumi N. Novel genotypes of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Sejroe isolated from human patients in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:587-590. [PMID: 32427562 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of Leptospira species. It is a public health issue in the tropics, including Okinawa, the southernmost prefecture of Japan. This study reports the first isolation of L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe from two human patients in Japan, and describes its molecular characterization using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). MLST on the two isolates, 168036 and 178129, showed that pfkB in 178129 is a novel allele, and that both isolates constitute novel sequence types (STs); ST286 for 168036 and ST287 for 178129. A minimum spanning tree based on seven alleles of L. interrogans indicates that both isolates are genetically close, but are distinct from known L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe strains. MLVA using 11 loci demonstrated that seven of the 11 loci were identical between the two isolates, whereas the identity between the isolates and the seven reference strains of L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe was zero to three loci. These results indicate that the isolates investigated in this study have novel genotypes, and are genetically closest to each other among the known L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kakita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Hisako Kyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Masato Miyahira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Takara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Eri Nakama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Yumani Kuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Minoru Nidaira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Jun Kudaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Disease, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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9
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Caimi K, Ruybal P. Leptospira spp., a genus in the stage of diversity and genomic data expansion. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104241. [PMID: 32061688 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread global zoonotic bacterial disease with a noteworthy human-animal-ecosystem interface. The disease presents different clinical manifestations and a high mortality and morbidity rates in humans and animals throughout the world. Characterization and correct classification of Leptospira isolates is essential for a better understanding the epidemiological properties of the disease. In the last ten years, molecular typing tools have been developed and applied to this field. These methods together with the availability of hundreds of new whole genome sequences that belong to known and new described species are shaping the understanding and structure of the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Caimi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - P Ruybal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 Piso: 12, CABA 1121, Argentina
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10
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Core Genome Multi-locus Sequence Typing Analyses of Leptospira spp. Using the Bacterial Isolate Genome Sequence Database. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2134:11-21. [PMID: 32632855 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0459-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of whole-genome sequencing (WGS), comparative analysis has led to the use of core genome MLST (cgMLST) schemes for the high-resolution reproducible typing of bacterial isolates. In cgMLST, hundreds of loci are used for gene-by-gene comparisons of assembled genomes for studying the genetic diversity of clinically important pathogens. Combination of the cgMLST data and metadata of the isolates is useful for epidemiological investigations.Here we present a cgMLST scheme for the high-resolution typing of isolates from the whole Leptospira genus, enabling identification at the level of species, clades, clonal groups, and sequence types. We show several examples how the cgMLST Leptospira database, which is a publicly available web-based database, can be used for the analyses of WGS data of Leptospira isolates. This effort was undertaken in order to facilitate international collaborations and support the global surveillance of leptospirosis.
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11
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Soares PM, Gomes DO, Macedo FP, Soares MM, Lemes KR, Jaeger LH, Lilenbaum W, Lima AMC. Serological and molecular characterization of Leptospira kirschneri serogroup Grippotyphosa isolated from bovine in Brazil. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103803. [PMID: 31626918 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Leptospira that affects domestic animals, including cattle. Despite of this importance in livestock, little is known about the epidemiology of leptospirosis in cattle in Brazil and other tropical countries. In this context, the objective of this study was to perform the culture of urine and kidney (n = 372 animals) of slaughtered bovines of Minas Gerais state (Brazil), in order to obtain pure cultures of Leptospira strains and carry out its characterization by serological (microscopic agglutination test) and molecular techniques (rrs, secY sequencing and variable-number tandem-repeat genotyping). One strain, named UFU 02, was obtained from a male bovine without apparent alterations in ante-mortem examination. The strain was characterized belonging to species Leptospira kirschneri and serogroup Grippotyphosa. The serogroup Grippotyphosa is most often described in wild species, suggesting a link between domestic and wild cycles/environments. Considering the importance of the country in livestock breeding, the knowledge about leptospiral strains could help to control the disease in the herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna M Soares
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code 38405-315, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Dayane O Gomes
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code 38405-315, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Macedo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code 38405-315, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mayara M Soares
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code 38405-315, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Karla R Lemes
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code 38405-315, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Lauren H Jaeger
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna M C Lima
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code 38405-315, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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12
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Mahtab M, Khan F, Azam M, Rizvi M, Sultan A, Shukla I, Almatroudi A. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human pathogenic Leptospira species circulating in a tertiary care hospital of Western Uttar Pradesh in India. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:275-281. [PMID: 31818236 PMCID: PMC6913675 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1685196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is identified as an important reemerging zoonotic disease distributed worldwide, caused by Leptospira. This study was carried out to explore the genetic characterization and its phylogenetic analysis of circulating Leptospira species, among the Aligarh region of western Uttar Pradesh in India, utilizing secY gene-based nucleotide sequence. A total of 190 human samples were included in the study. Positive samples were identified by ELISA, MAT and PCR. MAT was carried out utilizing local circulating Leptospira serovars. Four positive samples including two MAT positive samples were subjected to DNA sequencing for further confirmation and phylogenetic tree was constructed. Out of the total of 190 samples, 24 patients were found positive by ELISA and 29 by PCR. Two samples were found reactive in MAT with L. interrogans serovars like hebdomadis and copenhageni. Phylogenetic analysis of four isolates based on partial secY gene nucleotide sequences revealed that species obtained from the Aligarh region clustered with the several published pathogenic Leptospira interrogans, while some of our isolates nucleotide sequences also clustered with the published sequence of intermediate and saprophytic Leptospira serovars like Leptospira inadai and Leptospira meyeri. This pilot study will help us to decipher the present scenario of circulating serovars of leptospira as well as to identify the nucleotide changes in secY gene, in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahtab
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Azam
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meher Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Asfia Sultan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Indu Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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García-González R, Reyes-Torres A, Reyes-Montes MDR, Duarte-Escalante E, Frías-De-León MG, Rivas-Sánchez B, Velasco-Castrejón O. Genotyping of Leptospira interrogans isolates from Mexican patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e26. [PMID: 31066752 PMCID: PMC6505389 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was genotypically characterize Leptospira sp. clinical isolates from Mexico which were previously identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona (POM) by phenotypic methods. The Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used for DNA amplification with five oligonucleotides. A dendrogram was constructed using the Unweighted Pair Group Method Analysis (UPGMA). During the genotypic characterization, the studied isolates constituted a group which was associated with the reference strain L. interrogans serovar Pomona. The Minimum Spanning Networks (MST) analysis revealed the same cluster between Mexican isolates and the reference strain POM. Clinical isolates identified as L. interrogans serovar POM have a clonal reproduction type, suggesting that this clone is distributed in different regions of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael García-González
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Angélica Reyes-Torres
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Del Rocío Reyes-Montes
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esperanza Duarte-Escalante
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Ciudad de México, México
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14
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Rezaei E, Khaki P, Moradi Bidhendi S, Noofeli M. Identification of Pathogenic Leptospiral Serovars by Detection of the ompl37 Gene Using PCR. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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15
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Zhang C, Li Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang J, Cui S, Du Z, Xin X, Chang YF, Jiang X, Ye Q. Genetic diversity of Leptospira interrogans circulating isolates and vaccine strains in China from 1954-2014. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:381-387. [PMID: 30260259 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1528839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most important but neglected, infectious tropical diseases worldwide. Leptospira interrogans is now recognized as a leading cause of the disease. Little is known of the genetic diversity and phylogenetic characteristics of L. interrogans within China. To better understand the transmission and genetic diversity of L. interrogans populations, we characterized 271 isolates and seven vaccine strains from China during 1954-2014 using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). 110 different L. interrogans MLVA profiles (MTs) were identified, of which five were predominant, reflecting a high level of genetic diversity in L. interrogans population in China. Different from that of circulating isolates, seven vaccine strains have different MT, of which some are phylogenetically away from the circulating isolates. The results showed that Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, and Canicola ranked as the top three serogroups among L. interrogans strains tested. The cluster analysis demonstrate the clonal links between rodent and human isolates, suggesting the rodent species played a key role in the transmission of leptospirosis to humans, and contributed to the circulation of the pathogen in humans. Taken together, these findings should provide insight into a better knowledge of the epidemiology and molecular evolution of L. interrogans in China. Furthermore, the results should facilitate the selection of candidate vaccine strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicai Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Li
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Xu
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Li
- d Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Du
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Xin
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- e Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY , USA
| | - Xiugao Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ye
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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16
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Jaeger LH, Pestana CP, Carvalho-Costa FA, Medeiros MA, Lilenbaum W. Characterization of the clonal subpopulation Fiocruz L1-130 of Leptospira interrogans in rats and dogs from Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1361-1367. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hubert Jaeger
- 1Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- 2Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- 2Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- 1Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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17
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Jaeger L, Loureiro A, Lilenbaum W. VNTR analysis demonstrates new patterns and high genetic diversity of Leptospira
sp. of animal origin in Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:183-189. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.H. Jaeger
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
| | - A.P. Loureiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
| | - W. Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
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18
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Santos LA, Adhikarla H, Yan X, Wang Z, Fouts DE, Vinetz JM, Alcantara LCJ, Hartskeerl RA, Goris MGA, Picardeau M, Reis MG, Townsend JP, Zhao H, Ko AI, Wunder EA. Genomic Comparison Among Global Isolates of L. interrogans Serovars Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae Identified Natural Genetic Variation Caused by an Indel. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:193. [PMID: 29971217 PMCID: PMC6018220 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis, responsible for more than 1 million cases and 60,000 deaths every year. Among the 13 pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira, serovars belonging to L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae are considered to be the most virulent strains, and responsible for majority of the reported severe cases. Serovars Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae are major representatives of this serogroup and despite their public health relevance, little is known regarding the genetic differences between these two serovars. In this study, we analyzed the genome sequences of 67 isolates belonging to L. interrogans serovars Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae to investigate the influence of spatial and temporal variations on DNA sequence diversity. Out of the 1072 SNPs identified, 276 were in non-coding regions and 796 in coding regions. Indel analyses identified 258 indels, out of which 191 were found in coding regions and 67 in non-coding regions. Our phylogenetic analyses based on SNP dataset revealed that both serovars are closely related but showed distinct spatial clustering. However, likelihood ratio test of the indel data statistically confirmed the presence of a frameshift mutation within a homopolymeric tract of lic12008 gene (related to LPS biosynthesis) in all the L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae strains but not in the Copenhageni strains. Therefore, this internal indel identified can genetically distinguish L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni from serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae with high discriminatory power. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify global sequence variations (SNPs and Indels) in L. interrogans serovars Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane A Santos
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Haritha Adhikarla
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xiting Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Rudy A Hartskeerl
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marga G A Goris
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elsio A Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
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19
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Scialfa E, Grune S, Brihuega B, Aguirre P, Rivero M. Isolation of saprophytic Leptospira spp. from a selected environmental water source of Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:323-326. [PMID: 29198840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten Leptospira spp. strains were isolated from water samples from Nievas stream, Olavarría, Buenos Aires province (Argentina). The isolates showed the typical motility and morphology of the genus Leptospira under dark field microscopy, developing in liquid EMJH medium after eight days of incubation at 13°C and 30°C. All isolates were negative by the Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified all isolates as nonpathogenic leptospires. Four isolates showed a genetic profile identical to that of the reference strain Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc, and six isolates revealed sequence similarities within the 97-98% range, closely related to Leptospira yanagawae and Leptospira meyeri, respectively. Strains ScialfaASA42, ScialfaASA45, ScialfaASA44, ScialfaASA47, ScialfaASA49, ScialfaASA50 and ScialfaASA51 possibly represent a novel species of the genus Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Exequiel Scialfa
- División Zoonosis Rurales, España 770, Azul 7300, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sylvia Grune
- Instituto de Patobiología, CCVyA-CNIA, INTA, CC 77, 1708 Morón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Brihuega
- Instituto de Patobiología, CCVyA-CNIA, INTA, CC 77, 1708 Morón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Aguirre
- División Zoonosis Rurales, España 770, Azul 7300, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Rivero
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Chideroli RT, Gonçalves DD, Suphoronski SA, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA, de Oliveira AG, de Freitas JC, Pereira UDP. Culture Strategies for Isolation of Fastidious Leptospira Serovar Hardjo and Molecular Differentiation of Genotypes Hardjobovis and Hardjoprajitno. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2155. [PMID: 29163438 PMCID: PMC5673650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Leptospira serovar Hedjo belongs to the serogroup sejroe and this serovar is the most prevalent in bovine herds worldwide. The sejroe serogroup is the most frequently detected by serology in Brazilian cattle herds suggesting that it is due serovar Hardjo. In the molecular classification, this serovar has two genotypes: Hardjobovis and Hardjoprajitno. This serovar is as considered as fastidious pathogens, and their isolation is one of the bottlenecks in leptospirosis laboratories. In addition, its molecular characterization using genomic approaches is oftentimes not simple and time-consuming. This study describes a method for isolating the two genotypes of serovar Hardjo using culture medium formulations and suggests a get-at-able molecular characterization. Ten cows naturally infected which were seropositive were selected from small dairy farms, and their urine was collected for bacterial isolation. We evaluated three modifications of liquid Leptospira medium culture supplemented with sodium pyruvate, superoxide dismutase enzyme and fetal bovine serum, and the isolates were characterized by molecular techniques. After isolation and adaptation in standard culture medium, the strains were subcultured for 1 week in the three modified culture media for morphologic evaluation using electronic microscopy. Strains were molecularly identified by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), partial sequencing and phylogenic analyses of gene sec Y. Combining the liquid culture medium formulations allowed growth of the Leptospira serovar Hardjo in three tubes. Two isolates were identified as genotype Hardjobovis, and the other as genotype Hardjoprajitno. Morphologically, compared with control media, cells in the medium supplemented with the superoxide dismutase enzyme were more elongated and showed many cells in division. The cells in the medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum were fewer and lost their spirochete morphology. This indicated that the additional supplementation with fetal bovine serum assisted in the initial growth and maintenance of the viable leptospires and the superoxide dismutase enzyme allowed them to adapt to the medium. These culture strategies allowed for the isolation and convenient molecular characterization of two genotypes of serovar Hardjo, creating new insight into the seroepidemiology of leptospirosis and its specific genotypes. It also provides new information for the immunoprophylaxis of bovine leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta T. Chideroli
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Daniela D. Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Paranaense University, Umuarama, Brazil
| | - Suelen A. Suphoronski
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alice F. Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Amauri A. Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Admilton G. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Julio C. de Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Cosate MRV, Sakamoto T, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Moreira ÉC, Regis da Silva CG, Brasil BSAF, Oliveira CSF, de Azevedo VA, Ortega JM, Leite RC, Haddad JP. Molecular typing of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo isolates from leptospirosis outbreaks in Brazilian livestock. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:177. [PMID: 28619055 PMCID: PMC5471881 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira spp. This zoonotic disease is distributed globally and affects domestic animals, including cattle. Leptospira interrogans serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo and Leptospira borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo remain important species associated with this reproductive disease in livestock production. Previous studies on Brazilian livestock have reported that L. interrogans serovar Hardjo is the most prevalent leptospiral agent in this country and is related to clinical signs of leptospirosis, which lead to economic losses in production. Here, we described the isolation of three clinical strains (Norma, Lagoa and Bolivia) obtained from leptospirosis outbreaks that occurred in Minas Gerais state in 1994 and 2008. Results Serological and molecular typing using housekeeping (secY and 16SrRNA) and rfb locus (ORF22 and ORF36) genes were applied for the identification and comparative analysis of Leptospira spp. Our results identified the three isolates as L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo and confirmed the occurrence of this bacterial strain in Brazilian livestock. Genetic analysis using ORF22 and ORF36 grouped the Leptospira into serogroup Sejroe and subtype Hardjoprajitno. Genetic approaches were also applied to compare distinct serovars of L. interrogans strains by verifying the copy numbers of the IS1500 and IS1533 insertion sequences (ISs). The IS1500 copy number varied among the analyzed L. interrogans strains. Conclusion This study provides evidence that L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo subtype Hardjoprajitno causes bovine leptospirosis in Brazilian production. The molecular results suggested that rfb locus (ORF22 and ORF36) could improve epidemiological studies by allowing the identification of Leptospira spp. at the serogroup level. Additionally, the IS1500 and IS1533 IS copy number analysis suggested distinct genomic features among closely related leptospiral strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1081-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raquel V Cosate
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Tetsu Sakamoto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Élvio C Moreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Regis da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz- Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Camila S F Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vasco Ariston de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Genética - Instituto de Ciências Biol'ogicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Miguel Ortega
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rômulo C Leite
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Haddad
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Lovera R, Fernández MS, Jacob J, Lucero N, Morici G, Brihuega B, Farace MI, Caracostantogolo J, Cavia R. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to pathogen infection in wild small mammals in intensive milk cattle and swine production systems. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005722. [PMID: 28665952 PMCID: PMC5509364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the ecological processes that are involved in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens by small mammals may aid adequate and effective management measures. Few attempts have been made to analyze the ecological aspects that influence pathogen infection in small mammals in livestock production systems. We describe the infection of small mammals with Leptospira spp., Brucella spp., Trichinella spp. and Cysticercus fasciolaris and assess the related intrinsic and extrinsic factors in livestock production systems in central Argentina at the small mammal community, population and individual levels. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Ten pig farms and eight dairy farms were studied by removal trapping of small mammals from 2008 to 2011. Each farm was sampled seasonally over the course of one year with cage and Sherman live traps. The 505 small mammals captured (14,359 trap-nights) included three introduced murine rodents, four native rodents and two opossums. Leptospira spp., anti-Brucella spp. antibodies and Trichinella spp. were found in the three murine rodents and both opossums. Rattus norvegicus was also infected with C. fasciolaris; Akodon azarae and Oligoryzomys flavescens with Leptospira spp.; anti-Brucella spp. antibodies were found in A. azarae. Two or more pathogens occurred simultaneously on 89% of the farms, and each pathogen was found on at least 50% of the farms. Pathogen infections increased with host abundance. Infection by Leptospira spp. also increased with precipitation and during warm seasons. The occurrence of anti-Brucella spp. antibodies was higher on dairy farms and during the winter and summer. The host abundances limit values, from which farms are expected to be free of the studied pathogens, are reported. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Murine rodents maintain pathogens within farms, whereas other native species are likely dispersing pathogens among farms. Hence, we recommend preventing and controlling murines in farm dwellings and isolating farms from their surroundings to avoid contact with other wild mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Lovera
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Cdad. Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Fernández
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Cdad. Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jens Jacob
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants – Julius Kuehn Institute, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | - Nidia Lucero
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán” (ANLIS), Cdad. Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Morici
- Área de Parasitología, Instituto de Patobiología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA Castelar), CICVyA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Brihuega
- Laboratorio del Leptospirosis, Referencia OIE, Instituto de Patobiología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA Castelar), CICVyA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Farace
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán” (ANLIS), Cdad. Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Caracostantogolo
- Área de Parasitología, Instituto de Patobiología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA Castelar), CICVyA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regino Cavia
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Cdad. Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Arent Z, Gilmore C, Barlow AM, Smith L, Ellis WA. Leptospira interrogans
serogroup Pomona infections in the UK: is there a real threat for farm animals? Vet Rec 2017; 180:424. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Arent
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, University of Agriculture in Krakow; Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow 30-059 Poland
| | - C. Gilmore
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
| | - A. M. Barlow
- APHA-Starcross VI Centre; Staplake Mount, Starcross Exeter Devon EX6 8PE UK
- Formerly AHVLA Langford; Langford House, Langford Somerset BS40 5DX UK
| | - L. Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA); Woodham Lane, New Haw Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - W. A. Ellis
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
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Harkin KR, Hays MP. Variable-number tandem-repeat analysis of leptospiral DNA isolated from canine urine samples molecularly confirmed to contain pathogenic leptospires. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:399-405. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Arent Z, Frizzell C, Gilmore C, Allen A, Ellis WA. Leptospira interrogans serovars Bratislava and Muenchen animal infections: Implications for epidemiology and control. Vet Microbiol 2016; 190:19-26. [PMID: 27283852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Leptospira interrogans belonging to two very closely related serovars - Bratislava and Muenchen - have been associated with disease in domestic animals, in particular pigs, but also in horses and dogs. Similar strains have also been recovered from various wildlife species. Their epidemiology is poorly understood. Two hundred and forty seven such isolates, from UK domestic animal and wildlife species, were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis in an attempt to elucidate their epidemiology. A representative sub-sample of 65 of these isolates was further examined by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and 22 by secY sequencing. Ten restriction pattern types were identified. The majority of isolates fell into one of three restriction endonuclease analysis pattern types designated B2a, B2b and M2a. B2a was ubiquitous and was isolated from 10 species and represented the majority of the horse and all dog isolates. B2b was very different, being isolated only from pigs, indicating that this type was maintained by pigs. The pattern M2a was reported for the majority of isolates from pigs but also was common in small rodents isolates. Five restriction pattern types were found only in wildlife suggesting that they are unlikely to pose a disease threat to domestic animals. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis identified six clusters. The REA types B2a and B2b were all found in one MLVA cluster while the majority of the M2a strains examined occurred in another cluster. The secY sequencing detected only one sequence type, clustered with other serovars of Leptospira interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Arent
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, AgriFood and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UAK, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - C Frizzell
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - C Gilmore
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, AgriFood and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - A Allen
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, AgriFood and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - W A Ellis
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, AgriFood and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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Benacer D, Mohd Zain SN, Ahmed AA, Mohd Khalid MKN, Hartskeerl RA, Thong KL. Predominance of the ST143 and ST50 Leptospira clones in the urban rat populations of Peninsular Malaysia. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:574-577. [PMID: 27058766 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douadi Benacer
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Malaysia
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Rezasoltani S, Dabiri H, Khaki P, Rostami Nejad M, Karimnasab N, Modirrousta S. Characterization of Leptospira interrogans Serovars by Polymorphism Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e22819. [PMID: 26568805 PMCID: PMC4641467 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Leptospirosis is recognized as a re-emerging infectious disease; therefore, understanding the epidemiology of the disease is vital for designing intervention programs and diminishing its transmission. Recently, Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) is used for segregating and identifying Leptospira serovars. The method has potential application in investigating the molecular epidemiology of Leptospira. Objectives: The propose of this study was genomic identification of pathogenic Leptospires in Iran by MLVA. Materials and Methods: Leptospira serovars were obtained from National Reference Laboratory of Leptospira at Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Serovars were cultured into the liquid EMJH medium and incubated at 28˚C for 7 days. DNA of serovars was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method. PCR was performed with 5 selected variable number tandem repeat analysis (VNTR) loci. The amplified products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The size of the amplified products was estimated by 100 bp ladder and sequencing analysis. Results: The saprophytic serovar showed no amplified fragments. PCR products in all pathogenic serovars were observed. The 12 reference serovars used for the development of technique displayed distinct patterns. Conclusions: Results showed that MLVA technique with its range of polymorphism is a good marker for identification of pathogenic serovars. Some VNTR loci are more powerful than the other ones with regard to differentiation. Serovars from the same geographical area have more genetic similarity than same serovars from different places. MLVA is a suitable technique for epidemiological survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Rezasoltani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Sama Rezasoltani, Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9123197258, Fax: +98-2188656198, E-mail:
| | - Hossein Dabiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Pejvak Khaki
- Department of Microbiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Institute, Karaj, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami Nejad
- Department of Celiac Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Nasim Karimnasab
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, IR Iran
| | - Shiva Modirrousta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, IR Iran
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Molecular studies on European equine isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovars Bratislava and Muenchen. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Naze F, Desvars A, Picardeau M, Bourhy P, Michault A. Use of a New High Resolution Melting Method for Genotyping Pathogenic Leptospira spp. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127430. [PMID: 26154161 PMCID: PMC4496072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis that is endemic in tropical areas, such as Reunion Island. The species Leptospira interrogans is the primary agent in human infections, but other pathogenic species, such as L. kirschner and L. borgpetersenii, are also associated with human leptospirosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this study, a melting curve analysis of the products that were amplified with the primer pairs lfb1 F/R and G1/G2 facilitated an accurate species classification of Leptospira reference strains. Next, we combined an unsupervised high resolution melting (HRM) method with a new statistical approach using primers to amplify a two variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) for typing at the subspecies level. The HRM analysis, which was performed with ScreenClust Software, enabled the identification of genotypes at the serovar level with high resolution power (Hunter-Gaston index 0.984). This method was also applied to Leptospira DNA from blood samples that were obtained from Reunion Island after 1998. We were able to identify a unique genotype that is identical to that of the L. interrogans serovars Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae, suggesting that this genotype is the major cause of leptospirosis on Reunion Island. CONCLUSIONS Our simple, rapid, and robust genotyping method enables the identification of Leptospira strains at the species and subspecies levels and supports the direct genotyping of Leptospira in biological samples without requiring cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Naze
- Department of Microbiology, CHU de La Reunion, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Amélie Desvars
- Department of Microbiology, CHU de La Reunion, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Bourhy
- Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Michault
- Department of Microbiology, CHU de La Reunion, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
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Pailhoriès H, Buzelé R, Picardeau M, Robert S, Mercier E, Mereghetti L, Lanotte P. Molecular characterization of Leptospira sp by multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) from clinical samples: a case report. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 37:119-21. [PMID: 26159846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection for which diagnosis is difficult. It has appeared as a global emerging infectious disease over recent years. Genotype determination often requires a Leptospira strain obtained by culture, which is a long and fastidious technique. A method based on multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) to determine the genotype of Leptospira interrogans, performed directly on blood or urine samples, is proposed. This method was applied to a fatal case of leptospirosis for which the geographical origin of infection was unknown. This technique will allow a genotype to be obtained for L. interrogans, even when cultures remain negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pailhoriès
- CHU d'Angers, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France
| | - Rodolphe Buzelé
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau - CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Robert
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau - CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Mercier
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Tours, France; Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) Group, Tours, France
| | - Laurent Mereghetti
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau - CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, F-37044 Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 ISP, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France; INRA, UMR1282 ISP, Equipe Bactéries et Risque Materno-foetal, Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Lanotte
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau - CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, F-37044 Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 ISP, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France; INRA, UMR1282 ISP, Equipe Bactéries et Risque Materno-foetal, Nouzilly, France.
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Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Leptospira interrogans Isolated from Canis familiaris in Southern Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:496-500. [PMID: 26100241 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes from the genus Leptospira, which includes 20 species and more than 300 serovars. Canines are important hosts of pathogenic leptospires and can transmit the pathogen to humans via infected urine. Here, we report the phenotypic and molecular characterization of Leptospira interrogans isolated from Canis familiaris in Southern Brazil. The isolated strain was characterized by variable-number tandem-repeats analysis as L. interrogans, serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. In addition, the isolate was recognized by antibodies from human and canine serum samples previously tested by microscopic agglutination test. Ultimately, the expression of membrane-associated antigens (LipL32 and leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins) from pathogenic leptospires using monoclonal antibodies was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay. In conclusion, identification of new strains of Leptospira can help in the diagnosis and control of leptospirosis.
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Immunological and molecular characterization of Leptospira interrogans isolated from a bovine foetus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 40:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Salgado M, Otto B, Moroni M, Sandoval E, Reinhardt G, Boqvist S, Encina C, Muñoz-Zanzi C. Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjoprajitno from a calf with clinical leptospirosis in Chile. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:66. [PMID: 25888965 PMCID: PMC4374366 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Leptospira isolation has been reported in Chilean cattle, only serological evidence of serovar Hardjo bovis infection has been routinely reported. The present report provides characterization of the pathological presentation and etiology of a clinical case of leptospirosis in a calf from the Los Rios Region in Chile. CASE PRESENTATION In a dairy herd in southern Chile, 11 of 130 calves died after presenting signs such as depression and red-tinged urine. One of these calves, a female of eight months, was necropsied, and all the pathological findings were consistent with Leptospira infection. A urine sample was submitted to conventional bacteriological analysis together with highly specific molecular biology typing tools, in order to unravel the specific Leptospira specie and serovar associated with this clinical case. A significant finding of this study was that the obtained isolate was confirmed by PCR as L. interrogans, its VNTR profile properly matching with L. interrogans Hardjoprajitno as well as its specific genomic identity revealed by secY gen. CONCLUSION Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjoprajitno was associated with the investigated calf clinical case. This information adds to the value of serologic results commonly reported, which encourage vaccination improvements to match circulating strains. In addition, this finding represents the first case report of this serovar in Chilean cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Salgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Instapanel, Campus Isla Teja, CC 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Barbara Otto
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Instapanel, Campus Isla Teja, CC 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Manuel Moroni
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Errol Sandoval
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Instapanel, Campus Isla Teja, CC 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - German Reinhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Instapanel, Campus Isla Teja, CC 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Carolina Encina
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Instapanel, Campus Isla Teja, CC 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Claudia Muñoz-Zanzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Koizumi N, Muto MM, Izumiya H, Suzuki M, Ohnishi M. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and clinical characterization of Leptospira interrogans canine isolates. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:288-294. [PMID: 25596122 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leptospirosis occurs worldwide; however, information on the relationship between Leptospira serotypes/genotypes and virulence in dogs remains limited. We investigated the molecular characteristics of Leptospira interrogans canine isolates belonging to three serogroups using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and the effects of each serotype/genotype on the clinical characteristics of leptospirosis in dogs. MLVA using 11 loci of the three major L. interrogans serogroups in Japan, Australis (32 strains from 21 dogs), Autumnalis (12; 7) and Hebdomadis (66; 39), revealed more divergent genetic heterogeneity within each serogroup than multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and they formed two, three and five clusters (CLs), respectively. Lethal infections were caused by all Leptospira serogroup isolates (70.3 % with Hebdomadis, 83.3 % with Australis and 100 % with Autumnalis) or Leptospira isolates belonging to all the CLs (57.1-100 %) without any significant differences. A significant difference in hyperaemia and haemorrhage of mucus membrane was observed between serogroups Australis and Autumnalis (P = 0.03). Leptospira isolates of Australis CL2 caused no hyperaemia and haemorrhage from mucus membrane, whereas those of Australis CL1, Autumnalis CL3 and Hebdomadis CL1 and CL3 did (P<0.05). Significant differences in creatinine (Cre) levels were observed between serogroups Australis and Hebdomadis (P = 0.02). In addition, significant differences in blood urea nitrogen levels were observed between serogroups Australis and Hebdomadis (P = 0.004) and Australis and Autumnalis (P = 0.02). Based on MLVA types, a significant difference in Cre levels was observed between Hebdomadis CL1 and CL4 (P = 0.0018). Our results indicated that MLVA had a higher discriminatory power and was more concordant with serotyping than MLST. Although all Leptospira serotypes and genotypes caused lethal infections in dogs, the L. interrogans serogroup Australis strains were more likely to cause severe kidney damage than Autumnalis and Hebdomadis, which may be more critical to the outcome of infected dogs than haemorrhage. Our results also suggest that the virulence mechanisms and target organs in dogs may differ by Leptospira genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Maki Mizutani Muto
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Genotypes of Leptospira spp. strains isolated from dogs in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014; 46:201-4. [PMID: 25444128 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(14)70073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of wide global distribution, which is endemic in Argentina. The objective of this study was to obtain the genetic profiles of Leptospira spp. strains isolated from clinical cases of dogs in the province of Buenos Aires by the multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Eight isolated canine strains were genotyped by MLVA, obtaining the identical profile of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola Hond Utrecht IV in the strains named Dogy and Mayo. The strains named Bel, Sarmiento, La Plata 4581 and La Plata 5478 were identical to the profile of the genotype of L. interrogans serovar Portlandvere MY 1039.The strain named Avellaneda was identical to the genotype profile of L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae RGA and the strain named SB had the same profile as the L. interrogans serovar Pomona Baires genotype and was similar to the profile of serovar Pomona Pomona genotype. It would be useful to include a larger number of isolates from different dog populations in various provinces of Argentina and to characterize the genetic profiles of the strains circulating in the country. The information obtained will be useful for the control of leptospirosis in the dog population.
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Director A, Penna B, Hamond C, Loureiro AP, Martins G, Medeiros MA, Lilenbaum W. Isolation of Leptospira interrogans Hardjoprajitno from vaginal fluid of a clinically healthy ewe suggests potential for venereal transmission. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1234-1236. [PMID: 24934563 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.065466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 15 adult ewes from one flock known to be seroreactive for leptospirosis was studied. Urine and vaginal fluid were collected from each animal to test for the presence of leptospires using bacterial culture and conventional PCR methods. One pure culture of Leptospira sp. was obtained from the vaginal fluid sample of a non-pregnant ewe. The isolate was characterized by DNA sequencing of the rrs and secY genes, variable-number of tandem-repeats (VNTR) analysis and serogrouping, and the isolate was typed as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo type Hardjoprajitno. This report indicates the presence of viable Leptospira in the vaginal fluid of a ewe, suggesting the potential for venereal transmission of leptospires in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Director
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - B Penna
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - C Hamond
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - A P Loureiro
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - G Martins
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - M A Medeiros
- Recombinant Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Ernani Pires de Melo 101, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Gorrini C, Montecchini S, Buttrini M, Rossi S, Piergianni M, De Conto F, Arcangeletti MC, Chezzi C, Medici MC. Leptospira species and serovars identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry after database implementation. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:330. [PMID: 24890024 PMCID: PMC4048046 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis, a spirochaetal zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution, endemic in Europe, has been recognized as an important emerging infectious disease, though yet it is mostly a neglected disease which imparts its greatest burden on impoverished populations from developing countries. Leptospirosis is caused by the infection with any of the more than 230 serovars of pathogenic Leptospira sp. In this study we aimed to implement the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) database currently available in our laboratory with Leptospira reference pathogenic (L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, L. noguchii), intermediate (L. fainei) and saprophytic (L. biflexa) strains of our collection in order to evaluate its possible application to the diagnosis of leptospirosis and to the typing of strains. This was done with the goal of understanding whether this methodology could be used as a tool for the identification of Leptospira strains, not only at species level for diagnostic purposes, but also at serovar level for epidemiological purposes, overcoming the limits of serological and molecular conventional methods. Twenty Leptospira reference strains were analysed by MALDI-TOF MS. Statistical analysis of the protein spectra was performed by ClinProTools software. Results The spectra obtained by the analysis of the reference strains tested were grouped into 6 main classes corresponding to the species analysed, highlighting species-specific protein profiles. Moreover, the statistical analysis of the spectra identified discriminatory peaks to recognize Leptospira strains also at serovar level extending previously published data. Conclusions In conclusion, we confirmed that MALDI-TOF MS could be a powerful tool for research and diagnostic in the field of leptospirosis with broad applications ranging from the detection and identification of pathogenic leptospires for diagnostic purposes to the typing of pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires for epidemiological purposes in order to enrich our knowledge about the epidemiology of the infection in different areas and generate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Calderaro
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Viale A, Gramsci, 14-43126 Parma, Italy.
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Reassessment of MLST schemes for Leptospira spp. typing worldwide. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 22:216-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stritof Majetic Z, Galloway R, Ruzic Sabljic E, Milas Z, Mojcec Perko V, Habus J, Margaletic J, Pernar R, Turk N. Epizootiological survey of small mammals as Leptospira spp. reservoirs in Eastern Croatia. Acta Trop 2014; 131:111-6. [PMID: 24365042 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this survey we investigated a population of small mammals in Eastern Croatia in order to determine Leptospira carriage rates and identify circulating serovars. Out of 67 trapped animals, 20 (29.9%) isolates were obtained. Identification of isolates using microscopic agglutination test, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multi locus sequence typing revealed that 10 (50.0%) isolates belong to serogroup Pomona, serovar Mozdok, 6 (30.0%) isolates to serogroup Australis, serovar Jalna, 2 (10.0%) isolates to serogroup Sejroe, serovar Saxkoebing, and 1 (5.0%) isolate to serogroup Grippotyphosa, serovar Grippotyphosa. One isolate from serogroup Bataviae was unable to be identified to the serovar level. Amplification of a 331-bp region of the locus LA0322 using real-time polymerase chain reaction determined that 12 (60.0%) isolates belong to L. kirschneri, 6 (30.0%) isolates to L. interrogans, and 2 (10.0%) isolates to L. borgpetersenii. Leptospira carriage rate was high (29.9%), which corresponds to a high incidence of human and domestic animal leptospirosis in Eastern Croatia. Furthermore, 90.0% of the isolates belong to serogroups Pomona, Australis and Sejroe which are also the most prevalent serogroups in humans in this area. These findings suggest that small mammals might be an important source of Leptospira spp. infection in Eastern Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Stritof Majetic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Renee Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eva Ruzic Sabljic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Milas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Mojcec Perko
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Habus
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Margaletic
- Department of Forest Protections and Game, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Pernar
- Department of Forest Protections and Game, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Sankar S, Kuppanan S, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G. Diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains collected from india using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)-PCR analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2014; 17:257-64. [PMID: 23615945 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever is endemic in India, and a seasonal increase of cases is observed annually. In spite of effective therapies and the availability of vaccines, morbidity is widespread owing to the circulation of multiple genetic variants, frequent migration of asymptomatic carriers, unhygienic food practices and the emergence of multidrug resistance and thus continues to be a major public health problem in developing countries, particularly in India. Classical methods of strain typing such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, ribotyping, random amplification of polymorphic DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism are either laborious and technically complicated or less discriminatory. METHODS We investigated the molecular diversity of Indian strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) isolated from humans from different parts of India to establish the molecular epidemiology of the organism using the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)-PCR analysis. The electrophoretic band pattern was analysed using the GelCompar II software program. RESULTS Of the 94 strains tested for three VNTRs loci, 75 VNTR genotypes were obtained. Of the three VNTRs tested in this study, VNTR1 was amplified in all the strains except one and found to be predominant. VNTR2 was amplified only in 57 strains with a Simpson diversity index of 0.93 indicating the high variability of this region within the strains. VNTR3 was amplified in 90 strains. The discriminatory power of this typing tool has been greatly enhanced by this VNTR2 region as the other two regions could not discriminate strains significantly. In our study, about 55 % of the strains amplified all three VNTR regions and 39 % of the strains lacked the VNTR2 region. Among the three VNTR regions tested, the majority of the strains produced similar banding pattern for any two regions grouped into a cluster. The strains grouped as a genotype were from the same geographical location. Strains collected from each geographical region were also highly heterogeneous. CONCLUSION Such analysis is important to identify the genetic clones of the pathogen associated with sporadic infections and disease outbreak to identify the common source and implement public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sankar
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore 632 055, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Loffler SG, Pavan ME, Vanasco B, Samartino L, Suarez O, Auteri C, Romero G, Brihuega B. Genotypes of pathogenic Leptospira spp isolated from rodents in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:163-7. [PMID: 24676656 PMCID: PMC4015264 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world and significant efforts
have been made to determine and classify pathogenic Leptospira
strains. This zoonosis is maintained in nature through chronic renal
infections of carrier animals, with rodents and other small mammals serving as the
most important reservoirs. Additionally, domestic animals, such as livestock and
dogs, are significant sources of human infection. In this study, a
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was
applied to genotype 22 pathogenic Leptospira strains isolated from
urban and periurban rodent populations from different regions of Argentina. Three
MLVA profiles were identified in strains belonging to the species Leptospira
interrogans (serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola); one profile was
observed in serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and two MLVA profiles were observed in
isolates of serovars Canicola and Portlandvere. All strains belonging to
Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Castellonis exhibited the same
MLVA profile. Four different genotypes were isolated from urban populations of
rodents, including both mice and rats and two different genotypes were isolated from
periurban populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Grune Loffler
- Laboratorio de Leptospirosis, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Elisa Pavan
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Biochemiq SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Vanasco
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Dr E Coni, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr Carlos G Malbrán, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis Samartino
- Laboratorio de Leptospirosis, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga Suarez
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carmelo Auteri
- Laboratorio de Leptospirosis, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Romero
- Laboratorio de Leptospirosis, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bibiana Brihuega
- Laboratorio de Leptospirosis, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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High-resolution typing of Leptospira interrogans strains by multispacer sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:564-71. [PMID: 24478489 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02482-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis which is responsible for the typical form of Weil's disease. The epidemiological surveillance of the Leptospira species agent is important for host prevalence control. Although the genotyping methods have progressed, the identification of some serovars remains ambiguous. We investigated the multispacer sequence typing (MST) method for genotyping strains belonging to the species Leptospira interrogans, which is the main agent of leptospirosis worldwide. A total of 33 DNA samples isolated from the reference strains of L. interrogans serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Canicola, and Grippotyphosa, which are the most prevalent serogroups in France, were analyzed by both the variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) and MST methods. An MST database has been constructed from the DNA of these reference strains to define the MST profiles. The MST profiles corroborated with the VNTR results. Moreover, the MST analysis allowed the identification at the serovar level or potentially to the isolate level for strains belonging to L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, which then results in a higher resolution than VNTR (Hunter-Gaston index of 0.94 versus 0.68). Regarding L. interrogans serogroups Australis, Canicola, and Grippotyphosa, the MST and VNTR methods similarly identified the genotype. The MST method enabled the acquisition of simple and robust results that were based on the nucleotide sequences. The MST identified clinical isolates in correlation with the reference serovar profiles, thus permitting an epidemiological surveillance of circulating L. interrogans strains, especially for the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, which includes the most prevalent strains of public health interest.
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Gozzi AC, Guichón ML, Benitez VV, Romero GN, Auteri C, Brihuega B. First isolation ofLeptospira interrogansfrom the arboreal squirrelCallosciurus erythraeusintroduced in Argentina. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2981/13-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Molecular characterization, serotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni isolates from Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 77:195-9. [PMID: 24054736 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae is the major serogroup infecting humans worldwide, and rodents and dogs are the most significant transmission sources in urban environments. Knowledge of the prevalent serovars and their maintenance hosts is essential to understand the epidemiology of leptospirosis. In this study, 20 Leptospira isolates were evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), variable number tandem-repeat analysis (VNTR), serotyping, and determination of antimicrobial resistance profile. Isolates, originated from bovine, canine, human, and rodent sources, were characterized by microscopic agglutination test with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and were identified as L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Copenhageni. MICs of antimicrobials often used in veterinary medicine were determined by broth microdilution test. Most of tested antibiotics were effective against isolates, including penicillin, ampicillin, and ceftiofur. Higher MIC variability was observed for fluoroquinolones and neomycin; all isolates were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and sulphadimethoxine. Isolates were genotyped by PFGE and VNTR; both techniques were unable to discriminate between serovars Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae, as expected. PFGE clustered all isolates in 1 pulsotype, indicating that these serovars can be transmitted between species and that bovine, rodent, and dogs can maintain them in the environment endangering the human population.
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Forster KM, Hartwig DD, Seixas FK, McBride AJA, Monte LG, Recuero ALC, Brod CS, Hartleben CP, Amaral M, Dellagostin OA. Characterization of a virulent Leptospira interrogans strain isolated from an abandoned swimming pool. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:165-70. [PMID: 24159300 PMCID: PMC3804194 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are the etiological agents of leptospirosis, an important disease of both humans and animals. In urban settings, L. interrogans serovars are the predominant cause of disease in humans. The purpose of this study was to characterize a novel Leptospira isolate recovered from an abandoned swimming pool. Molecular characterization through sequencing of the rpoB gene revealed 100% identity with L. interrogans and variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis resulted in a banding pattern identical to L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, serovar Copenhageni or Icterohaemorrhagiae. The virulence of the strain was determined in a hamster model of lethal leptospirosis. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) was calculated to be two leptospires in female hamsters and a histopathological examination of infected animals found typical lesions associated with severe leptospirosis, including renal epithelium degeneration, hepatic karyomegaly, liver-plate disarray and lymphocyte infiltration. This highly virulent strain is now available for use in further studies, especially evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine M Forster
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Caimi K, Varni V, Melendez Y, Koval A, Brihuega B, Ruybal P. A combined approach of VNTR and MLST analysis: improving molecular typing of Argentinean isolates of Leptospira interrogans. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:644-51. [PMID: 22850955 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease that has been identified as both a human and animal health problem worldwide. Regular outbreaks associated with specific risk factors have been reported in Argentina. However, there are no available data concerning the genetic population level for this pathogen. Therefore, the aim of this work was to describe the genetic diversity of Leptospira interrogans through the application of two molecular typing strategies: variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). For this purpose, seven reference strains and 18 non-epidemiologically related isolates from diverse hosts and Argentinean regions were analysed. Among them, nine genotypes and seven sequence types (STs), including three unreported STs, were described using VNTR and MLST, respectively. eBURST analysis demonstrated that ST37 was the most frequent and founder genotype of a clonal complex (CCs) containing STN1 and STN3, suggesting the importance of studying the serovars belonging to this CC in Argentina. The data from maximum parsimony analysis, which combined both techniques, achieved intra-serovar discrimination, surmounted microscopic agglutination test discrepancies and increased the discriminatory power of each technique applied separately. This study is the first to combine both strategies for L. interrogans typing to generate a more comprehensive molecular genotyping of isolates from Argentina in a global context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Caimi
- Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Monte LG, Jorge S, Xavier MA, Leal FM, Amaral MG, Seixas FK, Dellagostin OA, Hartleben CP. Molecular characterization of virulent Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae isolated from Cavia aperea. Acta Trop 2013; 126:164-6. [PMID: 23435256 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Synanthropic rodents are recognized carriers of leptospires; however, the role of wild rodents in the epidemiology of the disease is still incipient. In this work, we describe Leptospira strain isolated from Cavia aperea (Brazilian guinea pig). The isolated strain was characterized by partial rpoB gene sequencing, variable-number tandem-repeats and histopathological analysis. The strain was identified as Leptospira interrogans, serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae and caused clinical signs of leptospirosis in the hamster model, attesting to its virulence. In conclusion, these findings could be useful for elucidating the epidemiological role of C. aperea in leptospirosis.
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Molecular typing of Leptospira spp. strains isolated from field mice confirms a link to human leptospirosis. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:2278-85. [PMID: 23406882 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, human leptospirosis has been reported in Jinping and Liping counties, Guizhou province, but the leptospires have never been isolated. To track the source of infection and understand the aetiological characteristics, we performed surveillance for field mice carriage of leptospirosis in 2011. Four strains of leptospire were isolated from Apodemus agrarius. PCR confirmed the four isolates as pathogenic. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) showed that the four strains were closely related to serovar Lai strain 56601 belonging to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, which is consistent with the antibody detection results from local patients. Furthermore, the diversity of leptospiral isolates from different hosts and regions was demonstrated with MLVA. Our results suggest that A. agrarius may be the main carrier of Leptospira in Jinping and Liping counties, and the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar may be the epidemic serogroup of Leptospira. This will contribute to the control and prevention of leptospirosis in these localities.
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D'Andrea A, Martinez YZ, Alduina R, Monteverde V, Molina CF, Vitale M. Comparison of two PCR methods for detection of Leptospira interrogans in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:85-8. [PMID: 22310540 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we compared two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods using either 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or 23S rRNA gene primers for the detection of different Leptospira interrogans serovars. The performance of these two methods was assessed using DNA extracted from bovine tissues previously inoculated with several bacterial suspensions. PCR was performed on the same tissues before and after the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedding procedure (FFPE tissues). The 23S rDNA PCR detected all fresh and FFPE positive tissues while the 16S rDNA-based protocol detected primarily the positive fresh tissues. Both methods are specific for pathogenic L. interrogans. The 23S-based PCR method successfully detected Leptospira in four dubious cases of human leptospirosis from archival tissue specimens and one leptospirosis-positive canine specimen. A sensitive method for leptospirosis identification in FFPE tissues would be a useful tool to screen histological specimen archives and gain a better assessment of human leptospirosis prevalence, especially in tropical countries, where large outbreaks can occur following the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleco D'Andrea
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A.Mirri, Palermo, Italy
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Detection of Virulence Factors and Molecular Typing of Pathogenic Leptospira from Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris). Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:461-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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