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Watts DM, Russell KL, Wooster MT, Sharp TW, Morrison AC, Kochel TJ, Bautista CT, Block K, Guevara C, Aguilar P, Palermo PM, Calampa C, Porter KR, Hayes CG, Weaver SC, de Rosa AT, Vinetz JM, Shope RE, Gotuzzo E, Guzman H, Tesh RB. Etiologies of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illnesses in and near Iquitos from 1993 to 1999 in the Amazon River Basin of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:1114-1128. [PMID: 36162442 PMCID: PMC9709010 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the etiology of febrile illnesses among patients from October 1, 1993 through September 30, 1999, in the urban community of Iquitos in the Amazon River Basin of Peru. Epidemiological and clinical data as well as blood samples were obtained from consenting patients at hospitals, health clinics and private residences. Samples were tested for arboviruses in cell cultures and for IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA. Blood smears were examined for malaria, and sera were tested for antibodies to Leptospira spp. by ELISA and microscopic agglutination. Among 6,607 febrile patients studied, dengue viruses caused 14.6% of the cases, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus caused 2.5%, Oropouche virus 1.0%, Mayaro virus 0.4%, and other arboviruses caused 0.2% of the cases. Also, 22.9% of 4,844 patients tested were positive for malaria, and of 400 samples tested, 9% had evidence of acute leptospirosis. Although the study was not designed to assess the importance of these pathogens as a cause of human morbidity in the total population, these results indicate that arboviruses, leptospirosis, and malaria were the cause of approximately 50% of the febrile cases. Although the arboviruses that were diagnosed can produce asymptomatic infections, our findings increased the overall understanding of the relative health burden of these infections, as well as baseline knowledge needed for designing and implementing further studies to better assess the health impact and threat of these pathogens in the Amazon Basin of Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M. Watts
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru;,Address correspondence to Douglas M. Watts, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Amy C. Morrison
- University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Davis, California
| | | | | | - Karla Block
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Patricia Aguilar
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Carlos Calampa
- Peruvian Ministry of Health, Loreto Health Subregion, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | | | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Amelia Travassos de Rosa
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robert E. Shope
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hilda Guzman
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Katz D, Lehrer S, Kohn A. Use of chicken and rabbit antibodies in a solid phase protein A radioimmunossay for virus detection. J Virol Methods 1985; 12:59-70. [PMID: 4077951 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(85)90008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new rapid indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay was developed for the detection of Sindbis virus. Chicken antibodies were adsorbed onto wells in microplates to serve as 'capture antibodies' and rabbit antibodies were used as the second antibody. 125I-labelled protein A that does not bind to chicken antibodies, but binds firmly to rabbit antibodies was used as the tracer. All the steps necessary for the development of the assay are described. The minimal amount of Sindbis virus detectable was around 3 x 10(5) PFU/ml and the interassay reproducibility was about +/- 30%.
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Wiebe ME, Scherer WF. Virion envelope glycoproteins as epidermiological markers of Venezuelan encephalitis virus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 11:349-54. [PMID: 7372798 PMCID: PMC273403 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.11.4.349-354.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Virion polypeptide compositions of 26 isolates of Venezuelan encephalitis virus were analyzed by a reproducible and comparative technique of discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Although the molecular weight of the core polypeptide for each isolate was 36,000, numbers and molecular weights of envelope glycoproteins were heterogeneous. Isolates associated with human, but not equine, disease usually had two glycoproteins of 50,000 to 51,000 and 51,000 to 55,000 molecular weight, whereas isolates associated with both human and equine disease usually had an additional, third polypeptide band of either 45,000 to 46,000 or 56,000 to 58,000 molecular weight. The former isolates were in hemagglutination inhibition subtypes I-D, I-E, III, or IV, and the latter were in subtypes I-A, I-B, I-C, or II. Thus virion envelope glycoproteins should be useful markers of Venezuelan encephalitis virus isolates in epidemiological investigations.
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Krieger JN, Scherer WF, Wiebe ME, Pancake BA, Harsanyi ZP. A hamster-attenuated, temperature-sensitive mutant of Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Infect Immun 1979; 25:873-9. [PMID: 500190 PMCID: PMC414529 DOI: 10.1128/iai.25.3.873-879.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicities of 10 temperature-sensitive mutants of Venezuelan encephalitis virus were studied using the hamster model of human virulence. The parental strain and nine of the temperature-sensitive mutants produced lethal infections in hamsters. Strain ts 126 showed reduced hamster virulence. Deaths with the lethal mutants usually occurred 1 to 3 days later than with parental virus. Nine mutants produced lower levels of viremia than parental virus. Attenuation of ts 126 was related to restriction of viral growth in spleen and probably bone marrow and to absence of the usual pathological lesions in hemopoietic tissues and brain, but was functionally unrelated to temperature sensitivity since temperatures of both normal and infected hamsters remained within the permissive range of the mutant. Deaths did not correlate with titers of the 10 mutants in blood at permissive temperatures or with reversions of four temperature-sensitive mutants to non-temperature-sensitive virus in hamsters.
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